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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Sahara_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Sahara_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Western Sahara War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Sahara_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guerguerat_Blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerguerat_Blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Guerguerat Blockade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerguerat_Blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Course of the conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign weapon supplies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_weapon_supplies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SADR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SADR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>SADR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SADR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Official statements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supranational_and_regional_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supranational_and_regional_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Supranational and regional organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supranational_and_regional_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Foreign governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorities_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorities_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Minorities abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorities_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Other groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_2020" title="اشتباكات الصحراء الغربية 2020 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اشتباكات الصحراء الغربية 2020" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Saxara_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9Fl%C9%99ri_(2020)" title="Qərbi Saxara döyüşləri (2020) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Saxara döyüşləri (2020)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfrontaments_al_S%C3%A0hara_Occidental_del_2020" title="Enfrontaments al Sàhara Occidental del 2020 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enfrontaments al Sàhara Occidental del 2020" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%84%DD%A3%D8%B1%DD%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_2020" title="تأمين معبر لݣرݣرات 2020 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تأمين معبر لݣرݣرات 2020" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfrentamientos_del_Sahara_Occidental_(2020-presente)" title="Enfrentamientos del Sahara Occidental (2020-presente) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enfrentamientos del Sahara Occidental (2020-presente)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Saharako_liskarrak_(2020)" title="Mendebaldeko Saharako liskarrak (2020) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Saharako liskarrak (2020)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combats_au_Sahara_occidental_(depuis_2020)" title="Combats au Sahara occidental (depuis 2020) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Combats au Sahara occidental (depuis 2020)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%82%AC%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC_%EC%B6%A9%EB%8F%8C_(2020%EB%85%84~%ED%98%84%EC%9E%AC)" title="서사하라 충돌 (2020년~현재) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서사하라 충돌 (2020년~현재)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_(2020%E2%80%93%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94)" title="העימותים בסהרה המערבית (2020–הווה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העימותים בסהרה המערבית (2020–הווה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2020年西サハラでの衝突 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2020年西サハラでの衝突" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Sahra_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1_(2020-g%C3%BCn%C3%BCm%C3%BCz)" title="Batı Sahra çatışmaları (2020-günümüz) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Sahra çatışmaları (2020-günümüz)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(2020%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="西撒哈拉衝突 (2020年至今) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西撒哈拉衝突 (2020年至今)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101559356#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&params=21_25_34_N_16_57_31_W_region:EH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°57′31″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.42611°N 16.95861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.42611; -16.95861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ongoing armed conflict in the disputed region of Western Sahara</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:300px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2020–2024 Western Saharan clashes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Western_Saharan_clashes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2020_Western_Saharan_clashes.png/300px-2020_Western_Saharan_clashes.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2020_Western_Saharan_clashes.png/450px-2020_Western_Saharan_clashes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2020_Western_Saharan_clashes.png/600px-2020_Western_Saharan_clashes.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span><br />Map of the Western Sahara; location of <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a>, where the clashes began, is marked with a red circle.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 November 2020<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2020-11-13</span>)</span> – present<br />(4 years, 1 week and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Western Sahara Wall</a> (Berm)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&params=21_25_34_N_16_57_31_W_region:EH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°57′31″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.42611°N 16.95861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.42611; -16.95861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <span class="nowrap">Morocco secures <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a> border crossing<sup id="cite_ref-ICG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Kingdom of Morocco</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Loudiyi" title="Abdellatif Loudiyi">Abdellatif Loudiyi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saadeddine_Othmani" title="Saadeddine Othmani">Saadeddine Othmani</a> (until 2021)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch" title="Aziz Akhannouch">Aziz Akhannouch</a> (since 2021)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdelfattah_Louarak" title="Abdelfattah Louarak">Abdelfattah Louarak</a> (until 2021)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belkhir_El_Farouk" title="Belkhir El Farouk">Belkhir El Farouk</a> (2021–23)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Berrid" title="Mohammed Berrid">Mohammed Berrid</a> (since 2023)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Wali_Akeik" title="Mohamed Wali Akeik">Mohamed Wali Akeik</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_Taleb_Omar" title="Abdelkader Taleb Omar">Abdelkader Taleb Omar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bouchraya_Hammoudi_Bayoun" title="Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun">Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_the_Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_the_Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_the_Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Royal Moroccan Armed Forces</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> At least 6 soldiers killed<sup id="cite_ref-France_24_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France_24_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> At least 12 soldiers killed<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 66 killed overall (as of July 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Number of victims according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> during the first week of combat. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a> has decided, at present, not to share information on the victims or the injured, according to its spokesperson.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Sahara_conflict" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Sahara_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict"><span class="wrap">Western Sahara conflict</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zemla_Intifada" title="Zemla Intifada">Zemla Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_insurgency" title="Sahrawi insurgency">Sahrawi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="First Sahrawi Intifada">First Sahrawi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="Second Sahrawi Intifada">Second Sahrawi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik protest camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">2011 Western Saharan protests</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>Clashes between military forces belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Kingdom of Morocco</a> and the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (SADR), represented at the United Nations by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>, broke out in the disputed region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> in November 2020. It was the latest escalation of an <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">unresolved conflict over the region</a>, which is largely <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">occupied by Morocco</a>, but 20–25% is <a href="/wiki/Liberated_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberated Territories">administered by the SADR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence ended a ceasefire between the opposing sides that had held for 29 years in anticipation of a referendum of self-determination that would have settled the dispute. Despite the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a> in 1991, the referendum was never held. </p><p>Tensions between Morocco and the Polisario Front deepened in mid-October 2020 when <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawi</a> peaceful protesters blocked a controversial road connecting <a href="/wiki/Moroccan-occupied_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara">Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>. The protesters camped on the road near the small village of <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a>, where it passes through a 5-kilometre-wide buffer strip <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">monitored by the UN</a>. Despite the controversy, the route had grown in economic importance,<sup id="cite_ref-vitaltrade_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitaltrade-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such that the protest stranded about 200 Moroccan truck drivers on the Mauritanian side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-truckdrivers_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truckdrivers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the MINURSO, both Morocco and Polisario deployed forces near the area in late October,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Mauritanian forces reinforcing their positions along its border with Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-mauritanianreinforcement_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauritanianreinforcement-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 November, Morocco launched a military operation from the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Berm" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Berm">Berm</a> into the demilitarized buffer strip of Western Sahara to clear the protesters near Guerguerat and restore the free movement of goods and people. The Polisario Front urged the United Nations to intervene, noting that the Moroccan military operation violated the ceasefire agreements of the 1990s, and furthermore accused the Moroccan security forces of shooting at unarmed civilians in the buffer strip.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco denied there had been any armed clashes between the sides and said the truce remained in place,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while SADR authorities declared the ceasefire over. Clashes spread that same day along the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Berm</a>, with Morocco claiming that it had repelled a Sahrawi incursion near <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahbes" title="Al Mahbes">Al Mahbes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SADR declared war on Morocco the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-wardeclared_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wardeclared-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the beginning of the conflict, both countries have begun mass mobilisation and the SADR Ministry of Defense claims to be carrying out daily bombardments on military objectives along the Moroccan Berm.<sup id="cite_ref-mormobil_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mormobil-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsjstart_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjstart-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first major clash in the region since 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Sahara_War">Western Sahara War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western Sahara War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg/220px-Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg/330px-Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg/440px-Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan walls</a> in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sahara war">Western Sahara war</a> (1975-1991). In yellow, the territory under control by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The disputed region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> is a sparsely-populated area mostly comprising desert territories, situated in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of Africa's northwest coast. The region was a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish colony</a> until February 1976, when the Spanish government informed the United Nations that it withdrew from the territory. Since then, the region has been the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">long-running territorial dispute</a> between <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, supported by a number of its prominent Arab allies, including <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-martinez_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinez-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Saharawi_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharawi Republic">Saharawi Republic</a> (SADR), an <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> member state established by the Algerian-backed pro-independence <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>, which is recognized by the United Nations as the legitimate representative of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators have connected Morocco's interests over the region with the idea of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a>, which encompasses Western Sahara and parts of both Mauritania, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and Algeria, and according to the narrative, was divided up by the French and Spanish colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-martinez_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinez-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco, claiming <a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Province" title="Tindouf Province">Tindouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bechar_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechar Province">Béchar</a> provinces, invaded Algeria in 1963, resulting in the brief <a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a>, which ended in a military stalemate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MINURSO_Deployment_(April_2014).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MINURSO_Deployment_%28April_2014%29.png/220px-MINURSO_Deployment_%28April_2014%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MINURSO_Deployment_%28April_2014%29.png/330px-MINURSO_Deployment_%28April_2014%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MINURSO_Deployment_%28April_2014%29.png/440px-MINURSO_Deployment_%28April_2014%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>The official United Nations map of the <a href="/wiki/MINURSO" class="mw-redirect" title="MINURSO">MINURSO</a> peacekeeping mission shows that the border crossing at <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a> is not among the recognized locations to cross the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Berm" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Berm">Moroccan Berm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> had waged a low-intensity <a href="/wiki/War_of_national_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="War of national liberation">war of national liberation</a> against Spanish colonial authorities since May 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> began in October 1975, just weeks before the death of long-time Spanish dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, when Moroccan and Mauritanian forces,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aided by France,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invaded the Spanish colony. While Mauritania withdrew from Western Sahara and recognized the <a href="/wiki/Saharawi_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharawi Republic">Saharawi Republic</a> early in the conflict, by the end of the war Morocco had obtained control of more than two-thirds of the vast desert territory in its western part, along the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, between 1980 and 1987, Morocco built <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">six mostly sand barriers</a> some 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) long,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1988, both Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">UN Settlement Plan</a>, approved by the UN Security Council on 29 April 1991, called for a referendum, which would ask the Sahrawis to choose between independence or integration into Morocco, to be organized and conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a> (MINURSO).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, on 6 September 1991, an UN-brokered ceasefire was signed,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promising a referendum on self-determination to the Sahrawis.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNback_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNback-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations has recognising the area as a <a href="/wiki/Non-self-governing_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-self-governing territory">non-self-governing territory</a> since 1963; it is also the only African territory on the list, making the Western Sahara the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">last African territory subject to decolonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNback_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNback-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Non-Self-Governing_Territories_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Non-Self-Governing_Territories-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the efforts, the planned referendum has been repeatedly delayed ever since then;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco had refused the terms of the referendum, citing its dissatisfaction with who was allowed to vote,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while tens of thousands of Moroccans have emigrated to the region since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-martinez_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinez-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerguerat_Blockade">Guerguerat Blockade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Guerguerat Blockade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerguerat_border_crossing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Guerguerat_border_crossing.jpg/220px-Guerguerat_border_crossing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Guerguerat_border_crossing.jpg/330px-Guerguerat_border_crossing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Guerguerat_border_crossing.jpg/440px-Guerguerat_border_crossing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Guerguerat border crossing in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a> is a small village located on the southern coast of the region, along the <a href="/wiki/National_Route_1_(Morocco)" title="National Route 1 (Morocco)">Moroccan National Route 1</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, some 380 kilometres (240 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, in a buffer zone patrolled by MINURSO;<sup id="cite_ref-al_jazeera_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_jazeera-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN's envoy to the region, <a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a>, resigned in mid-2019 for health-related reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polisario Front considers the road illegal since they say it was built in violation of the ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions yet again deepened between Morocco and the Polisario Front in mid-October, when unarmed <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Sahrawi refugees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a>, Algeria (where Polisario-administered refugee camps house about 100,000 Sahrawi refugees<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) passed through SADR-controlled territories to camp on and block the road in protest of what they called the plunder of Western Saharan resources from the Sahrawi people,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a large caravan of vehicles and blocking traffic in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco, which regards the region as vital to trade with <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vitaltrade_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitaltrade-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accused the Polisario Front of infiltrating the buffer zone and "carrying out acts of banditry" in Guerguerat.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moroccan authorities also stated that the Polisario Front was harassing UN troops at the crossing, though the UN denied this.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNback_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNback-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These protesters were later joined by a group of up to 12 <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a> (SPLA) fighters and 8 light vehicles, two of which had mounted heavy weapons, in violation of the ceasefire. The Polisario Front claimed they were exclusively there to protect the protesters but later removed some of the light vehicles on 29 October after being told by MINURSO withdraw from the area. At the same time, 16 Royal Moroccan Army vehicles carrying heavy-duty machinery were observed west of the berm near Guerguerat. To reduce tensions, MINURSO requested that the Moroccan army also leave the area. Despite claiming it would comply to the request, no withdrawal was observed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early November, around 200 Moroccan truck drivers appealed to Moroccan and Mauritanian authorities for help, saying they were stranded on the Mauritanian side of the border near Guerguerat, and adding that they didn't have access to drinking water, food, shelter, or medicine, with some suffering from chronic illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-truckdrivers_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truckdrivers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a></i>, Morocco first appealed to the United Nations to resolve the conflict peacefully, and that although the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, approved this request, the situation was not resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guterres himself likewise said that he had launched numerous initiatives to evade an escalation in the buffer zone, but his efforts had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 November, MINURSO observed that Morocco was deploying a large force consisting of 250 vehicles near Guerguerat.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 November, Mauritanian forces reinforced their positions along border Polisario Front-controlled territories bordering Mauritania.<sup id="cite_ref-mauritanianreinforcement_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauritanianreinforcement-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_conflict">Course of the conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Course of the conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> Per a <a href="/wiki/Talk:Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)#Creating_a_separate_timeline_page" title="Talk:Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">talk page discussion</a>, the content of this section was moved to a <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">separate timeline article</a> in December 2023. The content moved to the timeline article needs a summary here. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=4">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-military_actions_taken_by_Morocco_and_the_SADR">Non-military actions taken by Morocco and the SADR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-military actions taken by Morocco and the SADR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 November 2020, both Morocco and the SADR introduced mass mobilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-mormobil_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mormobil-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsjstart_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjstart-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SADR evacuated civilians from the Guerguerat area<sup id="cite_ref-elpaisciv_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elpaisciv-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and introduced a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> in the territories under its control.<sup id="cite_ref-Conf_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conf-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_weapon_supplies">Foreign weapon supplies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign weapon supplies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Israel–Morocco normalization agreement</a> in December 2020, Morocco has purchased advanced military equipment from Israel including at least 150 drones.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of these drones has been documented in Polisario-controlled Western Sahara where they have killed both SPLA fighters and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli drones are also suspected to have been used to follow the movements of SPLA forces.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2022, Morocco made a deal with Israel to build two factories to produce war drones with Israeli supervision and expertise. These factories, once completed, will allow Morocco to manufacture advanced drones at a low cost compared to those it had been buying from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morocco reportedly used a Chinese-made <a href="/wiki/CAIG_Wing_Loong" title="CAIG Wing Loong">Wing Loong Is</a>, among a few given as a gift from the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, to kill Addah al-Bendir, the chief of the Polisario head of the Gendarmerie, in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missile fragments examined by the <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">Intercept</a> indicated that <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a> attack drones sold by Turkey have been used on targets in Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SADR">SADR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: SADR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the start of the clashes, Algeria has reiterated its support for Western Saharan independence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Algeria has been reluctant to send the SADR any serious type of equipment. Consequently, the SADR has been compelled to rely on outdated equipment dating back to the late 1980s and early 1990s, given that its previous arms supplier, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">killed in 2011</a>. This predicament poses a challenge for the SPLA as they have to confront Moroccan forces equipped with more advanced weaponry, including drones.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite that, Algeria still cooperates with the SADR by opening up its borders everyday to SPLA fighters armed with artillery who shoot at Moroccan positions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_statements">Official statements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Official statements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: On 13 November, the <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Modernity_Party" title="Authenticity and Modernity Party">Authenticity and Modernity Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Progress_and_Socialism" title="Party of Progress and Socialism">Party of Progress and Socialism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Movement_(Morocco)" title="Popular Movement (Morocco)">Popular Movement Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Party" title="Istiqlal Party">Independence Party</a> voiced their support for the Moroccan military intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">House of Representatives of Morocco</a> issued a statement, stressing that the military intervention was legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 November, King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a> stated that Morocco would take necessary measures to "keep order and protect safety and fluidity of passenger and commercial traffic in the border area between Morocco and Mauritania", adding that the UN had failed in its "laudable attempts to end the unacceptable acts of the Polisario".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Saadeddine_Othmani" title="Saadeddine Othmani">Saadeddine Othmani</a> said the operation led by the Moroccan forces was a "strategic change" to open the route in the <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Mauritania–Western Sahara border">Mauritania border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>: On 16 November, SADR's minister of foreign affairs Mohamed Salem Ould Salek stated that the end of the war was now linked to the "end of the illegal occupation of parts of the territory of the Sahrawi Republic", and that the war had started as a "consequence of Morocco's aggression and action in Guerguerat".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic">Domestic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 November, Sahrawi sources stated that there were mass protests in <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a>, the unofficial capital of Western Sahara, which is <i>de facto</i> administered by Morocco, against the clashes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moroccan media denied these claims, stating that the city's population was in support of the Moroccan forces, citing Laayoune's mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite that, the NGO media outlet <i>Équipe Media</i> reported that the Moroccan government was exercising a strong police force, and had arrested several activists.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the same source stated that the Moroccan security forces had arrested several demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 November, some Sahrawi tribal leaders issued a joint statement in support of the Moroccan intervention to restore free movement in <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than fifty riders from the Moroccan Bikers Club and the Royal Petanque Club organized a trip from <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> to the Guerguerat border crossing starting on 27 December and ending on 3 January 2021 to express their support for the Moroccan army's move to secure the crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sahrawi self-determination activist <a href="/wiki/Sultana_Khaya" title="Sultana Khaya">Sultana Khaya</a> described Moroccan control of the Western Sahara as an occupation and called for the United States to intensify diplomatic pressure on Morocco in favor of self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has been under <i>de facto</i> house arrest since November 2020 and subject to repeated home raids and sexual assault by Moroccan security forces, as reported by a number of international human rights organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supranational_and_regional_organisations">Supranational and regional organisations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Supranational and regional organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">chairperson of the African Union Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Faki" title="Moussa Faki">Moussa Faki</a>, expressed their grave concern over the conflict, with Faki stating "[The] Saharan issue has gone on for a long time and it has become urgent to solve it as a case of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> in the first place and to support the UN efforts in this regard."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a>, stated that the EU was supporting the efforts of the United Nations to find a peaceful settlement for the conflict, per the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> resolutions, and stressing the insurance of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> in Guerguerat.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The secretary-general of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yousef_Al-Othaimeen" title="Yousef Al-Othaimeen">Yousef Al-Othaimeen</a>, and the secretary-general of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, Nayef bin Falah Al-Hajraf, stated that they support Morocco's efforts to what they called "securing freedom of civil and commercial movement."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Parliament" title="Central American Parliament">Central American Parliament</a> also expressed its support for Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 November, the <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of South Africa">President of the Republic of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a>, wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> that called for "all the parties to uphold the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a>, which provides for 'a cease-fire' and the holding of a referendum for the people of Western Sahara to exercise their right to self-determination."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> released a statement voicing its support for Western Sahara and condemned Morocco's "unlawful assertion" of sovereignty over Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_governments">Foreign governments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_Spanish plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this section with text translated from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfrentamientos_del_Sahara_Occidental_(2020-presente)" class="extiw" title="es:Enfrentamientos del Sahara Occidental (2020-presente)">the corresponding article</a> in Spanish</b>.  <i><small>(December 2020)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Enfrentamientos del Sahara Occidental (2020-presente)]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|es|Enfrentamientos del Sahara Occidental (2020-presente)}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Talk:Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-internationalsupporters_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internationalsupporters-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-internationalsupporters_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internationalsupporters-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-africansupporters_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africansupporters-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-africansupporters_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africansupporters-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-internationalsupporters_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internationalsupporters-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Hadi government</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voiced their support for Morocco, while <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> withdrew its recognition of the SADR.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(State_of_Palestine)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (State of Palestine)">Foreign Ministry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> said it "does not interfere in the internal affairs of the brotherly Arab countries".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-africansupporters_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africansupporters-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Spain<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have all urged both parties to respect the ceasefire. </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, Algeria and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> backed the Polisario Front, accused Morocco of violating the ceasefire and urged the UN to appoint a new Western Sahara envoy to restart talks.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algeria also sent 60 tons of food and medical aid to the refugees in Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Spain's second deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Pablo Iglesias Turrión</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have stated that they supported the <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">right to self-determination</a> of the Sahrawis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minorities_abroad">Minorities abroad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minorities abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 November, a group of <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawis</a> staged a rally in front of the Moroccan consulate in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain. The protestors dismantled the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">flag of Morocco</a> from the consulate, raising the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Western_Sahara" title="Flag of Western Sahara">SADR's flag</a> over the building.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Morocco<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> condemned the incident. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> released an official statement criticising Morocco and the Polisario Front for allegedly using religion to justify the use of weapons in the conflict, for which it accused both of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>'s Portuguese analytic Riccardo Fabiani, the conflict could be a "potential breaking point that could have major repercussions", adding that the United Nations had been quite negligent towards this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-al_jazeera_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_jazeera-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/western-sahara/b82-time-international-re-engagement-western-sahara">"Time for International Re-engagement in Western Sahara"</a>. <i>Crisis Group</i>. 11 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410091840/https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/western-sahara/b82-time-international-re-engagement-western-sahara">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Time+for+International+Re-engagement+in+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fnorth-africa%2Fwestern-sahara%2Fb82-time-international-re-engagement-western-sahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France_24_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-France_24_2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211106-why-is-the-western-sahara-conflict-heating-up">"Why is the Western Sahara conflict heating up?"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 6 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Why+is+the+Western+Sahara+conflict+heating+up%3F&rft.date=2021-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20211106-why-is-the-western-sahara-conflict-heating-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/sahara-occidental-trois-algeriens-tues-dans-un-bombardement-attribue-au-maroc_2161671.html">"Sahara occidental: trois Algériens tués dans un bombardement attribué au Maroc"</a>. <i>LExpress.fr</i> (in French). 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LExpress.fr&rft.atitle=Sahara+occidental%3A+trois+Alg%C3%A9riens+tu%C3%A9s+dans+un+bombardement+attribu%C3%A9+au+Maroc&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Factualites%2F1%2Fmonde%2Fsahara-occidental-trois-algeriens-tues-dans-un-bombardement-attribue-au-maroc_2161671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/db201117.doc.htm">"Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124073306/https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/db201117.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%A1hara+Occidental+%E2%80%93+cuadro+zonas+mapa+pol%C3%ADtico-militar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuevia2008.googlepages.com%2FCUADROZONASDIVISINDELSHARAOCCIDENTAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vitaltrade-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vitaltrade_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vitaltrade_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201111-polisario-front-threatens-to-end-morocco-ceasefire/">"Polisario Front threatens to end Morocco ceasefire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a></i>. 12 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114141555/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201111-polisario-front-threatens-to-end-morocco-ceasefire/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=Polisario+Front+threatens+to+end+Morocco+ceasefire&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20201111-polisario-front-threatens-to-end-morocco-ceasefire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-truckdrivers-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-truckdrivers_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-truckdrivers_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1759461/middle-east">"Moroccan truckers stuck on Mauritania border urge help"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a></i>. 7 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114141630/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1759461/middle-east">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Moroccan+truckers+stuck+on+Mauritania+border+urge+help&rft.date=2020-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1759461%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuterres2021" class="citation web cs1">Guterres, António (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minurso.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unsg_report_october_2021.pdf">"Situation concerning Western Sahara"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situation+concerning+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Guterres&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminurso.unmissions.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Funsg_report_october_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mauritanianreinforcement-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mauritanianreinforcement_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mauritanianreinforcement_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://middle-east-online.com/en/mauritania-army-reinforces-positions-along-border-morocco">"Mauritania army reinforces positions along border with Morocco"</a>. <i>Middle East Online</i>. 12 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114142710/https://middle-east-online.com/en/mauritania-army-reinforces-positions-along-border-morocco">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Online&rft.atitle=Mauritania+army+reinforces+positions+along+border+with+Morocco&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiddle-east-online.com%2Fen%2Fmauritania-army-reinforces-positions-along-border-morocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/mauritania-morocco-armed-forces-blockades-western-sahara-32f10d1e9724668175eede89033fe7cf">"Morocco launches military operation in Western Sahara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114141324/https://apnews.com/article/mauritania-morocco-armed-forces-blockades-western-sahara-32f10d1e9724668175eede89033fe7cf">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Morocco+launches+military+operation+in+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmauritania-morocco-armed-forces-blockades-western-sahara-32f10d1e9724668175eede89033fe7cf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2020-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2020_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahir2020" class="citation web cs1">Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/morocco-military-operation-western-sahara.html">"Morocco Launches Military Operation in Western Sahara Buffer Zone"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118002603/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/morocco-military-operation-western-sahara.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Morocco+Launches+Military+Operation+in+Western+Sahara+Buffer+Zone&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Dahir&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F13%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fmorocco-military-operation-western-sahara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/morocco-launches-operation-in-western-sahara-border-zone">"Morocco troops launch operation in Western Sahara border zone"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114103328/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/morocco-launches-operation-in-western-sahara-border-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Morocco+troops+launch+operation+in+Western+Sahara+border+zone&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F13%2Fmorocco-launches-operation-in-western-sahara-border-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaram2020" class="citation news cs1">Karam, Souhail (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-13/morocco-moves-army-to-end-western-sahara-blockade-le360-reports">"Military Clashes Erupt in Western Sahara After 30-Year Truce"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+independence+group+declares+war+on+Morocco&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fwestern-sahara-end-independence-truce-morocco-b97f386e-6ca3-45fb-aefe-13656f37f54d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mormobil-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mormobil_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mormobil_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasraoui2020" class="citation web cs1">Kasraoui, Safaa (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/11/325700/morocco-mobilizes-army-in-guerguerat-in-response-to-polisarios-provocations/">"Morocco Mobilizes Army in Guerguerat in Response to Polisario's Provocations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Morocco_World_News" title="Morocco World News">Morocco World News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114194613/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/11/325700/morocco-mobilizes-army-in-guerguerat-in-response-to-polisarios-provocations/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Morocco+Mobilizes+Army+in+Guerguerat+in+Response+to+Polisario%27s+Provocations&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Kasraoui&rft.aufirst=Safaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2020%2F11%2F325700%2Fmorocco-mobilizes-army-in-guerguerat-in-response-to-polisarios-provocations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsjstart-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsjstart_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsjstart_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalsin2020" class="citation web cs1">Malsin, Jared (15 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/morocco-forces-clash-with-western-sahara-fighters-risking-wider-war-11605450129">"Morocco Forces Clash With Western Sahara Fighters, Risking Wider War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116015624/https://www.wsj.com/articles/morocco-forces-clash-with-western-sahara-fighters-risking-wider-war-11605450129">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Morocco+Forces+Clash+With+Western+Sahara+Fighters%2C+Risking+Wider+War&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.aulast=Malsin&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmorocco-forces-clash-with-western-sahara-fighters-risking-wider-war-11605450129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spsrasd.info/news/es/articles/2020/12/22/29941.html">"Los ataques del ELPS prosiguen contra las fuerzas enemigas a lo largo del Muro de la Vergüenza"</a>. <i>Sahara Press Service</i> (in Spanish). 22 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223143102/https://www.spsrasd.info/news/es/articles/2020/12/22/29941.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahara+Press+Service&rft.atitle=Los+ataques+del+ELPS+prosiguen+contra+las+fuerzas+enemigas+a+lo+largo+del+Muro+de+la+Verg%C3%BCenza&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spsrasd.info%2Fnews%2Fes%2Farticles%2F2020%2F12%2F22%2F29941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1762466/middle-east">"Moroccan army launches operation in Western Sahara border zone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a></i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114141349/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1762466/middle-east">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Moroccan+army+launches+operation+in+Western+Sahara+border+zone&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1762466%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martinez-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martinez_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martinez_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martinez_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2020" class="citation web cs1">Martinez, Marta Rodriguez (17 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2020/11/17/western-sahara-who-are-the-polisario-front-and-what-do-they-want">"Western Sahara: Who are the Polisario Front and what do they want?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117190712/https://www.euronews.com/2020/11/17/western-sahara-who-are-the-polisario-front-and-what-do-they-want">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Who+are+the+Polisario+Front+and+what+do+they+want%3F&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Marta+Rodriguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2020%2F11%2F17%2Fwestern-sahara-who-are-the-polisario-front-and-what-do-they-want&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201016-algeria-western-sahara-conflict-is-a-colonialism-issue/">"Algeria: Western Sahara conflict is a colonialism issue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a></i>. 16 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106035047/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20201016-algeria-western-sahara-conflict-is-a-colonialism-issue/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+Western+Sahara+conflict+is+a+colonialism+issue&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20201016-algeria-western-sahara-conflict-is-a-colonialism-issue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a> (31 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA797"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843361" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843361"><bdi>9781598843361</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820011037/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA797">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>Within weeks the war ended in stalemate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft.isbn=9781598843361&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjQfo3a1eVMC%26pg%3DPA797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Damis, John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4326560">"The Western Sahara Conflict: Myths and Realities"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>37</b> (2). Middle East Institute: 169–179. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4326560">4326560</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609222841/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4326560">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Western+Sahara+Conflict%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-179&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4326560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Damis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4326560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesenyő2010" class="citation news cs1">Besenyő, János (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/83785/1/2010_TR_Special_Issue.pdf">"The Occupation of Western Sahara by Morocco and Mauritania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609223059/http://real.mtak.hu/83785/1/2010_TR_Special_Issue.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Occupation+of+Western+Sahara+by+Morocco+and+Mauritania&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Beseny%C5%91&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F83785%2F1%2F2010_TR_Special_Issue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunes2010" class="citation book cs1">Zunes, Stephen (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XzuIbQAXUIC&pg=PA75"><i>Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 75–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5258-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5258-8"><bdi>978-0-8156-5258-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609225028/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XzuIbQAXUIC&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+War%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Conflict+Irresolution&rft.pages=75-79&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5258-8&rft.aulast=Zunes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XzuIbQAXUIC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenson2018" class="citation book cs1">Sorenson, David (19 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUtWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222"><i>Interpreting the Middle East: Essential Themes</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97933-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97933-0"><bdi>978-0-429-97933-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609225030/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUtWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Middle+East%3A+Essential+Themes&rft.pages=222-223&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97933-0&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUtWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2020/11/13/military-tensions-rise-in-morocco-polisario-western-sahara-conflict/">"Military Tensions Rise in Morocco-Polisario Western Sahara Conflict"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Africanews" title="Africanews">Africanews</a></i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114015355/https://www.africanews.com/2020/11/13/military-tensions-rise-in-morocco-polisario-western-sahara-conflict/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Life+behind+the+Sahara+desert+%27wall+of+shame%27&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Belalloufi&rft.aufirst=Amal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Flife-behind-sahara-desert-wall-shame-182354437.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm">"The United Nations Operation in the Western Sahara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 1 October 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112444/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations+Operation+in+the+Western+Sahara&rft.date=1995-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1995%2FWsahara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelaziz2010" class="citation web cs1">Abdelaziz, Salma (10 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/10/western.sahara.morocco.clashes/index.html">"Deadly clashes reported in disputed Western Sahara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN News">CNN News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116045110/https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/10/western.sahara.morocco.clashes/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+clashes+reported+in+disputed+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.aulast=Abdelaziz&rft.aufirst=Salma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F11%2F10%2Fwestern.sahara.morocco.clashes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNback-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNNback_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNback_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNNback_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagetMcCluskey2020" class="citation web cs1">Paget, Sharif; McCluskey, Mitchell (15 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/10/western.sahara.morocco.clashes/index.html">"Deadly clashes reported in disputed Western Sahara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN News">CNN News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116045110/https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/10/western.sahara.morocco.clashes/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+clashes+reported+in+disputed+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=Sharif&rft.au=McCluskey%2C+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F11%2F10%2Fwestern.sahara.morocco.clashes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Non-Self-Governing_Territories-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Non-Self-Governing_Territories_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt">"Non-Self-Governing Territories"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503010846/https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Non-Self-Governing+Territories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdppa%2Fdecolonization%2Fen%2Fnsgt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelalloufi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Belalloufi, Amal (14 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://north-africa.com/2020/11/the-western-sahara-conflict-reignites/">"The Western Sahara conflict reignites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_Journal" title="North Africa Journal">The North Africa Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609223132/http://north-africa.com/2020/11/the-western-sahara-conflict-reignites/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Africa+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Western+Sahara+conflict+reignites&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft.aulast=Belalloufi&rft.aufirst=Amal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorth-africa.com%2F2020%2F11%2Fthe-western-sahara-conflict-reignites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopoviciu2020" class="citation web cs1">Popoviciu, Andrei (18 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/18/the-failed-diplomacy-between-morocco-and-polisario">"The failed diplomacy between Morocco and Polisario"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119012107/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/18/the-failed-diplomacy-between-morocco-and-polisario">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=The+failed+diplomacy+between+Morocco+and+Polisario&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.aulast=Popoviciu&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F18%2Fthe-failed-diplomacy-between-morocco-and-polisario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al_jazeera-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al_jazeera_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_jazeera_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/morocco-launches-operation-in-western-sahara-border-zone">"Morocco troops launch operation in Western Sahara border zone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114103328/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/morocco-launches-operation-in-western-sahara-border-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Morocco+troops+launch+operation+in+Western+Sahara+border+zone&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F13%2Fmorocco-launches-operation-in-western-sahara-border-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2019-05-22/note-correspondents-resignation-of-the-personal-envoy-of-the-secretary-general-for-western-sahara-former-president-of-germany-horst-k%C3%B6hler">"Note to correspondents: Resignation of the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara, former President of Germany, Horst Köhler"</a>. United Nations. 22 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206094443/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2019-05-22/note-correspondents-resignation-of-the-personal-envoy-of-the-secretary-general-for-western-sahara-former-president-of-germany-horst-k%C3%B6hler">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+to+correspondents%3A+Resignation+of+the+Personal+Envoy+of+the+Secretary-General+for+Western+Sahara%2C+former+President+of+Germany%2C+Horst+K%C3%B6hler&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsg%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fsg%2Fnote-correspondents%2F2019-05-22%2Fnote-correspondents-resignation-of-the-personal-envoy-of-the-secretary-general-for-western-sahara-former-president-of-germany-horst-k%25C3%25B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahir2020" class="citation web cs1">Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/morocco-military-operation-western-sahara.html">"Morocco Launches Military Operation in Western Sahara Buffer Zone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118002603/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/morocco-military-operation-western-sahara.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Morocco+Launches+Military+Operation+in+Western+Sahara+Buffer+Zone&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Dahir&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F13%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fmorocco-military-operation-western-sahara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/16/algeria/western-sahara-three-dissidents-behind-bars">"Algeria/Western Sahara: Three Dissidents Behind Bars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 16 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928220535/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/16/algeria/western-sahara-three-dissidents-behind-bars">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maghreb+Arabe+Press&rft.atitle=National+Political+Parties+Welcome+Morocco%27s+Decision+to+Secure+Guergarate+Crossing&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapnews.ma%2Fen%2Factualites%2Fpolitics%2Fnational-political-parties-welcome-moroccos-decision-secure-guergarate-crossing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/guergarate-lower-house-stresses-legitimacy-moroccos-actions">"Guergarate: Lower House Stresses Legitimacy of Morocco's Actions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_Arabe_Press" title="Maghreb Arabe Press">Maghreb Arabe Press</a></i>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119123118/https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/guergarate-lower-house-stresses-legitimacy-moroccos-actions">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maghreb+Arabe+Press&rft.atitle=Guergarate%3A+Lower+House+Stresses+Legitimacy+of+Morocco%27s+Actions&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapnews.ma%2Fen%2Factualites%2Fpolitics%2Fguergarate-lower-house-stresses-legitimacy-moroccos-actions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2632116/moroccos-king-says-determined-react-against-any-security-threat">"Morocco's King Says Determined to React Against Any Security Threat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq Al-Awsat</a></i>. 18 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118115019/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2632116/moroccos-king-says-determined-react-against-any-security-threat">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asharq+Al-Awsat&rft.atitle=Morocco%27s+King+Says+Determined+to+React+Against+Any+Security+Threat&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F2632116%2Fmoroccos-king-says-determined-react-against-any-security-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/royal-armed-forces-operation-strategic-change-putting-end-attempts-block">"Royal Armed Forces' Operation, 'Strategic Change' Putting End to Attempts to Block Guerguarat: El Othmani"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_Arabe_Press" title="Maghreb Arabe Press">Maghreb Arabe Press</a></i>. 16 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118041735/https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/royal-armed-forces-operation-strategic-change-putting-end-attempts-block">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maghreb+Arabe+Press&rft.atitle=Royal+Armed+Forces%27+Operation%2C+%27Strategic+Change%27+Putting+End+to+Attempts+to+Block+Guerguarat%3A+El+Othmani&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapnews.ma%2Fen%2Factualites%2Fpolitics%2Froyal-armed-forces-operation-strategic-change-putting-end-attempts-block&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/276783">"Polisario Says Conflict to End when Morocco Ends 'Occupation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naharnet" title="Naharnet">Naharnet</a></i>. 16 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119112951/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/276783">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naharnet&rft.atitle=Polisario+Says+Conflict+to+End+when+Morocco+Ends+%27Occupation%27&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F276783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecsaharaui.com/2020/11/ultima-hora-los-saharauis-salen-las.html">"Los saharauis salen a las calles de El Aaiún ocupado y se enfrentan a las autoridades ocupantes"</a>. <i>EcSaharaui</i> (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113221506/https://www.ecsaharaui.com/2020/11/ultima-hora-los-saharauis-salen-las.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EcSaharaui&rft.atitle=Los+saharauis+salen+a+las+calles+de+El+Aai%C3%BAn+ocupado+y+se+enfrentan+a+las+autoridades+ocupantes&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecsaharaui.com%2F2020%2F11%2Fultima-hora-los-saharauis-salen-las.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/regional/inhabitants-la%C3%A2youne-fully-support-moroccos-decision-act-guergarate-ould">"Inhabitants of Laâyoune Fully Support Morocco's Decision To Act in Guergarate (Ould Errachid)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_Arabe_Press" title="Maghreb Arabe Press">Maghreb Arabe Press</a></i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114032452/https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/regional/inhabitants-la%C3%A2youne-fully-support-moroccos-decision-act-guergarate-ould">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maghreb+Arabe+Press&rft.atitle=Inhabitants+of+La%C3%A2youne+Fully+Support+Morocco%27s+Decision+To+Act+in+Guergarate+%28Ould+Errachid%29&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapnews.ma%2Fen%2Factualites%2Fregional%2Finhabitants-la%25C3%25A2youne-fully-support-moroccos-decision-act-guergarate-ould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niusdiario.es/nacional/politica/espana-condena-bandera-frente-polisario-consulado-marruecos-valencia_18_3043695127.html">"España condena la colocación de una bandera del Frente Polisario en el consulado de Marruecos en Valencia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Espa%C3%B1a_Comunicaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaset España Comunicación">Nius Diario</a></i> (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115171512/https://www.niusdiario.es/nacional/politica/espana-condena-bandera-frente-polisario-consulado-marruecos-valencia_18_3043695127.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nius+Diario&rft.atitle=Espa%C3%B1a+condena+la+colocaci%C3%B3n+de+una+bandera+del+Frente+Polisario+en+el+consulado+de+Marruecos+en+Valencia&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niusdiario.es%2Fnacional%2Fpolitica%2Fespana-condena-bandera-frente-polisario-consulado-marruecos-valencia_18_3043695127.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emsahara.com/?p=66815">"La represión se intensifica en el Sahara Occidental ocupado"</a>. <i>EcSaharaui</i> (in Spanish). 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114172822/https://www.emsahara.com/?p=66815">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EcSaharaui&rft.atitle=La+represi%C3%B3n+se+intensifica+en+el+Sahara+Occidental+ocupado&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsahara.com%2F%3Fp%3D66815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/shioukhs-sahrawi-tribes-back-efforts-restore-free-movement-guergarate">"Shioukhs of Sahrawi Tribes Back Efforts to Restore Free Movement in Guergarate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_Arabe_Press" title="Maghreb Arabe Press">Maghreb Arabe Press</a></i>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115175814/http://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/shioukhs-sahrawi-tribes-back-efforts-restore-free-movement-guergarate">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maghreb+Arabe+Press&rft.atitle=Shioukhs+of+Sahrawi+Tribes+Back+Efforts+to+Restore+Free+Movement+in+Guergarate&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapnews.ma%2Fen%2Factualites%2Fpolitics%2Fshioukhs-sahrawi-tribes-back-efforts-restore-free-movement-guergarate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nabaa24.ma/نادي-الدراجين-المغاربة-،-والنادي-المل/">"نادي الدراجين المغاربة ، والنادي الملكي للكرة الحديدية في زيارة لمعبر الكركرات : الثوابت الوطنية فوق كل اعتبار"</a>. <i>Nabaa 24</i> (in Arabic). 3 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610003114/http://nabaa24.ma/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%8C-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mr. Moussa Faki Mahamat, on the tensions in the Guerguerat buffer zone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114103722/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20201114/communique-auc-chairperson-tensions-guerguerat-buffer-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yabiladi&rft.atitle=Is+the+EU+trying+to+mediate+between+Morocco+and+Algeria%3F&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yabiladi.com%2Farticles%2Fdetails%2F101716%2Fguerguerate-trying-mediate-between-morocco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2157833">"OIC Supports Morocco's Measures to Secure Freedom of Civil and Commercial Movement in Guerguerat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Press_Agency" title="Saudi Press Agency">Saudi Press Agency</a></i>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609223039/https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2157833">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=OIC+Supports+Morocco%27s+Measures+to+Secure+Freedom+of+Civil+and+Commercial+Movement+in+Guerguerat&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spa.gov.sa%2Fviewfullstory.php%3Flang%3Den%26newsid%3D2157833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5365016/The-Gulf-Cooperation-Council-supports-Moroccos-measures-to-ensure-the-smooth.html">"The Gulf Cooperation Council supports Moroccos measures to ensure the smooth..."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Khaleej_(newspaper)" title="Al Khaleej (newspaper)">Al Khaleej</a></i>. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609222843/https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5365016/The-Gulf-Cooperation-Council-supports-Moroccos-measures-to-ensure-the-smooth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNPO+Statement+on+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F22120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMebtoul2020" class="citation web cs1">Mebtoul, Taha (4 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416015526/https://beta.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/12/327950/western-sahara-azerbaijan-supports-moroccos-action-in-guerguerat/">"Western Sahara: Azerbaijan Supports Morocco's Action in Guerguerat"</a>. <i>Morocco World News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Azerbaijan+Supports+Morocco%27s+Action+in+Guerguerat&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft.aulast=Mebtoul&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2020%2F12%2F327950%2Fwestern-sahara-azerbaijan-supports-moroccos-action-in-guerguerat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.aluom.com/gulf/bahrain-expresses-its-solidarity-with-the-kingdom-of-morocco-against-the-attacks-of-the-polisario-militias">"Bahrain expresses its solidarity with the Kingdom of Morocco against the attacks of the "Polisario" militias"</a>. <i>Aluom</i>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121003555/https://en.aluom.com/gulf/bahrain-expresses-its-solidarity-with-the-kingdom-of-morocco-against-the-attacks-of-the-polisario-militias">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aluom&rft.atitle=Bahrain+expresses+its+solidarity+with+the+Kingdom+of+Morocco+against+the+attacks+of+the+%22Polisario%22+militias&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.aluom.com%2Fgulf%2Fbahrain-expresses-its-solidarity-with-the-kingdom-of-morocco-against-the-attacks-of-the-polisario-militias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internationalsupporters-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-internationalsupporters_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internationalsupporters_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internationalsupporters_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northafricapost.com/45249-european-voices-join-wave-of-support-to-moroccos-action-against-polisario-militias-in-guerguerat.html">"European voices join wave of support to Morocco's action against Polisario militias in Guerguerat"</a>. <i>Northafricapost</i>. 16 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119110434/https://northafricapost.com/45249-european-voices-join-wave-of-support-to-moroccos-action-against-polisario-militias-in-guerguerat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northafricapost&rft.atitle=European+voices+join+wave+of+support+to+Morocco%27s+action+against+Polisario+militias+in+Guerguerat&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthafricapost.com%2F45249-european-voices-join-wave-of-support-to-moroccos-action-against-polisario-militias-in-guerguerat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agenceafrique.com/27156-sahara-guerguarat-le-president-de-la-rdc-apporte-son-soutien-au-maroc.html">"SAHARA- GUERGUARAT: LE PRÉSIDENT DE LA RDC APPORTE SON SOUTIEN AU MAROC"</a>. Agence Afrique. 27 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207004745/http://www.agenceafrique.com/27156-sahara-guerguarat-le-president-de-la-rdc-apporte-son-soutien-au-maroc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAHARA-+GUERGUARAT%3A+LE+PR%C3%89SIDENT+DE+LA+RDC+APPORTE+SON+SOUTIEN+AU+MAROC&rft.pub=Agence+Afrique&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agenceafrique.com%2F27156-sahara-guerguarat-le-president-de-la-rdc-apporte-son-soutien-au-maroc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/TchadDiplomatie/posts/3432431030173525">"Tchad Diplomatie"</a>. <i>Facebook</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906185627/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTchadDiplomatie%2Fposts%2F3432431030173525">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Tchad+Diplomatie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTchadDiplomatie%2Fposts%2F3432431030173525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/fr-xl/afrique-du-nord/other/le-tchad-condamne-l-obstruction-par-les-milices-du-polisario-de-la-circulation-des-biens-et-des-personnes-%C3%A0-el-guerguarat/ar-BB1baJT6?li=AAE8lQn">"Le Tchad condamne l'obstruction par les milices du "polisario" de la circulation des biens et des personnes à El Guerguarat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126054322/http://www.msn.com/fr-xl/afrique-du-nord/other/le-tchad-condamne-l-obstruction-par-les-milices-du-polisario-de-la-circulation-des-biens-et-des-personnes-%C3%A0-el-guerguarat/ar-BB1baJT6?li=AAE8lQn">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Le+Tchad+condamne+l%27obstruction+par+les+milices+du+%22polisario%22+de+la+circulation+des+biens+et+des+personnes+%C3%A0+El+Guerguarat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Ffr-xl%2Fafrique-du-nord%2Fother%2Fle-tchad-condamne-l-obstruction-par-les-milices-du-polisario-de-la-circulation-des-biens-et-des-personnes-%25C3%25A0-el-guerguarat%2Far-BB1baJT6%3Fli%3DAAE8lQn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-africansupporters-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-africansupporters_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africansupporters_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africansupporters_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/101698/guerguerate-plusieurs-pays-africains-soutiennent.html">"El Guerguerate: Plusieurs pays africains soutiennent le Maroc"</a>. <i>Yabiladi</i> (in French). 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115174844/https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/101698/guerguerate-plusieurs-pays-africains-soutiennent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yabiladi&rft.atitle=El+Guerguerate%3A+Plusieurs+pays+africains+soutiennent+le+Maroc&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabiladi.com%2Farticles%2Fdetails%2F101698%2Fguerguerate-plusieurs-pays-africains-soutiennent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.ma/en/node/2226">"Le Gouvernement de la République de Guinée Équatoriale a exprimé sa solidarité et appui au Gouvernement du Royaume du Maroc pour une initiative qu'il a qualifié de juste et légitime, conformément à la légalité internationale"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Morocco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Morocco)">MFAC</a>. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030023/https://www.diplomatie.ma/en/node/2226">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Gouvernement+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+de+Guin%C3%A9e+%C3%89quatoriale+a+exprim%C3%A9+sa+solidarit%C3%A9+et+appui+au+Gouvernement+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+pour+une+initiative+qu%27il+a+qualifi%C3%A9+de+juste+et+l%C3%A9gitime%2C+conform%C3%A9ment+%C3%A0+la+l%C3%A9galit%C3%A9+internationale.&rft.pub=MFAC&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.ma%2Fen%2Fnode%2F2226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gabonreview.com/securisation-del-guerguerate-le-gabon-soutient-les-initiatives-marocaines/">"Sécurisation d'El Guerguerate : Le Gabon soutient les initiatives marocaines"</a>. <i>Gabonreview</i> (in French). 16 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116161632/https://www.gabonreview.com/securisation-del-guerguerate-le-gabon-soutient-les-initiatives-marocaines/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gabonreview&rft.atitle=S%C3%A9curisation+d%27El+Guerguerate+%3A+Le+Gabon+soutient+les+initiatives+marocaines&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gabonreview.com%2Fsecurisation-del-guerguerate-le-gabon-soutient-les-initiatives-marocaines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lepetitjournalmarocain.com/2020/11/16/guergarate-large-soutien-africain-a-laction-du-maroc/">"Guergarate: large soutien africain à l'action du Maroc"</a>. <i>Le Petit Journal Marocain</i> (in French). 16 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304210829/https://lepetitjournalmarocain.com/2020/11/16/guergarate-large-soutien-africain-a-laction-du-maroc/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Petit+Journal+Marocain&rft.atitle=Guergarate%3A+large+soutien+africain+%C3%A0+l%27action+du+Maroc&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flepetitjournalmarocain.com%2F2020%2F11%2F16%2Fguergarate-large-soutien-africain-a-laction-du-maroc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haitilibre.com/article-32360-haiti-diplomatie-haiti-prend-position-dans-le-conflit-frontalier-au-maroc.html">"Haïti – Diplomatie : Haïti prend position dans le conflit frontalier au Maroc"</a>. <i>haitilibre.com</i> (in French). 23 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123142405/https://www.haitilibre.com/article-32360-haiti-diplomatie-haiti-prend-position-dans-le-conflit-frontalier-au-maroc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haitilibre.com&rft.atitle=Ha%C3%AFti+%E2%80%93+Diplomatie+%3A+Ha%C3%AFti+prend+position+dans+le+conflit+frontalier+au+Maroc&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Farticle-32360-haiti-diplomatie-haiti-prend-position-dans-le-conflit-frontalier-au-maroc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alghad.com/الأردن-يقف-مع-المغرب-لحماية-مصالحه-ووح/">"الأردن يقف مع المغرب في حماية مصالحه ووحدة أراضيه وأمنه"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghad" title="Al Ghad">Al Ghad</a></i> (in Arabic). 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116200206/https://alghad.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AD/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Ghad&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86+%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%81+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%87+%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falghad.com%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AD%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabic.euronews.com/2020/11/14/kuwait-supports-the-measures-taken-by-morocco-guerguerat-western-sahara">"دولة الكويت تؤيّد "الإجراءات" التي اتخذها المغرب في منطقة الكركرات"</a>. <i>Euronews</i> (in Arabic). 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118023936/https://arabic.euronews.com/2020/11/14/kuwait-supports-the-measures-taken-by-morocco-guerguerat-western-sahara">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%AF+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA%22+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabic.euronews.com%2F2020%2F11%2F14%2Fkuwait-supports-the-measures-taken-by-morocco-guerguerat-western-sahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnnliberia.com/2020/11/21/liberia-voices-support-for-moroccos-operation-in-guerguerat/">"Liberia Voices Support for Morocco's Operation in Guerguerat"</a>. <i>GNN Liberia</i>. 21 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128060651/http://gnnliberia.com/2020/11/21/liberia-voices-support-for-moroccos-operation-in-guerguerat/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNN+Liberia&rft.atitle=Liberia+Voices+Support+for+Morocco%27s+Operation+in+Guerguerat&rft.date=2020-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnnliberia.com%2F2020%2F11%2F21%2Fliberia-voices-support-for-moroccos-operation-in-guerguerat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alyaoum24.com/1476770.html">"الإمارات وقطر تعلنان دعمهما لتدخل الجيش المغربي في الكركرات"</a>. <i>Alyaoum24</i> (in Arabic). 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114142913/http://alyaoum24.com/1476770.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alyaoum24&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falyaoum24.com%2F1476770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shabiba.com/article/id/148005">"السلطنة تعرب عن تأييدها للمملكة المغربية الشقيقة فيما اتخذته من إجراءات لحماية أمنها وسيادتها على أراضيها"</a>. <i>Shabiba</i> (in Arabic). 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114084035/https://shabiba.com/article/id/148005">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shabiba&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B0%D8%AA%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshabiba.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2F148005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://una-oic.org/page/public/news_details.aspx?id=322709&NL=True">"Saudi Arabia supports Morocco's measures to ensure freedom of traffic in Guerguerat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Union_of_OIC_News_Agencies" title="Union of OIC News Agencies">Union of OIC News Agencies</a></i>. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906185637/https://una-oic.org/page/public/news_details.aspx?id=322709&NL=True">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Union+of+OIC+News+Agencies&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+supports+Morocco%27s+measures+to+ensure+freedom+of+traffic+in+Guerguerat&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funa-oic.org%2Fpage%2Fpublic%2Fnews_details.aspx%3Fid%3D322709%26NL%3DTrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afrique24.com/le-president-senegalais-salue-le-sens-de-la-mesure-et-de-la-retenue-du-maroc-pour-maintenir-la-stabilite-a-el-guerguarat/">"Le président sénégalais salue le "sens de la mesure et de la retenue" du Maroc pour maintenir la stabilité à El Guerguarat"</a>. <i>Afrique24</i> (in French). 19 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119173146/https://afrique24.com/le-president-senegalais-salue-le-sens-de-la-mesure-et-de-la-retenue-du-maroc-pour-maintenir-la-stabilite-a-el-guerguarat/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afrique24&rft.atitle=Le+pr%C3%A9sident+s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais+salue+le+%22sens+de+la+mesure+et+de+la+retenue%22+du+Maroc+pour+maintenir+la+stabilit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+El+Guerguarat&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrique24.com%2Fle-president-senegalais-salue-le-sens-de-la-mesure-et-de-la-retenue-du-maroc-pour-maintenir-la-stabilite-a-el-guerguarat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maroc.ma/en/news/sahara-sierra-leone-affirms-support-moroccan-autonomy-initiative">"Sahara: Sierra Leone Affirms Support for Moroccan Autonomy Initiative"</a>. <i>Maroc.ma</i>. 30 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830171027/https://www.maroc.ma/en/news/sahara-sierra-leone-affirms-support-moroccan-autonomy-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maroc.ma&rft.atitle=Sahara%3A+Sierra+Leone+Affirms+Support+for+Moroccan+Autonomy+Initiative&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maroc.ma%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsahara-sierra-leone-affirms-support-moroccan-autonomy-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDag2020" class="citation web cs1">Dag, Burak (15 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/w-sahara-turkey-voices-support-for-political-solution/2044887">"W. Sahara: Turkey voices support for political solution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116021416/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/w-sahara-turkey-voices-support-for-political-solution/2044887">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=W.+Sahara%3A+Turkey+voices+support+for+political+solution&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.aulast=Dag&rft.aufirst=Burak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2Fw-sahara-turkey-voices-support-for-political-solution%2F2044887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/10734/">"اليمن تؤيد الاجراءات المغربية لضمان عودة الحركة الطبيعية في منطقة معبر الكركرات"</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Yemen)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yemen)">Yemeni Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130050157/https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/10734/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.pub=Yemeni+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa-ye.org%2FPages%2F10734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Abdalawi2020" class="citation web cs1">al-Abdalawi, Taj-Eddin (14 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/uae-backs-morocco-over-western-sahara-border-zone/2043782">"UAE backs Morocco over Western Sahara border zone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130434/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/uae-backs-morocco-over-western-sahara-border-zone/2043782">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=UAE+backs+Morocco+over+Western+Sahara+border+zone&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft.aulast=al-Abdalawi&rft.aufirst=Taj-Eddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fuae-backs-morocco-over-western-sahara-border-zone%2F2043782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northafricapost.com/45238-45238.html">"Guyana withdraws recognition of pseudo-SADR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Africa_Post" title="The North Africa Post">The North Africa Post</a></i>. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116021523/https://northafricapost.com/45238-45238.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+North+Africa+Post&rft.atitle=Guyana+withdraws+recognition+of+pseudo-SADR&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthafricapost.com%2F45238-45238.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/11/326140/palestine-ambassador-to-algeria-attacks-moroccos-territorial-integrity/">"Palestine Ambassador to Algeria Attacks Morocco's Territorial Integrity"</a>. <i>Morocco World News</i>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204084024/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/11/326140/palestine-ambassador-to-algeria-attacks-moroccos-territorial-integrity/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Palestine+Ambassador+to+Algeria+Attacks+Morocco%27s+Territorial+Integrity&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2020%2F11%2F326140%2Fpalestine-ambassador-to-algeria-attacks-moroccos-territorial-integrity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20201113-morocco-sends-troops-to-western-saraha-border-to-end-polisario-provocations">"Tensions flare in Western Sahara as pro-independents Polisario accuse Morocco of ending ceasefire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/France24" class="mw-redirect" title="France24">France24</a></i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113102622/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20201113-morocco-sends-troops-to-western-saraha-border-to-end-polisario-provocations">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=Tensions+flare+in+Western+Sahara+as+pro-independents+Polisario+accuse+Morocco+of+ending+ceasefire&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20201113-morocco-sends-troops-to-western-saraha-border-to-end-polisario-provocations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid.ru/en/diverse/-/asset_publisher/zwI2FuDbhJx9/content/kommentarij-departamenta-informacii-i-pecati-mid-rossii-o-situacii-v-zapadnoj-sahare?_101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9_redirect=https://www.mid.ru/en/diverse?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=6">"Comment by the Information and Press Department on the developments in Western Sahara"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114190214/https://www.mid.ru/en/diverse/-/asset_publisher/zwI2FuDbhJx9/content/kommentarij-departamenta-informacii-i-pecati-mid-rossii-o-situacii-v-zapadnoj-sahare?_101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fen%2Fdiverse%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=6">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comment+by+the+Information+and+Press+Department+on+the+developments+in+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Russian+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fen%2Fdiverse%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FzwI2FuDbhJx9%2Fcontent%2Fkommentarij-departamenta-informacii-i-pecati-mid-rossii-o-situacii-v-zapadnoj-sahare%3F_101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9_redirect%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fen%2Fdiverse%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zwI2FuDbhJx9%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2020/11/spain-calls-for-responsibility-and-restraint-in-western-sahara/">"Spain calls for "responsibility and restraint" in Western Sahara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a> in Spain</i>. 14 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114175013/https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2020/11/spain-calls-for-responsibility-and-restraint-in-western-sahara/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat+in+Spain&rft.atitle=Spain+calls+for+%22responsibility+and+restraint%22+in+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomatinspain.com%2Fen%2F2020%2F11%2Fspain-calls-for-responsibility-and-restraint-in-western-sahara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-11-13/morocco-vows-to-clear-polisario-blockade-of-western-sahara-road">"Fears Grow of New Western Sahara War Between Morocco and Polisario Front"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">US News</a></i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114103807/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-11-13/morocco-vows-to-clear-polisario-blockade-of-western-sahara-road">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Algeria+sends+60+tons+of+aid+to+West+Sahara+refugees&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft.aulast=Aydemir&rft.aufirst=M%C3%BCcahit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fworld%2Falgeria-sends-60-tons-of-aid-to-west-sahara-refugees%2F2045047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecsaharaui.com/2020/11/ultima-hora-el-vicepresidente-de-espana.html">"ÚLTIMA HORA | El Vicepresidente de España, Pablo Iglesias pide la celebración de un referéndum en el Sáhara Occidental"</a>. <i>EcSaharaui</i> (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115201409/https://www.ecsaharaui.com/2020/11/ultima-hora-el-vicepresidente-de-espana.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EcSaharaui&rft.atitle=%C3%9ALTIMA+HORA+%7C+El+Vicepresidente+de+Espa%C3%B1a%2C+Pablo+Iglesias+pide+la+celebraci%C3%B3n+de+un+refer%C3%A9ndum+en+el+S%C3%A1hara+Occidental&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecsaharaui.com%2F2020%2F11%2Fultima-hora-el-vicepresidente-de-espana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?o=rn&id=412865&SEO=reafirma-cuba-apoyo-a-solucion-en-sahara-occidental">"Reafirma Cuba apoyo a solución en Sahara Occidental"</a>. <i>Prensa Latina</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417022603/https://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?o=rn&id=412865&SEO=reafirma-cuba-apoyo-a-solucion-en-sahara-occidental">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prensa+Latina&rft.atitle=Reafirma+Cuba+apoyo+a+soluci%C3%B3n+en+Sahara+Occidental&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prensa-latina.cu%2Findex.php%3Fo%3Drn%26id%3D412865%26SEO%3Dreafirma-cuba-apoyo-a-solucion-en-sahara-occidental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCancillería_Venezuela2020" class="citation web cs1">Cancillería Venezuela [@CancilleriaVE] (14 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CancilleriaVE/status/1338539752434315265">"Venezuela reiterates solidarity with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and demands compliance with UN resolutions"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela+reiterates+solidarity+with+the+Sahrawi+Arab+Democratic+Republic+and+demands+compliance+with+UN+resolutions&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.au=Canciller%C3%ADa+Venezuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCancilleriaVE%2Fstatus%2F1338539752434315265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20201115/espana-condena-intento-saharaui-consulado-marroqui-valencia/536196809_0.html">"España condena el intento de colocar la bandera saharaui en el consulado marroquí de Valencia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="El Español">El Español</a></i> (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032950/https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20201115/espana-condena-intento-saharaui-consulado-marroqui-valencia/536196809_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=Espa%C3%B1a+condena+el+intento+de+colocar+la+bandera+saharaui+en+el+consulado+marroqu%C3%AD+de+Valencia&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Fespana%2F20201115%2Fespana-condena-intento-saharaui-consulado-marroqui-valencia%2F536196809_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://okdiario.com/espana/gobierno-condena-intento-colocar-bandera-saharaui-consulado-marruecos-valencia-6435533">"El Gobierno condena el "intento" de colocar la bandera saharaui en el consulado de Marruecos en Valencia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Okdiario" title="Okdiario">Okdiario</a></i> (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116192158/https://okdiario.com/espana/gobierno-condena-intento-colocar-bandera-saharaui-consulado-marruecos-valencia-6435533">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Okdiario&rft.atitle=El+Gobierno+condena+el+%22intento%22+de+colocar+la+bandera+saharaui+en+el+consulado+de+Marruecos+en+Valencia&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fokdiario.com%2Fespana%2Fgobierno-condena-intento-colocar-bandera-saharaui-consulado-marruecos-valencia-6435533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/bandera-sahara-occidental-polisario-consultado-marruecos-valencia_0_1410459287.html">"Manifestantes saharauis colocan la bandera del Frente Polisario en el Consulado de Marruecos en Valencia"</a>. <i>Vozpópuli</i> (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117033144/https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/bandera-sahara-occidental-polisario-consultado-marruecos-valencia_0_1410459287.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vozp%C3%B3puli&rft.atitle=Manifestantes+saharauis+colocan+la+bandera+del+Frente+Polisario+en+el+Consulado+de+Marruecos+en+Valencia&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vozpopuli.com%2Fespana%2Fbandera-sahara-occidental-polisario-consultado-marruecos-valencia_0_1410459287.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-condemns-strongest-terms-acts-vandalism-and-violence-against-its">"Morocco Condemns in the Strongest Terms Acts of Vandalism and Violence against its Consulate in Valencia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_Arabe_Press" title="Maghreb Arabe Press">Maghreb Arabe Press</a></i>. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116110029/http://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-condemns-strongest-terms-acts-vandalism-and-violence-against-its">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maghreb+Arabe+Press&rft.atitle=Morocco+Condemns+in+the+Strongest+Terms+Acts+of+Vandalism+and+Violence+against+its+Consulate+in+Valencia&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapnews.ma%2Fen%2Factualites%2Fpolitics%2Fmorocco-condemns-strongest-terms-acts-vandalism-and-violence-against-its&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elespanol.com/mundo/africa/20201205/isis-marruecos-polisario-religion-justificar-guerra-apostatas/540946983_0.html">"El ISIS acusa a Marruecos y al Polisario de usar la religión para justificar la guerra: "Sois apóstatas"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>El Español</i> (in Spanish). 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=El+ISIS+acusa+a+Marruecos+y+al+Polisario+de+usar+la+religi%C3%B3n+para+justificar+la+guerra%3A+%22Sois+ap%C3%B3statas%22&rft.date=2020-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Fmundo%2Fafrica%2F20201205%2Fisis-marruecos-polisario-religion-justificar-guerra-apostatas%2F540946983_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Saharan+clashes+%282020%E2%80%93present%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Sahara_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Template:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Template talk:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Sahara_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Republic</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Before 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884–1975)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Spanish_Sahara" title="List of colonial governors of Spanish Sahara">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(May)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion <span style="font-size:85%;">(October)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(SADR, 1976–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Berm <span style="font-size:85%;">(built 1981–1987)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(MINURSO, 1991–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000/2003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1495" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1495">UN Security Council Resolution 1495 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1754" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754">1754 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2008)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Western_Sahara" title="Template:Borders of Western Sahara">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of cities in Western Sahara">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of ecoregions in Western Sahara">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Western_Sahara" title="Wildlife of Western Sahara">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of Western Sahara">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Initiative_for_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Initiative for Western Sahara">Moroccan Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Western Sahara Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_members_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="Former members of the Polisario Front">former members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Western_Sahara" title="Transport in Western Sahara">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara" title="Culture of Western Sahara">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Bibliography of Western Sahara">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_Sahara" title="Category:Western Sahara">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" title="Template talk:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Before 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_colonial_wars_in_Morocco" title="List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco">Colonial wars in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884–1975)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1956)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957–1958)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(May)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion <span style="font-size:85%;">(October)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1991)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Berm <span style="font-size:85%;">(built 1981–1987)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Western Sahara peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(MINURSO, 1991–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000/2003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1495" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1495">UN Security Council Resolution 1495 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1754" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754">1754 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2008)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/110px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/165px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Western_Sahara" title="Template:Borders of Western Sahara">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of cities in Western Sahara">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of ecoregions in Western Sahara">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Western_Sahara" title="Wildlife of Western Sahara">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Diplomatic relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Western_Sahara" title="Transport in Western Sahara">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Bibliography of Western Sahara">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic<br />of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African<br />Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template talk:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing armed conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Central African Republic Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chad_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)">Insurgency in Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">ADF insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Insurgency in the Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Saharan clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" title="Nigerian bandit conflict">Nigerian bandit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azawad_conflict" title="Azawad conflict">Azawad conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_gang_crackdown" title="Salvadoran gang crackdown">Salvadoran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_gang_crackdown" title="Honduran gang crackdown">Honduran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war in Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_security_crisis" title="Ecuadorian security crisis">Ecuadorian security crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">Insurgency in Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Peruvian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Internal conflict in Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_drug_war" title="Bangladesh drug war">Drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Radd-ul-Fasaad" title="Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad">Insurgency in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-<br />east</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalay_clashes" title="Kalay clashes">Kalay clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen%E2%80%93Mon_conflict" title="Karen–Mon conflict">Karen–Mon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Conflict in Rakhine State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Conflicts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraq conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi–led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Desert campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor">Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020–present)&oldid=1256547120">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020–present)&oldid=1256547120</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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