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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_speeches_at_the_Council_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_speeches_at_the_Council_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Historic speeches at the Council of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_speeches_at_the_Council_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aims_and_achievement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims_and_achievement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aims and achievement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aims_and_achievement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partial_Agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_Agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Partial Agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_Agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Summits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters_and_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters_and_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Headquarters and buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters_and_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_states,_observers,_partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_states,_observers,_partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Member states, observers, partners</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Member_states,_observers,_partners-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Member states, observers, partners subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Member_states,_observers,_partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Eligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_states_and_observers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_states_and_observers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Member states and observers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_states_and_observers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal,_suspension,_and_expulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal,_suspension,_and_expulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Withdrawal, suspension, and expulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal,_suspension,_and_expulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suspension_and_exclusion_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension_and_exclusion_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Suspension and exclusion of Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension_and_exclusion_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Co-operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Co-operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Co-operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Co-operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conventions:_European_Treaty_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions:_European_Treaty_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conventions: European Treaty Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions:_European_Treaty_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-member_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-member_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-member states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-member_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_Political_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_Political_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Schools of Political Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_Political_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Non-governmental organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privileges_and_immunities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges_and_immunities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Privileges and immunities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges_and_immunities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbol_and_anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol_and_anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Symbol and anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol_and_anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism and controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Caviar_diplomacy"_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Caviar_diplomacy"_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>"Caviar diplomacy" scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Caviar_diplomacy"_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Council of Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad_van_Europa" title="Raad van Europa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Raad van Europa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europarat" title="Europarat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Europarat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="مجلس أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Եւրոպական Խորհուրդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եւրոպական Խորհուրդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cons%C3%A8ly_de_l%E2%80%99Eropa" title="Consèly de l’Eropa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Consèly de l’Eropa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseyu_d%27Europa" title="Conseyu d'Europa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conseyu d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_%C5%9Euras%C4%B1" title="Avropa Şurası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa Şurası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="কাউন্সিল অফ ইউরোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাউন্সিল অফ ইউরোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au-chiu_Ph%C3%AAng-g%C4%AB-ho%C4%93" title="Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Савет Еўропы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Савет Еўропы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Рада Эўропы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рада Эўропы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Съвет на Европа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съвет на Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vije%C4%87e_Evrope" title="Vijeće Evrope – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vijeće Evrope" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzul_Europa" title="Kuzul Europa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kuzul Europa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consell_d%27Europa" title="Consell d'Europa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consell d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Evropy" title="Rada Evropy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rada Evropy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyngor_Ewrop" title="Cyngor Ewrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyngor Ewrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europar%C3%A5det" title="Europarådet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europarådet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="لمجلس ديال ؤروپا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمجلس ديال ؤروپا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohp%C3%A1r%C3%A1%C4%91%C4%91i" title="Eurohpáráđđi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eurohpáráđđi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europarat" title="Europarat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europarat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europska_rada" title="Europska rada – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Europska rada" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa_N%C3%B5ukogu" title="Euroopa Nõukogu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa Nõukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Συμβούλιο της Ευρώπης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμβούλιο της Ευρώπης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_de_Europa" title="Consejo de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consejo de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsilio_de_E%C5%ADropo" title="Konsilio de Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsilio de Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_Kontseilua" title="Europako Kontseilua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako Kontseilua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="شورای اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropar%C3%A1%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Evroparáðið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evroparáðið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Europe" title="Conseil de l'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conseil de l'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie_fan_Jeropa" title="Rie fan Jeropa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rie fan Jeropa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhairle_na_hEorpa" title="Comhairle na hEorpa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhairle na hEorpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonseil_yn_Oarpey" title="Coonseil yn Oarpey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Coonseil yn Oarpey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consello_de_Europa" title="Consello de Europa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Consello de Europa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%ED%8F%89%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="유럽 평의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 평의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Եվրոպայի խորհուրդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպայի խորհուրդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="यूरोप की परिषद् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोप की परिषद्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europska_rada" title="Europska rada – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Europska rada" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vije%C4%87e_Europe" title="Vijeće Europe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijeće Europe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsilantaro_di_Europa" title="Konsilantaro di Europa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konsilantaro di Europa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majelis_Eropa" title="Majelis Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Majelis Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilio_de_Europa" title="Consilio de Europa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Consilio de Europa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilie_de_Europa" title="Consilie de Europa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Consilie de Europa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pur%C3%A1%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Evrópuráðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Evrópuráðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_d%27Europa" title="Consiglio d'Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consiglio d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="מועצת אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מועצת אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasamuan_ing_%C3%89ropah" title="Pasamuan ing Éropah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pasamuan ing Éropah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eer%C9%94p%CA%8B_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8B_taa_kediza%C9%A3_s%C9%94sa%C9%A3" title="Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Европаны Кенгеши – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Европаны Кенгеши" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D" title="ევროპის საბჭო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროპის საბჭო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Еуропа кеңесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуропа кеңесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsey_Ew%C3%B2p" title="Konsey Ewòp – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konsey Ewòp" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konseya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Konseya Ewropayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konseya Ewropayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Европа кеңеши – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Европа кеңеши" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Европын Согоньжы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Европын Согоньжы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuns%C3%ABi_de_l%27Europa" title="Cunsëi de l'Europa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cunsëi de l'Europa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsejo_de_Evropa" title="Konsejo de Evropa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Konsejo de Evropa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilium_Europae" title="Consilium Europae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consilium Europae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropas_Padome" title="Eiropas Padome – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropas Padome" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europarot" title="Europarot – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Europarot" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europos_Taryba" title="Europos Taryba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europos Taryba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raod_van_Europa" title="Raod van Europa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Raod van Europa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa_Tan%C3%A1cs" title="Európa Tanács – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európa Tanács" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Совет на Европа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Совет на Европа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="युरोपाची परिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरोपाची परिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="ევროპაშ სხუნუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევროპაშ სხუნუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="مجلس اوروبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجلس اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اروپا شورا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اروپا شورا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Eropah" title="Majlis Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Majlis Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunseilho_de_la_Ouropa" title="Cunseilho de la Ouropa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cunseilho de la Ouropa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Европын Зөвлөл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Европын Зөвлөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad_van_Europa" title="Raad van Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raad van Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="युरोप परिषद् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरोप परिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%95%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="欧州評議会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州評議会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Европин кхеташо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Европин кхеташо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopariad" title="Euroopariad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Euroopariad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europar%C3%A5det" title="Europarådet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europarådet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europar%C3%A5det" title="Europarådet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Europarådet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselh_d%27Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Conselh d'Euròpa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Conselh d'Euròpa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropa_Kengashi" title="Yevropa Kengashi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropa Kengashi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6" title="ਯੂਰਪ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੀਸ਼ਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਪ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੀਸ਼ਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(CoE)" title="اروپايي شورا (CoE) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اروپايي شورا (CoE)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Europy" title="Rada Europy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rada Europy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_da_Europa" title="Conselho da Europa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conselho da Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_%C5%9Euras%C4%B1" title="Avropa Şurası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avropa Şurası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiliul_Europei" title="Consiliul Europei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consiliul Europei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cussegl_da_l%27Europa" title="Cussegl da l'Europa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cussegl da l'Europa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Совет Европы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Совет Европы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuss%C3%ACgiu_de_Europa" title="Cussìgiu de Europa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cussìgiu de Europa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABshilli_i_Evrop%C3%ABs" title="Këshilli i Evropës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Këshilli i Evropës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Council of Europe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Eur%C3%B3py" title="Rada Európy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rada Európy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svet_Evrope" title="Svet Evrope – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svet Evrope" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golaha_Yurub" title="Golaha Yurub – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Golaha Yurub" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ئەنجومەنی ئەورووپا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنجومەنی ئەورووپا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Савет Европе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Савет Европе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savjet_Evrope" title="Savjet Evrope – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Savjet Evrope" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_neuvosto" title="Euroopan neuvosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan neuvosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europar%C3%A5det" title="Europarådet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europarådet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konseho_ng_Europa" title="Konseho ng Europa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konseho ng Europa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asqamu_n_Turuft" title="Asqamu n Turuft – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asqamu n Turuft" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Европа Шурасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Европа Шурасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="สภายุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สภายุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Шӯрои Аврупо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шӯрои Аврупо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_Konseyi" title="Avrupa Konseyi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa Konseyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Рада Європи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рада Європи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="یورپ کی کونسل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورپ کی کونسل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_d%27Eoropa" title="Consejo d'Eoropa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Consejo d'Eoropa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A6y_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Ủy hội châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ủy hội châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95uruupa_N%C3%B5vvokogo" title="Õuruupa Nõvvokogo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Õuruupa Nõvvokogo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲委员会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧洲委员会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Council of Europe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%A9%95%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="歐洲評議會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐洲評議會" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International organization founded in 1949</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> or the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Council of Europe</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Conseil de l'Europe</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of CoE"><img alt="Flag of CoE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/125px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/188px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/250px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_Europe_logo_(2013_revised_version).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of CoE"><img alt="Logo of CoE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Council_of_Europe_logo_%282013_revised_version%29.svg/85px-Council_of_Europe_logo_%282013_revised_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Council_of_Europe_logo_%282013_revised_version%29.svg/128px-Council_of_Europe_logo_%282013_revised_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Council_of_Europe_logo_%282013_revised_version%29.svg/170px-Council_of_Europe_logo_%282013_revised_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="71" /></a></span></div> <div>Logo</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CoE_members_2024.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of CoE"><img alt="Location of CoE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CoE_members_2024.png/250px-CoE_members_2024.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CoE_members_2024.png/375px-CoE_members_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CoE_members_2024.png/500px-CoE_members_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Europe" title="Palace of Europe">Palace of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional</a> <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">intergovernmental organisation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">46 member states</a></li><li>5 Council observers</li><li><span class="nowrap">3 Assembly observers</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Leaders</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Berset" title="Alain Berset">Alain Berset</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Deputy Secretary General </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B8rn_Berge_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjørn Berge (politician) (page does not exist)">Bjørn Berge</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• President of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Roussopoulos" title="Theodoros Roussopoulos">Theodoros Roussopoulos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• President of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bettel" title="Xavier Bettel">Xavier Bettel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• President of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities" title="Congress of Local and Regional Authorities">Congress of Local and Regional Authorities</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Cools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Cools (page does not exist)">Marc Cools</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Statute of the Council of Europe">Treaty of London</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1949<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1949-05-05</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/">coe.int</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Council of Europe</b> (<b>CoE</b>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Conseil de l'Europe</i>, <b>CdE</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/International_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisation">international organisation</a> with the goal of upholding <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">rule of law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1949, it is Europe's oldest intergovernmental organisation, representing 46 member states,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a population of approximately 675 million as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>; it operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organisation is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), although people sometimes confuse the two organisations – partly because the EU has adopted the original <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">European flag</a>, designed for the Council of Europe in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Europe" title="Anthem of Europe">European anthem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Europe is an official <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">United Nations observer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the EU, the Council of Europe cannot make binding laws; however, the council has produced a number of international treaties, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, ECHR) of 1953.</a> Provisions from the convention are incorporated in domestic law in many participating countries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known body of the Council of Europe is the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, which rules on alleged violations of the ECHR.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council's two statutory bodies are the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Ministers">Committee of Ministers</a>, which comprises the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign ministers</a> of each member state, and the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> (PACE), which is composed of members of the national parliaments of each member state.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a> is an institution within the Council of Europe, mandated to promote awareness of and respect for human rights within the member states. The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">secretary general</a> presides over the secretariat of the organisation. Other major CoE bodies include the <a href="/wiki/European_Directorate_for_the_Quality_of_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines">European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare</a> (EDQM)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Audiovisual_Observatory" title="European Audiovisual Observatory">European Audiovisual Observatory</a>. </p><p>The headquarters of the Council of Europe, as well as its Court of Human Rights, are situated in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The Council uses <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> as its two <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>. The Committee of Ministers, the PACE, and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress of the Council of Europe</a> also use <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> for some of their work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Universitaire_de_Strasbourg-10_ao%C3%BBt_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Palais_Universitaire_de_Strasbourg-10_ao%C3%BBt_1949.jpg/170px-Palais_Universitaire_de_Strasbourg-10_ao%C3%BBt_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Palais_Universitaire_de_Strasbourg-10_ao%C3%BBt_1949.jpg/255px-Palais_Universitaire_de_Strasbourg-10_ao%C3%BBt_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Palais_Universitaire_de_Strasbourg-10_ao%C3%BBt_1949.jpg/340px-Palais_Universitaire_de_Strasbourg-10_ao%C3%BBt_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the first session of the Council of Europe Assembly at <a href="/wiki/Palais_Universitaire,_Strasbourg" title="Palais Universitaire, Strasbourg">Strasbourg University</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a speech in 1929, French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> floated the idea of an organisation which would gather European nations together in a "federal union" to resolve common problems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom's wartime Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> first publicly suggested the creation of a "Council of Europe" in a BBC radio broadcast on 21 March 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Second World War was still raging. In his own words,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he tried to "peer through the mists of the future to the end of the war", and think about how to rebuild and maintain peace on a shattered continent. Given that Europe had been at the origin of two world wars, the creation of such a body would be, he suggested, "a stupendous business". He returned to the idea during a well-known speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> on 19 September 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-COE_Churchill_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE_Churchill-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ENA_Churchill_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_Churchill-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throwing the full weight of his considerable post-war prestige behind it. </p><p>Additionally, there were also many other statesmen and politicians across the continent, many of them members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement</a>, who were quietly working towards the creation of the council. Some regarded it as a guarantee that the horrors of war – or the human rights violations of the Nazi regime – could never again be visited on the continent, others came to see it as a "club of democracies", built around a set of common values that could stand as a bulwark against totalitarian states belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Others again saw it as a nascent "United States of Europe", the resonant phrase that Churchill had reached for at Zurich in 1946. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F023908-0002,_Stra%C3%9Fburg,_Tagung_des_Europarates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F023908-0002%2C_Stra%C3%9Fburg%2C_Tagung_des_Europarates.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F023908-0002%2C_Stra%C3%9Fburg%2C_Tagung_des_Europarates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F023908-0002%2C_Stra%C3%9Fburg%2C_Tagung_des_Europarates.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F023908-0002%2C_Stra%C3%9Fburg%2C_Tagung_des_Europarates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F023908-0002%2C_Stra%C3%9Fburg%2C_Tagung_des_Europarates.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F023908-0002%2C_Stra%C3%9Fburg%2C_Tagung_des_Europarates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Session of the Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly in the former <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Europe" title="Palace of Europe">House of Europe</a> in Strasbourg in 1967. <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">German Minister for Foreign Affairs</a>, is speaking.</figcaption></figure> <p>The future structure of the Council of Europe was discussed at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Europe" title="Congress of Europe">Congress of Europe</a>, which brought together several hundred leading politicians, government representatives and members of civil society in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to the conclusions of the Congress of Europe, the Consultative Council of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a> convened a Committee for the Study of European Unity, which met eight times from November 1948 to January 1949 to draw up the blueprint of a new broad-based European organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two competing schools of thought: some favoured a classical international organisation with representatives of governments, while others preferred a political forum with parliamentarians. Both approaches were finally combined through the creation of a Committee of Ministers (in which governments were represented) and a Consultative Assembly (in which parliaments were represented), the two main bodies mentioned in the Statute of the Council of Europe. This dual intergovernmental and inter-parliamentary structure was later copied for the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Europe was signed into existence on 5 May 1949 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London (1949)">Treaty of London</a>, the organisation's founding Statute which set out the three basic values that should guide its work: democracy, human rights and the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was signed in London on that day by ten states: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> joined three months later. On 10 August 1949, 100 members of the council's Consultative Assembly, parliamentarians drawn from the twelve member nations, met in Strasbourg for its first plenary session, held over 18 sittings and lasting nearly a month. They debated how to reconcile and reconstruct a continent still reeling from war, yet already facing a new East–West divide, launched the radical concept of a trans-national court to protect the basic human rights of every citizen, and took the first steps in a process that would eventually lead to the creation of an offshoot organisation, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1949, <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a> resigned as Belgium's foreign minister in order to be elected as the first president of the assembly. Behind the scenes, he too had been quietly working towards the creation of the council, and played a key role in steering its early work. However, in December 1951, after nearly three years in the role, Spaak resigned in disappointment after the Assembly rejected proposals for a "European political authority".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that the Council of Europe was never going to be in a position to achieve his long-term goal of a unified Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he soon tried again in a new and more promising format, based this time on economic integration, becoming one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was huge enthusiasm for the Council of Europe in its early years, as its pioneers set about drafting what was to become the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, a charter of individual rights which – it was hoped – no member government could ever again violate. They drew, in part, on the tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, signed only a few months earlier in Paris. But crucially, where the Universal Declaration was essentially aspirational, the European Convention from the beginning featured an enforcement mechanism – an international Court – which was to adjudicate on alleged violations of its articles and to hold governments to account, a dramatic leap forward for international justice. Today, this is the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, whose rulings are binding on 46 European nations, the most far-reaching system of international justice anywhere in the world. </p><p>One of the council's first acts was to welcome <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> into its fold on 2 May 1951,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> setting a pattern of post-war reconciliation that was to become a hallmark of the council, and beginning a long process of "enlargement" which was to see the organisation grow from its original ten founding member states to the 46 nations that make up the Council of Europe today.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland had already joined in 1950, followed in 1956 by Austria, Cyprus in 1961, Switzerland in 1963 and Malta in 1965. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_speeches_at_the_Council_of_Europe">Historic speeches at the Council of Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historic speeches at the Council of Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_Tha_Hague_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Churchill_Tha_Hague_1948.jpg/220px-Churchill_Tha_Hague_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Churchill_Tha_Hague_1948.jpg/330px-Churchill_Tha_Hague_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Churchill_Tha_Hague_1948.jpg/440px-Churchill_Tha_Hague_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s inaugural speech of the Council of Europe in The Hague</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, an archive of all speeches made to the PACE by heads of state or government since the Council of Europe's creation in 1949 appeared online, the fruit of a two-year project entitled "Voices of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of its launch,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the archive comprised 263 speeches delivered over a 70-year period by some 216 presidents, prime ministers, monarchs and religious leaders from 45 countries – though it continues to expand, as new speeches are added every few months. </p><p>Some very early speeches by individuals considered to be "founding figures" of the European institutions, even if they were not heads of state or government at the time, are also included (such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>). Addresses by eight monarchs appear in the list (such as King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I of Spain</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Albert II of Belgium</a> and Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri of Luxembourg</a>) as well as the speeches given by religious figures (such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>) and several leaders from countries in the Middle East and North Africa (such as <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> or King <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein of Jordan</a>). </p><p>The full text of the speeches is given in both English and French, regardless of the original language used. The archive is searchable by country, by name, and chronologically.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aims_and_achievement">Aims and achievement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aims and achievement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1(a) of the Statute states that "The aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership is open to all European states who seek harmony, cooperation, good governance and human rights, accepting the principle of the rule of law and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms. </p><p>Whereas the member states of the European Union transfer part of their national legislative and executive powers to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, Council of Europe member states maintain their sovereignty but commit themselves through conventions/treaties (<a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>) and co-operate on the basis of common values and common political decisions. Those conventions and decisions are developed by the member states working together at the Council of Europe. Both organisations function as concentric circles around the common foundations for European cooperation and harmony, with the Council of Europe being the geographically wider circle. The European Union could be seen as the smaller circle with a much higher level of integration through the transfer of powers from the national to the EU level. "The Council of Europe and the European Union: different roles, shared values."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Council of Europe conventions/treaties are also open for signature to non-member states, thus facilitating equal co-operation with countries outside Europe. </p><p>The Council of Europe's most famous achievement is the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, which was adopted in 1950 following a report by the PACE, and followed on from the United Nations '<a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>' (UDHR).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Convention created the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in Strasbourg. The Court supervises compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and thus functions as the highest European court. It is to this court that Europeans can bring cases if they believe that a member country has violated their fundamental rights and freedoms. </p><p>The various activities and achievements of the Council of Europe can be found in detail on its official website. The Council of Europe works in the following areas: </p> <ul><li>Protection of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and fostering legal co-operation through some 200 conventions and other treaties,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including such leading instruments as the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Convention on Cybercrime</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Terrorism" title="Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism">Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism</a>, Conventions against Corruption and Organised Crime,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Action_against_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings">Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_and_Dignity_of_the_Human_Being_with_regard_to_the_Application_of_Biology_and_Medicine" title="Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine">Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODEXTER" class="mw-redirect" title="CODEXTER">CODEXTER</a>, designed to co-ordinate counter-terrorism measures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice_(CEPEJ)" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ)">The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ)</a></li> <li>Protection of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, notably through: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="European Committee for the Prevention of Torture">European Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Action_against_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings">Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_protection_of_individuals_with_regard_to_automatic_processing_of_personal_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data">Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_Children_against_Sexual_Exploitation_and_Sexual_Abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse">Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>social rights under the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Charter_of_Local_Self-Government" title="European Charter of Local Self-Government">European Charter of Local Self-Government</a> guaranteeing the political, administrative and financial independence of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local authorities</a>.</li> <li>linguistic rights under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a></li> <li>minority rights under the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Media freedom</a> under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Convention_on_Transfrontier_Television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Convention on Transfrontier Television (page does not exist)">European Convention on Transfrontier Television</a></li></ul></li> <li>Protection of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> through parliamentary scrutiny and <a href="/wiki/Election_monitoring" title="Election monitoring">election monitoring</a> by its Parliamentary Assembly as well as assistance in democratic reforms, in particular by the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a>.</li> <li>Promotion of cultural cooperation and diversity under the Council of Europe's <a href="/wiki/European_Cultural_Convention" title="European Cultural Convention">Cultural Convention</a> of 1954 and several conventions on the protection of cultural heritage as well as through its Centre for Modern Languages in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/North-South_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South Centre">North-South Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li> <li>Promotion of the right to education under Article 2 of the first Protocol to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and several conventions on the recognition of university studies and diplomas (see also <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Recognition_Convention" title="Lisbon Recognition Convention">Lisbon Recognition Convention</a>).</li> <li>Promotion of fair sport through the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency#Council_of_Europe_Anti-Doping_Convention" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">Anti-Doping Convention</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Promotion of European youth exchanges and cooperation through European Youth Centres in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.</li> <li>Promotion of the quality of medicines throughout Europe by the <a href="/wiki/European_Directorate_for_the_Quality_of_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines">European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines</a> and its <a href="/wiki/European_Pharmacopoeia" title="European Pharmacopoeia">European Pharmacopoeia</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="ICC"></span> </p> <ul><li>Support for intercultural integration through the Intercultural Cities (ICC) program. This program offers information and advice for local authorities on the integration of minorities and the prevention of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Council of Europe">Politics of the Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Pej%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87_Buri%C4%87" title="Marija Pejčinović Burić">Marija Pejčinović Burić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rd%C3%ADs_Kolbr%C3%BAn_R._Gylfad%C3%B3ttir" title="Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir">Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Roussopoulos" title="Theodoros Roussopoulos">Theodoros Roussopoulos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">European Congress</a> <ul><li>President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leendert_Verbeek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leendert Verbeek (page does not exist)">Leendert Verbeek</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_Ragnar_Span%C3%B3" title="Róbert Ragnar Spanó">Robert Spano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunja_Mijatovi%C4%87" title="Dunja Mijatović">Dunja Mijatović</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Terrorism" title="Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism">Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_Action_against_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings">Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_and_Dignity_of_the_Human_Being_with_regard_to_the_Application_of_Biology_and_Medicine" title="Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine">Oviedo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_Children_against_Sexual_Exploitation_and_Sexual_Abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse">Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Istanbul Convention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia (country)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Politics of the Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Politics of the Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The institutions of the Council of Europe are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a>, who is elected for a term of five years by the PACE and heads the Secretariat of the Council of Europe. Thorbjørn Jagland, the former Prime Minister of Norway, was elected Secretary General of the Council of Europe on 29 September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2014, he became the first Secretary General to be re-elected, commencing his second term in office on 1 October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Committee_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Committee of Ministers">Committee of Ministers</a>, comprising the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of all 46 member states who are represented by their <a href="/wiki/Ministers_Deputies" title="Ministers Deputies">Permanent Representatives and Ambassadors</a> accredited to the Council of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Committee of Ministers' presidencies are held in alphabetical order for six months following the English alphabet: <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> 11/2010-05/2011, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 05/2011-11/2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 11/2011-05/2012, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> 05/2012-11/2012, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> 11/2012-05/2013, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> 05/2013-11/2013, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> 11/2013-05/2014, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plenary_chamber_of_the_Council_of_Europe%27s_Palace_of_Europe_2014_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Plenary_chamber_of_the_Council_of_Europe%27s_Palace_of_Europe_2014_01.JPG/300px-Plenary_chamber_of_the_Council_of_Europe%27s_Palace_of_Europe_2014_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Plenary_chamber_of_the_Council_of_Europe%27s_Palace_of_Europe_2014_01.JPG/450px-Plenary_chamber_of_the_Council_of_Europe%27s_Palace_of_Europe_2014_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Plenary_chamber_of_the_Council_of_Europe%27s_Palace_of_Europe_2014_01.JPG/600px-Plenary_chamber_of_the_Council_of_Europe%27s_Palace_of_Europe_2014_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4889" data-file-height="3237" /></a><figcaption>Council's <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a> hemicycle</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> (PACE), which comprises national parliamentarians from all member states.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopting resolutions and recommendations to governments, the Assembly holds a dialogue with its governmental counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a>, and is often regarded as the "motor" of the organisation. The national parliamentary delegations to the Assembly must reflect the political spectrum of their national parliament, i.e. comprise government and opposition parties. The Assembly appoints members as rapporteurs with the mandate to prepare parliamentary reports on specific subjects. The British MP <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Maxwell-Fyfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe">Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe</a> was rapporteur for the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Marty" title="Dick Marty">Dick Marty</a>'s reports on secret <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> detentions and rendition flights in Europe became quite famous in 2006 and 2007. Other Assembly reports were instrumental in, for example, the abolition of the death penalty in Europe, highlighting the political and human rights situation in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, identifying who was responsible for disappeared persons in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, chronicling threats to freedom of expression in the media and many other subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities" title="Congress of Local and Regional Authorities">Congress of Local and Regional Authorities</a>, which was created in 1994 and comprises political representatives from local and regional authorities in all member states. The most influential instruments of the Council of Europe in this field are the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_of_Local_Self-Government" title="European Charter of Local Self-Government">European Charter of Local Self-Government</a> of 1985 and the European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities of 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, created under the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> of 1950, is composed of a judge from each member state elected for a single, non-renewable term of nine years by the PACE and is headed by the elected president of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current president of the court is Guido Raimondi from Italy. Under the recent Protocol No. 14 to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, the Court's case processing was reformed and streamlined. Ratification of Protocol No. 14 was delayed by Russia for a number of years, but won support to be passed in January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a> is elected by the PACE for a non-renewable term of six years since the creation of this position in 1999. Since April 2024, this position has been held by <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Flaherty" title="Michael O'Flaherty">Michael O'Flaherty</a> from Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Conference of INGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NGOs can participate in the <a href="/wiki/INGOs_Conference_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe">INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe</a>. Since the [Resolution (2003)8] adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 November 2003, they are given a "participatory status".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Joint Council on Youth of the Council of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Steering Committee (CDEJ) on Youth and the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Youth" title="Advisory Council on Youth">Advisory Council on Youth</a> (CCJ) of the Council of Europe form together the Joint Council on Youth (CMJ). The CDEJ brings together representatives of ministries or bodies responsible for youth matters from the 50 States Parties to the European Cultural Convention. The CDEJ fosters cooperation between governments in the youth sector and provides a framework for comparing national youth policies, exchanging best practices and drafting standard-setting texts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Advisory Council on Youth comprises 30 representatives of non-governmental youth organisations and networks. It provides opinions and input from youth NGOs on all youth sector activities and ensures that young people are involved in the council's other activities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Information Offices of the Council of Europe in many member states.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-FR-AL-67@Strasbourg-Pharmacop%C3%A9e_europ%C3%A9enne_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EU-FR-AL-67%40Strasbourg-Pharmacop%C3%A9e_europ%C3%A9enne_01.jpg/220px-EU-FR-AL-67%40Strasbourg-Pharmacop%C3%A9e_europ%C3%A9enne_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EU-FR-AL-67%40Strasbourg-Pharmacop%C3%A9e_europ%C3%A9enne_01.jpg/330px-EU-FR-AL-67%40Strasbourg-Pharmacop%C3%A9e_europ%C3%A9enne_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EU-FR-AL-67%40Strasbourg-Pharmacop%C3%A9e_europ%C3%A9enne_01.jpg/440px-EU-FR-AL-67%40Strasbourg-Pharmacop%C3%A9e_europ%C3%A9enne_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Directorate_for_the_Quality_of_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines">European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_Agreements">Partial Agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Partial Agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CoE system also includes a number of semi-autonomous structures known as "<a href="/wiki/Partial_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Agreement">Partial Agreements</a>", some of which are also open to non-member states: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Development_Bank" title="Council of Europe Development Bank">Council of Europe Development Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Directorate_for_the_Quality_of_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines">European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines</a> with its <a href="/wiki/European_Pharmacopoeia" title="European Pharmacopoeia">European Pharmacopoeia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Audiovisual_Observatory" title="European Audiovisual Observatory">European Audiovisual Observatory</a></li> <li>The European Support Fund <i><a href="/wiki/Eurimages" title="Eurimages">Eurimages</a></i> for the co-production and distribution of films.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Cultural Routes, which awards the certification "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Route_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Cultural Route of the Council of Europe">Cultural Route of the Council of Europe</a>" to transnational networks promoting European heritage and intercultural dialogue (Luxembourg)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a> – Cooperation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The European Commission for Democracy through Law, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a> (GRECO)</li> <li>The European and Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/EUR-OPA_Major_Hazards_Agreement" title="EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement">Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA)</a> which is a platform for cooperation between European and Southern Mediterranean countries in the field of major natural and technological disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport, which is open to accession by states and sports associations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/North-South_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South Centre">North-South Centre</a> of the Council of Europe in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (Portugal)</li> <li>The Centre for Modern Languages is in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> (Austria)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Register_of_Damage_for_Ukraine" title="Register of Damage for Ukraine">Register of Damage for Ukraine</a>, a register for Ukrainians to seek compensation for damages from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summits">Summits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Summits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally the Council of Europe organizes summits of the heads of state and government of its member states. Four summits have been held to date with the fourth concluding on 17 May 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-abc20230516_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc20230516-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Overview of Council of Europe summits </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Host country </th> <th scope="col">Host city </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">8–9 October 1993 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">10–11 October 1997 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">16–17 May 2005 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">16–17 May 2023 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters_and_buildings">Headquarters and buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Headquarters and buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Institutions_in_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="European Institutions in Strasbourg">European Institutions in Strasbourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_Europe_Palais_de_l%27Europe_aerial_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Council_of_Europe_Palais_de_l%27Europe_aerial_view.JPG/220px-Council_of_Europe_Palais_de_l%27Europe_aerial_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Council_of_Europe_Palais_de_l%27Europe_aerial_view.JPG/330px-Council_of_Europe_Palais_de_l%27Europe_aerial_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Council_of_Europe_Palais_de_l%27Europe_aerial_view.JPG/440px-Council_of_Europe_Palais_de_l%27Europe_aerial_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>Aerial shot of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Europe" title="Palace of Europe">Palais de l'Europe</a> in Strasbourg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_Europe_Agora_building_in_Strasbourg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Council_of_Europe_Agora_building_in_Strasbourg.JPG/220px-Council_of_Europe_Agora_building_in_Strasbourg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Council_of_Europe_Agora_building_in_Strasbourg.JPG/330px-Council_of_Europe_Agora_building_in_Strasbourg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Council_of_Europe_Agora_building_in_Strasbourg.JPG/440px-Council_of_Europe_Agora_building_in_Strasbourg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="3213" /></a><figcaption>Council of Europe's Agora building</figcaption></figure> <p>The seat of the Council of Europe is in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France. First meetings were held in Strasbourg's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University</a> Palace in 1949,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Council of Europe soon moved into its own buildings. The Council of Europe's eight main buildings are situated in the <i>Quartier européen</i>, an area in the northeast of Strasbourg spread over the three districts of Le Wacken, La Robertsau and Quartier de l'Orangerie, where are also located the four buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Strasbourg" title="Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg">seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> headquarters and the seat of the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Human_Rights" title="International Institute of Human Rights">International Institute of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building in the area started in 1949 with the predecessor of the Palais de l'Europe, the House of Europe (demolished in 1977), and came to a provisional end in 2007 with the opening of the New General Office Building, later named "Agora", in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palais de l'Europe (<a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Europe" title="Palace of Europe">Palace of Europe</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> Villa Schutzenberger (seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Audiovisual_Observatory" title="European Audiovisual Observatory">European Audiovisual Observatory</a>) are in the Orangerie district, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, the EDQM and the Agora Building are in the Robertsau district. The Agora building has been voted "best international business centre real estate project of 2007" on 13 March 2008, at the MIPIM 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Youth Centre is located in the Wacken district. </p><p>Besides its headquarters in Strasbourg, the Council of Europe is also present in other cities and countries. The Council of Europe Development Bank has its seat in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/North-South_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South Centre">North-South Centre</a> of the Council of Europe is established in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, and the Centre for Modern Languages is in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Centres" title="European Youth Centres">European Youth Centres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and in Strasbourg. The European Wergeland Centre, a new Resource Centre on education for intercultural dialogue, human rights and democratic citizenship, operated in cooperation with the Norwegian Government, opened in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, in February 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Europe has external offices all over the European continent and beyond. There are four 'Programme Offices', namely in Ankara, Podgorica, Skopje, and Venice. There are also 'Council of Europe Offices' in Baku, Belgrade, Chisinau, Kyiv, Paris, Pristina, Sarajevo, Tbilisi, Tirana, and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Office_(Armenia)" title="Council of Europe Office (Armenia)">Yerevan</a>. Bucharest has a Council of Europe Office on Cybercrime. There are also Council of Europe Offices in non-European capital cities like Rabat and Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, there are 4 "Council of Europe Liaison Offices", this includes: </p> <ul><li>Council of Europe Liaison Office in Brussels: The office is in charge of liaison with the European Union</li> <li>Council of Europe Office in Geneva:  Permanent Delegation of the Council of Europe to the United Nations Office and other international organisations in Geneva</li> <li>Council of Europe Office in Vienna: The office is in charge of liaison with the <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>, United Nations Office, and other international organisations in Vienna</li> <li>Council of Europe Office in Warsaw: The office is in charge of liaison with other international organisations and institutions in Warsaw, in particular, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_states,_observers,_partners"><span id="Member_states.2C_observers.2C_partners"></span>Member states, observers, partners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Member states, observers, partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Member states of the Council of Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main criteria for membership: geographic (Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any "European" State) and political (Article 3 of the Statute states applying for membership must accept <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> values—"Every member of the Council of Europe must accept the principles of the rule of law and the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and collaborate sincerely and effectively in the realisation of the aim of the Council as specified in Chapter I").<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since "Europe" is not defined in international law, the definition of "Europe" has been a question that has recurred during the CoE's history. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was admitted in 1950, although it is a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental state">transcontinental state</a> that lies mostly in Asia, with a smaller portion in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the PACE adopted Recommendation 1247, which said that admission to the CoE should be "in principle open only to states whose national territory lies wholly or partly in Europe"; later, however, the Assembly extended eligibility to apply and be admitted to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_states_and_observers">Member states and observers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Member states and observers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_CoE_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Albanian_CoE_stamp.jpg/220px-Albanian_CoE_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Albanian_CoE_stamp.jpg/330px-Albanian_CoE_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Albanian_CoE_stamp.jpg/440px-Albanian_CoE_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Postage stamp marks Albania as a member of the Council of Europe 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> joined three months later.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> joined the Council of Europe as associate members in 1950. West Germany became a full member in 1951, and the Saar withdrew its application after it joined West Germany following the <a href="/wiki/1955_Saar_Statute_referendum" title="1955 Saar Statute referendum">1955 Saar Statute referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joining later were <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (1961), <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (1965), and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> joined in 1977, two years after the death of its dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next to join were <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of Communism with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, the following countries in Europe joined: <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (1990), <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (1993), the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (1995), the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslav_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia">former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</a> (1995) (later renamed <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (1996, expelled 2022), <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>) (2003) and <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council now has 46 member states, with <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (2007) being the latest to join.<sup id="cite_ref-MemberStates_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MemberStates-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most Council members are predominantly Christian in heritage, there are four Muslim-majority member states: Bosnia and Herzegovina,<sup id="cite_ref-Popis2013_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popis2013-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey, Albania, and Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CoE has granted some countries a status that allows them to participate in CoE activities without being full members. There are three types of nonmember status: <i>associate member</i>, <i>special guest</i> and <i>observer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associate member status was created for former Axis states which had not yet regained their sovereignty since their defeat in the Second World War; as such, it is no longer used, although there have been proposals to reactivate it to permit enhanced participation by the current observer states.<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Special guest" status was used as a transitional status for <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet countries">post-Soviet countries</a> that wished to join the council after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> and is no longer commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Observer" status is for non-European nations who accept democracy, rule of law, and human rights, and wish to participate in Council initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Klebes_75-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> became an observer state in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are observer states, while <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> is an observer to the PACE.<sup id="cite_ref-MemberStates_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MemberStates-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Development_Bank" title="Council of Europe Development Bank">Council of Europe Development Bank</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Venice_Commission" title="Member states of the Venice Commission">member</a> of the Council of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Kosovo">Assembly of Kosovo</a> was invited to take part in the work of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> and its committees as an observer in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two representatives of local government in Kosovo participate in the work of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities" title="Congress of Local and Regional Authorities">Congress of Local and Regional Authorities</a> as observers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal,_suspension,_and_expulsion"><span id="Withdrawal.2C_suspension.2C_and_expulsion"></span>Withdrawal, suspension, and expulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Withdrawal, suspension, and expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Withdrawal from the Council of Europe">Withdrawal from the Council of Europe</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Statute of the Council of Europe">Statute of the Council of Europe</a> provides for the voluntary suspension, involuntary suspension, and exclusion of members.<sup id="cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DzehtsiarouCoffey-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 8 of the Statute provides that any member who has "seriously violated" Article 3 may be suspended from its rights of representation, and that the Committee of Ministers may request that such a member withdraws from the Council under Article 7. (The Statute does not define the "serious violation" phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DzehtsiarouCoffey-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Article 8 of the Statute, if a member state fails to withdraw upon request, the Committee may terminate its membership, in consultation with the PACE.<sup id="cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DzehtsiarouCoffey-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council suspended Greece in 1967, after a <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">military coup d'état</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a> withdrew from the CoE.<sup id="cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DzehtsiarouCoffey-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece was readmitted to the council in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suspension_and_exclusion_of_Russia">Suspension and exclusion of Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Suspension and exclusion of Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia in the Council of Europe</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> became a member of the Council of Europe in 1996. In 2014, after Russia <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed Crimea from Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_separatist_forces_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian separatist forces in Donbas">supported separatists in eastern Ukraine</a>, the Council stripped Russia of its voting rights in the PACE.<sup id="cite_ref-Erlanger_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlanger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Russia began to boycott the Assembly in 2016, and beginning from 2017 ceased paying its annual membership dues of 32.6 million euros (US$37.1 million) to the Council<sup id="cite_ref-Erlanger_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlanger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing the institution under financial strain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia stated that its suspension by the council was unfair, and demanded the restoration of its voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia had threatened to withdraw from the Council unless its voting rights were restored in time for the election of a new secretary general.<sup id="cite_ref-Erlanger_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlanger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European Council secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland" title="Thorbjørn Jagland">Thorbjørn Jagland</a> organized a special committee to find a compromise with Russia in early 2018, a move that was criticised by some as giving in to alleged Russian pressure by Council members and academic observers, especially if voting sanctions were lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, an approximately two-thirds majority of the Council voted (on a 118–62 vote, with 10 abstentions) to restore Russia's voting rights in the council.<sup id="cite_ref-Erlanger_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlanger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of lifting the suspension included Ukraine and other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet countries">post-Soviet countries</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic state">Baltic states</a>, who argued that readmission amounted to normalizing Russia's malign activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Erlanger_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlanger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of restoring Russia's council rights included France and Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-Suspends2022_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suspends2022-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which argued that a Russian withdrawal from the council would be harmful because it would deprive Russian citizens of their ability to initiate cases in the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erlanger_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlanger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 2022, after <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine</a>, the council suspended Russia for violations of the council's statute and the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> (ECHR). The suspension blocked Russia from participation in the council's ministerial council, the PACE, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a>, but still left Russia obligated to follow the ECHR.<sup id="cite_ref-Suspends2022_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suspends2022-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehta_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 March 2022, hours before the vote to expel the country, Russia initiated a voluntary withdrawal procedure from the council. The Russian delegation planned to deliver its formal withdrawal on 31 December 2022, and announced its intent to <a href="/wiki/Denunciation_(international_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denunciation (international law)">denounce</a> the ECHR. However, on the same day, the council's Committee of Ministers decided Russia's membership in the council would be terminated immediately, and determined that Russia had been excluded from the Council instead under its exclusion mechanism rather than the withdrawal mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-CoE_Expulsion_RU_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoE_Expulsion_RU-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being excluded from the Council of Europe, Russia's former president and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> endorsed restoring the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">death penalty in Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-operation">Co-operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Co-operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventions:_European_Treaty_Series">Conventions: European Treaty Series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conventions: European Treaty Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Council_of_Europe_treaties" title="List of Council of Europe treaties">List of Council of Europe treaties</a></div> <p>The Council of Europe works mainly through international treaties, usually called conventions in its system. By drafting conventions or international treaties, common legal standards are set for its member states. The conventions are collected in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Council_of_Europe_treaties" title="List of Council of Europe treaties">European Treaty Series</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-member_states">Non-member states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-member states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several conventions have also been opened for signature to non-member states. Important examples are the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Convention on Cybercrime</a> (signed for example, by Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States), the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Recognition_Convention" title="Lisbon Recognition Convention">Lisbon Recognition Convention</a> on the recognition of study periods and degrees (signed for example, by Australia, Belarus, Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, New Zealand and the United States), the Anti-<a href="/wiki/Doping_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping (sport)">doping</a> Convention (signed, for example, by Australia, Belarus, Canada and Tunisia) and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats</a> (signed for example, by Burkina Faso, Morocco, Tunisia and Senegal as well as the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>). Non-member states also participate in several partial agreements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a> (GRECO), the <a href="/wiki/European_Pharmacopoeia" title="European Pharmacopoeia">European Pharmacopoeia</a> Commission and the <a href="/wiki/North-South_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South Centre">North-South Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Invitations to sign and ratify relevant conventions of the Council of Europe on a case-by-case basis are sent to three groups of non-member entities:<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Non-European states: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mauritius, Morocco, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uruguay, Venezuela and the observers Canada, Israel, Japan, Mexico, United States.</li> <li>European states: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Russia and the observer Holy See.</li> <li>The European Community and later the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> was established by the ratification of the EU's <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">Council of Europe–European Union relations</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:400px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/400px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/600px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/800px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="780" usemap="#ImageMap_a3f8c5bc709a3d89" resource="/wiki/File:Supranational_European_Bodies-en.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_a3f8c5bc709a3d89"><area href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" shape="rect" coords="20,7,144,17" alt="European Political Community" title="European Political Community" /><area href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" shape="rect" coords="15,25,76,33" alt="Schengen Area" title="Schengen Area" /><area href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" shape="rect" coords="251,23,325,32" alt="Council of Europe" title="Council of Europe" /><area href="/wiki/European_Union" shape="rect" coords="51,63,118,73" alt="European Union" title="European Union" /><area href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" shape="rect" coords="18,181,38,189" alt="European Economic Area" title="European Economic Area" /><area href="/wiki/Eurozone" shape="rect" coords="55,203,96,211" alt="Eurozone" title="Eurozone" /><area href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" shape="rect" coords="55,234,133,244" alt="European Union Customs Union" title="European Union Customs Union" /><area href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" shape="rect" coords="17,121,41,129" alt="European Free Trade Association" title="European Free Trade Association" /><area href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" shape="rect" coords="75,100,108,118" alt="Nordic Council" title="Nordic Council" /><area href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" shape="rect" coords="118,100,158,120" alt="Visegrád Group" title="Visegrád Group" /><area 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title="Portugal" /><area href="/wiki/Slovenia" shape="rect" coords="191,149,211,163" alt="Slovenia" title="Slovenia" /><area href="/wiki/Malta" shape="rect" coords="191,168,211,181" alt="Malta" title="Malta" /><area href="/wiki/Croatia" shape="rect" coords="166,196,186,209" alt="Croatia" title="Croatia" /><area href="/wiki/Cyprus" shape="rect" coords="219,149,239,163" alt="Cyprus" title="Cyprus" /><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" shape="rect" coords="221,173,241,186" alt="Republic of Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland" /><area href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" shape="rect" coords="252,173,272,186" alt="United Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Turkey" shape="rect" coords="219,40,239,53" alt="Turkey" title="Turkey" /><area href="/wiki/Monaco" shape="rect" coords="178,231,196,244" alt="Monaco" title="Monaco" /><area href="/wiki/Andorra" shape="rect" coords="199,231,219,244" alt="Andorra" title="Andorra" /><area href="/wiki/San_Marino" shape="rect" coords="221,231,241,244" alt="San Marino" title="San Marino" /><area href="/wiki/Vatican_City" shape="rect" coords="372,231,392,244" alt="Vatican City" title="Vatican City" /><area href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" shape="rect" coords="256,61,274,75" alt="Georgia (country)" title="Georgia (country)" /><area href="/wiki/Ukraine" shape="rect" coords="256,81,274,96" alt="Ukraine" title="Ukraine" /><area href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" shape="rect" coords="281,61,300,75" alt="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan" /><area href="/wiki/Moldova" shape="rect" coords="281,81,300,96" alt="Moldova" title="Moldova" /><area href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" shape="rect" coords="286,148,305,161" alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina" /><area href="/wiki/Armenia" shape="rect" coords="312,61,332,75" alt="Armenia" title="Armenia" /><area href="/wiki/Montenegro" shape="rect" coords="312,148,332,161" alt="Montenegro" title="Montenegro" /><area href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" shape="rect" coords="312,123,332,136" alt="North Macedonia" title="North Macedonia" /><area href="/wiki/Albania" shape="rect" coords="312,105,332,118" alt="Albania" title="Albania" /><area href="/wiki/Serbia" shape="rect" coords="286,123,305,136" alt="Serbia" title="Serbia" /><area href="/wiki/Kosovo" shape="rect" coords="342,148,362,161" alt="Kosovo" title="Kosovo" /><area href="/wiki/Russia" shape="rect" coords="372,126,392,139" alt="Russia" title="Russia" /><area href="/wiki/Belarus" shape="rect" coords="372,148,392,161" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template talk:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> (the "Council of Ministers") or the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>. These belong to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which is separate from the Council of Europe, although they have shared the same European flag and anthem since the 1980s since they both work for <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor is the Council of Europe to be confused with the European Union itself. </p><p>The Council of Europe is an entirely separate body<sup id="cite_ref-COE_not_EU_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE_not_EU-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the European Union. It is not controlled by it. </p><p>Cooperation between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the Council of Europe was reinforced in the mid-2000s, notably on culture and education as well as on the international enforcement of justice and Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Union is expected to accede to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> (the convention). There are also concerns about consistency in case law – the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> (the EU's court in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>) is treating the convention as part of the legal system of all <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a> in order to prevent conflict between its judgements and those of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (the court in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> interpreting the convention). Protocol No. 14 of the convention is designed to allow the EU to accede to it and the EU <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> contains a protocol binding the EU to join. The EU would thus be subject to its human rights law and external monitoring as its member states currently are.<sup id="cite_ref-Juncker_Council_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juncker_Council-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reform_Draft_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reform_Draft-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_of_Political_Studies">Schools of Political Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Schools of Political Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Council of Europe <i>Schools of Political Studies</i> were established to train future generations of political, economic, social and cultural leaders in countries in transition. With the participation of national and international experts, they run annual series of seminars and conferences on topics such as European integration, democracy, human rights, the rule of law and globalisation. The first School of Political Studies was created in Moscow in 1992. By 2020, 20 other schools had been set up along the same lines, forming an association;<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a network covering the whole of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, as well as some countries in the Southern Mediterranean region. The schools are part of the Education Department, which is part of the Directorate of Democratic Participation within the Directorate General of Democracy ("DGII") of the Council of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooperation between the CoE and the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> started with the agreement signed by the Secretariats of these institutions on 15 December 1951. On 17 October 1989, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly of the United Nations</a> approved a resolution on granting observer status to the Council of Europe which was proposed by several member states of the CoE.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the Council of Europe holds <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">observer status</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and is regularly represented in the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>. It has organised the regional UN conferences against racism and on women. It co-operates with the United Nations at many levels, in particular in the areas of human rights, minorities, migration and counter-terrorism. In November 2016, the UN General Assembly adopted by consensus Resolution (A/Res/71/17) on Cooperation between the United Nations and the Council of Europe whereby it acknowledged the contribution of the Council of Europe to the protection and strengthening of human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law, welcomed the ongoing co-operation in a variety of fields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-governmental_organisations">Non-governmental organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-governmental organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisations">Non-governmental organisations</a> (NGOs) can participate in the <a href="/wiki/INGOs_Conference_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe">INGOs Conference of the Council of Europe</a> and become observers to inter-governmental committees of experts. The Council of Europe drafted the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_the_Recognition_of_the_Legal_Personality_of_International_Non-Governmental_Organisations" title="European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations">European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations</a> in 1986, which sets the legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs. The rules for <a href="/wiki/Consultative_status" title="Consultative status">consultative status</a> for INGOs appended to the resolution (93)38 "On relation between the Council of Europe and <a href="/wiki/International_nongovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International nongovernmental organizations">non-governmental organisations</a>", adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 October 1993 at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies. On 19 November 2003, the Committee of Ministers changed the consultative status into a participatory status, "considering that it is indispensable that the rules governing the relations between the Council of Europe and NGOs evolve to reflect the active participation of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) in the Organisation's policy and work programme".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 May 2018, the Council of Europe signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with the European <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> confederation <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Europe also signed an agreement with FIFA in which the two agreed to strengthen future cooperation in areas of common interests. The deal which included cooperation between member states in the sport of football and safety and security at football matches was finalized in October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privileges_and_immunities">Privileges and immunities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Privileges and immunities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe grants the organisation certain privileges and immunities.<sup id="cite_ref-priv-immu-EC_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priv-immu-EC-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The working conditions of staff are governed by the council's staff regulations, which are public.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salaries and emoluments paid by the Council of Europe to its officials are tax-exempt on the basis of Article 18 of the General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-priv-immu-EC_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priv-immu-EC-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol_and_anthem">Symbol and anthem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Symbol and anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">Flag of Europe</a></div> <p>The Council of Europe created, and has since 1955 used as its official symbol, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">European Flag</a> with 12 golden stars arranged in a circle on a blue background. </p><p>Its musical anthem since 1972, the "<a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Europe" title="Anthem of Europe">European anthem</a>", is based on the "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a>" theme from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">ninth symphony</a>. </p><p>On 5 May 1964, the 15th anniversary of its founding, the Council of Europe established 5 May as <a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-symbols_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symbols-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide private and public use of the European Flag is encouraged to symbolise a European dimension. To avoid confusion with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> which subsequently adopted the same flag in the 1980s, as well as other European institutions, the Council of Europe often uses a modified version with a lower-case "e" surrounding the stars which are referred to as the "Council of Europe Logo".<sup id="cite_ref-symbols_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symbols-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Human Rights Watch and the European Stability Initiative have called on the Council of Europe to undertake concrete actions to show that it is willing and able to return to its "original mission to protect and ensure human rights",<sup id="cite_ref-ESI_HavelPrize_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESI_HavelPrize-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite launching political and economic activities that could generate redundancies with other international organizations (including the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/OCSE" class="mw-redirect" title="OCSE">OCSE</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-euractiv1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euractiv1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, a new and different Pan-European meeting of 44 states was held, as the "inaugural summit of the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a>", a new forum largely organized by French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>. The Council of Europe, sidelined, reportedly was "perplexed" with this development, with a spokesperson stating "In the field of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, such a pan-European community already exists: it is the Council of Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-CookJanicekCorbet_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CookJanicekCorbet-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feature of the new forum is that <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> are deliberately excluded,<sup id="cite_ref-CookJanicekCorbet_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CookJanicekCorbet-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was not seen as explaining the need for a different entity, given that at the time, Russia was no longer a member of the Council of Europe and Belarus only participated partially, as a non-member.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Caviar_diplomacy"_scandal"><span id=".22Caviar_diplomacy.22_scandal"></span>"Caviar diplomacy" scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: "Caviar diplomacy" scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_laundromat" title="Azerbaijani laundromat">Azerbaijani laundromat</a></div> <p>After Azerbaijan joined the CoE in 2001, both the Council and its Parliamentary Assembly were criticised for having a weak response to election rigging and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">human rights violations in Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACEGuard-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> criticised the Council of Europe in 2014 for allowing Azerbaijan to assume the six-month rotating chairmanship of the council's Committee of Ministers, writing that the Azeri government's repression of human rights defenders, dissidents, and journalists "shows sheer contempt for its commitments to the Council of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_Criticism_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_Criticism-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An internal inquiry was set up in 2017 amid allegations of bribery by Azerbaijan government officials and criticism of "<a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">caviar diplomacy</a>" at the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankin_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankin-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valencia_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valencia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 219-page report was issued in 2018 after a ten-month investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACEGuard-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded that several members of the Parliamentary Assembly broke CoE ethical rules and were "strongly suspected" of corruption; it strongly criticised former Parliamentary Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Agramunt" title="Pedro Agramunt">Pedro Agramunt</a> and suggested that he had engaged in "corruptive activities" before his resignation under pressure in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACEGuard-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inquiry also named Italian member <a href="/wiki/Luca_Volont%C3%A8" title="Luca Volontè">Luca Volontè</a> as a suspect in "activities of a corruptive nature".<sup id="cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACEGuard-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volontè was investigated by Italian police and accused by Italian prosecutors in 2017 of receiving over 2.39 million euros in bribes in exchange for working for Azerbaijan in the parliamentary assembly, and that in 2013 he played a key role in orchestrating the defeat of a highly critical report on the abuse of political prisoners in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankin_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankin-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valencia_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valencia-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Volontè was convicted of accepting bribes from Azerbaijani officials to water down critiques of the nation's human rights record, and he was sentenced by a court in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to four years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Common European Framework of Reference for Languages">Common European Framework of Reference for Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Specialised_Ministers" title="Conference of Specialised Ministers">Conference of Specialised Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Archives" title="Council of Europe Archives">Council of Europe Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Europe_Prize" title="The Europe Prize">The Europe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-fraud_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="European Anti-fraud Office">European Anti-fraud Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Award_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Film Award of the Council of Europe">Film Award of the Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneyval" title="Moneyval">Moneyval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations in Europe">International organisations in Europe</a>, and co-ordinated organisations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Council_of_Europe_treaties" title="List of Council of Europe treaties">List of Council of Europe treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_European_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in European constitutions">List of linguistic rights in European constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Centre" title="North–South Centre">North–South Centre</a> of the Council of Europe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-transcontinental-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transcontinental_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcontinental_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcontinental_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Transcontinental country straddling both Europe and Asia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depending on varying geographic definitions, some member states or portions thereof may be considered transcontinental or Eurasian (<a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-transcontinental_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcontinental-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-transcontinental_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcontinental-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-transcontinental_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcontinental-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/did-you-know">"Did you know?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/755535">"The Council of Europe, 1949–1953: I"</a>. <i>The International and Comparative Law Quarterly</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 235–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F3.2.235">10.1093/iclqaj/3.2.235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5893">0020-5893</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/755535">755535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+and+Comparative+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Europe%2C+1949%E2%80%931953%3A+I&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-255&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0020-5893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F755535%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficlqaj%2F3.2.235&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F755535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2008" class="citation web cs1">McManus, David (17 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-architect.com/france/nbgen-strasbourg">"New General Building of Council of Europe"</a>. <i>e-architect</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-architect&rft.atitle=New+General+Building+of+Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-architect.com%2Ffrance%2Fnbgen-strasbourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528112354/http://www.coe.int/t/DC/Press/Source/PressFile_%20AGORA_fr.pdf">"Inauguration of the Agora Building"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release) (in French). Council of Europe. 30 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/DC/Press/Source/PressFile_%20AGORA_fr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inauguration+of+the+Agora+Building&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2FDC%2FPress%2FSource%2FPressFile_%2520AGORA_fr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mipim.com/App/homepage.cfm?appname=100517&moduleid=288&campaignid=11888&iUserCampaignID=43827991">"2008 List of MIPIM winners"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008+List+of+MIPIM+winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mipim.com%2FApp%2Fhomepage.cfm%3Fappname%3D100517%26moduleid%3D288%26campaignid%3D11888%26iUserCampaignID%3D43827991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213025/http://www.theewc.org/about-the-ewc.html">"European Wergeland Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theewc.org/about-the-ewc.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Wergeland+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theewc.org%2Fabout-the-ewc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/programmes/external-offices">"List of external offices"</a>. <i>Office of the Directorate General of Programmes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Directorate+General+of+Programmes&rft.atitle=List+of+external+offices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fprogrammes%2Fexternal-offices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/1680935bd0">"Statute of the Council of Europe, London, 5.V.1949"</a>. Council of Europe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statute+of+the+Council+of+Europe%2C+London%2C+5.V.1949&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2F1680935bd0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klebes-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klebes_75-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenoît-RohmerKlebes2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florence_Beno%C3%AEt-Rohmer" title="Florence Benoît-Rohmer">Benoît-Rohmer, Florence</a>; Klebes, Heinrich (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/coelaweng.pdf">"Council of Europe law: Towards a pan-European legal area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Council of Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/coelaweng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Europe+law%3A+Towards+a+pan-European+legal+area&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Beno%C3%AEt-Rohmer&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft.au=Klebes%2C+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.ge%2Ffiles%2Fupload-file%2Fpdf%2Fcoelaweng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://70.coe.int/1949-statute-of-the-council-of-europe-is-signed-in-london-en.html">"Statute of the Council of Europe is signed in London"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>On 5 May 1949, at St James's Palace, London, the Foreign Ministers of Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom signed the Treaty establishing the Council of Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statute+of+the+Council+of+Europe+is+signed+in+London&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F70.coe.int%2F1949-statute-of-the-council-of-europe-is-signed-in-london-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://70.coe.int/-/1950-turkey-joins">"Turkey joins"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+joins&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F70.coe.int%2F-%2F1950-turkey-joins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/turkey">"Turkey – Member state"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+%E2%80%93+Member+state&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Fturkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://70.coe.int/-/1949-greece-joins">"Turkey"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F70.coe.int%2F-%2F1949-greece-joins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/greece">"Greece – Member state"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Greece and Turkey became the 11th and 12th member State of the Council of Europe on 9 August 1949.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece+%E2%80%93+Member+state&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Fgreece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://70.coe.int/-/1950-iceland-joins">"Iceland joins"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland+joins&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F70.coe.int%2F-%2F1950-iceland-joins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/iceland">"Iceland – Member state"</a>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Iceland became the 13th member State of the Council of Europe on 7 March 1950.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland+%E2%80%93+Member+state&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Ficeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://70.coe.int/1950-federal-republic-of-germany-joins-the-council-of-europe-en.html">"13 July 1950: Federal Republic of Germany joins the Council of Europe"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+population%2C+households+and+dwellings+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%2C+2013%3A+Final+results&rft.pub=Agency+for+Statistics+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popis2013.ba%2Fpopis2013%2Fdoc%2FPopis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/united-states">"United States // Observer"</a>, Council of Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/events/?country=243">"Venice Commission :: Council of Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venice+Commission+%3A%3A+Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.venice.coe.int%2Fwebforms%2Fevents%2F%3Fcountry%3D243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.coe.int/en/aplist/countries/65/assembly-of-kosovo-">"Assembly of Kosovo*"</a>. <i>PACE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011210114/https://pace.coe.int/en/aplist/countries/65/assembly-of-kosovo-">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PACE&rft.atitle=Assembly+of+Kosovo%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.coe.int%2Fen%2Faplist%2Fcountries%2F65%2Fassembly-of-kosovo-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=22499&lang=en">"The situation in Kosovo* and the role of the Council of Europe"</a>. <i>PACE website</i>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014130615/http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=22499&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PACE+website&rft.atitle=The+situation+in+Kosovo%2A+and+the+role+of+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2Fnw%2Fxml%2FXRef%2FXref-XML2HTML-en.asp%3Ffileid%3D22499%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://komunat-ks.net/archives/5132?lang=sq">"DELEGACIONI I ASOCIACIONIT TË KOMUNAVE PO PËRFAQËSON KOSOVËN NË PUNIMET e KONGRESIT TË KËSHILLIT TË EVROPËS – Asociacioni i Komunave të Kosovës"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DELEGACIONI+I+ASOCIACIONIT+T%C3%8B+KOMUNAVE+PO+P%C3%8BRFAQ%C3%8BSON+KOSOV%C3%8BN+N%C3%8B+PUNIMET+e+KONGRESIT+T%C3%8B+K%C3%8BSHILLIT+T%C3%8B+EVROP%C3%8BS+%E2%80%93+Asociacioni+i+Komunave+t%C3%AB+Kosov%C3%ABs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkomunat-ks.net%2Farchives%2F5132%3Flang%3Dsq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DzehtsiarouCoffey-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DzehtsiarouCoffey_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanstantsin Dzehtsiarou & Donal K. Coffey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly/article/suspension-and-expulsion-of-members-of-the-council-of-europe-difficult-decisions-in-troubled-times/0CA9AC93A5722D91BECC4391D93B654E">Suspension and expulsion of members of the Council of Europe: difficult decisions in troubled times</a>, <i>International & Comparative Law Quarterly</i>, Vol. 68, Issue 2 (2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasilopoulou, Sofia. (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/7858">The party politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: The case of Greece</a>. <i>Politics</i>, 38. DOI: 10.1177/0263395718770599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erlanger-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erlanger_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlanger_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlanger_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlanger_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlanger_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erlanger_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Erlanger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/world/europe/council-of-europe-russia-crimea.html">Council of Europe Restores Russia's Voting Rights</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (June 25, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-cancels-council-of-europe-payment-members-persecuted-a7816951.html">Russia cancels payment to Council of Europe after claiming its delegates are being persecuted over Crimea</a>, <i>The Independent</i>. 30 June 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/russia-withholds-payments-to-the-council-of-europe/a-42792673">"Russia withholds payments to the Council of Europe"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Russia+withholds+payments+to+the+Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Frussia-withholds-payments-to-the-council-of-europe%2Fa-42792673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2017" class="citation web cs1">Buckley, Neil (26 November 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3cccaf92-d12c-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc">"Russia tests Council of Europe in push to regain vote"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3cccaf92-d12c-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+tests+Council+of+Europe+in+push+to+regain+vote&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3cccaf92-d12c-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.boell.org/en/2018/02/21/classic-dilemma-russias-threat-withdraw-council-europe">"A Classic Dilemma: Russia's Threat to Withdraw from the Council of Europe"</a>. <i>Heinrich Böll Stiftung European Union</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heinrich+B%C3%B6ll+Stiftung+European+Union&rft.atitle=A+Classic+Dilemma%3A+Russia%27s+Threat+to+Withdraw+from+the+Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.boell.org%2Fen%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fclassic-dilemma-russias-threat-withdraw-council-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeise2019" class="citation web cs1">Weise, Zia (17 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/council-of-europe-restores-russias-voting-rights/">"Council of Europe restores Russia's voting rights"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Council+of+Europe+restores+Russia%27s+voting+rights&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.aulast=Weise&rft.aufirst=Zia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fcouncil-of-europe-restores-russias-voting-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suspends2022-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suspends2022_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suspends2022_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Erlanger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/world/europe/council-of-europe-russia-suspension.html">The Council of Europe suspends Russia for its attack on Ukraine.</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (March 3, 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehta-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehta_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pooja Mehta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/03/russia-withdraws-from-council-of-europe/">Russia withdraws from Council of Europe</a>, <i>JURIST</i> (March 12, 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-suspends-russia-s-rights-of-representation">"Council of Europe suspends Russia's rights of representation"</a>. <i>COE</i>. 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Logo+of+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2F02%2FLogo%2FPictures%2FLogoCoE%2FLogoCoe.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESI_HavelPrize-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESI_HavelPrize_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Stability_Initiative" class="citation news cs1">European Stability Initiative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001072918/http://www.esiweb.org/rumeliobserver/2014/09/29/what-the-2014-havel-prize-says-about-the-council-of-europe-and-what-should-happen-now/">"What the 2014 Havel Prize says about the Council of Europe – and what should happen now"</a>. No. 29 September 2014. ESI web. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esiweb.org/rumeliobserver/2014/09/29/what-the-2014-havel-prize-says-about-the-council-of-europe-and-what-should-happen-now/">the original</a> on 1 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Council+of+Europe%3F&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17741526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euractiv1-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euractiv1_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2017" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Sam (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/all/news/the-brief-council-of-europe-in-hunt-for-relevance/">"The Brief: Council of Europe in hunt for relevance"</a>. Euractiv.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+and+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fcharlemagne%2F2013%2F03%2Fazerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CookJanicekCorbet-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CookJanicekCorbet_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CookJanicekCorbet_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorne_CookKarel_JanicekSylvie_Corbet2022" class="citation news cs1">Lorne Cook; Karel Janicek; Sylvie Corbet (6 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-turkey-prague-middle-east-508b968f182e5da7cf721f9928f2a937">"Europe holds 44-leader summit, leaves Russia in the cold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe+holds+44-leader+summit%2C+leaves+Russia+in+the+cold&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft.au=Lorne+Cook&rft.au=Karel+Janicek&rft.au=Sylvie+Corbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-business-turkey-prague-middle-east-508b968f182e5da7cf721f9928f2a937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PACEGuard-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACEGuard_129-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/apr/22/council-of-europe-members-suspected-of-corruption-inquiry-reveals">"Council of Europe members suspected of corruption, inquiry reveals"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Council+of+Europe+members+suspected+of+corruption%2C+inquiry+reveals&rft.date=2018-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2018%2Fapr%2F22%2Fcouncil-of-europe-members-suspected-of-corruption-inquiry-reveals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW_Criticism-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_Criticism_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2014" class="citation news cs1">Human Rights Watch (29 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/29/azerbaijan-government-repression-tarnishes-chairmanship">"Azerbaijan: Government Repression Tarnishes Chairmanship Council of Europe's Leadership Should Take Action"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Government+Repression+Tarnishes+Chairmanship+Council+of+Europe%27s+Leadership+Should+Take+Action&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F09%2F29%2Fazerbaijan-government-repression-tarnishes-chairmanship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankin-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rankin_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankin_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Rankin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/feb/01/council-of-europe-urged-investigate-azerbaijan-bribery-allegations">Council of Europe urged to investigate Azerbaijan bribery allegations</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 1 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valencia-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valencia_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valencia_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Valencia2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Matthew Valencia (19 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926025428/https://www.economist.com/1843/2016/08/31/caviar-diplomacy-in-azerbaijan">"Heaping on the Caviar Diplomacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Heaping+on+the+Caviar+Diplomacy&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.au=Matthew+Valencia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2F1843%2F2016%2F08%2F31%2Fcaviar-diplomacy-in-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabanelli" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabanelli, Milena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/cronache/17_gennaio_30/consiglio-d-europa-caso-azerbaijan-regali-milioni-2cbc0b5e-e66b-11e6-84c1-08780d9999f1.shtml?refresh_ce-cp">"Il Consiglio d'Europa e il caso Azerbaijan tra regali e milioni"</a> [The Council of Europe and the Azerbaijan case between gifts and millions]. <i>Corriere della Sera</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Il+Consiglio+d%27Europa+e+il+caso+Azerbaijan+tra+regali+e+milioni&rft.aulast=Gabanelli&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F17_gennaio_30%2Fconsiglio-d-europa-caso-azerbaijan-regali-milioni-2cbc0b5e-e66b-11e6-84c1-08780d9999f1.shtml%3Frefresh_ce-cp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zdravko Ljubas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/13628-italian-court-sentences-former-council-of-europe-mp-for-bribery">Italian Court Sentences Former Council of Europe MP for Bribery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project" title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project</a> (January 14, 2021).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedman2006" class="citation book cs1">Dedman, Martin (2006). <i>The Origins and Development of the European Union 1945–1995</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203131817">10.4324/9780203131817</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203131817" title="Special:BookSources/9780203131817"><bdi>9780203131817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+European+Union+1945%E2%80%931995&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203131817&rft.isbn=9780203131817&rft.aulast=Dedman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dinan, Desmond. <i>Europe Recast: A History of European Union</i> (2nd ed. 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rienner.com/uploads/53aae65db9769.pdf">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021131211/https://www.rienner.com/uploads/53aae65db9769.pdf">Archived</a> 21 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; the excerpt covers the historiography</li> <li>Gillingham, John. <i>Coal, Steel, and the Rebirth of Europe, 1945–1955: The Germans and French from Ruhr Conflict to Economic Community</i> (Cambridge UP, 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrieri2014" class="citation journal cs1">Guerrieri, Sandro (2014). "From the Hague Congress to the Council of Europe: Hopes, achievements and disappointments in the parliamentary way to European integration (1948–51)". <i>Parliaments, Estates and Representation</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 216–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02606755.2014.952133">10.1080/02606755.2014.952133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142610321">142610321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliaments%2C+Estates+and+Representation&rft.atitle=From+the+Hague+Congress+to+the+Council+of+Europe%3A+Hopes%2C+achievements+and+disappointments+in+the+parliamentary+way+to+European+integration+%281948%E2%80%9351%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-227&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02606755.2014.952133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142610321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guerrieri&rft.aufirst=Sandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kopf, Susanne. <i>Debating the European Union Transnationally: Wikipedians' Construction of the EU on a Wikipedia Talk Page (2001–2015)</i>. (PhD dissertation Lancaster University, 2018)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516115656/http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/126749/1/2018kopfphd.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Moravcsik, Andrew. <i>The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht</i> (Cornell UP, 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801435096" title="Special:BookSources/9780801435096">9780801435096</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925023272">925023272</a>.</li> <li>Stone, Dan. <i>Goodbye to All That?: The Story of Europe Since 1945</i> (Oxford UP, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrwin2014" class="citation book cs1">Urwin, Derek W. (2014). <i>The Community of Europe</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315843650">10.4324/9781315843650</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315843650" title="Special:BookSources/9781315843650"><bdi>9781315843650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Community+of+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315843650&rft.isbn=9781315843650&rft.aulast=Urwin&rft.aufirst=Derek+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/002.htm">General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of Europe</a>, Paris, 2 September 1949</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_organizations" title="Template talk:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Europe Foundation">Asia-Europe Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">Assembly of European Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liptako%E2%80%93Gourma_Authority" title="Liptako–Gourma Authority">Liptako–Gourma Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans_Quad" title="Western Balkans Quad">Western Balkans Quad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regional integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population">Regional organizations by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">Regionalism (international relations)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output 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