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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Social </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multigenerational_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multigenerational_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Multigenerational family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multigenerational_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjugal_(nuclear)_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugal_(nuclear)_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Conjugal (nuclear) family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugal_(nuclear)_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-parent_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-parent_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Single-parent family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-parent_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrifocal_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrifocal_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Matrifocal family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrifocal_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Extended family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_of_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_of_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Family of choice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_of_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blended_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blended_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Blended family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blended_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monogamous_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monogamous_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Monogamous family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monogamous_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygamous_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamous_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Polygamous family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamous_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Kinship terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kinship_terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Kinship terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Kinship_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degrees_of_kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees_of_kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Degrees of kinship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degrees_of_kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Terminologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Roles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Roles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nuclear family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collateral_relatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collateral_relatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Collateral relatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collateral_relatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggregate_relatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregate_relatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Aggregate relatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregate_relatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types of kinship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_kinship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of kinship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patrilineal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrilineal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Patrilineal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrilineal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrilineal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrilineal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Matrilineal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrilineal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilateral_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilateral_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bilateral descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilateral_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History of theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_nuclear_family_in_industrial_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nuclear_family_in_industrial_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 The nuclear family in industrial society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nuclear_family_in_industrial_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_postmodern_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_postmodern_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 The postmodern family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_postmodern_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Domestic violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestic violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Family violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parental_abuse_of_children_(child_abuse)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_abuse_of_children_(child_abuse)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Parental abuse of children (child abuse) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_abuse_of_children_(child_abuse)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_abuse_by_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_abuse_by_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Parental abuse by children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_abuse_by_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elder_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elder_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Elder abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elder_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_and_child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_and_child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Forced and child marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_and_child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_concept_of_family_honour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_concept_of_family_honour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 The concept of family honour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_concept_of_family_honour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Economic issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dowry,_bride_price_and_dower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowry,_bride_price_and_dower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Dowry, bride price and dower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowry,_bride_price_and_dower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property_regimes_and_taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property_regimes_and_taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Property regimes and taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property_regimes_and_taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_and_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Rights and laws </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rights_and_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rights and laws subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Family rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Reproductive rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parents'_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parents'_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Parents' rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parents'_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Children's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Marriage rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Legal reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6.1 Gender equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6.2 Divorce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Family medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Maternal mortality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infant_and_child_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infant_and_child_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Infant and child mortality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infant_and_child_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work–family_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work–family_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Work–family balance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work–family_balance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Work–family balance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Work–family_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection_of_private_and_family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_private_and_family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Protection of private and family life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_private_and_family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_family_and_social_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_family_and_social_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 The family and social justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_family_and_social_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_trends_in_family_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_trends_in_family_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Global trends in family composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_trends_in_family_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Family</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" > 190 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie_(verwantskap)" title="Familie (verwantskap) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Familie (verwantskap)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie" title="Familie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Familie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0%E1%88%A0%E1%89%A5" title="ቤተሠብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤተሠብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="أسرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="পৰিয়াল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিয়াল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaygua" title="Ogaygua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ogaygua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wila_masi" title="Wila masi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Wila masi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ail%C9%99" title="Ailə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ailə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87" title="عائیله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عائیله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga" title="Kulawarga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kulawarga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পরিবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Ka-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Ғаилә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғаилә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D1%8F" title="Сям’я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сям’я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D1%8F" title="Сям’я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сям’я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamilya" title="Pamilya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pamilya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Семейство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Семейство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famij" title="Famij – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Famij" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྱིམ་ཚང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྱིམ་ཚང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porodica" title="Porodica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Porodica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiegezh" title="Tiegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tiegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Гэр бүлэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гэр бүлэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Família – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Família" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Килйыш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Килйыш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodina" title="Rodina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rodina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhuri" title="Mhuri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhuri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famiglia" title="Famiglia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Famiglia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teulu" title="Teulu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teulu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%8B" title="Daŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Daŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie_(menneske)" title="Familie (menneske) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Familie (menneske)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Familye" title="Die Familye – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Die Familye" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie" title="Familie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Familie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7" title="އާއިލާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާއިލާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perekond" title="Perekond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perekond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Οικογένεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικογένεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ACia" title="Famìia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Famìia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familio" title="Familio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Familio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="خانواده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خانواده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palwaar" title="Palwaar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Palwaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille" title="Famille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Famille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famylje" title="Famylje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Famylje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famee" title="Famee – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Famee" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaghlach" title="Teaghlach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teaghlach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaghlach" title="Teaghlach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Teaghlach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_(sociolox%C3%ADa)" title="Familia (socioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Familia (socioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дезал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дезал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD" title="家庭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="家庭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC" title="કુટુંબ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કુટુંબ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2-th%C3%ACn" title="Kâ-thìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kâ-thìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%A1%B1" title="가족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyali" title="Iyali – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iyali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Ընտանիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընտանիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="परिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%B3jba" title="Swójba – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swójba" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obitelj" title="Obitelj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obitelj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familio" title="Familio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Familio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%E1%BB%A5" title="Azụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Azụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamilia" title="Pamilia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pamilia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga" title="Keluarga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keluarga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_(sociologia)" title="Familia (sociologia) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Familia (sociologia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie" title="Familie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Familie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapho" title="Usapho – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Usapho" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lskylda" title="Fjölskylda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjölskylda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famiglia" title="Famiglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Famiglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%94" title="משפחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משפחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga" title="Kulawarga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC" title="ಕುಟುಂಬ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಟುಂಬ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Юйдеги – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Юйдеги" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ოჯახი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოჯახი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodz%C3%ABzna" title="Rodzëzna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rodzëzna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Отбасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отбасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teylu" title="Teylu – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Teylu" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miryango" title="Miryango – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Miryango" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibuta" title="Dibuta – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dibuta" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanmi" title="Fanmi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fanmi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanmi" title="Fanmi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fanmi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbat" title="Malbat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Malbat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9-%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%A9" title="Үй-бүлө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үй-бүлө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7" title="ຄອບຄົວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄອບຄົວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2imene" title="Ģimene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģimene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famill" title="Famill – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Famill" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0eima" title="Šeima – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šeima" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famiggia" title="Famiggia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Famiggia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%B3ta" title="Libóta – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libóta" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia" title="Familia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Familia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lanzu" title="lanzu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lanzu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fameja_(scienz_suciaj)" title="Fameja (scienz suciaj) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fameja (scienz suciaj)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csal%C3%A1d_(szociol%C3%B3gia)" title="Család (szociológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Család (szociológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="परिवार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="परिवार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Семејство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семејство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviana" title="Fianakaviana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82" title="കുടുംബം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുടുംബം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC" title="कुटुंब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुटुंब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87" title="عيله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B9%E1%81%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%81%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="သ္ၚိကၟိန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သ္ၚိကၟိန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga" title="Keluarga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keluarga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familha" title="Familha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Familha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Гэр бүл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэр бүл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="မိသားစု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိသားစု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie_(verwanten)" title="Familie (verwanten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Familie (verwanten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femilie_(verwanten)" title="Femilie (verwanten) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Femilie (verwanten)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="家族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="家族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Доьзал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Доьзал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie" title="Familie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Familie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie" title="Familie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Familie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AEle" title="Famîle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Famîle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familha_(parent%C3%A8la)" title="Familha (parentèla) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Familha (parentèla)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%88" title="Еш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Еш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ପରିବାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରିବାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatii" title="Maatii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maatii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oila" title="Oila – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oila" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪਰਿਵਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਿਵਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လမ်းသားခြွဉ်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လမ်းသားခြွဉ်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_(%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87)" title="کورنۍ (ټولنپوهنه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کورنۍ (ټولنپوهنه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faambli" title="Faambli – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Faambli" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famija" title="Famija – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Famija" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinacemkeljan" title="kinacemkeljan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="kinacemkeljan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famili" title="Famili – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Famili" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie" title="Familie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Familie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodzina" title="Rodzina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rodzina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Família – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Família" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoranta" title="Qoranta – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qoranta" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famelisch" title="Famelisch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Famelisch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familie" title="Familie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Familie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фамилія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фамилія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Семья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ыал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/labu%27_nu_luma%27" title="labu' nu luma' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="labu' nu luma'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱨᱚᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱨᱚᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AClia" title="Famìlia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Famìlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faimily" title="Faimily – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Faimily" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familja" title="Familja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Familja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famigghia" title="Famigghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Famigghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD" title="පවුල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පවුල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family" title="Family – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Family" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%86%D8%A8" title="ڪٽنب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪٽنب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umndeni" title="Umndeni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Umndeni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodina" title="Rodina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rodina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEina" title="Družina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Družina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoys" title="Qoys – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoys" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8E%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خێزان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خێزان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Породица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Породица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porodica" title="Porodica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Porodica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga" title="Kulawarga – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kulawarga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhe" title="Perhe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perhe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familj" title="Familj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Familj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamilya" title="Pamilya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamilya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குடும்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடும்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawacult" title="Tawacult – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tawacult" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Гаилә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гаилә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82" title="కుటుంబం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కుటుంబం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ครอบครัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ครอบครัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хонавода – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хонавода" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aile" title="Aile – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aile" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusua" title="Abusua – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abusua" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyangbwak" title="Kyangbwak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kyangbwak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F" title="Сім'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сім'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاندان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خاندان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%DB%95" title="ئائىلە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئائىلە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fameja" title="Fameja – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fameja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanz" title="Kanz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kanz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_%C4%91%C3%ACnh" title="Gia đình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gia đình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereq" title="Pereq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pereq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famile" title="Famile – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Famile" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamilya" title="Pamilya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pamilya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD" title="家庭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="家庭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndyangu" title="Ndyangu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ndyangu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאמיליע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאמיליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6" title="家 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keye" title="Keye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0eim%C4%ABna" title="Šeimīna – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šeimīna" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD" title="家庭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="家庭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga" title="Keluarga – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Keluarga" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarga" title="Kuarga – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kuarga" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganakan" title="Paganakan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Paganakan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%9Bnnu" title="Hɛnnu – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Hɛnnu" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebilik" title="Sebilik – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sebilik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalla" title="Yalla – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Yalla" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyjzon" title="Xyjzon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xyjzon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8436#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Family" rel="discussion" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Family" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Family" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&oldid=1269246882" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Family&id=1269246882&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFamily">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFamily">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Family&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Family" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Family" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8436" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of related people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the group of related people. For the taxonomic rank, see <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family (biology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Family_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Family (disambiguation)">Family (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Family life" and "Family member" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Family_Life_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Family Life (disambiguation)">Family Life (disambiguation)</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132462144">.mw-parser-output .template-anthropology-of-kinship .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .template-anthropology-of-kinship .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#ccccff;padding-top:0.2em;display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .template-anthropology-of-kinship .sidebar-list-title{background:lavender;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .template-anthropology-of-kinship .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/100px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/150px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/200px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="302" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian (debated)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Heinrich Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template talk:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg/220px-Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg/330px-Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg/440px-Sauk_Indian_family_by_Frank_Rinehart_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="4482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> family photographed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rinehart" title="Frank Rinehart">Frank Rinehart</a> in 1899</figcaption></figure> Family (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: familia) is a <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">group</a> of people related either by <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a> (by recognized birth) or <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">affinity</a> (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_Brown_2014_pp._2194–2201-1">[1]</a> Ideally, families offer <a href="/wiki/Predictability" title="Predictability">predictability</a>, structure, and safety as members mature and learn to participate in the community.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Historically, most human societies use family as the primary purpose of <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a>, nurturance, and <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manzi_Brambilla_2014_pp._2167–2168-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Jong_Reis_2016_pp._25–32-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologists</a> classify most family organizations as <a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">matrifocal</a> (a mother and her children), <a href="/wiki/Patrifocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrifocal">patrifocal</a> (a father and his children), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjugal" class="extiw" title="wikt:conjugal">conjugal</a> (a married couple with children, also called the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>), <a href="/wiki/Avuncular" class="mw-redirect" title="Avuncular">avuncular</a> (a man, his sister, and her children), or <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended</a> (in addition to <a href="/wiki/Parents" class="mw-redirect" title="Parents">parents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">spouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a>, may include <a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">grandparents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">aunts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">uncles</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">cousins</a>). The field of <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> aims to trace family lineages through history. The family is also an important economic unit studied in <a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family economics">family economics</a>. The word "families" can be used metaphorically to create more inclusive categories such as <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nationhood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_village_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global village (term)">global village</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social">Social</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galla_Placidia_(rechts)_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Galla_Placidia_%28rechts%29_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg/220px-Galla_Placidia_%28rechts%29_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Galla_Placidia_%28rechts%29_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg/330px-Galla_Placidia_%28rechts%29_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Galla_Placidia_%28rechts%29_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg/440px-Galla_Placidia_%28rechts%29_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a <a href="/wiki/Gold_glass" title="Gold glass">gold glass</a> medallion with a portrait of a family, from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>), 3rd–4th century (<a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Santa_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo di Santa Giulia">Museo di Santa Giulia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></figcaption></figure>One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> of persons biologically and socially. This can occur through the sharing of material substances (such as food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture (<a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">nurture kinship</a>); <a href="/wiki/Jural_rights" title="Jural rights">jural rights</a> and obligations; also moral and sentimental ties.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_p._182-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. There are different perspectives of the term 'family', from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a>, the family is a "family of orientation": the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a> and socialization.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a "family of <a href="/wiki/Procreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Procreation">procreation</a>", the goal of which is to produce, enculturate and socialize children.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual division of labor">sexual division of labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> C. C. Harris notes that the western conception of a family is ambiguous and confused with the <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a>, as revealed in the different contexts in which the word is used.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Harris" title="Olivia Harris">Olivia Harris</a> states this confusion is not accidental, but indicative of the familial ideology of <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> countries that pass social legislation that insists members of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> should live together, and that those not so related should not live together. Despite the ideological and legal pressures, a large[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] percentage of families do not conform to the ideal <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> type.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fertility_factor_(demography)" title="Fertility factor (demography)">Fertility factor (demography)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mennonite_siblings_Montana_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mennonite_siblings_Montana_1937.jpg/220px-Mennonite_siblings_Montana_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mennonite_siblings_Montana_1937.jpg/330px-Mennonite_siblings_Montana_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mennonite_siblings_Montana_1937.jpg/440px-Mennonite_siblings_Montana_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> siblings, Montana, United States, 1937</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> of women varies from country to country, from a high rate of 6.76 children born per woman in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to a low rate of 0.81 in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (as of 2015).<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-17">[17]</a> Fertility is <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">below replacement</a> in all <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European">Eastern European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern European">Southern European</a> countries, and particularly high in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-17">[17]</a> In some cultures, the mother's preference of family size influences that of the children's through early adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-AxinnClarkberg1994-18">[18]</a> A parent's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that their children will eventually have.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy2013-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-A0808-0008-001,_Berlin,_Passanten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-A0808-0008-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Passanten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-A0808-0008-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Passanten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-A0808-0008-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Passanten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-A0808-0008-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Passanten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-A0808-0008-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Passanten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-A0808-0008-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Passanten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>A German mother with her children in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> Although early western <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural anthropologist">cultural anthropologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologists</a> considered family and <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> to be universally associated with relations by "blood" (based on ideas common in their own cultures) later research<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_p._182-8">[8]</a> has shown that many societies instead understand family through ideas of living together, the sharing of food (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">milk kinship</a>) and sharing care and <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">nurture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">Sociologists</a> have a special interest in the function and status of family forms in stratified (especially <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a>) societies.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> According to the work of scholars <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Macfarlane" title="Alan Macfarlane">Alan Macfarlane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Peter Laslett</a>, the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in Western democracies was "fueled by the religio-cultural value system provided by elements of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">canon law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Much sociological, <a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">anthropological</a> research dedicates itself to the understanding of this variation, and of changes in the family that form over time. Levitan claims: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Times have changed; it is more acceptable and encouraged for mothers to work and fathers to spend more time at home with the children. The way roles are balanced between the parents will help children grow and learn valuable life lessons. There is [the] great importance of communication and equality in families, in order to avoid role strain.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multigenerational_family">Multigenerational family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multigenerational family">edit</a>]</div> Historically, the most common family type was one in which grandparents, parents, and children lived together as a single unit. For example, the household might include the owners of a farm, one (or more) of their adult children, the adult child's spouse, and the adult child's own children (the owners' grandchildren). Members of the extended family are not included in this family group. Sometimes, "skipped" generation families, such as a grandparents living with their grandchildren, are included.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg/220px-Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg/330px-Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg/440px-Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Settled Sami (Lapplander) family of farmers in <a href="/wiki/Stensele" title="Stensele">Stensele</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Västerbotten">Västerbotten</a>, Sweden, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> In the US, this arrangement declined after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, reaching a low point in 1980, when about one out of every eight people in the US lived in a multigenerational family.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> The numbers have risen since then, with one in five people in the US living in a multigenerational family as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The increasing popularity is partly driven by <a href="/wiki/Demographic_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic change">demographic changes</a> and the economic shifts associated with the <a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Generation" title="Boomerang Generation">Boomerang Generation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> Multigenerational households are less common in Canada, where about 6% of people living in Canada were living in multigenerational families as of 2016, but the proportion of multigenerational households was increasing rapidly, driven by increasing numbers of Aboriginal families, immigrant families, and high housing costs in some regions.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjugal_(nuclear)_family">Conjugal (nuclear) family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conjugal (nuclear) family">edit</a>]</div> The term "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>" is commonly used to refer to conjugal families. A "<a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">conjugal</a>" family includes only the spouses and unmarried children who are not of age.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Some sociologists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] distinguish between conjugal families (relatively independent of the kindred of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear families (which maintain relatively close ties with their kindred).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wm._Riley_Blankinship,_miner,_with_his_children._Koppers_Coal_Division,_Kopperston_Mine,_Kopperston,_Wyoming_County..._-_NARA_-_540984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wm._Riley_Blankinship%2C_miner%2C_with_his_children._Koppers_Coal_Division%2C_Kopperston_Mine%2C_Kopperston%2C_Wyoming_County..._-_NARA_-_540984.jpg/220px-Wm._Riley_Blankinship%2C_miner%2C_with_his_children._Koppers_Coal_Division%2C_Kopperston_Mine%2C_Kopperston%2C_Wyoming_County..._-_NARA_-_540984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wm._Riley_Blankinship%2C_miner%2C_with_his_children._Koppers_Coal_Division%2C_Kopperston_Mine%2C_Kopperston%2C_Wyoming_County..._-_NARA_-_540984.jpg/330px-Wm._Riley_Blankinship%2C_miner%2C_with_his_children._Koppers_Coal_Division%2C_Kopperston_Mine%2C_Kopperston%2C_Wyoming_County..._-_NARA_-_540984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wm._Riley_Blankinship%2C_miner%2C_with_his_children._Koppers_Coal_Division%2C_Kopperston_Mine%2C_Kopperston%2C_Wyoming_County..._-_NARA_-_540984.jpg/440px-Wm._Riley_Blankinship%2C_miner%2C_with_his_children._Koppers_Coal_Division%2C_Kopperston_Mine%2C_Kopperston%2C_Wyoming_County..._-_NARA_-_540984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption>A father with his children in the United States in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> Other family structures – with (for example) <a href="/wiki/Blended_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Blended families">blended parents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">single parents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partnerships</a> – have begun to challenge the normality of the nuclear family.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-parent_family">Single-parent family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Single-parent family">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Single-parent_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-parent family">single-parent family</a> consists of one parent together with their children, where the parent is either widowed, divorced (and not remarried), or never married.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The parent may have <a href="/wiki/Sole_custody" title="Sole custody">sole custody</a> of the children, or separated parents may have a <a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">shared-parenting</a> arrangement where the children divide their time (possibly equally) between two different single-parent families or between one single-parent family and one <a href="/wiki/Blended_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Blended family">blended family</a>. As compared to sole custody, physical, mental and social well-being of children may be improved by shared-parenting arrangements and by children having greater access to both parents.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The number of single-parent families have been increasing due to the divorce rate climbing drastically during the years 1965–1995, and about half of all children in the United States will live in a single-parent family at some point before they reach the age of 18. Most single-parent families are headed by a mother, but the number of single-parent families headed by fathers is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrifocal_family">Matrifocal family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Matrifocal family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></div> A "matrifocal" family consists of a <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a> and her children.<a href="#cite_note-Randolph_1964_628–631-37">[37]</a> Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children occurs in nearly every society. This kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more <a href="/wiki/Mobility_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mobility (disambiguation)">mobile</a> than women. As a definition, "a family or domestic group is matrifocal when it is centred on a woman and her children. In this case, the father(s) of these children are intermittently present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place. The children's mother is not necessarily the wife of one of the children's fathers."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The name, matrifocal, was coined in Guiana but it is defined differently in other countries. For Nayar families, the family have the male as the "center" or the head of the family, either the step-father/father/brother, rather than the mother.<a href="#cite_note-Randolph_1964_628–631-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_family">Extended family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extended family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_eating_meal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Family_eating_meal.jpg/220px-Family_eating_meal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Family_eating_meal.jpg/330px-Family_eating_meal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Family_eating_meal.jpg/440px-Family_eating_meal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> family eating a meal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg/220px-Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg/330px-Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg/440px-Basankusu_-_typical_fired_brick_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A family from Basankusu, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloured-family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/220px-Coloured-family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/330px-Coloured-family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coloured-family.jpg/440px-Coloured-family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Extended family with roots in Cape Town, Kimberley and Pretoria, South Africa</figcaption></figure> The term "<a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a>" is also common, especially in the United States. This term has two distinct meanings: <ol><li>It serves as a synonym of "consanguineal family" (consanguine means "of the same blood").</li> <li>In societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers to "<a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kindred</a>" (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family.</li></ol> These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended families</a> were the basic family unit in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic countries">countries</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Pritchard_2006-40">[40]</a> and in Asian, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Eastern Orthodox</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-Pritchard_2006-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_of_choice">Family of choice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family of choice">edit</a>]</div> The term <a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">family of choice</a>, also sometimes referred to as "chosen family" or "found family", is common within the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a>, veterans, individuals who have suffered abuse, and those who have no contact with their biological parents. It refers to the group of people in an individual's life that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system. The term differentiates between the "family of origin" (the biological family or that in which people are raised) and those that actively assume that ideal role.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The family of choice may or may not include some or all of the members of the family of origin. This family is not one that follows the "normal" familial structure like having a father, a mother, and children. This is family as a group of people that rely on each other like a family of origin would.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This terminology stems from the fact that many <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> individuals, upon <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">coming out</a>, face rejection or shame from the families they were raised in.<a href="#cite_note-Stitt-43">[43]</a> The term family of choice is also used by individuals in the 12 step communities, who create close-knit "family" ties through the recovery process. As a family system, families of choice face unique issues. Without legal safeguards, families of choice may struggle when medical, educational or governmental institutions fail to recognize their legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-Stitt-43">[43]</a> If members of the chosen family have been disowned by their family of origin, they may experience surrogate grief, displacing anger, loss, or anxious attachment onto their new family.<a href="#cite_note-Stitt-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blended_family">Blended family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blended family">edit</a>]</div> The term blended family or <a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">stepfamily</a> describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Also in sociology, particularly in the works of social psychologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lamb_(psychologist)" title="Michael Lamb (psychologist)">Michael Lamb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> traditional family refers to "a middle-class family with a bread-winning father and a stay-at-home mother, married to each other and raising their biological children," and nontraditional to exceptions to this rule. Most of the US households are now non-traditional under this definition.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Critics of the term "traditional family" point out that in most cultures and at most times, the <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a> model has been most common, not the nuclear family,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> though it has had a longer tradition in England<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> than in other parts of Europe and Asia which contributed large numbers of immigrants to the Americas. The nuclear family became the most common form in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In terms of communication patterns in families, there are a certain set of beliefs within the family that reflect how its members should communicate and interact. These family communication patterns arise from two underlying sets of beliefs. One being conversation orientation (the degree to which the importance of communication is valued) and two, conformity orientation (the degree to which families should emphasize similarities or differences regarding attitudes, beliefs, and values).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Blended families is complex, ranging from stepfamilies to cohabitating families (an individual living with guardians who are not married with step or half siblings). While it is not too different from stepfamilies, cohabiting families pose a prevalent psychological effect on youths.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Some adolescents would be prone to "acts of delinquency," and experiencing problems in school ranging from a decrease in academic performance to increased problematic behavior. It coincides with other researches on the trajectories of stepfamilies where some experienced familyhood, but others lacking connection. Emotional detachment from members within stepfamilies contributes to this uncertainty, furthering the tension that these families may establish.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The transition from an old family to a new family that falls under blended families would also become problematic as the activities that were once performed in the old family may not transfer well within the new family for adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monogamous_family">Monogamous family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monogamous family">edit</a>]</div> A monogamous family is based on a legal or social <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a>. In this case, an individual has only one (official) partner during their lifetime or at any one time (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Monogamy#Serial_monogamy" title="Monogamy">serial monogamy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-BRIT-54">[54]</a> This means that a person may not have several different legal spouses at the same time, as this is usually prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a> laws, (the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>) in jurisdictions that require monogamous marriages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygamous_family">Polygamous family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polygamous family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children,_Cairns,_1904_(9623512597).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/220px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/330px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/440px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Chinese immigrant with his three wives and fourteen children, <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, Australia, 1904</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> is a marriage that includes more than two partners.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20083-57">[57]</a> When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>; and when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">group or conjoint marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20083-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a> is a form of plural marriage, in which a man is allowed more than one wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20089-59">[59]</a> In modern countries that permit polygamy, polygyny is typically the only form permitted. Polygyny is practiced primarily (but not only) in parts of the Middle East and Africa; and is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, however, there are certain conditions in Islam that must be met to perform polygyny.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a> is a form of marriage whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Starkweather/Hames_2012-61">[61]</a> Fraternal polyandry, where two or more brothers are married to the same wife, is a common form of polyandry. Polyandry was traditionally practiced in areas of the Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, in parts of China and in parts of northern India. Polyandry is most common in societies marked by high male mortality or where males will often be apart from the rest of the family for a considerable period of time.<a href="#cite_note-Starkweather/Hames_2012-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinship_terminology">Kinship terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kinship terminology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees_of_kinship">Degrees of kinship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Degrees of kinship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">Coefficient of relationship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albumen_photograph_of_an_Indian_family_with_children_in_the_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Albumen_photograph_of_an_Indian_family_with_children_in_the_1870s.jpg/220px-Albumen_photograph_of_an_Indian_family_with_children_in_the_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Albumen_photograph_of_an_Indian_family_with_children_in_the_1870s.jpg/330px-Albumen_photograph_of_an_Indian_family_with_children_in_the_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Albumen_photograph_of_an_Indian_family_with_children_in_the_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Family in India, 1870s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_in_a_wagon,_Lee_County,_Mississippi,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Family_in_a_wagon%2C_Lee_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Family_in_a_wagon%2C_Lee_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Family_in_a_wagon%2C_Lee_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_1935.jpg/330px-Family_in_a_wagon%2C_Lee_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Family_in_a_wagon%2C_Lee_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_1935.jpg/440px-Family_in_a_wagon%2C_Lee_County%2C_Mississippi%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7498" data-file-height="5600" /></a><figcaption>Family in a wagon, Lee County, Mississippi, United States, August 1935</figcaption></figure> A first-degree relative is one who shares 50% of your DNA through direct inheritance, such as a full sibling, parent or progeny. There is another measure for the degree of relationship, which is determined by counting up generations to the first common ancestor and back down to the target individual, which is used for various genealogical and legal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kinship </th> <th>Degree of relationship by coefficient </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">Coefficient of relationship</a> </th> <th>Degree of relationship by counting generations to common ancestor </th></tr> <tr> <td>identical twins</td> <td>0</td> <td>100%<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td> <td>second-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>sister / brother</td> <td>first-degree</td> <td>50% (2×2−2)</td> <td>second-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother / father / daughter / son<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></td> <td>first-degree</td> <td>50% (2−1)</td> <td>first-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>half-sister / half-brother</td> <td>second-degree</td> <td>25% (2−2)</td> <td>second-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>grandmother / grandfather / granddaughter / grandson</td> <td>second-degree</td> <td>25% (2−2)</td> <td>second-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>aunt / uncle / niece / nephew</td> <td>second-degree</td> <td>25% (2×2−3)</td> <td>third-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>half-aunt / half-uncle / half-niece / half-nephew</td> <td>third-degree</td> <td>12.5% (2−3)</td> <td>third-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>first-cousin</td> <td>third-degree</td> <td>12.5% (2×2−4)</td> <td>fourth-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>half-first-cousin</td> <td>fourth-degree</td> <td>6.25% (2−4)</td> <td>fourth-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>great-grandmother / great-grandfather / great-granddaughter / great-grandson</td> <td>third-degree</td> <td>12.5% (2−3)</td> <td>third-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>first-cousin-once-removed</td> <td>fourth-degree</td> <td>6.25% (2⋅2−5)</td> <td>fifth-degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>second-cousin</td> <td>fifth-degree</td> <td>3.125% (2−6+2−6)</td> <td>sixth-degree </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminologies">Terminologies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terminologies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_(english).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Family_%28english%29.jpg/600px-Family_%28english%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Family_%28english%29.jpg/900px-Family_%28english%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Family_%28english%29.jpg/1200px-Family_%28english%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Family tree with some family members</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_(english).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Family_%28english%29.png/600px-Family_%28english%29.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Family_%28english%29.png/900px-Family_%28english%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Family_%28english%29.png/1200px-Family_%28english%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Family tree with other family members</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinship_(english).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kinship_%28english%29.jpg/600px-Kinship_%28english%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="526" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kinship_%28english%29.jpg/900px-Kinship_%28english%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kinship_%28english%29.jpg/1200px-Kinship_%28english%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Table of degrees of kinship</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middagsm%C3%A5ltid_i_folkstugan._Oxie_h%C3%A4rad,_V%C3%A4stra_Klagstorps_socken,_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0033405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Middagsm%C3%A5ltid_i_folkstugan._Oxie_h%C3%A4rad%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Klagstorps_socken%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0033405.jpg/220px-Middagsm%C3%A5ltid_i_folkstugan._Oxie_h%C3%A4rad%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Klagstorps_socken%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0033405.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Middagsm%C3%A5ltid_i_folkstugan._Oxie_h%C3%A4rad%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Klagstorps_socken%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0033405.jpg/330px-Middagsm%C3%A5ltid_i_folkstugan._Oxie_h%C3%A4rad%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Klagstorps_socken%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0033405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Middagsm%C3%A5ltid_i_folkstugan._Oxie_h%C3%A4rad%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Klagstorps_socken%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0033405.jpg/440px-Middagsm%C3%A5ltid_i_folkstugan._Oxie_h%C3%A4rad%2C_V%C3%A4stra_Klagstorps_socken%2C_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0033405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Swedish family eating, 1902</figcaption></figure> In his book <a href="/wiki/Systems_of_Consanguinity_and_Affinity_of_the_Human_Family" title="Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family">Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family</a>, anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgan</a> (1818–1881) performed the first survey of kinship terminologies in use around the world. Although much of his work is now considered dated, he argued that <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions. For example, most kinship terminologies distinguish between sexes (the difference between a brother and a sister) and between generations (the difference between a child and a parent). Moreover, he argued, kinship terminologies distinguish between relatives by blood and <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> (although recently some anthropologists have argued that many societies define kinship in terms other than "blood"). Morgan made a distinction between kinship systems that use classificatory terminology and those that use descriptive terminology. Classificatory systems are generally and erroneously understood to be those that "class together" with a single term relatives who actually do not have the same type of relationship to ego. (What defines "same type of relationship" under such definitions seems to be genealogical relationship. This is problematic given that any genealogical description, no matter how standardized, employs words originating in a folk understanding of kinship.) What Morgan's terminology actually differentiates are those (classificatory) kinship systems that do not distinguish lineal and collateral relationships and those (descriptive) kinship systems that do. Morgan, a lawyer, came to make this distinction in an effort to understand <a href="/wiki/Seneca_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca tribe">Seneca</a> inheritance practices. A Seneca man's effects were inherited by his sisters' children rather than by his own children.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Morgan identified six basic patterns of kinship terminologies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a>: only distinguishes relatives based upon sex and generation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a>: no two relatives share the same term.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo</a>: in addition to distinguishing relatives based upon sex and generation, also distinguishes between lineal relatives and collateral relatives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a>: in addition to sex and generation, also distinguishes between siblings of opposite sexes in the parental generation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a>: a matrilineal system with some features of an Iroquois system, but with a "skewing" feature in which generation is "frozen" for some relatives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a>: like a Crow system but patrilineal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grandson" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grandson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grandson (disambiguation)">Grandson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paus_family_portrait_NFB-18645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paus_family_portrait_NFB-18645.jpg/220px-Paus_family_portrait_NFB-18645.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paus_family_portrait_NFB-18645.jpg/330px-Paus_family_portrait_NFB-18645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paus_family_portrait_NFB-18645.jpg/440px-Paus_family_portrait_NFB-18645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption>Group photograph of a Norwegian family by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Borgen" title="Gustav Borgen">Gustav Borgen</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900: Father, mother, three sons and two daughters.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson_og_barnebarnet_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Albert_Bj%C3%B8rnson-Langen,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson_og_barnebarnet_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Albert_Bj%C3%B8rnson-Langen%2C_1900.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson_og_barnebarnet_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Albert_Bj%C3%B8rnson-Langen%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson_og_barnebarnet_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Albert_Bj%C3%B8rnson-Langen%2C_1900.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson_og_barnebarnet_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Albert_Bj%C3%B8rnson-Langen%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson_og_barnebarnet_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Albert_Bj%C3%B8rnson-Langen%2C_1900.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson_og_barnebarnet_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Albert_Bj%C3%B8rnson-Langen%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> with grandchild, 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_and_child,_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg/220px-Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg/330px-Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg/440px-Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Father and child, Dhaka, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pibling" and "Aunt and uncle" redirect here. For aunts, see <a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a>. For uncles, see <a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>.</div> Most Western societies employ <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a> terminology.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> This kinship terminology commonly occurs in societies with strong <a href="/wiki/Conjugal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal family">conjugal</a>, where families have a degree of relative mobility. Typically, societies with conjugal families also favor <a href="/wiki/Neolocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolocal">neolocal</a> residence; thus upon marriage, a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood (family of orientation) and forms a new nuclear family (family of procreation). Such systems generally assume that the mother's husband is also the biological father. The system uses highly descriptive terms for the nuclear family and progressively more <a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">classificatory</a> as the relatives become more and more collateral. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_family">Nuclear family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nuclear family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberto_Henschel_-_A_Familia_Imperial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alberto_Henschel_-_A_Familia_Imperial.jpg/220px-Alberto_Henschel_-_A_Familia_Imperial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alberto_Henschel_-_A_Familia_Imperial.jpg/330px-Alberto_Henschel_-_A_Familia_Imperial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alberto_Henschel_-_A_Familia_Imperial.jpg/440px-Alberto_Henschel_-_A_Familia_Imperial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>The main members of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a> in 1875</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juho_kusti_paasikivi_family_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Juho_kusti_paasikivi_family_1906.jpg/220px-Juho_kusti_paasikivi_family_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Juho_kusti_paasikivi_family_1906.jpg/330px-Juho_kusti_paasikivi_family_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Juho_kusti_paasikivi_family_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>The family of Finnish statesman <a href="/wiki/J._K._Paasikivi" class="mw-redirect" title="J. K. Paasikivi">J. K. Paasikivi</a> (right) in 1906</figcaption></figure> The system emphasizes the nuclear family. Members of the nuclear family use highly descriptive kinship terms, identifying directly only the husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister. All other relatives are grouped together into categories. Members of the nuclear family may be lineal or collateral. Kin, for whom these are family, refer to them in descriptive terms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family or use the nuclear family term directly. Nuclear family of orientation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a>: the male child of a parent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a>: the female child of a parent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a>: a male parent. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather">Grandfather</a>: the father of a parent.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a>: a female parent. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmother">Grandmother</a>: the mother of a parent.</li></ul></li></ul> Nuclear conjugal family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a>: a male spouse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a>: a female spouse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a>: a male child of the subject. <ul><li>Grandson: a child's son.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a>: a female child of the subject. <ul><li>Granddaughter: a child's daughter.</li></ul></li></ul> Nuclear non-lineal family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a>: husband or wife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a>: a spouse of a parent that is not a biological parent</li></ul></li> <li>Sibling: sister or brother <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-sibling" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-sibling">Half-sibling</a>: a sibling with whom the subject shares only one biological parent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step-sibling" class="mw-redirect" title="Step-sibling">Step-sibling</a>: a child of a parent that is not a biological parent</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collateral_relatives">Collateral relatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Collateral relatives">edit</a>]</div> A sibling is a collateral relative with a minimal removal. For collateral relatives with one additional removal, one generation more distant from a common ancestor on one side, more classificatory terms come into play. These terms (<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niece" class="mw-redirect" title="Niece">Niece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nephew" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephew">Nephew</a>) do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family as most are not traditionally members of the household. These terms do not traditionally differentiate between a collateral relatives and a person married to a collateral relative (both collateral and aggregate). Collateral relatives with additional removals on each side are <a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousins</a>. This is the most classificatory term and can be distinguished by degrees of collaterality and by generation (removal). When only the subject has the additional removal, the relative is the subject's parents' siblings, the terms Aunt and Uncle are used for female and male relatives respectively. When only the relative has the additional removal, the relative is the subjects siblings child, the terms Niece and Nephew are used for female and male relatives respectively. The spouse of a biological aunt or uncle is an aunt or uncle, and the nieces and nephews of a spouse are nieces and nephews. With further removal by the subject for aunts and uncles and by the relative for nieces and nephews the prefix "grand-" modifies these terms. With further removal the prefix becomes "great-grand-," adding another "great-" for each additional generation. For large numbers of generations a number can be substituted, for example, "fourth great-grandson", "four-greats grandson" or "four-times-great-grandson". When the subject and the relative have an additional removal they are cousins. A cousin with minimal removal is a first cousin, i.e. the child of the subjects uncle or aunt. Degrees of collaterality and removals are used to more precisely describe the relationship between cousins. The degree is the number of generations subsequent to the common ancestor before a parent of one of the cousins is found, while the removal is the difference between the number of generations from each cousin to the common ancestor (the difference between the generations the cousins are from).<a href="#cite_note-DictGen-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-DictWebster-68">[68]</a> Cousins of an older generation (in other words, one's parents' first cousins), although technically first cousins once removed, are often classified with "aunts" and "uncles". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggregate_relatives">Aggregate relatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aggregate relatives">edit</a>]</div> English-speakers mark relationships by marriage (except for wife/husband) with the tag "-in-law". The mother and father of one's spouse become one's mother-in-law and father-in-law; the wife of one's son becomes one's daughter-in-law and the husband of one's daughter becomes one's son-in-law. The term "<a href="/wiki/Sister-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister-in-law">sister-in-law</a>" refers to two essentially different relationships, either the wife of one's brother, or the sister of one's spouse. "<a href="/wiki/Brother-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother-in-law">Brother-in-law</a>" is the husband of one's sister, or the brother of one's spouse. The terms "half-brother" and "half-sister" indicate siblings who share only one biological parent. The term "<a href="/wiki/Aunt-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Aunt-in-law">aunt-in-law</a>" refers to the aunt of one's spouse. "<a href="/wiki/Uncle-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncle-in-law">Uncle-in-law</a>" is the uncle of one's spouse. "<a href="/wiki/Cousin-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Cousin-in-law">Cousin-in-law</a>" is the spouse of one's cousin, or the cousin of one's spouse. The term "<a href="/wiki/Niece-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Niece-in-law">niece-in-law</a>" refers to the wife of one's nephew. "<a href="/wiki/Nephew-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephew-in-law">Nephew-in-law</a>" is the husband of one's niece. The grandmother and grandfather of one's spouse become one's grandmother-in-law and grandfather-in-law; the wife of one's grandson becomes one's granddaughter-in-law and the husband of one's granddaughter becomes one's grandson-in-law. In <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>, a sibling in law who is the spouse of your sibling can be referred to as a co-sibling (specificity a co-sister<a href="#cite_note-Ca-CoS-69">[69]</a> or co-brother<a href="#cite_note-Ca-CoB-70">[70]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_kinship">Types of kinship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Types of kinship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patrilineal">Patrilineal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Patrilineal">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a>, also known as the male line or agnatic kinship, is a form of kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is traced through his or her father's <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> It generally involves the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> kin. A patriline ("father line") is a person's father, and additional <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> that are traced only through males. One's patriline is thus a record of descent from a man in which the individuals in all intervening generations are male. In <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>, a patrilineage is a <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguineal</a> male and female <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship group</a>, each of whose members is descended from the common ancestor through male forebears. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrilineal">Matrilineal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Matrilineal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png/220px-Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png/330px-Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png/440px-Queen_Victoria_the_Princess_Royal_Victoria_c1844-5.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, with her eldest daughter</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a> is a form of kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is traced through his or her mother's <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>. It may also correlate with a <a href="/wiki/Societal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal system">societal system</a> in which each person is identified with their matriline—their mother's <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>—and which can involve the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> of property and titles. A matriline is a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of descent">line of descent</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestor</a> to a descendant in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers – in other words, a "mother line". In a matrilineal descent system, an individual is considered to belong to the same <a href="/wiki/Descent_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent group">descent group</a> as her or his mother. This matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the more common patrilineal descent pattern. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilateral_descent">Bilateral descent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bilateral descent">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a> is a form of kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is traced through both the paternal and maternal sides. The relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth. It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Families who use this system trace descent through both parents simultaneously and recognize multiple ancestors, but unlike with <a href="/wiki/Cognatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognatic">cognatic</a> descent it is not used to form descent groups.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Traditionally, this is found among some groups in West Africa, India, Australia, Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, Malaysia and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. Anthropologists believe that a tribal structure based on bilateral descent helps members live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of families dispersed over a wide area.<a href="#cite_note-scientificamerican2001-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_theories">History of theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History of theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">History of the family</a></div> Early scholars of family history applied <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s biological <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a> in their theory of evolution of family systems.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-75">[75]</a> American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a> published <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Society" title="Ancient Society">Ancient Society</a> in 1877 based on his theory of the three stages of human progress from <a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Savagery</a> through <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Morgan's book was the "inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>' book" <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a> published in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Engels expanded Morgan's hypothesis that economical factors caused the transformation of primitive community into a class-divided society.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Engels' theory of <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> control, and later that of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, was used to explain the cause and effect of change in family structure and function. The popularity of this theory was largely unmatched until the 1980s, when other sociological theories, most notably <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalism</a>, gained acceptance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_nuclear_family_in_industrial_society">The nuclear family in industrial society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The nuclear family in industrial society">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Families_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Families_US.svg/300px-Families_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Families_US.svg/450px-Families_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Families_US.svg/600px-Families_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Family arrangements in the United States have become more diverse with no particular household arrangement representing half of the United States population.<a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-79">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> Contemporary society generally views the family as a haven from the world, supplying absolute fulfillment. Zinn and Eitzen discuss the image of the "family as haven ... a place of <a href="/wiki/Intimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimacy">intimacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">trust</a> where individuals may <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escape</a> the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, "[t]he family as a repository of warmth and tenderness (embodied by the mother) stands in opposition to the competitive and aggressive world of commerce (embodied by the father). The family's task was to protect against the outside world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinnEitzen19873-81">[81]</a> However, Zinn and Eitzen note, "The protective image of the family has waned in recent years as the ideals of family fulfillment have taken shape. Today, the family is more compensatory than protective. It supplies what is vitally needed but missing in other social arrangements."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinnEitzen19873-81">[81]</a> Unhappily married couples are at 3–25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> "The popular wisdom", according to Zinn and Eitzen, sees the family structures of the past as superior to those today, and families as more stable and happier at a time when they did not have to contend with problems such as illegitimate children and <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>. They respond to this, saying, "there is no golden age of the family gleaming at us in the far back historical past."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinnEitzen19878-85">[85]</a> "Desertion by spouses, illegitimate children, and other conditions that are considered characteristics of modern times existed in the past as well."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinnEitzen19878-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_postmodern_family">The postmodern family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The postmodern family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women,_selected_countries,_1980_and_2007.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png/440px-Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png/660px-Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png/880px-Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007<a href="#cite_note-non_mar1-86">[86]</a></figcaption></figure> Others argue that whether or not one views the family as "declining" depends on one's definition of "family". "Married couples have dropped below half of all American households. This drop is shocking from traditional forms of the family system. Only a fifth of households were following traditional ways of having married couples raising a family together."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In the Western World, marriages are no longer <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged</a> for economic, social or political gain, and children are no longer expected to contribute to family income. Instead, people choose mates based on <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This increased role of love indicates a societal shift toward favoring emotional fulfilment and relationships within a family, and this shift necessarily weakens the institution of the family.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Margaret Mead considers the family as a main safeguard to continuing human progress. Observing, "Human beings have learned, laboriously, to be human", she adds: "we hold our present form of humanity on trust, [and] it is possible to lose it" ... "It is not without significance that the most successful large-scale abrogations of the family have occurred not among simple savages, living close to the subsistence edge, but among great nations and strong empires, the resources of which were ample, the populations huge, and the power almost unlimited"<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Many countries (particularly Western) have, in recent years, changed their <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family laws</a> in order to accommodate diverse family models. For instance, in the United Kingdom, in Scotland, the Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 provides cohabitants with some limited rights.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2010, Ireland enacted the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Partnership_and_Certain_Rights_and_Obligations_of_Cohabitants_Act_2010" title="Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010">Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010</a>. There have also been moves at an international level, most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> which came into force in 1978. Countries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights as stipulated in the text of this convention. The convention was ratified by the UK in 1981 and by Ireland in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the United States, one in five mothers has children by different fathers; among mothers with two or more children the figure is higher, with 28% having children with at least two different men. Such families are more common among Blacks and Hispanics and among the lower socioeconomic class.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> However, in western society, the single parent family has been growing more accepted and has begun to make an impact on culture. Single parent families are more commonly single mother families than single father.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> These families sometimes face difficult issues besides the fact that they have to rear their children on their own, for example, low income making it difficult to pay for rent, child care, and other necessities for a healthy and safe home. Furthermore, there are families that consist of <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">two mothers, two fathers, non-binary, trans, and queer folks</a> raising children. This is made possible due to surrogacy, <a href="/wiki/IVF" class="mw-redirect" title="IVF">IVF</a>, <a href="/wiki/IUI" class="mw-redirect" title="IUI">IUI</a>, adoption, and other processes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_violence">Domestic violence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Domestic violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></div> Domestic violence (DV) is violence that happens within the family. The legal and social understanding of the concept of DV differs by culture. The definition of the term "domestic violence" varies, depending on the context in which it is used.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> It may be defined differently in medical, legal, political or social contexts. The definitions have varied over time, and vary in different parts of the world. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence</a> states that:<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"domestic violence" shall mean all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence that occur within the family or domestic unit or between former or current spouses or partners, whether or not the perpetrator shares or has shared the same residence with the victim.</blockquote> In 1993, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women</a> identified domestic violence as one of three contexts in which <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a> occurs, describing it as:<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>-related violence, <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_violence">Family violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Family violence">edit</a>]</div> Family violence is a broader definition, often used to include <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">elder abuse</a>, and other violent acts between family members.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Child abuse is defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> as:<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Child maltreatment, sometimes referred to as child abuse and neglect, includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, development or dignity. Within this broad definition, five subtypes can be distinguished – physical abuse; sexual abuse; neglect and negligent treatment; emotional abuse; and exploitation.</blockquote> There exists legislation to prevent and punish the occurrence of these offences. There are laws regarding familial sexual activity, which states that it is a criminal offence to have any kind of sexual relationship between one's grandparent, parent, sibling, aunt or uncle.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Elder abuse is, according to the WHO: "a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parental_abuse_of_children_(child_abuse)">Parental abuse of children (child abuse)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Parental abuse of children (child abuse)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></div> Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional maltreatment or neglect of a child or children.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) and the Department for Children and Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-105">[105]</a> Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological or emotional abuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parental_abuse_by_children">Parental abuse by children</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Parental abuse by children">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a> of parents by their children is a common but under reported and under-researched subject. A factor why this subject is under-researched is because of the overshadowing effect caused by parents abusing their children instead. Parents are quite often subject to levels of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood aggression">childhood aggression</a> in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts, typically in the form of <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a> abuse. Parents feel a sense of <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a> to have that problem, so they rarely seek help and it is usually little or no help available anyway.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elder_abuse">Elder abuse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Elder abuse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></div> Elder abuse is "a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This definition has been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK. Laws protecting the elderly from abuse are similar to, and related to, laws protecting <a href="/wiki/Dependent_adult" title="Dependent adult">dependent adults</a> from abuse. The core element to the harm of elder abuse is the "expectation of trust" of the older person toward their abuser. Thus, it includes harms by people the older person knows or with whom they have a relationship, such as a spouse, partner or family member, a friend or neighbor, or people that the older person relies on for services. Many forms of elder abuse are recognized as types of domestic violence or family violence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_and_child_marriage">Forced and child marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Forced and child marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></div> Forced and child marriages are practiced in certain regions of the world, particularly in Asia and Africa, and these types of marriages are associated with a high rate of domestic violence.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-who.int-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given consent.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The line between forced marriage and consensual marriage may become blurred, because the social norms of many cultures dictate that one should never oppose the desire of one's parents/relatives in regard to the choice of a spouse; in such cultures it is not necessary for violence, threats, intimidation etc. to occur, the person simply "consents" to the marriage even if they do not want it, out of the implied social pressure and duty. The customs of <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, that exist in parts of the world, can lead to buying and selling people into marriage.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> A child marriage is a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> where one or both spouses are under 18.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-109">[109]</a> Child marriage was common throughout history but is today condemned by international human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-who.int-110">[110]</a> Child marriages are often arranged between the families of the future bride and groom, sometimes as soon as the girl is born.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-111">[111]</a> Child marriages can also occur in the context of <a href="/wiki/Marriage_by_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage by abduction">marriage by abduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_concept_of_family_honour">The concept of family honour</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The concept of family honour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_honor" title="Family honor">Family honor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of honor">Culture of honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></div> Family honor is an abstract concept involving the perceived quality of worthiness and respectability that affects the social standing and the self-evaluation of a group of related people, both corporately and individually.<a href="#cite_note-Malina2001-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-spain-119">[119]</a> The family is viewed as the main source of <a href="/wiki/Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor">honor</a> and the community highly values the relationship between honor and the family.<a href="#cite_note-Family-120">[120]</a> The conduct of family members reflects upon family honor and the way the family perceives itself, and is perceived by others.<a href="#cite_note-spain-119">[119]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of honor">cultures of honor</a> maintaining the family honor is often perceived as more important than either <a href="/wiki/Individual_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual freedom">individual freedom</a>, or individual achievement.<a href="#cite_note-McGoldrickGiordano2005-121">[121]</a> In extreme cases, engaging in acts that are deemed to tarnish the honor of the family results in <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a>. An honor killing is the <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon the family or community, usually for reasons such as refusing to enter an <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives, having <a href="/wiki/Sex_outside_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex outside marriage">sex outside marriage</a>, becoming the victim of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate, or engaging in <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> relations.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_issues">Economic issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economic issues">edit</a>]</div> A family is often part of a <a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">sharing economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dowry,_bride_price_and_dower">Dowry, bride price and dower</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Dowry, bride price and dower">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/220px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/330px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/440px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A traditional, formal presentation of the bride price at a Thai engagement ceremony</figcaption></figure> Dowry is property (money, goods, or estate) that a wife or wife's family gives to her husband when the wife and husband marry.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Offering dowry was common in many cultures historically (including in Europe and North America), but this practice today is mostly restricted to some areas primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Bride price, (also bride wealth or bride token), is property paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman upon the marriage of their daughter to the groom. It is practiced mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South-East Asia (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>), and parts of Central Asia. Dower is property given to the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage, and which remains under her ownership and control.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_regimes_and_taxation">Property regimes and taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Property regimes and taxation">edit</a>]</div> In some countries married couples benefit from various taxation advantages not available to a single person or to unmarried couples. For example, spouses may be allowed to average their combined incomes. Some jurisdictions recognize <a href="/wiki/Common_law_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law marriage">common law marriage</a> or <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> relations for this purposes. In some jurisdictions there is also an option of <a href="/wiki/Civil_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil partnership">civil partnership</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partnership</a>. Different property regimes exist for spouses. In many countries, each marriage partner has the choice of keeping their property <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">separate</a> or combining properties. In the latter case, called <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">community property</a>, when the marriage ends by divorce each owns half. In lieu of a <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a>, property owned by the deceased generally is inherited by the surviving spouse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_and_laws">Rights and laws</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rights and laws">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_rights">Family rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Family rights">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">right to family</a> is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> of 1948 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 16.3</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Hegel</a>'s view of families as <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal persons</a><a href="#cite_note-o509-129">[129]</a> is reflected in the legal system of some countries.<a href="#cite_note-p817-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_rights">Reproductive rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Reproductive rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">Forced sterilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_pregnancy" title="Forced pregnancy">Forced pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/300px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/450px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/600px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a></figcaption></figure> Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a>. These include the right to decide on issues regarding the number of children born, family planning, contraception, and private life, free from <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>; as well as the right to access health services and adequate information.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a>, reproductive rights "include the right to decide the number, timing and spacing of children, the right to voluntarily marry and establish a family, and the right to the highest attainable standard of health, among others".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a> refers to the factors that may be considered by individuals and couples in order for them to control their fertility, anticipate and attain the desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The state and church have been, and still are in some countries, involved in controlling the size of families, often using coercive methods, such as bans on contraception or abortion (where the policy is a <a href="/wiki/Natalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalist">natalist</a> one—for example through <a href="/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">tax on childlessness</a>) or conversely, discriminatory policies against large families (e.g., China's <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> in place from 1978 to 2015) or even <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">Forced sterilization</a> has often targeted ethnic minority groups, such as Roma women in Eastern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> or indigenous women in Peru (during the 1990s).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parents'_rights">Parents' rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Parents' rights">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">parents' rights</a> movement is a movement whose members are primarily interested in issues affecting parents and children related to family law, specifically parental rights and obligations. <a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers' rights</a> movements focus on <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">maternal health</a>, workplace issues such as <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>, and rights in <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers' rights">fathers' rights</a> movement is a movement whose members are primarily interested in issues related to <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a>, that affect fathers and their <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierSheldon20061–26-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_rights">Children's rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Children's rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a></div> Children's rights are the human rights of children, with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors, including their right to association with both parents, their right to human identity, their right to be provided in regard to their other basic needs, and their right to be free from violence and abuse.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_rights">Marriage rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Marriage rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></div> Each jurisdiction has its own <a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">marriage laws</a>. These laws differ significantly from country to country; and these laws are often controversial. Areas of controversy include <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_reforms">Legal reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Legal reforms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_equality">Gender equality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Gender equality">edit</a>]</div> Legal reforms to <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family laws</a> have taken place in many countries during the past few decades. These dealt primarily with <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> within marriage and with <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce law">divorce laws</a>. Women have been given equal rights in marriage in many countries, reversing older family laws based on the dominant legal role of the husband. <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">Coverture</a>, which was enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> of England and the US for several centuries and throughout most of the 19th century, was abolished. In some European countries the changes that lead to gender equality were slower. The period of 1975–1979 saw a major overhaul of <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family laws</a> in countries such as Italy,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Spain,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Austria,<a href="#cite_note-Contemporary_Western_European_Feminism_pp._133-148">[148]</a> West Germany,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> passed the Resolution (78) 37 on equality of spouses in civil law.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Among the last European countries to establish full <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> in marriage were Switzerland. In 1985, a referendum guaranteed women legal equality with men within marriage.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The new reforms came into force in January 1988.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In Greece, in 1983, legislation was passed guaranteeing equality between spouses, abolishing <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, and ending legal discrimination against illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 1981, Spain abolished the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings<a href="#cite_note-wbl.worldbank.org-158">[158]</a> the Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> and France<a href="#cite_note-163">[note 1]</a> in the 1980s. In recent decades, the <a href="/wiki/Marital_power" title="Marital power">marital power</a> has also been abolished in African countries that had this doctrine, but many African countries that were former <a href="/wiki/French_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonies">French colonies</a> still have discriminatory laws in their marriages regulations, such regulations originating in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> that has inspired these laws.<a href="#cite_note-wbl.worldbank.org-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divorce">Divorce</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Divorce">edit</a>]</div> In some countries (predominantly Roman Catholic) divorce was legalized only recently (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (2004) and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (2011)) although <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">legal separation</a> were options. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> still does not allow divorce. (see <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a>). The laws pertaining to the situation of children born outside marriage have also been revised in many countries (see <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Legitimacy (family law)</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/300px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/450px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg/600px-Maternal_mortality_rate_worldwide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Global maternal mortality rate per 100 000 live births, (2010)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-164">[163]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_medicine">Family medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Family medicine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a></div> Family medicine is a medical specialty devoted to comprehensive health care for people of all ages; it is based on knowledge of the patient in the context of the family and the community, emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The importance of family medicine is being increasingly recognized.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/300px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/450px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/600px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>World infant mortality rates in 2012<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_mortality">Maternal mortality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Maternal mortality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">Maternal mortality</a></div> Maternal mortality or maternal death is defined by <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-168">[167]</a> Historically, maternal mortality was a major cause of women's death. In recent decades, advances in healthcare have resulted in rates of maternal mortality having dropped dramatically, especially in Western countries. Maternal mortality however remains a serious problem in many African and Asian counties.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infant_and_child_mortality">Infant and child mortality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Infant and child mortality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></div> Infant mortality is the death of a child less than one year of age. Child mortality is the death of a child before the child's fifth birthday. Like maternal mortality, infant and child mortality were common throughout history, but have decreased significantly in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parents_with_child_Statue_Hrobakova_street_Bratislava.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parents_with_child_Statue_Hrobakova_street_Bratislava.JPG/220px-Parents_with_child_Statue_Hrobakova_street_Bratislava.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parents_with_child_Statue_Hrobakova_street_Bratislava.JPG/330px-Parents_with_child_Statue_Hrobakova_street_Bratislava.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parents_with_child_Statue_Hrobakova_street_Bratislava.JPG/440px-Parents_with_child_Statue_Hrobakova_street_Bratislava.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Parents with child statue, Hrobákova street, Petržalka, <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Family_sculpture_by_Robert_Thomas,_Cardiff_Queen_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_624471.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Family_sculpture_by_Robert_Thomas%2C_Cardiff_Queen_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_624471.jpg/220px-The_Family_sculpture_by_Robert_Thomas%2C_Cardiff_Queen_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_624471.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Family_sculpture_by_Robert_Thomas%2C_Cardiff_Queen_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_624471.jpg/330px-The_Family_sculpture_by_Robert_Thomas%2C_Cardiff_Queen_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_624471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/The_Family_sculpture_by_Robert_Thomas%2C_Cardiff_Queen_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_624471.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The Family, a sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thomas_(sculptor)" title="Robert Thomas (sculptor)">Robert Thomas</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiff, Wales">Cardiff, Wales</a></figcaption></figure> While in many parts of the world family policies seek to promote a gender-equal organization of the family life, in others the male-dominated family continues to be the official policy of the authorities, which is also supported by law. For instance, the Civil Code of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> states at Article 1105: "In relations between husband and wife; the position of the head of the family is the exclusive right of the husband".<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In some parts of the world, some governments promote a specific form of family, such as that based on traditional <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>. The term "family values" is often used in political discourse in some countries, its general meaning being that of traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family's structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals, usually involving the "traditional family"—a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> family with a breadwinner father and a homemaker mother, raising their biological children. Any deviation from this family model is considered a "nontraditional family".<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> These family ideals are often advanced through policies such as <a href="/wiki/Marriage_promotion" title="Marriage promotion">marriage promotion</a>. Some jurisdictions outlaw practices which they deem as socially or religiously unacceptable, such as <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work–family_balance">Work–family balance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Work–family balance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93family_balance_in_the_United_States" title="Work–family balance in the United States">Work–family balance in the United States</a></div> Work–family balance is a concept involving proper prioritizing between work/career and family life. It includes issues relating to the way how work and families intersect and influence each other. At a political level, it is reflected through policies such <a href="/wiki/Maternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity leave">maternity leave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternity leave">paternity leave</a>. Since the 1950s, social scientists as well as feminists have increasingly criticized gendered arrangements of work and care, and the male breadwinner role, and policies are increasingly targeting men as fathers, as a tool of changing gender relations.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_of_private_and_family_life">Protection of private and family life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Protection of private and family life">edit</a>]</div> Article 8 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> provides a right to respect for one's "private and family life, his home and his <a href="/wiki/Privacy_of_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy of correspondence">correspondence</a>", subject to certain restrictions that are "in accordance with law" and "<a href="/wiki/Necessary_in_a_democratic_society" title="Necessary in a democratic society">necessary in a democratic society</a>".<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Article 8 – Right to respect for private and family life 1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedom of others.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> The Russian-American <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualist</a> philosopher, novelist and playwright <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> compared partiality towards <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a> with <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, as a small-scale manifestation of the latter.<a href="#cite_note-rand-176">[175]</a> "The worship of the family is merely racism, like a crudely primitive first installment on the worship of the tribe. It places the accident of birth above a man's values and duty to the tribe above a man's right to his own life."<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Additionally, she spoke in favor of <a href="/wiki/Childfree" class="mw-redirect" title="Childfree">childfree</a> lifestyle, while following it herself.<a href="#cite_note-rand-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_family_and_social_justice">The family and social justice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: The family and social justice">edit</a>]</div> One of the controversies regarding the family is the application of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> to the private sphere of family relations, in particular with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of women">rights of women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">children</a>. Throughout much of the history, most philosophers who advocated for social justice focused on the public political arena, not on the family structures; with the family often being seen as a separate entity which needed to be protected from outside state intrusion. One notable exception was <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, who, in his work <a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a>, advocated for greater rights for women within marriage and family.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Second wave feminists argued that <a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">the personal is political</a>, stating that there are strong connections between personal experiences and the larger social and political structures. In the context of the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s, this was a challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>, as they were understood then.<a href="#cite_note-Harutyunyan2009p50-179">[178]</a> Feminists focused on <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, arguing that the reluctance—in law or in practice—of the state to intervene and offer protection to women who have been abused within the family, is in violation of women's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and is the result of an ideology which places family relations outside the conceptual framework of human rights.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_trends_in_family_composition">Global trends in family composition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Global trends in family composition">edit</a>]</div> Statistics from an infographic by Olivier Ballou showed that,<a href="#cite_note-AEI_2015_Eberstadt-181">[180]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 2013, just over 40% of US babies were born outside marriage. The Census bureau estimated that 27% of all children lived in a fatherless home. Europe has seen a surge in child-free adults. One in five 40-something women are childless in Sweden and in Switzerland, in Italy one in four, in Berlin one in three. So-called traditional societies are seeing the same trend. About one-sixth of Japanese women in their forties have never married and about 30% of all women that age are childless.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/multimedia/global-flight-family">Infographic Olivier Ballou (AEI)</a></cite></div></blockquote> However, Swedish statisticians reported in 2013 that, in contrast to many countries, since the 2000s, fewer children have experienced their parents' separation, childlessness had decreased in Sweden and marriages had increased. It had also become more common for couples to have a third child suggesting that the nuclear family was no longer in decline in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-unece_2013-182">[181]</a>: 10  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family economics">Family economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Although married women in France obtained the right to work without their husbands' permission in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and the paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 (before that parental responsibilities belonged solely to the father who made all legal decisions concerning the children), it was only in 1985 that a legal reform abolished the stipulation that the husband had the sole power to administer the children's property.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brown_Brown_2014_pp._2194–2201-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Brown_2014_pp._2194–2201_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrownBrown2014" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Roy I.; Brown, Ivan (2014). "Family Quality of Life". Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 2194–2201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_1006">10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0752-8"><bdi>978-94-007-0752-8</bdi></a>. <q>family is recognized in cultures around the world and across history as a fundamental unit of social order.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Quality+of+Life&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Quality+of+Life+and+Well-Being+Research&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2194-%3C%2Fspan%3E2201&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_1006&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0752-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Roy+I.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_CollinsCatheleen_JordanHeather_Coleman2010" class="citation book cs1">Donald Collins; Catheleen Jordan; Heather Coleman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLQyPwAACAAJ">An Introduction to Family Social Work</a>. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-80872-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-80872-5"><bdi>978-0-495-80872-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731081508/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLQyPwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2019-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Family+Social+Work&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-80872-5&rft.au=Donald+Collins&rft.au=Catheleen+Jordan&rft.au=Heather+Coleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLQyPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Alhussain, Khalid, Shah, Drishti, Thornton, James, Kelly, Kimberly. Familial Opioid Misuse and Family Cohesion: Impact on Family Communication and Well-being. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 2019;18(4):194–204. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FADT.0000000000000165">10.1097/ADT.0000000000000165</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Lander L, Howsare J, Byrne M. The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to practice. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28:194–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Manzi_Brambilla_2014_pp._2167–2168-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Manzi_Brambilla_2014_pp._2167–2168_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManziBrambilla2014" class="citation book cs1">Manzi, Claudia; Brambilla, Maria (2014). "Family Connectedness". Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 2167–2168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_998">10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0752-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0752-8"><bdi>978-94-007-0752-8</bdi></a>. <q>Family connectedness is defined as a particular characteristic of the family bond, also referred as family or parental closeness, support, warmth, or responsiveness. This characteristic of the family can be observed when families maintain emotional connections with each other through encouragement of shared family celebrations, family rituals, and family traditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Connectedness&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Quality+of+Life+and+Well-Being+Research&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2167-%3C%2Fspan%3E2168&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_998&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0752-8&rft.aulast=Manzi&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Brambilla%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Jong_Reis_2016_pp._25–32-6"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Jong_Reis_2016_pp._25–32_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_JongReis2016" class="citation book cs1">de Jong, D.C.; Reis, H.T. (2016). "Love and Intimacy". Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Elsevier. pp. 25–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-397045-9.00107-5">10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00107-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123977533" title="Special:BookSources/9780123977533"><bdi>9780123977533</bdi></a>. <q>Central to intimacy is responsiveness, the process by which relationship partners attend to and respond supportively to each other's wishes, needs, and concerns. Responsive interactions begin when one person discloses a core aspect of his or her self.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Love+and+Intimacy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mental+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-397045-9.00107-5&rft.isbn=9780123977533&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft.au=Reis%2C+H.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Jás Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style," in Eva R. Hoffman (ed), Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World, 11–18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2071-5">978-1-4051-2071-5</a>, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider_p._182-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_p._182_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_p._182_8-1">b</a> Schneider, David 1984 A Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 3, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Russon" title="John Russon">Russon, John</a>, (2003) Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life, Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 61–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> George Peter Murdoch Social Structure p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Wolf, Eric. 1982 Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in Population, Ecology, and Social Evolution, Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers: <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Rivière, Peter 1987 "Of Women, Men, and Manioc", Etnologiska Studier (38). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> "We have seen that people can refer to their relatives as 'the family'. 'All the family turned up for the funeral... But of course, my brother didn't bring his family along— they're much too young.' Here the reference is to the offspring (as distinct from 'all' the family). The neighbors were very good, too. 'The Jones came, and their two children. It was nice, the whole family turning up like that.' Here the usage is more restricted than 'relatives' or 'his relatives,' but includes just both parents and offspring. 'Of course, the children will be leaving home soon. It's always sad to see the family break up like that.' Here the reference is not only to parents and children but to their co-residence, that is, to the household." The Family and Industrial Society", 1983, George Allen Unwin, London, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Olivia. Young, Kate; Wolkowitz, Carol; McCullagh, Roslyn (eds.). Of Marriage and the Market: Women's Subordination Internationally and its Lessons. 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Biodemography and Social Biology. 59 (2): 101–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19485565.2013.833779">10.1080/19485565.2013.833779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-5565">1948-5565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4160295">4160295</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24215254">24215254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodemography+and+Social+Biology&rft.atitle=Cross-National+Patterns+of+Intergenerational+Continuities+in+Childbearing+in+Developed+Countries&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4160295%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1948-5565&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24215254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19485565.2013.833779&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4160295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2014" class="citation web cs1">Little, William (2014-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter1-an-introduction-to-sociology/">"Chapter 1. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3322">the original</a> on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion-online.org&rft.atitle=The+Collapse+of+Marriage+by+Don+Browning+%E2%80%93+The+Christian+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowarticle.asp%3Ftitle%3D3322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitan2010" class="citation web cs1">Levitan, Sara (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/09/art4full.pdf">"Working wives and mothers: what happens to family life?"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819042724/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/09/art4full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+wives+and+mothers%3A+what+happens+to+family+life%3F&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Levitan&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fmlr%2F1981%2F09%2Fart4full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2010/03/18/the-return-of-the-multi-generational-family-household/">"The Return of the Multi-Generational Family Household"</a>. Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. 2010-03-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228135239/https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2010/03/18/the-return-of-the-multi-generational-family-household/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%E2%80%99s+Social+%26+Demographic+Trends+Project&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+the+Multi-Generational+Family+Household&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fsocial-trends%2F2010%2F03%2F18%2Fthe-return-of-the-multi-generational-family-household%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/05/a-record-64-million-americans-live-in-multigenerational-households/">"Record 64 million Americans live in multigenerational households"</a>. Pew Research Center. 2018-04-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221114431/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/05/a-record-64-million-americans-live-in-multigenerational-households/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-21. Retrieved 2021-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Record+64+million+Americans+live+in+multigenerational+households&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2018%2F04%2F05%2Fa-record-64-million-americans-live-in-multigenerational-households%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/170802/dq170802a-eng.htm?HPA=1">"The Daily — Families, households and marital status: Key results from the 2016 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 2017-08-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415000117/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/170802/dq170802a-eng.htm?HPA=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Daily+%E2%80%94+Families%2C+households+and+marital+status%3A+Key+results+from+the+2016+Census&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F170802%2Fdq170802a-eng.htm%3FHPA%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207201248/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth370/gloss.html">"Definitions of Anthropological Terms"</a>. Oregonstate.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth370/gloss.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregonstate.edu&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Anthropological+Terms&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foregonstate.edu%2Finstruct%2Fanth370%2Fgloss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_(sociologist)" title="John Scott (sociologist)">Scott, John</a>, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zr_AwAAQBAJ">A Dictionary of Sociology</a>. Oxford paperback reference (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968358-1"><bdi>978-0-19-968358-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801133622/https://books.google.com/books?id=2zr_AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2018-06-30. <q>The conjugal family refers to a family system of spouses and their dependent children. [...] The term nuclear family is used to refer to a unit consisting of spouses and their dependent children. [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Sociology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+paperback+reference&rft.pages=237&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968358-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zr_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1999" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Gary R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GjmBwAAQBAJ">"4: Comparative Perspectives"</a>. In Sussman, Marvin B.; Steinmetz, Suzanne K.; Peterson, Gary W. (eds.). Handbook of Marriage and the Family (2 ed.). New York: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2013). p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-5367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-5367-7"><bdi>978-1-4757-5367-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801124406/https://books.google.com/books?id=0GjmBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2018-06-30. <q>[...] the nuclear family (consisting of parents and dependent children) [...] the conjugal family (defined as nuclear in structure) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-5367-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GjmBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/22/less-than-half-of-u-s-kids-today-live-in-a-traditional-family/">"Fewer than half of U.S. kids today live in a 'traditional' family"</a>. Pewresearch.org. 22 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411223443/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/22/less-than-half-of-u-s-kids-today-live-in-a-traditional-family/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pewresearch.org&rft.atitle=Fewer+than+half+of+U.S.+kids+today+live+in+a+%27traditional%27+family&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2014%2F12%2F22%2Fless-than-half-of-u-s-kids-today-live-in-a-traditional-family%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writers2014" class="citation news cs1">Staff writers (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/the-kids-will-be-all-right-even-without-the-nuclear-family-d658459112ad">"The Kids will be alright, even without the Nuclear Family"</a>. Pacific Standard magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730072626/https://psmag.com/social-justice/kids-will-right-even-without-nuclear-family-74877">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Kids+will+be+alright%2C+even+without+the+Nuclear+Family&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Staff+writers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fthe-kids-will-be-all-right-even-without-the-nuclear-family-d658459112ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2016" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, L.E. (March 2016). "Nuclear Families". Encyclopedia of Family Studies. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119085621.wbefs490">10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65845-1"><bdi>978-0-470-65845-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Families&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Family+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119085621.wbefs490&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65845-1&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=L.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd1997" class="citation book cs1">Dowd, Nancy E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Zc-AAAAQBAJ&dq=single+parent+families&pg=PR3">In Defence of Single Parent Families</a>. New York and London: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1869-8"><bdi>0-8147-1869-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Single+Parent+Families&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8147-1869-8&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Nancy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Zc-AAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsingle%2Bparent%2Bfamilies%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Sanford L. Braver and Michael E. Lamb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanford_Braver/publication/324422710_Shared_Parenting_After_Parental_Separation_The_Views_of_12_Experts/links/5ad8c563aca272fdaf81f6fb/Shared-Parenting-After-Parental-Separation-The-Views-of-12-Experts.pdf">Shared Parenting After Parental Separation: The Views of 12 Experts</a>, Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, April 2018: "The empirical evidence currently available supports the view that children of divorce, on average, benefit substantially from SP [shared parenting] arrangements in which they live with each parent at least 35% of the time. Findings from well over 50 individual studies indicate that children whose parents have SP fare better than those with sole physical custody [...]." </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudePearsonDrapeau2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baude, Amandine; Pearson, Jessica; Drapeau, Sylvie (27 June 2016). "Child Adjustment in Joint Physical Custody Versus Sole Custody: A Meta-Analytic Review". Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 57 (5): 338–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10502556.2016.1185203">10.1080/10502556.2016.1185203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147782279">147782279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Divorce+%26+Remarriage&rft.atitle=Child+Adjustment+in+Joint+Physical+Custody+Versus+Sole+Custody%3A+A+Meta-Analytic+Review&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E338-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10502556.2016.1185203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147782279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baude&rft.aufirst=Amandine&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Drapeau%2C+Sylvie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> American Psychological Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/single-parent.aspx">Single parenting and today's family</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130221000/https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/single-parent.aspx">Archived</a> 2019-01-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Kathryn M. Feltey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/single-parent-families">Single-Parent Families</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040033/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/single-parent-families">Archived</a> 2019-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family </li> <li id="cite_note-Randolph_1964_628–631-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randolph_1964_628–631_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randolph_1964_628–631_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandolph1964" class="citation journal cs1">Randolph, Richard R. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1964.66.3.02a00130">"The "Matrifocal Family" as a Comparative Category"</a>. American Anthropologist. 66 (3): 628–631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1964.66.3.02a00130">10.1525/aa.1964.66.3.02a00130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/668860">668860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+%22Matrifocal+Family%22+as+a+Comparative+Category&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E628-%3C%2Fspan%3E631&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F668860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1964.66.3.02a00130&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1964.66.3.02a00130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Godelier, Maurice, trans. Nora Scott, The Metamorphoses of Kinship (London: Verso, 2011 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-746-7">978-1-84467-746-7</a>)), p. 568 (Glossary, entry matrifocal) (trans. from Métamorphoses de la parenté (Librarie Arthème Fayard (apparently), 2004)) (author prof. anthropology, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2014" class="citation book cs1">Little, William (2014-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter4-society-and-social-interaction/">Chapter 4. Society and Social Interaction</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521004316/https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter4-society-and-social-interaction/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+4.+Society+and+Social+Interaction&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fintroductiontosociology%2Fchapter%2Fchapter4-society-and-social-interaction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritchard_2006-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_2006_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_2006_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2006" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, Colin Pritchard (2006). Mental Health Social Work: Evidence-Based Practice. Routledge. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134365449" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134365449"><bdi>978-1134365449</bdi></a>. <q>in cultures with stronger 'extended family traditions', such as Asian and Catholic countries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mental+Health+Social+Work%3A+Evidence-Based+Practice&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1134365449&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Colin+Pritchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506160448/http://www.algbtical.org/2A%20GLOSSARY.htm">"ALGBTICAL LGBT Glossary of Terminology"</a>. ALGBTICAL Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling of Alabama. 2005–2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algbtical.org/2A%20GLOSSARY.htm">the original</a> on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ALGBTICAL+Association+for+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Transgender+Issues+in+Counseling+of+Alabama&rft.atitle=ALGBTICAL+LGBT+Glossary+of+Terminology&rft.date=2005%2F2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.algbtical.org%2F2A%2520GLOSSARY.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewaeleCoxVan_den_BergheVincke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dewaele, Alexis; Cox, Nele; Van den Berghe, Wim; Vincke, John (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00715.x">"Families of Choice? Exploring the Supportive Networks of Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals1: FAMILIES OF CHOICE"</a>. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 41 (2): 312–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.2010.00715.x">10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00715.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504034706/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00715.x">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Families+of+Choice%3F+Exploring+the+Supportive+Networks+of+Lesbians%2C+Gay+Men%2C+and+Bisexuals1%3A+FAMILIES+OF+CHOICE&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.2010.00715.x&rft.aulast=Dewaele&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.au=Cox%2C+Nele&rft.au=Van+den+Berghe%2C+Wim&rft.au=Vincke%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.2010.00715.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stitt-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stitt_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stitt_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stitt_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStitt2020" class="citation book cs1">Stitt, Alex (2020). ACT For Gender Identity: The Comprehensive Guide. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 372–376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785927997" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785927997"><bdi>978-1785927997</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089850112">1089850112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ACT+For+Gender+Identity%3A+The+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089850112&rft.isbn=978-1785927997&rft.aulast=Stitt&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familylife.com/articles/topics/blended-family">Blended and Blessed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104161546/http://www.familylife.com/articles/topics/blended-family">Archived</a> 2017-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Encouraging Step-Families, blendedandblessed.com </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125163148/http://www.sdp.cam.ac.uk/contacts/staff/profiles/mlamb.html">"Department of Social and Developmental Psychology: PPSIS Faculty, Academic Profile"</a>. Sdp.cam.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdp.cam.ac.uk/contacts/staff/profiles/mlamb.html">the original</a> on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2011-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sdp.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Department+of+Social+and+Developmental+Psychology%3A+PPSIS+Faculty%2C+Academic+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdp.cam.ac.uk%2Fcontacts%2Fstaff%2Fprofiles%2Fmlamb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf">Civil Action No. 1:09-cv-10309</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225193923/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> paragraph 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/05/13/610777733/parenting-myths-and-facts">"Parenting Myths And Facts"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413132941/https://www.npr.org/2018/05/13/610777733/parenting-myths-and-facts">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2018-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Parenting+Myths+And+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F05%2F13%2F610777733%2Fparenting-myths-and-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family#Evolution_of_household" title="History of the family">History of the family § Evolution of household</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.csp.edu/blog/family-science/the-evolution-of-american-family-structure/">"The Evolution of American Family Structure"</a>. Concordia University, St. Paul Online. 2015-06-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610091111/https://online.csp.edu/blog/family-science/the-evolution-of-american-family-structure/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2021-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concordia+University%2C+St.+Paul+Online&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+American+Family+Structure&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.csp.edu%2Fblog%2Ffamily-science%2Fthe-evolution-of-american-family-structure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCornack2010" class="citation book cs1">McCornack, Steven (2010). Reflect & Relate an introduction to interpersonal communication. 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The Family Journal. 13 (4): 445–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1066480705279014">10.1177/1066480705279014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1066-4807">1066-4807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32353012">32353012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504041610/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1066480705279014">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-04. 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Retrieved 2022-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Studies&rft.atitle=The+role+of+rituals+in+the+management+of+the+dialectical+tension+of+%22old%22+and+%22new%22+in+blended+families&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10510979809368523&rft.issn=1051-0974&rft.aulast=Braithwaite&rft.aufirst=Dawn+O.&rft.au=Baxter%2C+Leslie+A.&rft.au=Harper%2C+Anneliese+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10510979809368523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRIT-54"><a href="#cite_ref-BRIT_54-0">^</a> Cf. "Monogamy" in Britannica World Language Dictionary, R.C. Preble (ed.), Oxford-London 1962, p. 1275:1. The practice or principle of marrying only once. opp. to digamy now rare 2. The condition, rule or custom of being married to only one <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> at a time (opp. to polygamy or bigamy) 1708. 3. <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zool.</a> The habit of living in pairs, or having only one mate; The same text repeats The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, W. Little, H.W. Fowler, J. Coulson (ed.), C.T. Onions (rev. ed.) Oxford 1969, 3rd edition, vol. 1, p. 1275; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00314586">OED Online</a>. March 2010. Oxford University Press. 23 Jun. 2010 Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monogamy">Monogamy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623232650/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monogamy">Archived</a> 2015-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Merriam-Webster Dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bigamy">"bigamy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. 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Retrieved 12 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scienceofrelationships.com&rft.atitle=Opening+Up%3A+Challenging+Myths+about+Consensual+Non-Monogamy&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceofrelationships.com%2Fhome%2F2012%2F8%2F17%2Fopening-up-challenging-myths-about-consensual-non-monogamy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20083-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20083_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20083_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeitzen2008">Zeitzen (2008)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloughHall2003" class="citation journal cs1">McCullough, Derek; Hall, David S. 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Retrieved March 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Polyamory+%E2%80%93+What+it+is+and+what+it+isn%27t&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2003-02-27&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Hall%2C+David+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejhs.org%2Fvolume6%2Fpolyamory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20089-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitzen20089_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeitzen2008">Zeitzen (2008)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/learn/lesson/polygamy-polygyny-polyandry-group-marriage.html">"Polygamy | Polygyny, Polyandry & Group Marriage – Video & Lesson Transcript"</a>. study.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730072635/https://study.com/learn/lesson/polygamy-polygyny-polyandry-group-marriage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-30. 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Retrieved 2018-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+non-classical+polyandry&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2008559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22688804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x&rft.aulast=Starkweather&rft.aufirst=Katherine+E.&rft.au=Hames%2C+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1049%26context%3Danthropologyfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hy.w3we.com/wiki/Grandchild">"Family"</a>. hy.w3we.com (in Armenian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718091920/https://hy.w3we.com/wiki/Grandchild">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-18. Retrieved 2022-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hy.w3we.com&rft.atitle=Family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhy.w3we.com%2Fwiki%2FGrandchild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>". Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis, there are no "generations" between them, hence n=0 and r=1. 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Retrieved 2007-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kin+Selection&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaumoda.com%2Fweb%2FPD%2Flibrary%2Fkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Tooker, Elisabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2741877">"Another View of Morgan on Kinship."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922140118/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2741877">Archived</a> 2018-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Current Anthropology 20, no. 1 (March 1979): 131–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/kinterms/termsys.html">"Systematic Kinship Terminologies"</a>. www.umanitoba.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224152852/http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/kinterms/termsys.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-24. Retrieved 2022-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.umanitoba.ca&rft.atitle=Systematic+Kinship+Terminologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umanitoba.ca%2Ffaculties%2Farts%2Fanthropology%2Ftutor%2Fkinterms%2Ftermsys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DictGen-67"><a href="#cite_ref-DictGen_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">A Dictionary of Genetics. 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Retrieved 2020-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Cousin&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcousin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ca-CoS-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Ca-CoS_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/co-sister">"Co-Sister"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113011221/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/co-sister">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Co-Sister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fco-sister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ca-CoB-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Ca-CoB_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/co-brother">"Co-Brother"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083600/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/co-brother">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Co-Brother&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fco-brother&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Benokraitis, N.V. Marriages and Families. 7th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepardGreene2003" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Jon; Greene, Robert W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308100024/http://www.glencoe.com/catalog/index.php/program?c=1675&s=21309&p=4213&parent=4526">Sociology and You</a>. Ohio: Glencoe McGraw-Hill. p. A-22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-828576-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-828576-9"><bdi>978-0-07-828576-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glencoe.com/catalog/index.php/program?c=1675&s=21309&p=4213&parent=4526">the original</a> on 2010-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+and+You&rft.place=Ohio&rft.pages=A-22&rft.pub=Glencoe+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-828576-9&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Greene%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glencoe.com%2Fcatalog%2Findex.php%2Fprogram%3Fc%3D1675%26s%3D21309%26p%3D4213%26parent%3D4526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Stone" title="Linda Stone">Stone, Linda</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinshipgenderint0000ston_k8m0/page/168">Kinship and Gender: An Introduction</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinshipgenderint0000ston_k8m0/page/168">168–169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4302-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-4302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+and+Gender%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4302-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkinshipgenderint0000ston_k8m0%2Fpage%2F168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scientificamerican2001-74"><a href="#cite_ref-scientificamerican2001_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzzell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ezzell, Carol (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142329/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=0005596A-DE68-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21">"The Himba and the Dam"</a>. Scientific American. 284 (6): 80–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SciAm.284f..80E">2001SciAm.284f..80E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0601-80">10.1038/scientificamerican0601-80</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396346">11396346</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=0005596A-DE68-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21">the original</a> on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2015-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Himba+and+the+Dam&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11396346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0601-80&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SciAm.284f..80E&rft.aulast=Ezzell&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FchanID%3Dsa006%26articleID%3D0005596A-DE68-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551887/sociology/222961/Founding-the-discipline#ref=ref748622">"Sociology/Founding the discipline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223213531/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551887/sociology/222961/Founding-the-discipline#ref=ref748622">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2009-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sociology%2FFounding+the+discipline&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F551887%2Fsociology%2F222961%2FFounding-the-discipline%23ref%3Dref748622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/morgan-lewis/ancient-society/index.htm">"Ancient Society by Lewis H. Morgan 1877"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Society+by+Lewis+H.+Morgan+1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fmorgan-lewis%2Fancient-society%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146165/cultural-anthropology/38786/Marxism-and-the-collectors#ref=ref423234">"Cultural Anthropology"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815222603/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146165/cultural-anthropology/38786/Marxism-and-the-collectors#ref=ref423234">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2009-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Anthropology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F146165%2Fcultural-anthropology%2F38786%2FMarxism-and-the-collectors%23ref%3Dref423234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/index.htm">"The Marxists Internet Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425070029/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2009-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1884%2Forigin-family%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsSawyerWahlstrom2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian; Sawyer, Stacey C.; Wahlstrom, Carl M. (2005). Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-36674-0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriages%2C+Families+%26+Intimate+Relationships&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Stacey+C.&rft.au=Wahlstrom%2C+Carl+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinnEitzen2002" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Maxine Baca; Eitzen, D. Stanley (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PertAAAAMAAJ">Diversity in families</a> (6 ed.). Allyn and Bacon. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-33522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-33522-0"><bdi>978-0-205-33522-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329013617/http://books.google.com/books?id=PertAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2012-01-06. <q>This 'family as haven' image of a refuge from an impersonal world characterizes the family as a place of intimacy, love, and trust in which individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society. Christopher Lasch (1977:8) has named this image a 'haven in a heartless world' and described it as a glorification of private life made necessary by the deprivations experienced in the public world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+in+families&rft.pages=557&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-205-33522-0&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Maxine+Baca&rft.au=Eitzen%2C+D.+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPertAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinnEitzen19873-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinnEitzen19873_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinnEitzen19873_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinnEitzen1987">Zinn & Eitzen (1987)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatiana_D._GrayMatt_HawrilenkoJames_V._Cordova2019" class="citation web cs1">Tatiana D. Gray; Matt Hawrilenko; James V. Cordova (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arammu.com/assets/research/MC%20Depression%20Outcomes.pdf">"Randomized Controlled Trial of the Marriage Checkup: Depression Outcomes"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Randomized+Controlled+Trial+of+the+Marriage+Checkup%3A+Depression+Outcomes&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Tatiana+D.+Gray&rft.au=Matt+Hawrilenko&rft.au=James+V.+Cordova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farammu.com%2Fassets%2Fresearch%2FMC%2520Depression%2520Outcomes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkShapiro2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fink, Brandi C.; Shapiro, Alyson F. 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Joint Eurostat/UNECE Work Session on Demographic Projections. Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228004709/https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.11/2013/WP_8.2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Assumptions+on+future+fertility%3A+New+family+values+and+increased+childbearing+in+Sweden%3F&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.series=Joint+Eurostat%2FUNECE+Work+Session+on+Demographic+Projections&rft.pub=United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Europe&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Tollebrant&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Persson%2C+Lotta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Fstats%2Fdocuments%2Fece%2Fces%2Fge.11%2F2013%2FWP_8.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Race, Class, & Gender: An Anthology, 9th edition. Editors: Margaret L. Anderson and Patricia Hill Collins. Cengage Learning.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierSheldon2006" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Richard; Sheldon, Sally, eds. (2006). Fathers' Rights Activism and Law Reform in Comparative Perspective. Hart Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-629-5"><bdi>978-1-84113-629-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathers%27+Rights+Activism+and+Law+Reform+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84113-629-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonica_McGoldrickNydia_A._Garcia_PretoBetty_A._Carter2015" class="citation book cs1">Monica McGoldrick; Nydia A. Garcia Preto; Betty A. Carter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxfZoQEACAAJ">The Expanding Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives</a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-96806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-96806-0"><bdi>978-0-205-96806-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217104024/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxfZoQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expanding+Family+Life+Cycle%3A+Individual%2C+Family%2C+and+Social+Perspectives&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-205-96806-0&rft.au=Monica+McGoldrick&rft.au=Nydia+A.+Garcia+Preto&rft.au=Betty+A.+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxfZoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly_(sociologist)" title="Mary Daly (sociologist)">Daly, Mary</a> (2011). "What adult worker model? A critical look at recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective". Social Politics. 18 (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxr002">10.1093/sp/jxr002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21692242">21692242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21306624">21306624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Politics&rft.atitle=What+adult+worker+model%3F+A+critical+look+at+recent+social+policy+reform+in+Europe+from+a+gender+and+family+perspective&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21306624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21692242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxr002&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyLewis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Mary; Lewis, Jane (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.usal.es/index.php/1130-2887/article/view/alh20157183101">"The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states"</a>. British Journal of Sociology. 51 (2): 281–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-4446.2000.00281.x">10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00281.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10905001">10905001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629101827/http://revistas.usal.es/index.php/1130-2887/article/view/alh20157183101">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+social+care+and+the+analysis+of+contemporary+welfare+states&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-4446.2000.00281.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10905001&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.usal.es%2Findex.php%2F1130-2887%2Farticle%2Fview%2Falh20157183101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (2009). The incomplete revolution: Adapting welfare states to women's new roles. Cambridge: Polity Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ferragina, Emanuele; Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxu027">"Determinants of a Silent (R)evolution:Understanding the Expansion of Family Policy in Rich OECD Countries"</a>. Social Politics. 22 (1): 1–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxu027">10.1093/sp/jxu027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Politics&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+a+Silent+%28R%29evolution%3AUnderstanding+the+Expansion+of+Family+Policy+in+Rich+OECD+Countries&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxu027&rft.aulast=Ferragina&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft.au=Seeleib-Kaiser%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsp%252Fjxu027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Forbes, Scott, A Natural History of Families, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09482-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09482-9">0-691-09482-9</a></li> <li>Foucault, Michel (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume I: An Introduction. (New York: Vintage Books). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72469-8">978-0-679-72469-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Gilroy, Paul</a> "Identity Belonging and the Critique of Pure Sameness" in Gilroy, Paul (2000) Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line, (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), Ch. I.3, pp. 97–133</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Goody, Jack</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVkYFGqylfQC">The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519021048/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVkYFGqylfQC">Archived</a> 2016-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Cambridge University Press, 1980); translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese.</li> <li>Mock, Douglas W., More Than Kin and Less Than Kind, (Belknap Press, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01285-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01285-2">0-674-01285-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">Schneider, David M.</a>, American Kinship: a cultural approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabakMazurGranadoÖrkenyi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tabak, I.; Mazur, J.; Granado, M.C.; Örkenyi, Á.; Zaborskis, A.; Aasvee, K.; Moreno, C. (2012). "Examining trends in parent-child communication in Europe over 12 years". The Journal of Early Adolescence. 32 (1): 26–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0272431611419509">10.1177/0272431611419509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206496782">206496782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Early+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Examining+trends+in+parent-child+communication+in+Europe+over+12+years&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0272431611419509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206496782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tabak&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Mazur%2C+J.&rft.au=Granado%2C+M.C.&rft.au=%C3%96rkenyi%2C+%C3%81.&rft.au=Zaborskis%2C+A.&rft.au=Aasvee%2C+K.&rft.au=Moreno%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevallier1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chevallier, Denis (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terrain.revues.org/document2874.html">"Famille et parenté: une bibliographie"</a>. Terrain (in French) (4): 77–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fterrain.2874">10.4000/terrain.2874</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724171236/http://terrain.revues.org/document2874.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrain&rft.atitle=Famille+et+parent%C3%A9%3A+une+bibliographie&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fterrain.2874&rft.aulast=Chevallier&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterrain.revues.org%2Fdocument2874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC">Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis</a>. Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0"><bdi>978-1-84520-220-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2015-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+a+cross-cultural+analysis&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-220-0&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIzHjpTJgdQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinnEitzen1987" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Maxine Baca; Eitzen, D. Stanley (1987). Diversity in American families.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+in+American+families&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Maxine+Baca&rft.au=Eitzen%2C+D.+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bS9HAAAAMAAJ&q=protection">p. 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bS9HAAAAMAAJ&q=%22age+of+the+family+gleaming%22">p. 8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Family&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Family" class="extiw" title="q:Family">Family</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Family">"Family" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFamily" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Family457" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family" title="Template:Family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family" title="Template talk:Family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Family457" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_rights" title="Family rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal family">Conjugal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediate_family" title="Immediate family">Immediate family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship#Human_relationships" title="Coefficient of relationship">First-degree relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">father</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Family_rights60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family_rights" title="Template:Family rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family_rights" title="Template talk:Family rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Family_rights60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Family</a> <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Matrimonial rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_movement" title="Children's rights movement">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandparents">Grandparents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(criminal)" title="Parental responsibility (criminal)">Parental liability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenting" title="Template:Parenting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenting" title="Template talk:Parenting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parenting171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories · Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_parenting" title="Reflective parenting">Reflective parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(parenting)" title="Time-out (parenting)">Time-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_Apart_from_Their_Children" title="Mothers Apart from Their Children">Mothers Apart from Their Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childbirth_Trust" title="National Childbirth Trust">National Childbirth Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fatherhood_Initiative" title="National Fatherhood Initiative">National Fatherhood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">Parent–teacher association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Against_Child_Exploitation" title="Parents Against Child Exploitation">Parents Against Child Exploitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortrieHill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritchard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandolph1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashida_Manjoo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepardGreene2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolstenMeditz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_writers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkweatherHames2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStitt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabakMazurGranadoÖrkenyi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatiana_D._GrayMatt_HawrilenkoJames_V._Cordova2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavernise2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTollebrantPersson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsSawyerWahlstrom2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitzen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinnEitzen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinnEitzen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_JongReis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"Family_types\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n 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