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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First reports and location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_reports_and_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_century_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_century_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First century AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_century_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Third century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fourth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_fourth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_fourth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>After the fourth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_fourth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After the fourth century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_fourth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_letter_of_Saint_Jerome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_letter_of_Saint_Jerome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Second letter of Saint Jerome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_letter_of_Saint_Jerome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_the_Suevi_in_Gallaecia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_the_Suevi_in_Gallaecia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kingdom of the Suevi in Gallaecia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_the_Suevi_in_Gallaecia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_the_"Danube_Suevi"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kingdom_of_the_"Danube_Suevi""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>The Kingdom of the "Danube Suevi"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_the_"Danube_Suevi"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allemanni,_Lombards,_and_Bavarians_and_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allemanni,_Lombards,_and_Bavarians_and_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Allemanni, Lombards, and Bavarians and Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allemanni,_Lombards,_and_Bavarians_and_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quadi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadlar" title="Kvadlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvadlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Квады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Квади – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Quadi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quades" title="Quades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Квадсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Квадсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A1dov%C3%A9" title="Kvádové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvádové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quader" title="Quader – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Quader" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaden" title="Quaden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Κουάδοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουάδοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuados" title="Cuados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadoj" title="Kvadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuado" title="Kuado – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuado" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quades" title="Quades – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quades" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaden" title="Kwaden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kwaden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quadi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%B0%EB%94%94%EC%A1%B1" title="콰디족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콰디족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadi" title="Kvadi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvadi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quadi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კვადები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვადები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quadi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A1dok" title="Kvádok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvádok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaden" title="Quaden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quaden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="クァディ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クァディ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadowie" title="Kwadowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwadowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quados" title="Quados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quazi" title="Quazi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quazi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Квады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A1di" title="Kvádi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvádi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadi" title="Kvadi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvadi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Квади – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квади" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadi" title="Kvadi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvadi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadit" title="Kvadit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvadit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvader_(germanfolk)" title="Kvader (germanfolk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvader (germanfolk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Квади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="夸迪人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夸迪人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q308885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Roman-era Germanic kingdom near present-day Bratislava</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Germanic tribe. For Muslim judges, see <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kadi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kadi (disambiguation)">Kadi</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/300px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/450px-Roman_Empire_125.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/600px-Roman_Empire_125.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>The Roman empire under <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (ruled 117–38), showing the location of the <b>Quadi</b> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian">Carpathian</a> mountains (now Slovakia)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Quadi</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic people</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a>, who were prominent in Greek and Roman records from about 20 AD to about 400 AD. By about 20 AD they had a kingdom centred in the area of present-day western <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Roman border</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river. After probably first settling near the <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">Morava</a> river the Quadi expanded their control eastwards over time until they also stretched into present day Hungary. This was part of the bigger region which had been partly vacated a generation earlier by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, and their opponents the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>. The Quadi were the easternmost of a series of four related <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebian</a> kingdoms that established themselves near the river frontier after 9 BC, during a period of major Roman invasions into both western <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> to the northwest of it, and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> to the south of it. The other three were the <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naristi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naristi">Naristi</a> (also known as Varisti), and the Quadi's powerful western neighbours the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>. Despite frequent difficulties with the Romans, the Quadi survived to become an important cultural bridge between the peoples of Germania to the north, the Roman Empire to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> peoples, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a>, who settled in the same period to their east in present day Hungary. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic wars">Marcomannic wars</a>, during the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and his co-emperors, involved several rounds of particularly destructive conflict against the Quadi and their neighbours, who at one point even invaded Italy itself. By 180 AD when the emperor died on campaign in this region, there were new peace agreements between Rome and the Quadi, but these did not resolve the longer term problems which the region continued to face. Populations from more distant regions periodically disrupted the area, increasing tensions with Rome. Small scale raiding from the neighbouring Sarmatian plain into Roman Pannonia continued, and this played a role in triggering more conflicts between the Quadi and Romans in the third and fourth centuries. However, while the original Marcomanni settlements in the northern Bohemian forest subsequently shrunk and became less important, the Quadi thrived near the Danube, and became more culturally integrated with both their Roman and Sarmatian neighbours. </p><p>In the fifth century the Marcomanni and Quadi names disappear from contemporary records. After about 380 AD their Middle Danubian region was dominated by peoples who had migrated from eastern Europe, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. In 395 AD however, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> listed the Quadi and their neighbours the Sarmatians, Marcomanni, and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, as peoples who had recently been ransacking the nearby Roman provinces together with these newcomers. In 409 he placed the Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, and even inhabitants of Roman Pannonia, in another list of peoples who had recently moved west and occupied parts of Gaul. These were the last clear contemporary records of the Quadi doing anything under their old name. Given their presence in Gaul in 409 AD the Quadi are considered likely to have been prominent among the Suevi who moved west into Iberia by 409 AD and founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, in present day Spain and Portugal. This Gallaecian kingdom lasted for more than a century, until it was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, and integrated into their kingdom in 585. </p><p>Meanwhile, until he died in 453, the empire of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> controlled the Middle Danubian region. Smaller kingdoms were subsequently founded in or near the old Marcomanni and Quadi kingdoms, by the "Danube Suevi", as well as the <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a>, Heruli and <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a>. These "Danube Suevi" are likely to have included descendants of the Quadi, Marcomanni and other Suebian peoples of the region. Their short-lived independent kingdom was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolia" title="Battle of Bolia">Battle of Bolia</a> in 469. Many of them apparently moved westwards under their king <a href="/wiki/Hunimund" title="Hunimund">Hunimund</a>, into present-day western Austria and southern Germany, where they became allies of the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>. Other Quadi are presumed to have remained in the Middle Danube region and adapted to the subsequent waves of conquerors, either among the remaining settled communities, or among the more mobile groups which were prominent during this "<a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">migration period</a>". Like their neighbours the Heruli, Rugii and Sciri, many probably became followers of the large forces which successfully invaded Italy from the Middle Danube under Odoacer (476), Theoderic the Great (493), and finally the Suebian Langobards (starting in 568), who are believed to have integrated Danubian Suebi into their ranks before moving into Italy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Germanische Altertumskunde Online</i>, the etymologies proposed for the ethnonym are all fraught with difficulties:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Since <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> (d. 1863), it has often been assumed that this ethnonym is related to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> adjective <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kwaad" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kwaad">kwaad</a></i>, which means "angry, bad, evil, wrong, poor quality" - versions of which are also found in medieval <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and English. However, this would be a surprising choice of name, because it has such a negative meaning. It could therefore perhaps have started as a name given by their enemies, and it might have continued as a name intended to evoke fear.</li> <li>The name has also often been associated with Germanic verbs such as English "quoth", originally the past tense of medieval "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quethe#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:quethe">quethe</a>", which meant "say" or "declare" (preserved in the modern word "bequeath"). However, the precise meaning of this word as an ethnonym is unclear in this case.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Krause" title="Wolfgang Krause">Wolfgang Krause</a> proposed that the ethnonym might originally belong to Germanic <i>hwatjan</i>, meaning "to incite". However, the form of the ethnonym as it appears in ancient sources would then not show show the expected Germanic <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">First Sound Shift</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_reports_and_location">First reports and location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First reports and location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quadi start to appear in contemporary works only after their neighbours the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> settled in central <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. This happened after their defeat during the Germania campaign of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">the elder Drusus</a> in about 9 BC. The defeated Marcomanni soon received a new king Maroboduus, who had been brought up in Rome. He proceeded to lead his own people and their Suebian allies into more isolated regions in the present day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, which was surrounded by forests and mountains. It is possible that the name "Quadi" was new, and that the same group had previously been one of those mentioned in Roman accounts under the more general name "Suebi". This was for example the name given to one of the groups who the Romans defeated in the battle after they defeated the Marcomanni in 9 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003625_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003625-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the literary and archaeological evidence is not perfectly clear, it is most often presumed that the Quadi first settled in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> around the same time that the Marcomanni settled in Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003627_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003627-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is however a proposal that the Quadi moved into the Bohemian area before the Marcomanni, based on archaeological evidence of <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic_peoples" title="Elbe Germanic peoples">Elbe Germanic peoples</a> in the region already before the Marcomanni defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroberjar2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroberjar2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological evidence left by these two peoples is similar, making it difficult to define the borders between them, but it confirms their connections with the Elbe <i>Germani</i>, who were living near the central <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river and the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> which unites these groups, and distinguishes them from the previous Celtic inhabitants, is referred to as the "Grossromstedt horizon".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was influenced not only by the older <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a> of this region, but also by the <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a> from further east in present day Poland. The variant which developed in the old Boii lands is called the Plaňany-Group, and also shows the residual influence of their older Celtic <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> of the Boii, which had itself already come under Przeworsk influence in the generations before the Germanic influx.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenešBursák2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenešBursák2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielisova2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielisova2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence indicates that the Quadi initially lived near the Morava river, in southwestern Slovakia, southern <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, and north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003625_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003625-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their population, perhaps divided into two distinct states, was later more concentrated to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Carpathians" title="Little Carpathians">Little Carpathians</a>, in what is now Slovakia, and they eventually extended as far as Vác in present-day Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631–632_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631–632-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height, their kingdom also possibly stretched west into present-day Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time the eastern Quadi became an important cultural bridge between Romans, Sarmatians and the more distant peoples to the north and east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636–637_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636–637-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, writing about 23 AD, appears to have written the earliest surviving mention of the Quadi, although aspects of the text are somewhat doubtful. Strabo described a mountain range running north of the Danube, like a smaller version of the Alps which runs south of it. Within it is the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian forest">Hercynian forest</a>, and within this forest are tribes of <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> "such as the tribes of the <i>Coldui</i> [καθάπερ τὰ τῶν κολδούων], in whose territory lies <i>Buiaimon</i> [Βουίαιμον, the original "<a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>"], the royal seat of <a href="/wiki/Maroboduus" title="Maroboduus">Maroboduus</a>". King Maroboduus, he wrote, had led several peoples into this forested region, including his own people the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>. He therefore became ruler of Suevi peoples in this forested region, and also over other Suevi living outside it. Not only is Strabo's spelling of Quadi with an "L" unexpected when compared to later references, but also the implication that Maroboduus lived within Quadi territory. Errors are therefore suspected in the surviving text.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contemporary of Strabo, <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, didn't mention the Quadi by name but described "Boiohaemum", where Maroboduus and the Marcomanni lived, as "plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest", and he said this was the only part of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> which the Romans did not control in the period before the Roman defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> in 9 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velleius also remarked that Maroboduus subjugated all his neighbours either by war or treaty. Hofeneder notes that many modern scholars interpret this to mean that the Quadi were also under his overlordship. Although there is no consensus about this, it is in any case clear that the two peoples were always closely connected during the many centuries in which they appear in records.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Velleius said that Maroboduus drilled his Bohemian soldiers to almost Roman standards, and that although his policy was to avoid conflict with Rome, the Romans came to be concerned that he could invade Italy. "Races and individuals who revolted from us [the Romans] found in him a refuge." From a Roman point of view he noted that the closest point of access to Bohemia was via <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was between present-day Vienna and Bratislava, and near the Quadi territory where the Morava river enters the Danube. </p><p>The Quadi leader at the time when Maroboduus moved to Bohemia was apparently named <a href="/wiki/Tudrus" title="Tudrus">Tudrus</a>. He is mentioned only by Tacitus, who is also the first author to clearly mention the Quadi in ancient records. Although archaeological evidence indicates that the Marcomanni and Quadi entered the area after the old Boii population was much reduced already, Tacitus claimed that they drove the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> out and won their country by valour.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also remarked that their kings were still from the same old family (or families): </p> <blockquote><p>The Marcomanni and Quadi have, up to our time, been ruled by kings of their own nation, descended from the noble stock of Maroboduus and Tudrus. They now submit even to foreigners; but the strength and power of the monarch depend on Roman influence. He is occasionally supported by our arms, more frequently by our money, and his authority is none the less. [<i>Marcomanis Quadisque usque ad nostram memoriam reges manserunt ex gente ipsorum, nobile Marobodui et Tudri genus (iam et externos patiuntur), sed vis et potentia regibus ex auctoritate Romana. raro armis nostris, saepius pecunia iuvantur, nec minus valent.</i>]</p></blockquote> <p>To the east of the Quadi Strabo mentioned that the Suevian neighbours of Maroboduus bordered upon the "<a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>", which in this case refers to the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>. Later, Pliny the Elder mentioned that the Dacians had been pushed east to the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a>, into the mountainous country (later referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>) by the Sarmatian Iazyges. Pliny expressed doubt about whether the boundary between the Iazyges on the one hand, and the Suevi and the kingdom of Vannius on the other, was the Morava river or else the "Duria", which is a river that is no longer clearly identifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003628_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003628-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd-century Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> similarly placed the Quadi on the edge of Germania, defining the "Sarmatian mountains" (Σαρματικὰ ὄρη) as the border, which he understood to run in a north-easterly direction from the sharp bend in the Danube to the "head of the Vistula" (κεφαλῆς τοῦ Οὐιστούλα), though present day Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy lists several neighbours of the Quadi living along this border of Germania. Between the Elbe and the head of the Vistula, but south of the <a href="/wiki/Asciburgius" title="Asciburgius">Asciburgius</a> mountains, lived the <a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a>, south of these were the Sidones, then the Cogni (perhaps the Cotini), and then the Visburgii, and south of this group was the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian valley</a>. South of this forested valley were the Quadi, and south of them were iron mines and the Luna Forest. The southern neighbours of the Quadi were the "large nation" of the Baemi up to the Danube, and next to them along the river are the Rakatri, and then the Rakatai who live near the "<i>kampoi</i>" (<span title="Greek languages collective text"><span lang="grk">πρὸς τοῖς Κάμποις</span></span>), which could mean "the plains" but may have referred to the bend in the Danube, a people named the Kampi, or the <a href="/wiki/Kamp_(river)" title="Kamp (river)">river Kamp</a> near Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baemi (<span title="Greek languages collective text"><span lang="grk">Βαῖμοι</span></span>) were probably the "Bohemians" who were by that time living in the kingdom of Vannius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003630_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003630-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West of the Hercynian forest is the <a href="/wiki/Gambreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambreta">Gambreta</a> forest and south of this, west of the Quadi, were the Marcomanni, and south of them, west of the Baemi, were a people called the Sudini, and south these on the Danube were the Adrabaecampi, which might not be a tribal name, and is in any case probably related to the word "Kampi" used in relation to the Rakatai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichert2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somewhat differently, Tacitus named four peoples living the north of the Marcomanni and Quadi, the <a href="/wiki/Marsigni" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsigni">Marsigni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotini" title="Cotini">Cotini</a> (or "Gotini"), <a href="/wiki/Osi_(ancient_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osi (ancient tribe)">Osi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a>, dwelling in a range of mountains running from west to east through "Suevia", separating them from a large group of Germanic peoples named the <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a>. According to him the Osi and Cotini did not speak Germanic languages and worked the mines, paying the Quadi and Sarmatians tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_century_AD">First century AD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First century AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg/220px-REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg/330px-REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>A sesterce of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, 143 AD which says REX QUADIS DATUS (King given to Quadi)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annals">The Annals</a></i>, Tacitus recounts that Maroboduus was deposed by an exiled noble named <a href="/wiki/Catualda" title="Catualda">Catualda</a> around 18 AD. Catualda was in turn defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Vibilius" title="Vibilius">Vibilius</a>.The subjects of Maroboduus and Catualda were moved by the Romans to an area near the Danube, between the <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">Morava</a> and "Cusus" rivers, and placed under the control of the Quadian king <a href="/wiki/Vannius" title="Vannius">Vannius</a>. There are proposals that the Romans were deliberately trying to create a buffer state with this settlement, but there is no consensus about this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003628_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003628-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area where Vannius ruled over the Marcomanni exiles is generally considered to have been a distinct state to the Quadi kingdom itself. Unfortunately the Cusus river has not been identified with certainty. However, Slovak archaeological research locates the core area of the Vannius kingdom in the fertile southwestern Slovakian lowlands around <a href="/wiki/Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnava</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Carpathians" title="Little Carpathians">Little Carpathians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003629_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003629-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swampy zone between the Little Carpathians and Danube provided an obstacle for possible attacks from non-Roman Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographically, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> saw the Quadi area as the edge of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, with the Iazyges sitting outside of it, and the kingdom of Vannius within it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with this, Ptolemy (2.11.11) mentions a "great nation" of Baimoi (Βαῖμοι) between the Quadi and the Danube, and these are likely to be the subjects of Vannius who originated from Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003630_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003630-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vannius personally benefitted from the new situation and became very wealthy and unpopular. He was himself eventually also deposed by Vibilius and the Hermunduri, together with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a>, in 50/51 AD. Vannius's soldiers during this conflict are described here as infantry, but he also called for cavalry from his <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> allies, the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a>. This was coordinated with his nephews <a href="/wiki/Vangio_and_Sido" title="Vangio and Sido">Vangio and Sido</a>, who then divided his realm between themselves as loyal Roman client kings.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vannius was defeated and fled with his followers across the Danube, where they were assigned land in Roman <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. This settlement is convincingly associated with Germanic finds from the 1st century AD in <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neusiedl" title="Lake Neusiedl">Lake Neusiedl</a>, within Roman Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quadi soldiers subsequently participated <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bedriacum#Second_Battle_of_Bedriacum" title="Battle of Bedriacum">second battle of Bedriacum</a> under Sido and Italicus, perhaps the son of Vangio, in 69 AD at Cremona in Italy. An influx of North Italian green-glazed ceramics into southwestern Slovakia might be a result of the troops in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus reported in the late first century that the <a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a>, who spoke a language similar to the <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Aravisci" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravisci">Aravisci</a> who lived near present day Budapest, and the <a href="/wiki/Cotini" title="Cotini">Cotini</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>-speaking people, mined iron in the mountainous regions north of the Quadi, in present day Slovakia, and paid tribute to the Quadi and their Sarmatian allies in present day Hungary. Also in these mountainous regions Tacitus places the <a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri tribe</a>, who Tacitus describes as speaking a similar Suebian language.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second century the geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> described the position of the Buri as being near the sources of the Vistula river.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the occasional tensions, the Quadi and their Suebi neighbours had a relatively stable relationship with the Romans as a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> during this period, but this was interrupted under emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> during the years 89-97, after the Quadi and Marcomanni refused to assist in a conflict against the Dacians. According to Dio Cassius, Domitian reacted by entering Pannonia to make war, killed the peace envoys sent to him, but was then defeated by the Marcomanni. This campaign was referred to as the war against the Suebi, or the Suebi and Sarmatians, or the Marcomanni, Quadi and Sarmatians. The relationship then stabilized again in the time of emperor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_century">Second century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miracle of the Rain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG/220px-Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG/330px-Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG/440px-Miracolo_della_Pioggia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars#First_Marcomannic_War#The_Roman_counter-offensive_and_defeat_of_the_Marcomanni" title="Marcomannic Wars">Miracle of the Rain</a>" depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between the Romans and the Quadi and their neighbours was far more seriously and permanently disrupted during the long series of conflicts called the Marcomannic wars, which were fought mainly during the rule of emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (reigned 161-180). </p><p>In the 150s or 160s, 6000 Langobardi (<a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> originally from present-day north Germany) and Obii (whose identity is uncertain<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobesch2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobesch2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) crossed the Lower Danube into Roman territory where they were quickly defeated. Dio Cassius reports that these events worried several of the barbarian nations. A group of them selected Ballomarius, king of the Marcomanni, and ten other representatives of the other nations, in a peace mission to the governor of Roman Pannonia. Oaths were sworn and the envoys returned home.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars think the Quadi may have been involved in this raid, or at least allowed it to happen. However the Quadi and their neighbours were facing their own problems with raiders from further north, and had been trying for some time to get more support from the empire. On their side, the Romans were apparently planning for a Germania campaign, and knew that Italy itself was threatened by these pressures, but were deliberately diplomatic while they were occupied with the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Parthian campaign</a> in the Middle East, and badly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine plague">Antonine plague</a>. However, the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i> especially blames the Marcomanni and <a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a> for throwing everything into confusion while other tribes had been driven on by the more distant barbarians.<sup id="cite_ref-dob1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dob1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trencin-Roman2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Trencin-Roman2.JPG/220px-Trencin-Roman2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Trencin-Roman2.JPG/330px-Trencin-Roman2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Trencin-Roman2.JPG/440px-Trencin-Roman2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A monument found in Trenčín. "To the victory of emperor dedicated by 855 soldiers of II. Legion of an army stationed in Laugaricio. Made to order of Marcus Valerius Maximianus, a legate of the Second Auxiliary legion."</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a Roman offensive could not start in 167, two new legions were raised and in 168 the two emperors, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> and Marcus Aurelius, set out to cross the alps. Either in 167, <i>before</i> the Romans setting, or in 169, <i>after</i> the Romans came to a stop when Verus died, the Marcomanni and Quadi led a crossing of the Danube, and an attack into Italy itself. They destroyed Opitergium (present-day <a href="/wiki/Oderzo" title="Oderzo">Oderzo</a>) and put the important town of <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> under siege. Whatever the exact sequence of events, the <i>Historia Augusta</i> says that with the Romans in action several kings of the barbarians retreated, and some of the barbarians put anti-Roman leaders to death. In particular, the Quadi, having lost their king, announced they would not confirm an elected successor without approval from the emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001310–311_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001310–311-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marcus Aurelius returned to Rome but headed north again in the autumn of 169. He established a Danubian headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> between present-day Vienna and Bratislava. From here he could receive embassies from the different peoples north of the Danube. Some were given the possibility to settle in the empire, others were recruited to fight on the Roman side. The Quadi were pacified, and in 171 they agreed to leave their coalition, and returned deserters and 13,000 prisoners of war. They supplied horses and cattle as war contributions, and promised not to allow Marcomanni or Jazyges passage through their territory. By 173 the Quadi had rebelled again, and they expelled their Roman-approved king <a href="/wiki/Furtius" title="Furtius">Furtius</a>, replaced by Ariogaisos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a major battle between 172 and 174, a Roman force was almost defeated, until a sudden rainstorm allowed them to defeat the Quadi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident is well-known because of the account given by <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 175 the cavalry from the Marcomanni, Naristae, and Quadi were forced to travel to the Middle East, and in 176 Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus held a triumph as victors over <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation remained disturbed in subsequent years. The Romans declared a new war in 177 and set off in 178, against the Marcomanni, Hermunduri, Sarmatians, and Quadi as specific enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001314_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001314-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome executed a successful and decisive battle against them in 179 at <a href="/wiki/Laugaricio" class="mw-redirect" title="Laugaricio">Laugaricio</a> (present-day Trenčín in Slovakia) under the command of legate and procurator <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Maximianus" title="Marcus Valerius Maximianus">Marcus Valerius Maximianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 180 AD the Quadi and Marcomanni were in a state of occupation, with Roman garrisons of 20,000 men each permanently stationed in both countries. The Romans even blocked the mountain passes so that they could not migrate north to live with the <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a>. Marcus Aurelius was considering the creation of a new imperial province called Marcomannia when he died in 180.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001313_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001313-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633–634_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633–634-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_century">Third century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracalla_6033_dettaglio_Museo_Nazionale_Napoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caracalla_6033_dettaglio_Museo_Nazionale_Napoli.jpg/220px-Caracalla_6033_dettaglio_Museo_Nazionale_Napoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caracalla_6033_dettaglio_Museo_Nazionale_Napoli.jpg/330px-Caracalla_6033_dettaglio_Museo_Nazionale_Napoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Caracalla_6033_dettaglio_Museo_Nazionale_Napoli.jpg/440px-Caracalla_6033_dettaglio_Museo_Nazionale_Napoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8272" data-file-height="6200" /></a><figcaption>Caracalla: Museo Nazionale Napoli</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 214/215 AD, Dio Cassius reports that because of raids into Pannonia, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> invited the Quadi king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaiobomarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaiobomarus (page does not exist)">Gaiobomarus</a> to meet him, and then had him executed. According to this report Caracalla "claimed that he had overcome the recklessness, greed, and treachery of the Germans by deceit, since these qualities could not be conquered by force", and he was proud of the "enmity with the Vandili and the Marcomani, who had been friends, and in having executed Gaïobomarus".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a> (reigned 244-249), who cut off gifts which were being paid to Ukrainian Goths under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ostrogotha" title="Ostrogotha">Ostrogotha</a>, the 6th century writer <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> believed that the Marcomanni were paying tribute to Ostrogotha, and the princes of the Quadi were effectively slaves of the Goths. </p><p>By the middle of the third century the Quadi seem to have rejected their client relationship with Rome, and they began a series of attacks which they organized together with their eastern neighbours the Sarmatians. Together they repeatedly attacked Illyricum. There was a Roman campaign against the Quadi in 283-284 AD, and as a result emperor <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> (co-emperor 283-285) and <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> (co-emperor 284-285) celebrated this as two personal triumphs in 283 and 284. Nevertheless the Quadi were again mentioned among attacking Germanic tribes in 285 AD. This situation seems to have been pacified in the time of Diocletian (reigned 284-305).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003634_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003634-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_century">Fourth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first part of the 4th century there is evidence that the Quadi had developed a better relationship with the Romans. Their region of influence spread down the Danube towards present-day Budapest and it seems that their economy support a wealthy Romanised nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003634_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003634-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidentor_Carnuntum_4479.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Heidentor_Carnuntum_4479.jpg/220px-Heidentor_Carnuntum_4479.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Heidentor_Carnuntum_4479.jpg/330px-Heidentor_Carnuntum_4479.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Heidentor_Carnuntum_4479.jpg/440px-Heidentor_Carnuntum_4479.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The so-called Heidentor in Carnuntum.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Restored_head_of_Valentinian_I_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Restored head of Valentinian I</figcaption></figure> <p>In 357 a new phase of confrontation began during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> (reigned 337-361) which gives insight into the way in which the culture of the Quadi had changed. The Quadi and Sarmatians were making raids across the Danube into Roman Pannonia and Moesia. The account given by <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> shows that in this period the Quadi had become more accustomed to actions on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reported that the involved Quadi and Sarmatians "were neighbours and had like customs and armour", "better fitted for brigandage than for open warfare, have very long spears and cuirasses made from smooth and polished pieces of horn, fastened like scales to linen shirts". They had "swift and obedient horses" and they generally had more than one, "to the end that an exchange may keep up the strength of their mounts and that their freshness may be renewed by alternate periods of rest".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 358 the emperor crossed the Danube and resistance quickly fell apart. The leaders who came to negotiate with the emperor represented different parts of the populations who had participated. An important one was prince Araharius, who ruled "a part of the Transiugitani and the Quadi". An inferior of his was Usafer, a prominent noble, who led "some of the Sarmatians". In the negotiations the emperor declared that the Sarmatians were Roman dependents and demanded hostages. He then learned that there had been social upheaval among the Sarmatians, and some of the nobility had even fled to other countries. He gave them a new king, Zizais, a young prince who was the first leader to surrender. He then met with Vitrodorus the son of Viduarius the King of the Quadi. They also gave hostages and they drew their swords "which they venerate as gods" in order to swear loyalty. As a next step he moved to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> and slaughtered or enslaved many of the Sarmatians who lived on the other side and had felt themselves protected by the river from the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Viduarius was probably king of the western Quadi. Constantius erected a triumphal arch in Carnuntium, today known as the <a href="/wiki/Heidentor" title="Heidentor">Heidentor</a>, but raids did not stop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003635_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003635-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some years after the death of Constantius, the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> (reigned 364-375) reinforced the borders. He fortified the northern and eastern banks of the Danube, and by 373 AD he ordered construction of a garrisoned fort within Quadi territory itself. In 374, when complaints from the Quadi delayed construction the Roman general charged with getting it done invited their king <a href="/wiki/Gabinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabinius">Gabinius</a> to dinner and then murdered him. As Ammianus wrote "the Quadi, who had long been quiet, were suddenly aroused to an outbreak". Neighbouring tribes including the Sarmatians sprung into action and began raids across the Danube, repulsing the Roman military's first poorly coordinated attempts to confront them.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valentinian moved to the Danube border and went first to Carnuntum, which was damaged and deserted, and then <a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a> (now part of Budapest). He sent one force north into the Quadi heartlands, and took another force across the Danube near present-day Budapest, where the enemies had settlements, and they slaughtered everyone they could find. He then made his winter quarters on the Roman side of the Danube in Bregetio (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom" title="Komárom">Komárom</a>). Here Quadi envoys came to plead for peace. However, when they maintained that the building of a barrier was begun "unjustly and without due occasion", which had roused rude spirits to anger, Valentinian was enraged, became sick, and died. This ended this round of conflict, and the Romans and Quadi were soon preoccupied with bigger problems in the Danubian region.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 380 the Romans suffered a major defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a>, which was caused by a sudden movement of peoples including <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> coming from present-day Ukraine. According to Ammianus, the region of the Marcomanni and Quadi were among the areas first affected by the "a savage horde of unknown peoples, driven from their abodes by sudden violence".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is no consensus about the details, the Romans tried new approaches to settling newcomers in large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007180–185_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007180–185-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2007152–153_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2007152–153-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the armed groups responsible for the defeat, led by <a href="/wiki/Alatheus_and_Saphrax" title="Alatheus and Saphrax">Alatheus and Saphrax</a>, were settled into the Pannonian part of the Roman empire, near the Quadi homeland, and expected to do military service for Rome. </p><p>It is not clear how the Quadi reacted to the changed situation, but their name no longer appears in the records of this region. It is however likely that many crossed into Roman territory while others participated in the large movements of mixed peoples which were happening on both sides of the Danube. After the death of emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 395, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> listed the Marcomanni and Quadi together with several of the eastern peoples causing devastation in the Roman provinces stretching from Constantinople to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a>, including Dalmatia, and all the provinces of Pannonia: "Goths and Sarmatians, Quadi and Alans, Huns and Vandals and Marcomanni".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudian describes them crossing the frozen Danube with wagons, and then setting wagons rigged around themselves like a wall at the approach of the Roman commander Stilicho. He says that all the fertile lands between the Black Sea and Adriatic were subsequently like uninhabited deserts, specifically including Dalmatia and Pannonia. At the same time, the Gothic general <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>, who had loyally served with his Gothic troops under Theodosius I at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frigidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Frigidus">Battle of Frigidus</a> only a few months early, was beginning his rebellion, and started leading his army south, first towards Constantinople, and later towards Greece. This was triggered by internal Roman conflicts after the death of Theodosius. Claudian claimed that they were all incited by an Eastern Roman consul and enemy of Stilicho, <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_(consul)" title="Rufinus (consul)">Rufinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact connection between Alaric and those who crossed the Danube remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_fourth_century">After the fourth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After the fourth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_letter_of_Saint_Jerome">Second letter of Saint Jerome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second letter of Saint Jerome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Jerome_Writing-Caravaggio_(1605-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Saint_Jerome_Writing-Caravaggio_%281605-6%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Jerome_Writing-Caravaggio_%281605-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Saint_Jerome_Writing-Caravaggio_%281605-6%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Jerome_Writing-Caravaggio_%281605-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Saint_Jerome_Writing-Caravaggio_%281605-6%29.jpg/440px-Saint_Jerome_Writing-Caravaggio_%281605-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8708" data-file-height="6212" /></a><figcaption>Saint Jerome Writing (c. 1605–1606). Oil on canvas, 112 x 157 cm (44 x 61.8 in). Galleria Borghese, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>The last contemporary mention of the Quadi as an identifiable people is in another letter by Saint Jerome from 409, but it places them far from home. He lists them first among the peoples who were occupying Gaul at that time: "Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni and—alas! for the commonweal!—even Pannonians".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars note that apart from the Saxons, Burgundians and Alemanni, who were already well-known near the Rhine, and the Alans who were newcomers from Ukraine who had already played an important role in the Roman military, the others appear to have been long-term neighbours from the Middle Danube area. The Vandals and Sarmatians listed next after the Quadi are generally understood to include the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> Vandals and Sarmatians who had been eastern neighbours of the Quadi for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997160_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997160-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pannonians from within the empire were the Quadi's long-term neighbours to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoffart200680–81_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoffart200680–81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Cosmographia</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Honorius" title="Julius Honorius">Julius Honorius</a>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liber_Generationis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liber Generationis (page does not exist)">Liber Generationis</a></i>, indicate that the Heruli were already settled on the Danube near the Marcomanni and Quadi for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiccardo2024_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiccardo2024-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> had already settled somewhere near their future location in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> in the 3rd century, among the Quadi's eastern neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1998_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chain of events which led to large numbers of Middle Danubian people to suddenly move west along the Danube, towards Gaul, are not well understood but several are frequently discussed. </p> <ul><li>In 401, the poet <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> described how <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> was troubled by the local <a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a> there while Stilicho was preoccupied in Italy with the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a>, a Gothic military leader from inside the empire. According to Claudian, "the peoples (<i>gentes</i>) broken their treaties (<i>foedera</i>, implying a pact with non-Romans) and, encouraged by the news of Latium's trouble, had seized upon the glades of Vindelicia and the fields of <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>". The text says that Stilicho's victories forces were "Vandal spoils" (<i>Vandalicis ... spoliis</i>) and so many scholars believe Vandals were involved. Furthermore, there are proposals that they included the same groups who later went to Hispania, including both Silingi and Hasdingi. This would mean that Vandals had already moved and gather near the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 406, the year of the Rhine crossing of the Vandals and Alans, <a href="/wiki/Radagaisus" title="Radagaisus">Radagaisus</a>, a Gothic leader from outside the empire, attacked Italy with a very large force from the Middle Danube itself. Modern scholars have proposed various connections between these events and the movement westwards of the Vandals and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoffart200689_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoffart200689-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_the_Suevi_in_Gallaecia">Kingdom of the Suevi in Gallaecia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdom of the Suevi in Gallaecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_kingdom_hispania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alan_kingdom_hispania.png/220px-Alan_kingdom_hispania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alan_kingdom_hispania.png/330px-Alan_kingdom_hispania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alan_kingdom_hispania.png/440px-Alan_kingdom_hispania.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Hispania divided</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></div> <p>Many scholars believe that the Quadi listed by Jerome in 409, and perhaps most of those listed, must have previously entered Gaul in a large and coordinated <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossing of the Rhine</a> involving Vandals and Alans, which is traditionally dated to 31 December 406 AD. According to this proposal the Quadi changed their name to Suevi, never used the old name anymore, and then coordinated with the Vandals and Alans to conquer Hispania.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the incomplete records, scholars take different positions about the proposal that significant numbers of Quadi moved to Hispania, but Castritius, for example, believed that the <i>majority</i> of the Quadi became Suevi and finished up in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all scholars agree. Others propose that the Hispania Suevi were from other Suevian groups. For example, medieval historians such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> understood them to be Alemanni. Reynolds proposed that the Spanish Suevi were from present-day northern Germany, and could have come by ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds195727ff_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds195727ff-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern scholars propose that the Quadi among the Spanish Suevi lost their name because this was a mixed group which included Quadi along with other types of Suevi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinacher2017111_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinacher2017111-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no record which specifically connects Quadi with the crossing of 406, but there are two near-contemporary records which imply that Suevi were involved. <a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a> says that in the autumn of 409 when the Alans, and the Hasdingi and <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> Vandals, entered Hispania they were together with Suevi. <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> specified that they fought at the same crossing when the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> attempted to defend Gaul against the Vandals. He even believed that the Suevi, Vandals, Alans and <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> were all part of a heretical movement driven by the Roman military leader <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, whose father was a Vandal officer in the Roman army, and who wanted to destabilize Gaul for his own benefit. (Such accusations against Stilicho are not accepted by modern scholars.) On this basis many scholars therefore suggest that the Quadi in Gaul must have changed their name to "Suevi".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguing against the proposal that the Quadi changed name to Suevi and moved to Spain, Reynolds argued in 1957 that if the Suevi in Spain were Quadi, then it is inconceivable that they and others writing about them would give up and even forget this famous name after leaving Gaul. He also argued that Hydatius and Orosius are not reliable for the events involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds195721_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds195721-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted for example that in disagreement with Hydatius, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Chronicle_of_452" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic Chronicle of 452">Gallic Chronicle of 452</a></i> registered the Suevi as arriving in Hispania already in 408, before the letter of Jerome, and before the Vandals and Alans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds195725_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds195725-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Vandals, Alans and Suevi arrived in Hispania, it was under the control of a rebel Roman general <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(magister_militum)" title="Gerontius (magister militum)">Gerontius</a> who came to agreements with them as military allies in his struggle against Roman forces. The four groups proceeded to divide Hispania between themselves into four kingdoms, with the agreement of Gerontius. After the defeat of Gerontius, the Roman authorities rejected these agreements and the Visigoths began to work against the four kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1957_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1957-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After many of the Vandals and Alans moved to Carthage, the Suevi were the last of them to hold an independent kingdom, which they succeeded to hold until 585, when the kingdom was absorbed by the Visigothic kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kingdom_of_the_"Danube_Suevi""><span id="The_Kingdom_of_the_.22Danube_Suevi.22"></span>The Kingdom of the "Danube Suevi"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Kingdom of the "Danube Suevi""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia03_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pannonia03_en.png/220px-Pannonia03_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pannonia03_en.png/330px-Pannonia03_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pannonia03_en.png/440px-Pannonia03_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>4th-century Roman Pannonia</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 5th century the Middle Danube region had come under the domination of the Huns and their allies, and Roman power was ineffective in this region. In 427 the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a> says that the provinces of Pannonia, "which had been held by the Huns for fifty years, were reclaimed by the Romans". However, in 433 <a href="/wiki/Flavius_A%C3%ABtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Aëtius">Flavius Aëtius</a> effectively ceded Pannonia to Attila.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005197_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005197-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there is no direct contemporary evidence that the Quadi continued to exist as subjects of Attila under their old name, centuries later <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Diaconus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Diaconus">Paulus Diaconus</a> listed them among the subject peoples who Attila could call upon. In addition to the better-known Goths and Gepids he listed "Marcomanni, Suebi, Quadi, and alongside them the Herules, Thuringi and Rugii". Taken at face value this implies that the Quadi might for example have been present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Plains">Battle of the Catalaunian Plains</a> in 451, fighting for Attila. However this is a much later source, and modern scholars especially doubt whether the Marcomanni or Quadi would still have been identified under those names in 451, because more contemporary sources never mention these names anymore in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Attila in 453 some of the smaller peoples who had lived within under his hegemony begin to appear in more records, but instead of the Marcomanni and Quadi, only Suevians appear. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao" title="Battle of Nedao">Battle of Nedao</a> in 454, when the sons of Attila and their Ostrogothic allies were defeated, the victors were able to consolidate independent kingdoms north of the Middle Danube. The largest and longest lasting, the Gepids, was based in Dacia. To the west, north of the Danube where the Marcomanni and Quadi had been were the Rugii, Heruli, and Sciri. And on the south of that stretch of the Danube, in what used to be the northern part of Roman Pannonia Valeria, a Suevian kingdom also existed. As in the case of the Suevi in Hispania, many scholars believe that this group included Suevian peoples such as the Quadi who had previously gone by other names. <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> for example:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997160_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997160-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The Marcomanni and the Quadi gave up their special names after crossing the Danube, in fact both the emigrants and the groups remaining in Pannonia became Suebi again. The Pannonian Suebi became subjects of the Huns. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao" title="Battle of Nedao">battle at the Nadao</a> they set up their kingdom, and when it fell, they came, successively under Herulian and Longobard rule, south of the Danube under Gothic rule, and eventually again under Longobard rule.</dd></dl> <p>Writing in the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> reported a series of conflicts in the 460s between a Suevian king <a href="/wiki/Hunimund" title="Hunimund">Hunimund</a> and the Ostrogothic king <a href="/wiki/Theodemir" title="Theodemir">Thiudimir</a>, whose people had settled within the Roman empire just to the south. In 467 or 468, Hunimund led a campaign into <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. After stealing Gothic cattle, the Suevi were attacked near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a> by Thiudimir, and Hunimund was captured. He was subsequently released from Gothic captivity after he submitted and adopted as Thiudimir's "son by arms" (<i>filius per arma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005198_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005198-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 468 or early 469, Hunimund plotted with the Sciri and attacked the Ostrogothic king <a href="/wiki/Valamir" title="Valamir">Valamir</a>. Valamir lost his life, but the Sciri and Suevi lost the battle, and the Sciri were almost destroyed. A little later, in 469, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolia" title="Battle of Bolia">Battle of Bolia</a>, Hunimund and Alaric, apparently both kings of the Suevi, called upon the Sarmatians, and the remnants of the Sciri, led by <a href="/wiki/Edica" class="mw-redirect" title="Edica">Edica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunwulf">Hunwulf</a>, and also the Gepids and Rugians. However, Thiudimir and his Goths defeated these allies, confirming their position as dominant power in this region (from which they would later invade Italy under Theoderic the Great).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still later during the cold winter of 469/470, Thiudimir attacked the Suevi unexpectedly by crossing the frozen Danube. The Suavi were now together in a confederation with the Alemanni, in an Alpine region with streams that flowed loudly into the Danube, <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a> (early Bavarians) on the east, Franks on the west, Burgundians on the south, and Thuringians on the north. Thiudimir returned as victor to his own home in Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is considered likely that Hunimund and at least some of his people escaped this defeat and that he is also the person of that name who was mentioned in the biography of <a href="/wiki/Severinus_of_Noricum" title="Severinus of Noricum">Saint Severinus</a> of Noricum, by <a href="/wiki/Eugippius" title="Eugippius">Eugippius</a>. This Hunimund attacked Saint Severinus's community at <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> with "barbarians". Passau was also troubled by the Alemanni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also likely that some of the Suevi continued to live under Gothic rule in this area. It may also be during this period that some Suevi settled south of the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> river in a region more directly under Gothic control and known during this time as Suavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allemanni,_Lombards,_and_Bavarians_and_Slavs"><span id="Allemanni.2C_Lombards.2C_and_Bavarians_and_Slavs"></span>Allemanni, Lombards, and Bavarians and Slavs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Allemanni, Lombards, and Bavarians and Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The alliance of Hunimund with the Allemanni has been interpreted as evidence of a new Alemannic-Suebi ethnogenesis in the second half of the 5th century, which could explain the documented use of the Suevi name to refer to the Alemanni after about 500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005200_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005200-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Suevi who remained in the Pannonian region are believed to have taken up a Lombardic identity after the defeat of the Ostrogoths by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>, and many may therefore have subsequently entered Italy with the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005201=202_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005201=202-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region subsequently came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>, and it is probably during this period that <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> eventually became dominant in the areas where the Quadi had lived. </p><p>The record which mentions the Suebi joining the Alemanni is also one of the first records mentioning the early <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a>, who were also living south of the Danube, to the east of the Alemanni, in what had been Roman territory. It is generally believed that their name is Germanic, and that it indicates an origin in the nearby regions to the east, which were once inhabited by the Boii. It is therefore considered very likely that the Baiuvarii included Marcomanni and Quadi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamann1973_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann1973-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann2003_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann2003">Neumann 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003625-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003625_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003625_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder 2003</a>, p. 625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003627-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003627_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder 2003</a>, p. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, p. 631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroberjar2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroberjar2018_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroberjar2018">Droberjar 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, p. 636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteuer2021">Steuer (2021</a>, p. 1008): "Die Leute der Großromstedter Kultur, die nach Böhmen einzogen, deckten nicht sehr zahlreich das ehemals keltische Milieu ab. Die Kultur entstand archäologisch im Saale-Elbe-Gebiet wohl schon vor der Mitte des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. und erschien etwa in den Jahren 40/20 v. Chr. in Böhmen".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenešBursák2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenešBursák2017_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenešBursák2017">Beneš & Bursák 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielisova2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielisova2020_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielisova2020">Danielisova 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631–632-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003631–632_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, pp. 631–632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003632_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, p. 632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636–637-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003636–637_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, pp. 636–637.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder (2003</a>, p. 625) citing Strabo, <i>Geography</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D3">7.1.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velleius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html">2.108</a>: "Nothing remained to be conquered in Germany except the people of the Marcomanni, which, leaving its settlements at the summons of its leader Maroboduus, had retired into the interior and now dwelt in the plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest". (<i>Nihil erat iam in Germania, quod vinci posset, praeter gentem Marcomannorum, quae Maroboduo duce excita sedibus suis atque in interiora refugiens incinctos Hercynia silva campos incolebat.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder (2003</a>, pp. 628–629) citing Velleius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html">2.108</a>: "after occupying the region we have mentioned, he proceeded to reduce all the neighbouring races by war, or to bring them under his sovereignty by treaty" (<i>Occupatis igitur, quos praediximus, locis finitimos omnis aut bello domuit aut condicionibus iuris sui fecit</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velleius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html">2.109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder (2003</a>, pp. 625, 627) citing Tacitus, <i>Germania</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=42&highlight=quadi">42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003628-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003628_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003628_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder 2003</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy, <i>Geography</i>, Book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claudiiptolemaei01ptol/page/120">2.10</a>. See <a href="#CITEREFBochnak2021">Bochnak (2021)</a> for discussion of the "head" of the Vistula.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy, <i>Geography</i>, Book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claudiiptolemaei01ptol/page/120">2.10</a>. See <a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder 2003</a>, p. 628 for the "Cognoi". See <a href="#CITEREFReichert2000">Reichert 2000</a> for the term "Kampoi".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003630-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003630_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003630_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder 2003</a>, p. 630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichert2000_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichert2000">Reichert 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder (2003</a>, p. 630) citing Tacitus, <i>Germania</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=43&highlight=quadi">43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003629-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofeneder2003629_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder 2003</a>, p. 629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder (2003</a>, p. 628) citing Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=4:chapter=25&highlight=quadi">4.25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder (2003</a>, pp. 628–629) citing Tacitus, <i>The Annals</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#63" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">2.63</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_12#29" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 12">12.29</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_12#30" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 12">12.30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofeneder2003">Hofeneder (2003</a>, p. 629), <a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 632)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 632) citing Tacitus, <i>Histories</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi1351.phi002.perseus-eng1:28">28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi1351.phi002.perseus-eng1:43">43</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html">Ptolemy 2.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, pp. 632–633)<a href="#CITEREFKehne2001">Kehne (2001</a>, p. 295). See Dio Cassius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/67*.html">67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobesch2002-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobesch2002_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDobesch2002">Dobesch 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehne2001">Kehne (2001</a>, p. 310) citing Dio Cassius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">72.3</a>. Kehne remarks that the normal dating of 166/7 is based upon the fact that Iallius Bassus Fabius Valerianus was governor in upper Pannonia governorship between 166 and 168/69 AD. However he was also governor of lower Pannonia around 156-159 AD.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dob1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dob1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDobesch2002">Dobesch 2002</a> citing the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i>, under Marcus Aurelius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/1*.html">13-14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001310–311-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001310–311_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehne2001">Kehne 2001</a>, pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001311–312_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehne2001">Kehne 2001</a>, pp. 311–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Further reading. Dio, 72(71).3.2., 8.1.; Rubin, Z. H. (1979) "Weather Miracles under Marcus Aurelius," <i>Athenaeum</i> 57: 362–80; Guey, J. (1948) "Encore la 'pluie miraculeuse'," <i>Rev. Phil.</i> 22: 16–62; Olli, S. (1990) "A Note on the Establishment of the Date of the Rain Miracle under Marcus Aurelius," <i>Arctos</i> 24: 107; Israelowich, I. (2008) "The Rain Miracle of Marcus Aurelius: (Re-)Construction of Consensus," <i>Greece & Rome</i> 55 (1): 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001314-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001314_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehne2001">Kehne 2001</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehne2001313-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehne2001313_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehne2001">Kehne 2001</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633–634-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003633–634_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, pp. 633–634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 634) citing Dio Cassius, <i>Roman History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/78*.html">78</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003634-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003634_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003634_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, p. 634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 635) citing Ammianus, History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/17*.html">17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus, History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/17*.html">17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus, History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/17*.html">17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolník2003635-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolník2003635_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník 2003</a>, p. 635.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 635) citing Ammianus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0082:book=29:chapter=6&highlight=quadi">29.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 636) citing Ammianus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0082:book=30:chapter=6&highlight=quadi">30.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0082:book=31:chapter=4&highlight=quadi">31.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007180–185-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007180–185_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, pp. 180–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2007152–153-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulikowski2007152–153_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulikowski2007">Kulikowski 2007</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius (2005)</a> citing Jerome's <i>Letters</i> 60.16.2 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall (2007</a>, p. 194) and <a href="#CITEREFHeather1995">Heather (1995</a>, p. 9) citing Claudian <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/In_Rufinum/2*.html">2nd poem Against Rufinus</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2010-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2010_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier2010">Meier 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 636) citing Jerome's <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_VI/The_Letters_of_St._Jerome/Letter_123" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume VI/The Letters of St. Jerome/Letter 123">letter 123</a> to Ageruchia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997160-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997160_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997160_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram 1997</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoffart200680–81-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoffart200680–81_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoffart2006">Goffart 2006</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiccardo2024-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiccardo2024_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiccardo2024">Liccardo 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1998-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1998_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl1998">Pohl 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a href="#CITEREFGoffart2006">Goffart (2006</a>, pp. 87–88), and <a href="#CITEREFCastritius2006">Castritius (2006</a>, pp. 177, 180), and <a href="#CITEREFHeather2009">Heather (2009</a>, pp. 173, 182) who are all citing Claudian's <i>Gothic War</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0690%3Apoem%3D1">Latin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Bello_Gothico*.html#363A">English</a>). (Some translators, including the Platnauer translation cited by Heather, assume that "Vandalicis" is intended to refer to the local Vindelici.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoffart200689-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoffart200689_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoffart2006">Goffart 2006</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram (1997</a>, pp. 160–162), <a href="#CITEREFGoffart2006">Goffart (2006</a>, pp. 82–83), <a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall (2007</a>, pp. 211), and <a href="#CITEREFHeather2009">Heather (2009</a>, pp. 173–174). For criticism of the assumption see <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1957">Reynolds (1957)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds195727ff-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds195727ff_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1957">Reynolds 1957</a>, pp. 27ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinacher2017111-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinacher2017111_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinacher2017">Steinacher 2017</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Key primary sources referred to by scholars include Orosius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/orosius7B.html">Book 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds195721-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds195721_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1957">Reynolds 1957</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds195725-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds195725_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1957">Reynolds 1957</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1957-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1957_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1957">Reynolds 1957</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005197-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005197_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius 2005</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolník2003">Kolník (2003</a>, p. 636) citing Paulus Diaconus, <i>Historia Romana</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pauldeacon/histrom14.shtml">14.2</a>, "gentes Marcomanni, Sueui, Quadi, praeterea Eruli, Turcilingi siue Rugi"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReimitz2000_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReimitz2000">Reimitz 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005198-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005198_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius 2005</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005199_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius 2005</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005200-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005200_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius 2005</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005201=202-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005201=202_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius 2005</a>, pp. 201=202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann1973-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamann1973_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamann1973">Hamann 1973</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenešBursák2017" class="citation cs2">Beneš, Zdeněk; Bursák, Daniel (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34755107">"Plaňany-Group in Bohemia. Three case studies with an emphasis on ceramics"</a>, in Michałowski; Teska; Niedzielski; Żółkiewski (eds.), <i>Settlements Pottery of the pre-Roman Iron Age in Central European Barbaricum – new research perspectives, Poznań</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pla%C5%88any-Group+in+Bohemia.+Three+case+studies+with+an+emphasis+on+ceramics&rft.btitle=Settlements+Pottery+of+the+pre-Roman+Iron+Age+in+Central+European+Barbaricum+%E2%80%93+new+research+perspectives%2C+Pozna%C5%84&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bene%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Zden%C4%9Bk&rft.au=Burs%C3%A1k%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34755107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBochnak2021" class="citation cs2">Bochnak, Tomasz (2021), "Cum grano salis, or about the Anartophracti in the Słonne Mountains", <i>Acta Archaeologica Carpathica</i>, <b>56</b>: <span class="nowrap">309–</span>334, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F00015229AAC.21.011.15352">10.4467/00015229AAC.21.011.15352</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Archaeologica+Carpathica&rft.atitle=Cum+grano+salis%2C+or+about+the+Anartophracti+in+the+S%C5%82onne+Mountains&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F00015229AAC.21.011.15352&rft.aulast=Bochnak&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastritius2005" class="citation cs2">Castritius, Helmut (2005), "Sweben", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 30 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018385-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018385-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweben&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018385-6&rft.aulast=Castritius&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastritius2006" class="citation cs2">Castritius, Helmut (2006), "Wandalen", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 33 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018388-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018388-7"><bdi>978-3-11-018388-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wandalen&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018388-7&rft.aulast=Castritius&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanielisova2020" class="citation cs2">Danielisova, Betka (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43943837">"Bohemia at the End of the La Tène Period: Objects, Materials, Chronology, and Main Development Trends - A Review"</a>, <i>Památky Archeologické</i>, <b>111</b>: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>157, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35686%2FPA2020.3">10.35686/PA2020.3</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pam%C3%A1tky+Archeologick%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Bohemia+at+the+End+of+the+La+T%C3%A8ne+Period%3A+Objects%2C+Materials%2C+Chronology%2C+and+Main+Development+Trends+-+A+Review&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35686%2FPA2020.3&rft.aulast=Danielisova&rft.aufirst=Betka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43943837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDobesch2002" class="citation cs2">Dobesch, Gerhard (2002), "Obii (Obioi)", in Beck, Heinrich; 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Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">214–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016782-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016782-5"><bdi>978-3-11-016782-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kampoi&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016782-5&rft.aulast=Reichert&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Jf6LqG65uUC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimitz2000" class="citation cs2">Reimitz, Helmut (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yO2zzdfOUC">"Hunimund"</a>, in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 15 (2 ed.), Gruyter, pp. <span class="nowrap">245–</span>246, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016649-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016649-1"><bdi>978-3-11-016649-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hunimund&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016649-1&rft.aulast=Reimitz&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3yO2zzdfOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1957" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, Robert (1957), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1957_num_35_1_2022">"Reconsideration of the History of the Suevi"</a>, <i>Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</i>, <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>47, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.1957.2022">10.3406/rbph.1957.2022</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Reconsideration+of+the+History+of+the+Suevi&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frbph.1957.2022&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_1957_num_35_1_2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinacher2017" class="citation cs2">Steinacher, Roland (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIt4DwAAQBAJ"><i>Rom und die Barbaren. Völker im Alpen- und Donauraum (300-600)</i></a>, Kohlhammer Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170251700" title="Special:BookSources/9783170251700"><bdi>9783170251700</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rom+und+die+Barbaren.+V%C3%B6lker+im+Alpen-+und+Donauraum+%28300-600%29&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783170251700&rft.aulast=Steinacher&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRIt4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteuer2021" class="citation cs2">Steuer, Heiko (2021), <i>"Germanen" aus Sicht der Archäologie. Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema</i>, Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 125, De Gruyter</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Germanen%22+aus+Sicht+der+Arch%C3%A4ologie.+Neue+Thesen+zu+einem+alten+Thema&rft.series=Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde+zum+Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Steuer&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTejral2001" class="citation cs2">Tejral, Jaroslav (2001), "Markomannenkrieg § 2. Archäologisches", in Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.), <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 19 (2 ed.), De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017163-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017163-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Markomannenkrieg+%C2%A7+2.+Arch%C3%A4ologisches&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017163-1&rft.aulast=Tejral&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1997" class="citation cs2">Wolfram, Herwig (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanempireitsge0000wolf"><i>The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples</i></a> (translation of 1990 German ed.), University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+Its+Germanic+Peoples&rft.edition=translation+of+1990+German&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanempireitsge0000wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208165113/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Heathenhistory/message/771">J. B. Rives, Commentary on Tacitus' Germania.</a></li> <li>Pliny the Elder, <i>The Natural History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137">English</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0138">Latin</a> versions in the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Strabo, <i>Geography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239">English</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197">Greek</a> versions in the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Tacitus, <i>Germania</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083">English</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0090">Latin</a> versions in the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Tacitus, <i>Annals</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078">English</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0077">Latin</a> versions in the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a 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