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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Marcomannic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Marcomannic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First Marcomannic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Marcomannic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>First invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Roman_expedition_in_Pannonia_(168)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Roman_expedition_in_Pannonia_(168)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>First Roman expedition in Pannonia (168)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Roman_expedition_in_Pannonia_(168)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_expedition_against_the_Iazyges_and_the_Germanic_invasion_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_expedition_against_the_Iazyges_and_the_Germanic_invasion_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Roman expedition against the Iazyges and the Germanic invasion of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_expedition_against_the_Iazyges_and_the_Germanic_invasion_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_counter-offensive_and_defeat_of_the_Marcomanni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_counter-offensive_and_defeat_of_the_Marcomanni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Roman counter-offensive and defeat of the Marcomanni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_counter-offensive_and_defeat_of_the_Marcomanni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Marcomannic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Marcomannic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second Marcomannic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Marcomannic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Marcomannic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Marcomannic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third Marcomannic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Marcomannic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcomannic Wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حروب ماركومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حروب ماركومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markoman_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Markoman müharibələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Markoman müharibələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маркаманская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маркаманская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маркоманска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маркоманска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_Marcomanes" title="Guerres Marcomanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres Marcomanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Маркоман вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маркоман вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markomansk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Markomanské války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Markomanské války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markomannenkriege" title="Markomannenkriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Markomannenkriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_marcomanas" title="Guerras marcomanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras marcomanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_marcomanes" title="Guerres marcomanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres marcomanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markomanne-oarloch" title="Markomanne-oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Markomanne-oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%A7%8C%EB%8B%88_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="마르코만니 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르코만니 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_marcomanniche" title="Guerre marcomanniche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre marcomanniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Маркоман согушу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маркоман согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markoman%C5%B3_karai" title="Markomanų karai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markomanų karai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markomann_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk" title="Markomann háborúk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Markomann háborúk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannenoorlog" title="Marcomannenoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcomannenoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="マルコマンニ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルコマンニ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markoman_urushi" title="Markoman urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Markoman urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_markoma%C5%84skie" title="Wojny markomańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny markomańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_marcomanas" title="Guerras marcomanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras marcomanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_marcoman_166-180" title="Războiul marcoman 166-180 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul marcoman 166-180" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маркоманская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркоманская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markomansk%C3%A9_vojny" title="Markomanské vojny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Markomanské vojny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markomanske_vojne" title="Markomanske vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Markomanske vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Маркомански ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маркомански ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markomanski_ratovi" title="Markomanski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Markomanski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markoman_Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Markoman Savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Markoman Savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Маркоманські війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маркоманські війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Marcomanni" title="Chiến tranh Marcomanni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Marcomanni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">166–180 AD series of Roman wars with Danubian tribes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Marcomannic Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Wars">Roman–Germanic Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail4.jpg/350px-Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail4.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail4.jpg/525px-Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail4.jpg/700px-Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br />Detail of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">relief scene</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a> (in Rome, Italy), depicting a battle of the Marcomannic Wars, late 2nd century AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>AD 166–180 (14 years)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Course of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, the northeastern European border of the Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a></i> </p> <ul><li>Roman plans to annex Sarmatia (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Plain">Hungarian Plain</a>) and Marcomannia (<a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> north of Danube) abandoned</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>Principal Belligerents:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naristi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naristi">Naristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Langobardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotini" title="Cotini">Cotini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Astingi">Astingi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <i>Imperial family:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Pompeianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus">Tiberius Claudius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a><hr /><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefects</a>:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Titus_Furius_Victorinus" title="Titus Furius Victorinus">Titus Furius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Bassaeus_Rufus" title="Marcus Bassaeus Rufus">Marcus Rufus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Macrinius_Vindex" title="Marcus Macrinius Vindex">Marcus Macrinius</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Publius_Tarrutenius_Paternus" title="Publius Tarrutenius Paternus">Publius Paternus</a><hr /><i>Field marshals (<a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">legati</a>):</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Publius Helvius Pertinax</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Fronto" title="Marcus Claudius Fronto">Marcus Claudius Fronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Marcus Didius Julianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Gaius Pescennius Niger</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Decimus Clodius Albinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Maximianus" title="Marcus Valerius Maximianus">M. Valerius Maximianus</a><br />Lucius Gallus Julianus<br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vettius_Sabinianus_Julius_Hospes" title="Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes">Gaius Vettius Sabinianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titus_Pomponius_Proculus_Vitrasius_Pollio" title="Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio">Titus Vitrasius Pollio</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Ballomar" title="Ballomar">Ballomar</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Ariogaesus" title="Ariogaesus">Ariogaesus</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Banadaspus" title="Banadaspus">Banadaspus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zanticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanticus">Zanticus</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Naristi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naristi">Naristi</a>:<br />Valao</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_military_units_that_participated_in_the_Marcomannic_Wars" title="List of Roman military units that participated in the Marcomannic Wars">Full list of participating military units</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>13 legions</li><li>2 vexillationes</li><li>Danubian fleet</li><li>58 auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohorts</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 977,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Moderate</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Heavy</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Germanic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Germanic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Germanic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Warfare_between_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples"><span class="wrap">Warfare between Romans and Germanic peoples</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a> (113 BC – 101 BC)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noreia" title="Battle of Noreia">Noreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burdigala" title="Battle of Burdigala">Burdigala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arausio" title="Battle of Arausio">Arausio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquae_Sextiae" title="Battle of Aquae Sextiae">Aquae Sextiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercellae" title="Battle of Vercellae">Vercellae</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58 BC – 57 BC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Clades_Lolliana" title="Clades Lolliana">Clades Lolliana</a> (16 BC)</b> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arbalo" title="Battle of Arbalo">Arbalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lupia_River" title="Battle of the Lupia River">Lupia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Pontes_Longi" title="Battle at Pontes Longi">Pontes Longi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idistaviso" title="Battle of Idistaviso">Idistaviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Angrivarian_Wall" title="Battle of the Angrivarian Wall">Angrivarian Wall</a></li></ul> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcomannic Wars</a> (166–180)</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_military_units_that_participated_in_the_Marcomannic_Wars" title="List of Roman military units that participated in the Marcomannic Wars">participating Roman units</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carnuntum" title="Battle of Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a></li></ul> <p><b>Roman campaigns in Germania during the 230s</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn" title="Battle at the Harzhorn">Harzhorn</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic invasion of the Balkans (250–251)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis ad Istrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroe" title="Battle of Beroe">Beroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippopolis_(250)" title="Siege of Philippopolis (250)">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus" title="Battle of Abritus">Abritus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic invasion of the Balkans (254)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(254)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (254)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (254)">Thermopylae</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic invasion of the Balkans (267–268)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus" title="Battle of Naissus">Naissus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Alemanni#Conflicts_with_the_Roman_Empire" title="Alemanni">Roman–Alemannic Wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mediolanum" title="Battle of Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Benacus" title="Battle of Lake Benacus">Lake Benacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(271)" title="Battle of Placentia (271)">Placentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fano" title="Battle of Fano">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(271)" title="Battle of Pavia (271)">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lingones" title="Battle of Lingones">Lingones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vindonissa" title="Battle of Vindonissa">Vindonissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Durocortorum" title="Battle of Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg" title="Battle of Strasbourg">Argentoratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solicinium" title="Battle of Solicinium">Solicinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campi_Cannini" title="Battle of Campi Cannini">Campi Cannini</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gothic War (367–369)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noviodunum" title="Battle of Noviodunum">Noviodunum</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War (376–382)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcianople" title="Battle of Marcianople">Marcianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Willows" title="Battle of the Willows">Ad Salices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibaltum" title="Battle of Dibaltum">Dibaltum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(378)" title="Siege of Adrianople (378)">Adrianople Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(378)" title="Battle of Constantinople (378)">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(380)" title="Battle of Thessalonica (380)">Thessalonica</a></li></ul> <p><b>Visigothic Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollentia" title="Battle of Pollentia">Pollentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(402)" title="Battle of Verona (402)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(405)" title="Siege of Florence (405)">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faesulae_(406)" title="Battle of Faesulae (406)">Faesulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Rome (410)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Massilia_(413)" title="Siege of Massilia (413)">Massilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arles_(425)" title="Siege of Arles (425)">1st Arelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(435)" title="Battle of Arles (435)">2nd Arelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narbonne_(436)" title="Battle of Narbonne (436)">Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(439)" title="Battle of Toulouse (439)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Plains">Châlons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arelate" title="Battle of Arelate">3rd Arelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orleans_(463)" title="Battle of Orleans (463)">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%A9ols" title="Battle of Déols">Déols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(471)" title="Battle of Arles (471)">4th Arelate</a></li></ul> <p><b>Vandalic Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nervasos_Mountains" title="Battle of the Nervasos Mountains">Nervasos Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarraco" title="Battle of Tarraco">Tarraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hippo_Regius" title="Siege of Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Carthage_(439)" title="Capture of Carthage (439)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">Rome (455)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum_(456)" title="Battle of Agrigentum (456)">Agrigentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corsica" title="Battle of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(457)" title="Battle of Garigliano (457)">Garigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(461)" title="Battle of Cartagena (461)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(468)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (468)">Cape Bon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Anglo-Saxon Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons" title="Groans of the Britons">Groans of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Treason of the Long Knives">Treason of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wippedesfleot" title="Battle of Wippedesfleot">Wippedesfleot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mercredesburne" title="Battle of Mercredesburne">Mercredesburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Mons Badonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham" title="Battle of Deorham">Dyrham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Woden%27s_Burg_(592)" title="Battle of Woden's Burg (592)">Woden's Burg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raith" title="Battle of Raith">Raith</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a> (533–534)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">Ad Decimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Tricamarum</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Panormus" title="Siege of Panormus">Panormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(536)" title="Siege of Naples (536)">Naples (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%93538)" title="Siege of Rome (537–538)">Rome (537–538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Treviso" title="Battle of Treviso">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Verona" title="Siege of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faventia" title="Battle of Faventia">Faventia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mucellium" title="Battle of Mucellium">Mucellium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(542%E2%80%93543)" title="Siege of Naples (542–543)">Naples (542–543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">Rome (546)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549%E2%80%93550)" title="Siege of Rome (549–550)">Rome (549–550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_Gallica_(551)" title="Battle of Sena Gallica (551)">Sena Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae" title="Battle of Taginae">Taginae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Lactarius" title="Battle of Mons Lactarius">Mons Lactarius</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Marcomannic Wars</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>German and Sarmatian war</i>) were a series of wars lasting from about AD 166 until 180. These wars pitted the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> against principally the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a>; there were related conflicts with several other Germanic, Sarmatian, and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> peoples along both sides of the whole length of the Roman Empire's northeastern European border, the river <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. </p><p>The struggle against the Germans and Sarmatians occupied the major part of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, and it was during his campaigns against them that he started writing his philosophical work <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secure for many years following his ascension to power, the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> never left Italy; neither did he embark on substantial conquests, all the while allowing his provincial legates to command his legions entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016183_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Adrian Goldsworthy posits that Pius's reluctance to take aggressive military action throughout his reign may have contributed to Parthian territorial ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016341_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016341-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman-Parthian_War_(161-166)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Parthian War (161-166)">The resulting war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a> and Rome lasted from 161 to 166 AD (under the joint rule of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>) and, although it ended successfully, its <a href="/wiki/Unforeseen_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforeseen consequence">unforeseen consequences</a> for the Empire were great. The returning troops brought with them a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a>), which would eventually kill an estimated 7 to 8 million people, severely weakening the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017115_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2017115-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the consequences of the plague, historian Kyle Harper contends that the event should not be treated as a fatal blow to the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017115_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2017115-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Rome's resilience was demonstrated since the Empire remained intact and Roman birth rates in the decade following the plague subsequently increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017116_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2017116-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, in Central Europe during the second-century AD, the first movements of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Great Migrations</a> were occurring, as the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> began moving south-east from their ancestral lands at the mouth of River <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark culture</a>), putting pressure on the Germanic tribes from the north and east. As a result, Germanic tribes and other nomadic peoples launched raids south and west across Rome's <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">northern border</a>, particularly into <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198840–43_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198840–43-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this sudden influx of peoples with which Marcus Aurelius had to contend was the result of climate change or overpopulation remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009328–329_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009328–329-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theories exist that the various Germanic tribes along the periphery of the Empire may have conspired to test Roman resolve as part of an attempt to bring to possible fruition <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>'s dream of a future united Germanic empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009329–330_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009329–330-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until these subsequent wars, the Marcomanni and Quadi generally enjoyed amicable relations and access to the Empire's wares—archaeological evidence of Roman household goods and practices illustrate such contact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016393_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016393-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with almost all areas within the Empire's reach, the Romans aimed for a combination of military-territorial dominance, while at the same time, engaging in mutually beneficial commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016394_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016394-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Marcomannic_War">First Marcomannic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Marcomannic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_invasions">First invasions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 161 AD, the pressures along the Roman frontier had reached a critical point as the Germanic tribes along its borders at the Rhine and Danube came to the conclusion that their survival meant breaking into Rome's territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1995260_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1995260-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 162 and continuing until 165, an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a> in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> was repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201645,_47_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201645,_47-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 166 or early 167, several thousand <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Langobardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a> (or Obii) invaded <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201651_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201651-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tribes exerted pressure on those that had already been established along the Roman border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This invasion was defeated by local forces (<a href="/wiki/Vexillatio" title="Vexillatio">vexillations</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Adiutrix" title="Legio I Adiutrix">Legio I Adiutrix</a></i> commanded by a certain Candidus and the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ulpia_contariorum" class="mw-redirect" title="I Ulpia contariorum">Ala Ulpia contariorum</a></i> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Macrinius_Avitus_Catonius_Vindex" title="Marcus Macrinius Avitus Catonius Vindex">Vindex</a>) with relative ease, but they marked the beginning of what was to come. In their aftermath, the military governor of Pannonia, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Iallius_Bassus" title="Marcus Iallius Bassus">Marcus Iallius Bassus</a>, initiated negotiations with 11 tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these negotiations, the Marcomannic king <a href="/wiki/Ballomar" title="Ballomar">Ballomar</a>, a Roman client, acted as a mediator and dismissed the actions of these invading Germanic tribes as an aberration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201651_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201651-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event, a truce was agreed upon and the tribes withdrew from Roman territory, but no permanent agreement was reached. Since the Romans were already fighting the Parthians at this time, the diplomatic measures (<i>bellum suspensum</i>) in ending this conflict were considered a success, but it remains unclear which tribes had even participated in the original incursions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309–310_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309–310-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Roman_expedition_in_Pannonia_(168)"><span id="First_Roman_expedition_in_Pannonia_.28168.29"></span>First Roman expedition in Pannonia (168)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Roman expedition in Pannonia (168)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During that time, as the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine plague">Antonine plague</a> was ravaging the empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2019453_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2019453-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcus Aurelius was unable to do more, and the <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> he was planning to lead in person was postponed until 168. In the spring of that year, Marcus Aurelius, together with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>, set forth from Rome, and established their headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201652_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201652-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two emperors supervised a reorganization of the defences of Italy and the Illyricum, raised two new legions, <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Italica" title="Legio II Italica">Legio II Italica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Italica" title="Legio III Italica">Legio III Italica</a></i>, and crossed the Alps into Pannonia. The Marcomanni and the <a href="/wiki/Victuali" class="mw-redirect" title="Victuali">Victuali</a> had crossed the Danube into the province, but, at least according to the <i>Historia Augusta</i>, the approach of the imperial army to <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> was apparently sufficient to persuade them to withdraw and offer assurances of good conduct. The two emperors returned to Aquileia for the winter, but on the way, in January 169, Lucius Verus had a stroke and died.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcus returned to Rome to oversee his co-emperor's funeral, deifying him in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201652_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201652-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_expedition_against_the_Iazyges_and_the_Germanic_invasion_of_Italy">Roman expedition against the Iazyges and the Germanic invasion of Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman expedition against the Iazyges and the Germanic invasion of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the autumn of 169, Marcus set out from Rome, together with his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Pompeianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Pompeianus">Claudius Pompeianus</a>, who became his chief counselor during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201653_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201653-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To raise money for the campaign, Marcus was forced to auctioned off property that belonged to the imperial household, a move that was "the only way" to generate revenue instead of increasing taxes on an already burdened populace, so quips historian Michael Kulikowski.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201653_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201653-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans had gathered their forces and intended to subdue the independent tribes (especially the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a>), who lived between the Danube and the Roman province of Dacia. The Iazyges defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Fronto" title="Marcus Claudius Fronto">Marcus Claudius Fronto</a>, Roman governor of Lower Moesia. However, while the Roman army was entangled in this campaign, making little headway, several tribes used the opportunity to cross the frontier and raid Roman territory. </p><p>To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a> crossed the Danube, ravaged <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thrace</a> and descended into the Balkans, reaching <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, where they destroyed the temple of the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/310px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/465px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/620px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>The Germanic tribes of Central Europe in the mid-1st century. The Marcomanni and the Quadi are in the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most important and dangerous invasion, however, was that of the Marcomanni in the west. Their leader, Ballomar, had formed a coalition of Germanic tribes. They crossed the Danube and won a decisive victory over a force of 20,000 Roman soldiers near Carnuntum, in what is sometimes known the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carnuntum" title="Battle of Carnuntum">Battle of Carnuntum</a>. Ballomar then led the larger part of his host southwards towards Italy, while the remainder ravaged <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>. The Marcomanni razed Opitergium (<a href="/wiki/Oderzo" title="Oderzo">Oderzo</a>) and besieged <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>. This was the first time that hostile forces had entered Italy since 101 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a>. The army of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Titus_Furius_Victorinus" title="Titus Furius Victorinus">Titus Furius Victorinus</a> tried to relieve the city, but was defeated and possibly killed during the battle (other sources have him die of the plague). </p><p>There is no consensus amongst scholars as to the year that the great Germanic invasion towards Aquileia took place. Several authors, like Marcus Aurelius' biographer <a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">Frank McLynn</a>, accepting the date of defeat near Carnuntum as 170, place the great Germanic invasion itself three years earlier. They maintain it happened in 167 because by the year 170 the Germans would have been checked by the <i>Praetentura Italiae et Alpium</i>—the fortifications which were erected in 168–169 to block a breakthrough of the Alps to Northern Italy—whereas all sources confirm it to be a military walkover. A further argument is that the panic which gripped Rome in 167–168 would make no sense if the Germanic tribes were still on the opposite side of the Danube. Also, no source mentions the emperor being near the front when the disaster occurred, whereas by 170 Marcus Aurelius had settled there. McLynn maintains that Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus went to Aquileia in 168 to restore morale after the disaster as Aquileia makes no geographical, logistical or military sense as a base of operations for launching a campaign on the Danube in Pannonia. The reason McLynn maintains that 170 is proposed by other authors is that too much weight is given to <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s testimony regarding the influence of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Abonoteichos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander of Abonoteichos">Alexander of Abonoteichos</a> as a scapegoat for the disaster whereas it is uncertain whether Alexander was still alive by 170 and Lucian's chronology is at certain points suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009628_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009628-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_counter-offensive_and_defeat_of_the_Marcomanni">Roman counter-offensive and defeat of the Marcomanni</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman counter-offensive and defeat of the Marcomanni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG/220px-Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG/330px-Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG/440px-Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The "Miracle of the Rain", from the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Aurelian column</a>. An unidentified "rain god" (top right) saves the Roman army.</figcaption></figure> <p>This disaster forced Marcus to re-evaluate his priorities. Forces from the various frontiers were dispatched against Ballomar. They came under the command of Claudius Pompeianus, with the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> as one of his lieutenants. A new military command, the <i>praetentura Italiae et Alpium</i> was established to safeguard the roads into Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Classis_Pannonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Classis Pannonica">Danubian fleet</a> was strengthened. Aquileia was relieved, and by the end of 171, the invaders had been evicted from Roman territory. Intense diplomatic activity followed, as the Romans tried to win over various barbarian tribes in preparation for a crossing of the Danube. A peace treaty was signed with the Quadi and the Iazyges, while the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> Vandals and the Lacringi became Roman allies. </p><p>In 172, the Romans crossed the Danube into Marcomannic territory. Although few details are known, the Romans achieved success, subjugating the Marcomanni and their allies, the <a href="/wiki/Varisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Varisti">Varistae or Naristi</a> and the Cotini. This fact is evident from the adoption of the title "<i>Germanicus</i>" by Marcus Aurelius, and the minting of coins with the inscription "<i>Germania capta</i>" ("subjugated Germania"). During this campaign, Valao, the chief of the Naristi was killed by the Roman General <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Maximianus" title="Marcus Valerius Maximianus">Marcus Valerius Maximianus</a>. </p><p>In 173, the Romans campaigned against the Quadi, who had broken their treaty and assisted their kin, and defeated and subdued them. During this campaign, a famous incident, the so-called "miracle of the rain", occurred, which was later depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">column of Marcus Aurelius</a> and on coins. According to Cassius Dio, the <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">legio XII Fulminata</a></i> was hemmed in by a superior Quadi force and almost forced to surrender because of the heat and thirst. They were saved, however, by a sudden shower, which refreshed the Romans, while lightning struck the Quadi.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporaries and historians attributed it to divine intervention: Dio stated that it was called by an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> magician praying to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> writers such as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> attributed it to a prayer by Christians. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:455px;max-width:455px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:left/right/center"><a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Bas-relief scenes</a> depicting events of the Marcomannic Wars</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG/201px-0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="201" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG/302px-0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG/402px-0_Relief_-_Monument_honoraire_de_Marc_Aur%C3%A8le_-_La_soumission_des_germains_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="3599" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Marcus Aurelius receiving the submission of the vanquished, with raised <i><a href="/wiki/Vexillum" title="Vexillum">vexillum</a></i> standards</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo,_176-180.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG/246px-Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG" decoding="async" width="246" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG/369px-Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG/492px-Rilievo_da_monumento_onorario_di_Marco_Aurelio_trionfo%2C_176-180.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2088" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Marcus Aurelius celebrating <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">his triumph</a> over Rome's enemies in 176 AD, riding in a <i><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a></i> chariot</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Reliefs come from the (now destroyed) Arch of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> in Rome, 176–180 AD, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></div></div></div></div> <p>In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Didius_Iulianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Didius Iulianus">Didius Iulianus</a>, the commander of the Rhine frontier, repelled another invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a> raided the shoreline of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>. </p><p>In the next year, the Romans marched against the Quadi, whereupon the Quadi deposed their pro-Roman king, <a href="/wiki/Furtius" title="Furtius">Furtius</a>, and installed his rival, <a href="/wiki/Ariogaesus" title="Ariogaesus">Ariogaesus</a>, in his place. Marcus Aurelius refused to recognize him, and turning back, deposed and exiled him to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, by late 174, the subjugation of the Quadi was complete. In typical Roman fashion, they were forced to surrender hostages and provide <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliary contingents</a> for the Roman army, while garrisons were installed throughout their territory. </p><p>After this, the Romans focused their attention on the Iazyges living in the plain of the river <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> (<i>expeditio sarmatica</i>). After a few victories, in 175, a treaty was signed. According to its terms, the Iazyges King Zanticus delivered 100,000 Roman prisoners and, in addition, provided 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliary cavalrymen</a>, most of whom (5,500) were sent to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon this, Marcus assumed the victory title "<i>Sarmaticus</i>". </p><p>Marcus Aurelius may have intended to campaign against the remaining tribes, and together with his recent conquests establish two new <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marcomannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannia">Marcomannia</a></i> and <i>Sarmatia</i>, but whatever his plans, they were cut short by the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">Avidius Cassius</a> in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001312_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001312-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marcus Aurelius marched eastwards with his army, accompanied by auxiliary detachments of Marcomanni, Quadi and Naristi under the command of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Maximianus" title="Marcus Valerius Maximianus">Marcus Valerius Maximianus</a>. After the successful suppression of Cassius' revolt, the emperor returned to Rome for the first time in nearly 8 years. On 23 December 176, together with his son <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, he celebrated a joint <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> for his German victories ("<i>de Germanis</i>" and "<i>de Sarmatis</i>"). In commemoration of this, the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Aurelian Column</a> was erected, in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Marcomannic_War">Second Marcomannic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Marcomannic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelemantia3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kelemantia3.jpg/220px-Kelemantia3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kelemantia3.jpg/330px-Kelemantia3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kelemantia3.jpg/440px-Kelemantia3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Celemantia" title="Celemantia">Celemantia</a>, a Roman <a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">castellum</a> on the left bank of <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The victory celebrations of the previous year were but a brief respite for in 177 A.D. the Quadi rebelled, followed soon by their neighbours, the Marcomanni. Marcus Aurelius once again headed north to begin his second Germanic campaign (<i>secunda expeditio germanica</i>). He arrived at <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> in August 178 and set out to quell the rebellion in a repeat of his first campaign, moving first against the Marcomanni and against the Quadi between 179 and 180 A.D. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Maximianus" title="Marcus Valerius Maximianus">Marcus Valerius Maximianus</a>, the Romans fought and prevailed against the Quadi in a decisive battle at Laugaricio (near modern <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a>, Slovakia). The Quadi were chased deeper into Greater Germania westwards, where the praetorian prefect <a href="/wiki/Publius_Tarrutenius_Paternus" title="Publius Tarrutenius Paternus">Publius Tarrutenius Paternus</a> later achieved another decisive victory against them, but on 17 March 180, Marcus Aurelius died at <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>). </p><p>His son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, had little interest in pursuing the war after his father's death. Against the advice of his senior generals, Commodus negotiated a peace treaty with the Marcomanni and the Quadi. He then left for Rome in early autumn 180 A.D., where he celebrated a triumph on October 22. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Marcomannic_War">Third Marcomannic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third Marcomannic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operations continued against the Iazyges, the <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a> and the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">free Dacians</a>" living between the Danube and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a>. Not much is known about this war, except that the Roman generals included <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Maximianus" title="Marcus Valerius Maximianus">Marcus Valerius Maximianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a>. At any rate, the victories they achieved were deemed sufficient for Emperor Commodus to claim the victory title "<i>Germanicus Maximus</i>" in mid-182. An inscription (<a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> III 5937) describes a campaign against the Germanic tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> or Burii (<i>Expeditio Burica</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wars had exposed the weakness of Rome's northern frontier, and henceforth, half of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> (16 out of 33) would be stationed along the Danube and the Rhine. Numerous Germans settled in frontier regions like <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, Germany and Italy itself. This was not a new occurrence, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and <a href="/wiki/Marcomannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannia">Marcomannia</a>, including today's <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Some Germans who settled in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius decided not to bring more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germanic tribes were temporarily checked, but the Marcomannic Wars were only the prelude of the invasions that would eventually disassemble and end the Western Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Two films, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_(film)" title="The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)">The Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i> (1964) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a></i> (2000), open with a fictionalized portrayal of a final battle of the Marcomannic Wars.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Key: Red arrows: Romans. Green arrows: Marcomanns. Italy and Adriatic Sea at bottom left corner. </p> <dl><dt>First Marcomannic War</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 395px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_170_dC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman expedition against the Iazyges in the eastern Pannonian Plain and the great Marcomannic invasion (either 167 or 170)"><img alt="Roman expedition against the Iazyges in the eastern Pannonian Plain and the great Marcomannic invasion (either 167 or 170)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_170_dC.jpg/360px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_170_dC.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_170_dC.jpg/540px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_170_dC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_170_dC.jpg/720px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_170_dC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman expedition against the Iazyges in the eastern Pannonian Plain and the great Marcomannic invasion (either 167 or 170)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 395px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_171-175_dC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman counter-offensive across the Danube, 171–175"><img alt="Roman counter-offensive across the Danube, 171–175" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_171-175_dC.jpg/360px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_171-175_dC.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_171-175_dC.jpg/540px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_171-175_dC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_171-175_dC.jpg/720px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_171-175_dC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman counter-offensive across the Danube, 171–175</div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Second Marcomannic War</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 395px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_180-182_dC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman operations, 180–182"><img alt="Roman operations, 180–182" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_180-182_dC.jpg/360px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_180-182_dC.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_180-182_dC.jpg/540px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_180-182_dC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_180-182_dC.jpg/720px-Marcomannia_e_Sarmatia_180-182_dC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman operations, 180–182</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the source <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, at <i>The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070717/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.ii.lxxi.html#">https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070717/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.ii.lxxi.html#</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Péter Kovács spells out the various Latin derivatives for each of the Marcomannic Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács2009202–203_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács2009202–203-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Aurelius mentions these peoples in Book 1, annotating them with the note "Among the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hron" title="Hron">Granua</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus_Aurelius2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus_Aurelius2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, LXXII, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia Augusta</i>, Lucius Verus, 9.7–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, LXXII.8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, LXXII.13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A branch of the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, the Iazyges were much prized as heavy, or "<a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphract</a>", cavalry. Cassius Dio, LXXII.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the primary source, see: <i>Historia Augusta</i>, Marcus Aurelius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html#24">24.5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, LXXII, p. 11.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács2009202–203-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács2009202–203_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács2009">Kovács 2009</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus_Aurelius2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus_Aurelius2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus_Aurelius2007">Marcus Aurelius 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016183-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016183_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2016">Goldsworthy 2016</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016341-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016341_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2016">Goldsworthy 2016</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2017115-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017115_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017115_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper2017">Harper 2017</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2017116-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017116_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper2017">Harper 2017</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198840–43-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198840–43_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, pp. 40–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009328–329-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009328–329_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2009">McLynn 2009</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009329–330-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009329–330_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2009">McLynn 2009</a>, pp. 329–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016393-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016393_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2016">Goldsworthy 2016</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016394-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2016394_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2016">Goldsworthy 2016</a>, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1995260-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1995260_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunson1995">Bunson 1995</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201645,_47-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201645,_47_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2016">Kulikowski 2016</a>, pp. 45, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201651-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201651_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201651_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2016">Kulikowski 2016</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehneTejral2001">Kehne & Tejral 2001</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309–310-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001309–310_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehneTejral2001">Kehne & Tejral 2001</a>, pp. 309–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2019453-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2019453_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw2019">Kershaw 2019</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201652-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201652_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201652_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2016">Kulikowski 2016</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201653-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201653_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski201653_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2016">Kulikowski 2016</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009628-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn2009628_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2009">McLynn 2009</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001312-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehneTejral2001312_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehneTejral2001">Kehne & Tejral 2001</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBunson1995" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (1995). <i>A Dictionary of the Roman Empire</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19510-233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19510-233-8"><bdi>978-0-19510-233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19510-233-8&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Historia romana</i>, Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">LXXII</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/73*.html">LXXIII</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2016" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2016). <i>Pax Romana</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30017-882-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30017-882-1"><bdi>978-0-30017-882-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pax+Romana&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-30017-882-1&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2017" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Kyle (2017). <i>The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire</i>. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69116-683-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69116-683-4"><bdi>978-0-69116-683-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Rome%3A+Climate%2C+Disease%2C+and+the+End+of+an+Empire&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-69116-683-4&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, The. <i>Lives of Marcus Aurelius.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/1*.html">1</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html">2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Lucius_Verus*.html">Lucius Verus</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Commodus*.html">Commodus</a> (Loeb Classical Library edition).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehneTejral2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kehne, Peter; Tejral, Jaroslav (2001). "Markomannenkrieg". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i> (in German). Vol. 19 (2 ed.). De Gruyter. pp. 308–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017163-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Markomannenkrieg&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=308-321&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017163-1&rft.aulast=Kehne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Tejral%2C+Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2019" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Stephen P. (2019). <i>The Enemies of Rome: The Barbarian Rebellion Against the Roman Empire</i>. New York and London: Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-310-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-310-2"><bdi>978-1-64313-310-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemies+of+Rome%3A+The+Barbarian+Rebellion+Against+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-64313-310-2&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovács2009" class="citation book cs1">Kovács, Péter (2009). <i>Marcus Aurelius' Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars</i>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00416-639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00416-639-4"><bdi>978-9-00416-639-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius%27+Rain+Miracle+and+the+Marcomannic+Wars&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-00416-639-4&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre000.html">History of the Roman Empire since the Death of Marcus Aurelius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215548/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre000.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Book I, Ch. 1–6</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2016" class="citation book cs1">Kulikowski, Michael (2016). <i>The Triumph of Empire: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine</i>. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67465-961-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67465-961-2"><bdi>978-0-67465-961-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Empire%3A+The+Roman+World+from+Hadrian+to+Constantine&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-67465-961-2&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Aurelius2007" class="citation web cs1">Marcus Aurelius (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu//Antoninus/meditations.1.one.html">"Meditations"</a>. Internet Classics Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013052015/http://classics.mit.edu/Antoninus/meditations.1.one.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meditations&rft.pub=Internet+Classics+Archive&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Marcus+Aurelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2F%2FAntoninus%2Fmeditations.1.one.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2009" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (2009). <i>Marcus Aurelius: A Life</i>. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30681-830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30681-830-1"><bdi>978-0-30681-830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-30681-830-1&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robertson, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBbDwAAQBAJ"><i>How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1988" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1988). <i>History of the Goths</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05259-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05259-5"><bdi>0-520-05259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-520-05259-5&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcomannic+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomannic_Wars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marcomannic_Wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marcomannic Wars"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Marcomannic Wars</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903003556/http://www.satrapa1.com/articulos/antiguedad/Marco_Aurelio/marco_Aurelio.htm">Marco Aurelio y la frontera del Danubio</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2006/04/marcus-aurelius-and-barbarian.html">Marcus Aurelius and Barbarian Immigration in the Second Century Roman Empire</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519170029/http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2006/04/marcus-aurelius-and-barbarian.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010601145315/http://www.acutecomics.uklinux.net/gladius/germania/wars.html">The Marcomannic Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dacia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dacia_topics" title="Template:Dacia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dacia_topics" title="Template talk:Dacia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dacia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dacia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dacian tribes">Tribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Daco-Thracian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aedi" title="Aedi">Aedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albocenses" title="Albocenses">Albocenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anartes" title="Anartes">Anartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuli" title="Apuli">Apuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biephi" title="Biephi">Biephi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bessoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessoi">Bessoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burs_(Dacia)" title="Burs (Dacia)">Burs (Dacia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi people">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaginsi" title="Ciaginsi">Ciaginsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clariae" title="Clariae">Clariae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crobidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crobidae">Crobidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Daci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukini" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukini">Peukini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piephigi" title="Piephigi">Piephigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulatenses" title="Potulatenses">Potulatenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predasenses" title="Predasenses">Predasenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadacenses" title="Rhadacenses">Rhadacenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldenses" title="Saldenses">Saldenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaugdae" title="Scaugdae">Scaugdae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senses_(tribe)" title="Senses (tribe)">Senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suci" title="Suci">Suci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terizi" title="Terizi">Terizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teurisci" title="Teurisci">Teurisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trixae" title="Trixae">Trixae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyragetae" title="Tyragetae">Tyragetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglodytae#In_Strabo" title="Troglodytae">Troglodytae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dacian kings">Kings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coson" class="mw-redirect" title="Coson">Coson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cothelas" title="Cothelas">Cothelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromichaetes" title="Dromichaetes">Dromichaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskon" title="Moskon">Moskon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroles" title="Oroles">Oroles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhemaxos" title="Rhemaxos">Rhemaxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubobostes" title="Rubobostes">Rubobostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmodegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zalmodegicus">Zalmodegicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian nucleus in Transylvania<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> (82/61–44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceneus" title="Deceneus">Deceneus</a> (44 BC–???)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comosicus" title="Comosicus">Comosicus</a> (9 BC(?)–30s AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorilo" title="Scorilo">Scorilo</a> (c. 30s–70 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duras_(Dacian_king)" title="Duras (Dacian king)">Duras</a> (c. 69–87 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> (87–106 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotiso" title="Cotiso">Cotiso</a> (c. 40–c. 9 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Dobruja<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapyx" title="Dapyx">Dapyx</a> (1st-century BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rholes" title="Rholes">Rholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyraxes" title="Zyraxes">Zyraxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and<br />southern Moldavia and Transylvania<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicomes" title="Dicomes">Dicomes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Culture and<br />civilization</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koson_(coin)" title="Koson (coin)">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dacia_and_Dacians" class="extiw" title="commons:Dacia and Dacians">Art, jewellery, treasures, tools</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_bracelets" title="Dacian bracelets">bracelets</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_clothing" title="Thracian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belagines" title="Belagines">Belagines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_Dacian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin">Words of possible Dacian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_plant_names" title="List of Dacian plant names">Dacian plant names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_names" title="List of Dacian names">Dacian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian script">Dacian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaia_lead_plates" title="Sinaia lead plates">Sinaia lead plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceneus" title="Deceneus">Deceneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebeleizis" title="Gebeleizis">Gebeleizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotys_(Thracian_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotys (Thracian goddess)">Kotys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Seirenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogaionon" title="Kogaionon">Kogaionon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Settlements</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dacian_towns_and_fortresses" title="List of Dacian towns and fortresses">Fortresses</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argidava" title="Argidava">Argidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buridava" title="Buridava">Buridava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumidava" title="Cumidava">Cumidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroboridava" title="Piroboridava">Piroboridava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dava_(Dacian)" title="Dava (Dacian)">Davae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" title="Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains">Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Dacicus" title="Murus Dacicus">Murus Dacicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Foreign<br />relations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#West_Thracian_and_Dacian_coast" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Celtic" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Celts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_of_Dionysopolis" title="Decree of Dionysopolis">Romans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Warfare</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Falx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Wars with the<br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">First Battle of Tapae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dacian War">First War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tapae" title="Second Battle of Tapae">Second Battle of Tapae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adamclisi" title="Battle of Adamclisi">Battle of Adamclisi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dacian War">Second War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmizegetusa" title="Battle of Sarmizegetusa">Battle of Sarmizegetusa</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Free_Dacians" title="Free Dacians">Free Dacians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Traiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Traiana">Dacia Traiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Column</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Roman" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Towns and cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castra_in_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of castra in Dacia">Castra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Alutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Moesiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes Moesiae">Moesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Porolissensis" title="Limes Porolissensis">Porolissensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dykes" title="Devil's Dykes">Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Transalutanus" title="Limes Transalutanus">Transalutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">Trajan's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazda_lui_Novac" title="Brazda lui Novac">Brazda lui Novac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.8em;font-weight:normal;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman" title="Daco-Roman">Daco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance substratum">Eastern Romance substratum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dacian_archaeology" title="Category:Dacian archaeology">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Romania" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Romania">sites in Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Dacia" title="Category:Books about Dacia">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacology" title="Dacology">Dacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dacia" title="Category:Dacia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WikiProject_Dacia" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:WikiProject Dacia">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Dacia">WikiProject</a></li> <li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">Ancient Roman wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Aequian wars">Roman-Aequian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Roman–Latin wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman–Hernician wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars" title="Roman–Volscian wars">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war" title="Roman–Seleucid war">Roman–Seleucid war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Germanic wars</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Civil war of 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian 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