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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient labyrinths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_labyrinths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient labyrinths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_labyrinths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cretan_labyrinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cretan_labyrinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cretan labyrinth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cretan_labyrinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Egyptian_labyrinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Egyptian_labyrinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Egyptian labyrinth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Egyptian_labyrinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pliny's_Lemnian_labyrinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pliny's_Lemnian_labyrinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pliny's Lemnian labyrinth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pliny's_Lemnian_labyrinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pliny's_Italian_labyrinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pliny's_Italian_labyrinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pliny's Italian labyrinth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pliny's_Italian_labyrinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_labyrinths_outside_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_labyrinths_outside_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ancient labyrinths outside Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_labyrinths_outside_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labyrinth_as_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labyrinth_as_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Labyrinth as pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labyrinth_as_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_labyrinths_and_turf_mazes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_labyrinths_and_turf_mazes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medieval labyrinths and turf mazes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_labyrinths_and_turf_mazes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_labyrinths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_labyrinths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern labyrinths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_labyrinths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern labyrinths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_labyrinths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cultural meanings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Christian use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Usage in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Labyrinth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="قصر التيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصر التيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Лабиринт (митология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лабиринт (митология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milendall" title="Milendall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Milendall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laberint" title="Laberint – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laberint" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrint" title="Labyrint – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Labyrint" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrint" title="Labyrint – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Labyrint" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Labyrinth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab%C3%BCrint" title="Labürint – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Labürint" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laberinto" title="Laberinto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laberinto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirinto" title="Labirinto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Labirinto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirinto" title="Labirinto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Labirinto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="هزارتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هزارتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthe" title="Labyrinthe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Labyrinthe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirinto" title="Labirinto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Labirinto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B6%81" title="미궁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미궁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Լաբիրինթոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լաբիրինթոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Labyrinth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrintho" title="Labyrintho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Labyrintho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirinto" title="Labirinto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Labirinto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ლაბირინთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაბირინთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Лабиринт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лабиринт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Лабиринт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лабиринт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthus" title="Labyrinthus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Labyrinthus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Labyrinth" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirintas" title="Labirintas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Labirintas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirintus" title="Labirintus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Labirintus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Лавиринт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лавиринт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrint_(architectuur)" title="Labyrint (architectuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Labyrint (architectuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%AE%AE" title="迷宮 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="迷宮" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrint" title="Labyrint – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Labyrint" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laberint" title="Laberint – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laberint" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirint" title="Labirint – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Labirint" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirynt" title="Labirynt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Labirynt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirinto" title="Labirinto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Labirinto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirint" title="Labirint – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Labirint" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Лабиринт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лабиринт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labbirintu" title="Labbirintu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Labbirintu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirint_(mitologija)" title="Labirint (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Labirint (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labirint" title="Labirint – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Labirint" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrintti" title="Labyrintti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Labyrintti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laberinto" title="Laberinto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Laberinto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிக்கல் வழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிக்கல் வழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the elaborate maze-like labyrinth from Greek mythology. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Labyrinth (disambiguation)">Labyrinth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_silver_coin_400bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Knossos_silver_coin_400bc.jpg/220px-Knossos_silver_coin_400bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Knossos_silver_coin_400bc.jpg/330px-Knossos_silver_coin_400bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Knossos_silver_coin_400bc.jpg/440px-Knossos_silver_coin_400bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin from <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> displaying the 7-course "Classical" design to represent the Labyrinth, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#005daa">Greek mythology</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena"><img alt="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/195px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/293px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/390px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2025" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Heroes and heroism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Labours of Heracles">Labours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Labyrinth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demogorgon" title="Demogorgon">Demogorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/16px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/24px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myths" title="Portal:Myths">Myths portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <b>Labyrinth</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λαβύρινθος">λαβύρινθος</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Labúrinthos</i></span></i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an elaborate, confusing structure designed and built by the legendary artificer <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> for King <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>. Its function was to hold the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a>, the monster eventually killed by the hero <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>. Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although early Cretan coins occasionally exhibit branching (multicursal) patterns,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the single-path (unicursal) seven-course "Classical" design without branching or dead ends became associated with the Labyrinth on coins as early as 430 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar non-branching patterns became widely used as visual representations of the Labyrinth – even though both logic and literary descriptions make it clear that the Minotaur was trapped in a complex branching maze.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as the designs became more elaborate, visual depictions of the mythological Labyrinth from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> are almost invariably unicursal. Branching mazes were reintroduced only when <a href="/wiki/Hedge_maze" title="Hedge maze">hedge mazes</a> became popular during the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, the term <i>labyrinth</i> is generally synonymous with <i><a href="/wiki/Maze" title="Maze">maze</a></i>. As a result of the long history of unicursal representation of the mythological Labyrinth, however, many contemporary scholars and enthusiasts observe a distinction between the two. In this specialized usage, <i>maze</i> refers to a complex branching multicursal puzzle with choices of path and direction, while a unicursal <i>labyrinth</i> has only a single path to the center. A labyrinth in this sense has an unambiguous route to the center and back and presents no navigational challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unicursal labyrinths appeared as designs on <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketry">basketry</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">body art</a>, and in etchings on walls of caves or churches. The Romans created many primarily decorative unicursal designs on walls and floors in tile or <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>. Many labyrinths set in floors or on the ground are large enough that the path can be walked. Unicursal patterns have been used historically both in group ritual and for private meditation, and are increasingly found for therapeutic use in hospitals and hospices.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Labyrinth</i> is a word of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">pre-Greek</a> origin whose derivation and meaning are uncertain. Maximillian Mayer suggested as early as 1892<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <i>labyrinthos</i> might derive from <i><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> word for "double-bladed axe".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a>, who excavated the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan palace">Minoan palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> early in the 20th century, suggested that the ruins there inspired the story of the labyrinth, and since the double axe motif appears in the palace ruins, he asserted that <i>labyrinth</i> could be understood to mean "the house of the double axe".<sup id="cite_ref-dapurito_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dapurito-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same symbol, however, was discovered in other palaces in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_P._Nilsson" title="Martin P. Nilsson">Nilsson</a> observed that in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> the double axe is not a weapon and always accompanies <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddesses</a> or women and not a male god.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The association with "labrys" lost some traction when <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> was deciphered in the 1950s, and an apparent <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> rendering of "labyrinth" appeared as <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><i lang="gmy-Latn">da-pu₂-ri-to</i></span> (<span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀅𐀢𐀪𐀵</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-dapurito_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dapurito-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarullo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarullo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be related to the Minoan word <i>du-pu₂-re</i>, which appears in <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> on <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> tablets and in connection with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Dikte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Dikte">Mount Dikte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida" title="Mount Ida">Mount Ida</a>, both of which are associated with caverns.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caverns near <a href="/wiki/Gortyna" title="Gortyna">Gortyna</a>, the Cretan capital in the 1st century AD, were called <i>labyrinthos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarullo_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarullo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History"><i>Natural History</i></a> gives four examples of ancient labyrinths: the Cretan labyrinth, an Egyptian labyrinth, a Lemnian labyrinth, and an Italian labyrinth. These are all complex underground structures,<sup id="cite_ref-Kern_III_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kern_III-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this appears to have been the standard Classical understanding of the word. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_S.P._Beekes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert S.P. Beekes">Beekes</a> also finds the relation with <i>labrys</i> speculative, and suggests instead a relation with Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λαύρα</span></span> ('narrow street').<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_labyrinths">Ancient labyrinths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient labyrinths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cretan_labyrinth">Cretan labyrinth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cretan labyrinth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Daedalus_mosaic_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Daedalus_mosaic_1871.jpg/220px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Daedalus_mosaic_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Daedalus_mosaic_1871.jpg/330px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Daedalus_mosaic_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Daedalus_mosaic_1871.jpg/440px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Daedalus_mosaic_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zeugma,_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugma, Commagene">Zeugma, Commagene</a> (now in the <a href="/wiki/Zeugma_Mosaic_Museum" title="Zeugma Mosaic Museum">Zeugma Mosaic Museum</a>) depicting <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a>, and two of her female attendants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Edward_Burne-Jones_-_Tile_Design_-_Theseus_and_the_Minotaur_in_the_Labyrinth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="5003" /></a><figcaption>Theseus in the Minotaur's labyrinth, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> site at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> was excavated by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a>, the complexity of the architecture prompted him to suggest that the palace had been the Labyrinth of Daedalus. Evans found various bull motifs, including an image of <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping" title="Bull-leaping">a man leaping over the horns of a bull</a>, as well as depictions of a <a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a> carved into the walls. On the strength of a passage in the <i>Iliad</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-dancingground_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dancingground-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been suggested that the palace was the site of a dancing-ground made for <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> by the craftsman <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where young men and women, of the age of those sent to Crete as prey for the Minotaur, would dance together. By extension, in popular legend the palace is associated with the myth of the Minotaur. </p><p>In the 2000s, archaeologists explored other potential sites of the labyrinth.<sup id="cite_ref-skotinogortyn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skotinogortyn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> geographer Nicholas Howarth believes that "Evans's hypothesis that the palace of Knossos is also the Labyrinth must be treated sceptically."<sup id="cite_ref-skotinogortyn_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skotinogortyn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howarth and his team conducted a search of an underground complex known as the <a href="/wiki/Skotino_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Skotino cave">Skotino cave</a> but concluded that it was formed naturally. Another contender is a series of tunnels at <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, accessed by a narrow crack but expanding into interlinking caverns. Unlike the Skotino cave, these caverns have smooth walls and columns, and appear to have been at least partially man-made. This site corresponds to a labyrinth symbol on a 16th-century map of Crete in a book of maps in the library of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>. A map of the caves themselves was produced by the French in 1821. The site was also used by German soldiers to store ammunition during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Howarth's investigation was shown on a documentary<sup id="cite_ref-natgeodocumentary_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeodocumentary-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced for the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Egyptian_labyrinth">The Egyptian labyrinth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Egyptian labyrinth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_of_Egypt" title="Labyrinth of Egypt">Labyrinth of Egypt</a></div> <p>In Book II of his <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)#Book_II_(Euterpe)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> applies the term "labyrinth" to a building complex in Egypt "near the place called the <a href="/wiki/Crocodilopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilopolis">City of Crocodiles</a>", that he considered to surpass the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure, which may have been a collection of funerary temples such as are commonly found near Egyptian pyramids,<sup id="cite_ref-Kern_2000,_p._59_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kern_2000,_p._59-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was destroyed in antiquity and can only be partially reconstructed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the nineteenth century, the remains of this ancient Egyptian structure were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis" title="Faiyum Oasis">Faiyum Oasis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> at the foot of the pyramid of the twelfth-dynasty pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> (reigned c. 1860 BC to c. 1814 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pliny's_Lemnian_labyrinth"><span id="Pliny.27s_Lemnian_labyrinth"></span>Pliny's Lemnian labyrinth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pliny's Lemnian labyrinth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i>Natural History</i> (36.90) lists the legendary <a href="/wiki/Smilis" title="Smilis">Smilis</a>, reputed to be a contemporary of Daedalus, together with the historical mid-sixth-century BC architects and sculptors Rhoikos and Theodoros as two of the makers of the Lemnian labyrinth, which Andrew Stewart<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards as "evidently a misunderstanding of the Samian temple's location <i>en limnais</i> ['in the marsh']." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pliny's_Italian_labyrinth"><span id="Pliny.27s_Italian_labyrinth"></span>Pliny's Italian labyrinth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pliny's Italian labyrinth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Pliny, the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lars_Porsena" title="Tomb of Lars Porsena">Tomb of Lars Porsena</a> contained an underground maze. Pliny's description of the exposed portion of the tomb is intractable; Pliny, it seems clear, had not observed this structure himself, but is quoting the historian and Roman antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_labyrinths_outside_Europe">Ancient labyrinths outside Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient labyrinths outside Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halebid2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Halebid2.JPG/220px-Halebid2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Halebid2.JPG/330px-Halebid2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Halebid2.JPG/440px-Halebid2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Carving showing the warrior <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a> entering the <i>chakravyuha</i> – <a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysaleswara temple">Hoysaleswara temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>A design essentially identical to the 7-course "classical" pattern appeared in Native American culture, the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham people">Tohono O'odham people</a> labyrinth which features <a href="/wiki/I%27itoi" title="I'itoi">I'itoi</a>, the "Man in the Maze." The Tonoho O'odham pattern has two distinct differences from the classical: it is radial in design, and the entrance is at the top, where traditional labyrinths have the entrance at the bottom (see below). The earliest appearances cannot be dated securely; the oldest is commonly dated to the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsubstantiated claims have been made for the early appearance of labyrinth figures in India,<sup id="cite_ref-Saward,_p._60_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saward,_p._60-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a prehistoric petroglyph on a riverbank in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> purportedly dating to circa 2500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other examples have been found among cave art in northern India and on a dolmen shrine in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a>, but are difficult to date accurately. Securely datable examples begin to appear only around 250 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Saward,_p._60_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saward,_p._60-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early labyrinths in India typically follow the Classical pattern or a local variant of it; some have been described as plans of forts or cities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labyrinths appear in Indian manuscripts and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric</a> texts from the 17th century onward. They are often called "<a href="/wiki/Chakravyuha" title="Chakravyuha">Chakravyuha</a>" in reference to an impregnable battle formation described in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> epic. Lanka, the capital city of mythic Rāvana, is described as a labyrinth in the 1910 translation of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhan_Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Rayhan Biruni">Al-Beruni</a>'s <i>India</i> (c. 1030 AD) p. 306 (with a diagram on the following page).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>, notably on the <a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Islands" title="Solovetsky Islands">Solovetsky Islands</a>, there have been preserved more than 30 stone labyrinths. The most remarkable monument is the <a href="/wiki/Stone_labyrinths_of_Bolshoi_Zayatsky_Island" title="Stone labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky Island">Stone labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky Island</a> – a group of some 13 stone labyrinths on 0.4 km<sup>2</sup> area of one small island. Local archaeologists have speculated that these labyrinths may be 2,000–3,000 years old, though most researchers remain dubious.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labyrinth_as_pattern">Labyrinth as pattern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labyrinth as pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth.svg/220px-Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth.svg/330px-Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth.svg/440px-Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>"Classical" or "Cretan" design, well-known in antiquity.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 7-course "Classical" or "Cretan" pattern known from Cretan coins (ca 400–200 BC) appears in several examples from antiquity, some perhaps as early as the late Stone Age or early Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman <a href="/wiki/Floor_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor mosaic">floor mosaics</a> typically unite four copies of the classical labyrinth (or a similar pattern) interlinked around the center, squared off as the medium requires, but still recognisable. An image of the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a> or an allusion to the legend of the Minotaur appears at the center of many of these mosaic labyrinths. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinthus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Labyrinthus.svg/220px-Labyrinthus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Labyrinthus.svg/330px-Labyrinthus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Labyrinthus.svg/440px-Labyrinthus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>The four-axis pattern as executed in <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (early 1200s)</figcaption></figure> <p>The four-axis medieval patterns may have developed from the Roman model, but are more varied in how the four quadrants of the design are traced out. The Minotaur or other danger is retained in the center of several medieval examples. The Chartres pattern (named for its appearance in <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>) is the most common medieval design; it appears in manuscripts as early as the 9th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_labyrinths_and_turf_mazes">Medieval labyrinths and turf mazes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval labyrinths and turf mazes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inneres_der_Kathedrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Inneres_der_Kathedrale.jpg/220px-Inneres_der_Kathedrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Inneres_der_Kathedrale.jpg/330px-Inneres_der_Kathedrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Inneres_der_Kathedrale.jpg/440px-Inneres_der_Kathedrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="2574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, about 1750, Jean Baptiste Rigaud</figcaption></figure> <p>When the early humanist <a href="/wiki/Benzo_d%27Alessandria" title="Benzo d'Alessandria">Benzo d'Alessandria</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> before 1310, he noted the "<i>Laberinthum</i> which is now called the <a href="/wiki/Arena_of_Verona" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena of Verona">Arena</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps he was seeing the <i>cubiculi</i> beneath the arena's missing floor. The full flowering of the medieval labyrinth came about from the twelfth through fourteenth centuries with the grand pavement labyrinths of the gothic cathedrals, notably <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Chartres">Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens</a> in northern France. The symbolism or purpose behind these is unclear, and may have varied from one installation to the next. Descriptions survive of French clerics performing a ritual Easter dance along the path on Easter Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-kern_church_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kern_church-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some labyrinths may have originated as allusions to the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Holy City</a>; and some modern writers have theorized that prayers and devotions may have accompanied the perambulation of their intricate paths.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some books (in particular guidebooks) suggest that the mazes on cathedral floors served as substitutes for pilgrimage paths, the earliest attested use of the phrase "chemin de Jerusalem" (path to Jerusalem) dates to the late 18th century when it was used to describe mazes at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accompanying ritual, depicted in Romantic illustrations as involving pilgrims following the maze on their knees while praying, may have been practiced at Chartres during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russell_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral labyrinths are thought to be the inspiration for the many <a href="/wiki/Turf_maze" title="Turf maze">turf mazes</a> in the UK, such as survive at <a href="/wiki/Wing,_Rutland" title="Wing, Rutland">Wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilton,_Cambridgeshire" title="Hilton, Cambridgeshire">Hilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkborough_Turf_Maze" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkborough Turf Maze">Alkborough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a>. </p><p>Over the same general period, some 500 or more non-ecclesiastical labyrinths were constructed in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. These labyrinths, generally in coastal areas, are marked out with stones, most often in the simple 7- or 11-course classical forms. They often have names which translate as "<a href="/wiki/Troy_Town" title="Troy Town">Troy Town</a>." They are thought to have been constructed by fishing communities: trapping malevolent <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">trolls</a> or winds in the labyrinth's coils might ensure a safe fishing expedition. There are also stone labyrinths on the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>, although none is known to date from before the nineteenth century. </p><p>There are examples of labyrinths in many disparate cultures. The symbol has appeared in various forms and media (<a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>, classic-form, medieval-form, pavement, turf, and basketry) at some time throughout most parts of the world, from Native <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and South America to Australia, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_labyrinths"><span id="Modern"></span> Modern labyrinths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern labyrinths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Labyrinth.JPG/220px-Labyrinth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Labyrinth.JPG/330px-Labyrinth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Labyrinth.JPG/440px-Labyrinth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Labyrinth on floor of <a href="/wiki/Grace_Cathedral,_San_Francisco" title="Grace Cathedral, San Francisco">Grace Cathedral, San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the late 20th century, there has been a resurgence of interest in labyrinths and a revival in labyrinth building, of both unicursal and multicursal patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 6,000 labyrinths have been registered with the Worldwide Labyrinth Locator; these are located around the world in private properties, libraries, schools, gardens, and recreational areas, as well as famous temples and cathedrals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World-Wide_Labyrinth_Locator_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-Wide_Labyrinth_Locator-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The labyrinth is also treated in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>'s <i>Pier and Ocean</i> (1915), <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(Mir%C3%B3,_Joan)" title="Labyrinth (Miró, Joan)">Labyrinth</a></i> (1923), <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Minotauromachy" title="Minotauromachy">Minotauromachy</a></i> (1935), <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_(M._C._Escher)" title="Relativity (M. C. Escher)">Relativity</a></i> (1953), <a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Friedensreich Hundertwasser</a>'s <i>Labyrinth</i> (1957), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a>'s <i>Logological Cabinet</i> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> sculpture</i> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Joe_Tilson" title="Joe Tilson">Joe Tilson</a>'s <i>Earth Maze</i> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleischner" title="Richard Fleischner">Richard Fleischner</a>'s <i>Chain Link Maze</i> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a>'s <i>Atlantis Anamorphosis</i> (2000), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Rakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Rakov (page does not exist)">Dmitry Rakov</a>'s <i>Labyrinth</i> (2003), and drawings by contemporary American artist Mo Morales employing what the artist calls "Labyrinthine projection." The Italian painter Davide Tonato has dedicated many of his artistic works to the labyrinth theme.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern imagery, the labyrinth of Daedalus is often represented by a multicursal maze, in which one may become lost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wallinger" title="Mark Wallinger">Mark Wallinger</a> has created a set of <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(artwork)" title="Labyrinth (artwork)">270 enamel plaques</a> of unicursal labyrinth designs, one for every tube station in the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, to mark the 150th anniversary of the Underground. The plaques were installed over a 16-month period in 2013 and 2014, and each is numbered according to its position in the route taken by the contestants in the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</a> <a href="/wiki/Tube_Challenge" title="Tube Challenge">Tube Challenge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_meanings">Cultural meanings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultural meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</a> labyrinths may have served as traps for malevolent spirits or as paths for ritual dances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Roman and Christian labyrinths appear at the entrances of buildings, suggesting that they may have served a similar <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apotropaic" class="extiw" title="wikt:apotropaic">apotropaic</a> purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their cross-cultural study of signs and symbols, <i>Patterns that Connect</i>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schuster" title="Carl Schuster">Carl Schuster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Snow_Carpenter" title="Edmund Snow Carpenter">Edmund Carpenter</a> present various forms of the labyrinth and suggest various possible meanings, including not only a sacred path to the home of a sacred ancestor, but also, perhaps, a representation of the ancestor him/herself: "...many [New World] Indians who make the labyrinth regard it as a sacred symbol, a beneficial ancestor, a deity. In this they may be preserving its original meaning: the ultimate ancestor, here evoked by two continuous lines joining its twelve primary joints."<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster_1996_307_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster_1996_307-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schuster also observes the common theme of the labyrinth being a refuge for a trickster; in India, the demon <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> has dominion over labyrinths, the trickster Djonaha lives in a labyrinth according to Sumatran <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Bataks</a>, and Europeans say it is the home of a rogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster_1996_307_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster_1996_307-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One can think of labyrinths as symbolic of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>: people walking the path ascend toward salvation or enlightenment. Mystical teachings in traditions across centuries suggest that they can also be understood as coded maps of the spiritual path.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many labyrinths have been constructed recently in churches, hospitals, and parks. These are often used for contemplation; walking among the turnings, one loses track of direction and of the outside world, and thus quiets the mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_use">Christian use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christian use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG/300px-Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG/450px-Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG/600px-Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Walking the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>Labyrinths have on various occasions been used in Christian tradition as a part of worship. The earliest known example is from a fourth-century pavement at the Basilica of St Reparatus, at Orleansville, Algeria, with the words "Sancta Eclesia"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] at the center, though it is unclear how it might have been used in worship. </p><p>In medieval times, labyrinths began to appear on church walls and floors around 1000 AD. The most famous medieval labyrinth, with great influence on later practice, was created in <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kern_church_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kern_church-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of labyrinths has recently been revived in some contexts of Christian worship. Many churches in Europe and North America have constructed permanent, typically unicursal, labyrinths, or employ temporary ones (e.g., painted on canvas or outlined with candles). For example, a labyrinth was set up on the floor of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> for a week in March 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some conservative Christians disapprove of labyrinths, considering them pagan practices or "<a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>" fads.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_in_media">Usage in media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Usage in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labyrinths and mazes have been embraced by the video game industry, and countless video games include such a feature. For example, the 1994 video game <a href="/wiki/Marathon_(video_game)" title="Marathon (video game)">Marathon</a> features many maze-like passages the player must navigate. </p><p>A number of film, game, and music creations feature labyrinths. For instance, the avant-garde multi-screen film <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Labyrinth_(film)" title="In the Labyrinth (film)">In the Labyrinth</a></i> presents a search for meaning in a symbolic modern labyrinth. The well-received 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a></i> draws heavily upon labyrinth legend for symbolism. A magical labyrinth appears in the third episode, "And The Horns of a Dilemma", of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Librarians_(2014_TV_series)" title="The Librarians (2014 TV series)">The Librarians</a></i>. See <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Labyrinth (disambiguation)">Labyrinth (disambiguation)</a> for a further list of titles. </p><p>The Argentine writer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> was entranced with the idea of the labyrinth, and used it extensively in his short stories (such as "The House of Asterion" in <i>The Aleph</i>). His use of it has inspired other authors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i>, Mark Z. Danielewski's <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Leaves" title="House of Leaves">House of Leaves</a></i>). Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>'s fantasy series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Amber" title="The Chronicles of Amber">The Chronicles of Amber</a></i> features a labyrinth, called "the Pattern," which grants those who walk it the power to move between parallel worlds. In <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>'s series <a href="/wiki/Percy_Jackson_%26_the_Olympians" title="Percy Jackson & the Olympians">Percy Jackson & the Olympians</a>, the events of the fourth novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Labyrinth" title="The Battle of the Labyrinth">The Battle of the Labyrinth</a></i>, predominantly take place within the labyrinth of Daedalus, which has followed <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">the heart of the West</a> to settle beneath the United States. <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> used an underground labyrinth in the second book of her <a href="/wiki/Earthsea" title="Earthsea">Earthsea</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tombs_of_Atuan" title="The Tombs of Atuan">The Tombs of Atuan</a></i>, in which the series hero <a href="/wiki/Ged_(Earthsea)" title="Ged (Earthsea)">Ged</a> is captured by the book's protagonist Tenar on his trip to the Kargish Empire – the spiritual power of the "Nameless Ones" is vested at least in part in the labyrinth. Australian author <a href="/wiki/Sara_Douglass" title="Sara Douglass">Sara Douglass</a> incorporated some labyrinthine ideas in her series <a href="/wiki/The_Troy_Game" title="The Troy Game">The Troy Game</a>, in which the Labyrinth on Crete is one of several in the ancient world, created with the cities as a source of magical power. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell" title="Lawrence Durrell">Lawrence Durrell</a>'s <i>The Dark Labyrinth</i> depicts travelers trapped underground in Crete. Because a labyrinth can serve as a metaphor for situations that are difficult to be extricated from, <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> titled his book on Mexican <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">identity</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Labyrinth_of_Solitude" title="The Labyrinth of Solitude">The Labyrinth of Solitude</a></i>, describing the Mexican condition as orphaned and lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caerdroia" title="Caerdroia">Caerdroia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Celtic maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27itoi" title="I'itoi">I'itoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Bower" title="Julian's Bower">Julian's Bower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmaze" title="Mizmaze">Mizmaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxkintok" title="Oxkintok">Oxkintok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Maze" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn Maze">Corn Maze</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Ancient:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[labýrintʰos]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Modern:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[laˈvirinθos]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoob1992">Doob 1992</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kern, <i>Through the Labyrinth</i>, 2000, item 43, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kern, <i>Through the Labyrinth</i>, 2000, item 50, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penelope Reed Doob, <i>The Idea of the Labyrinth</i>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2004" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (2004). <i>The Unending Mystery</i>. New York: Pantheon. pp. 113–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375423060" title="Special:BookSources/0375423060"><bdi>0375423060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unending+Mystery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113-124&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0375423060&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kern, <i>Through the Labyrinth</i>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The usage restricting <i>maze</i> to patterns that involve choices of path is mentioned by Matthews (p. 2–3) as early as 1922, though he does not find the distinction useful and does not follow it himself.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Saward" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Saward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labyrinthos.net/Labyrinth%20Typology.pdf">"Mazes or Labyrinths?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Labyrinthos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Labyrinthos&rft.atitle=Mazes+or+Labyrinths%3F&rft.au=Jeff+Saward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labyrinthos.net%2FLabyrinth%2520Typology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830020438/https://labyrinthsociety.org/about-labyrinths">"About Labyrinths"</a>. <i>The Labyrinth Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labyrinthsociety.org/about-labyrinths">the original</a> on 30 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Labyrinth+Society&rft.atitle=About+Labyrinths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabyrinthsociety.org%2Fabout-labyrinths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2004" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (2004). <i>The Unending Mystery</i>. New York: Pantheon. pp. 184–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375423060" title="Special:BookSources/0375423060"><bdi>0375423060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unending+Mystery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184-187&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0375423060&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1892" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, "Maximilian (1892). "Mykenische Beiträge. II. Zur mykenischen Tracht und Kultur". <i>Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich deutschen archäologischen Instituts</i>. <b>VII</b>: 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrbuch+des+Kaiserlich+deutschen+arch%C3%A4ologischen+Instituts&rft.atitle=Mykenische+Beitr%C3%A4ge.+II.+Zur+mykenischen+Tracht+und+Kultur&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=191&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=%22Maximilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λυδοὶ γάρ 'λάβρυν' τὸν πέλεκυν ὀνομάζουσι</span></span>, Plutarch, <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Greek Questions</a></i>, 45 2.302a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dapurito-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dapurito_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dapurito_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press p.116. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&dq=dapurito+linear+B&pg=PA960">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse1901" class="citation journal cs1">Rouse, W. H. D. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2507941">"The Double Axe and the Labyrinth"</a>. <i>Journal of Hellenic Studies</i>. <b>21</b>: 268–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F623875">10.2307/623875</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/623875">623875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164124200">164124200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Double+Axe+and+the+Labyrinth&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=268-274&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164124200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F623875%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F623875&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=W.+H.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2507941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span> Rouse criticised the association with Knossos, noting the reappearance of the same inscribed symbols at the newly discovered palace at <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a> (p. 273).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Nilsson (1967):<i> Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion</i>. C.F.Beck Verlag Vol I, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymoure" class="citation web cs1">Raymoure, K.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/da/da-pu2-ri-to-jo/">"da-pu2-ri-to-jo"</a>. <i>Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B</i>. Deaditerranean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minoan+Linear+A+%26+Mycenaean+Linear+B&rft.atitle=da-pu2-ri-to-jo&rft.aulast=Raymoure&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminoan.deaditerranean.com%2Fresources%2Flinear-b-sign-groups%2Fda%2Fda-pu2-ri-to-jo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie Lynn Buden. <i>The Ancient Greeks. An introduction</i>. Oxford University Press.p. 227 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeksint0000budi/page/227">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarullo-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarullo_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarullo_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarullo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sarullo, Giulia (2008). "The Cretan Labyrinth: Palace or Cave?". <i>Caerdroia</i>. <b>37</b>: 31–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caerdroia&rft.atitle=The+Cretan+Labyrinth%3A+Palace+or+Cave%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=31-40&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sarullo&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspesi1996" class="citation book cs1">Aspesi, Francesco (1996). "Greco labyrinthos, ebraico d<sup>e</sup>bîr". <i>KRHTH TIS GAI ESTI: Studi e ricerche intorno ai testi minoici</i>. Roma: Il Calamo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greco+labyrinthos%2C+ebraico+d%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3Eb%C3%AEr&rft.btitle=KRHTH+TIS+GAI+ESTI%3A+Studi+e+ricerche+intorno+ai+testi+minoici&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Il+Calamo&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Aspesi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspesi1996" class="citation book cs1">Aspesi, Francesco (1996). "Lineare A (-)da-pu<sub>2</sub>-re: un'ipostesi". <i>KRHTH TIS GAI ESTI: Studi e ricerche intorno ai testi minoici</i>. Roma: Il Calamo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lineare+A+%28-%29da-pu%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E-re%3A+un%27ipostesi&rft.btitle=KRHTH+TIS+GAI+ESTI%3A+Studi+e+ricerche+intorno+ai+testi+minoici&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Il+Calamo&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Aspesi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kern_III-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kern_III_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2000" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Hermann (2000). "Chapter III: Ancient "Labyrinths"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Through the Labyrinth</i>. Munich, New York, London: Prestel. pp. 57–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3791321447" title="Special:BookSources/3791321447"><bdi>3791321447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+Ancient+%22Labyrinths%22&rft.btitle=Through+the+Labyrinth&rft.place=Munich%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=57-65&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3791321447&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert</a> (2009). <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>. Brill. p. 819. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17418-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.pages=819&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17418-4&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dancingground-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dancingground_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation web cs1">Homer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D591">"Iliad"</a>. Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University. xviii.590–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iliad&rft.series=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.pages=xviii.590-3&rft.pub=Tufts+University&rft.au=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0133%253Abook%253D18%253Acard%253D591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Paul Allen (July 1995). "The Minotaur Within: Fire, the Labyrinth, and Strategies of Containment in Aeneid 5 and 6". <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>90</b> (3): 225–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F367466">10.1086/367466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161753794">161753794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Minotaur+Within%3A+Fire%2C+the+Labyrinth%2C+and+Strategies+of+Containment+in+Aeneid+5+and+6&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-240&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F367466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161753794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Paul+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Furthermore he wrought a green, like that which Daedalus once made in Cnossus for lovely Ariadne. Hereon there danced youths and maidens whom all would woo, with their hands on one another's wrists. The maidens wore robes of light linen, and the youths well woven shirts that were slightly oiled. There was a bard also to sing to them and play his lyre, while two tumblers went about performing in the midst of them when the man struck up with his tune." <dl><dd>The Iliad: Transl, by Samuel Butler:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.18.xviii.html">[2]</a></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-skotinogortyn-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skotinogortyn_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skotinogortyn_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Connor2009" class="citation web cs1">Steve Connor (16 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/has-the-original-labyrinth-been-found-1803638.html">"Has the original Labyrinth been found?"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Has+the+original+Labyrinth+been+found%3F&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.au=Steve+Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Farchitecture%2Fhas-the-original-labyrinth-been-found-1803638.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeodocumentary-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeodocumentary_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/the-holy-grail-5048/Overview">National Geographic Channel: The Holy Grail (and the Minotaur)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101072958/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/the-holy-grail-5048/Overview">Archived</a> 1 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">The Histories</a></i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_S%C3%A9lincourt" title="Aubrey de Sélincourt">Aubrey de Sélincourt</a>, Book II, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kern_2000,_p._59-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kern_2000,_p._59_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kern 2000, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner,_Miroslav2001" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2001). <i>The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments</i>. New York: Grove Press. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802117038" title="Special:BookSources/9780802117038"><bdi>9780802117038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pyramids%3A+The+Mystery%2C+Culture+and+Science+of+Egypt%27s+Great+Monuments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802117038&rft.au=Verner%2C+Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehner2008" class="citation book cs1">Lehner, Mark (2008). <i>The Complete Pyramids</i>. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500285473" title="Special:BookSources/9780500285473"><bdi>9780500285473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Pyramids&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780500285473&rft.aulast=Lehner&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Stewart, <i>One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works</i>, "Smilis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>Natural History</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/pliny_hn36a.html#91">xxxvi.91–92</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaward2003" class="citation book cs1">Saward, Jeff (2003). <i>Labyrinths and Mazes</i>. Gaia. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579905390" title="Special:BookSources/1579905390"><bdi>1579905390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labyrinths+and+Mazes&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Gaia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1579905390&rft.aulast=Saward&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saward,_p._60-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saward,_p._60_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saward,_p._60_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saward, <i>Labyrinths and Mazes</i>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/isiscrete/rationale">"Festival on Labyrinth and Symmetry"</a>. <i>9th ISIS Congress</i>. 9 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9th+ISIS+Congress&rft.atitle=Festival+on+Labyrinth+and+Symmetry&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fisiscrete%2Frationale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saward, <i>Labyrinths and Mazes</i>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000362.html">Al-Beruni, <i>India</i>, (c. 1030 AD), Edward C. Sachau (translator), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, London, 1910</a> Online version from Columbia University Libraries (Retrieved 5 December 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saward, <i>Labyrinths and Mazes</i>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labyrinthos.net/labyrinthosarchive.html">"Labyrinthos Archive – The First Labyrinths"</a>. <i>www.labyrinthos.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.labyrinthos.net&rft.atitle=Labyrinthos+Archive+%E2%80%93+The+First+Labyrinths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labyrinthos.net%2Flabyrinthosarchive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"quod nunc Harena dicitur": Roberto Weiss, <i>The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity</i> 1969:25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kern_church-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kern_church_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kern_church_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKern2000" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Hermann (2000). "VIII. Church Labyrinths". <i>Through the Labyrinth: Designs and Meaning Over 5,000 Years</i>. Prestel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-2144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-2144-8"><bdi>978-3-7913-2144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII.+Church+Labyrinths&rft.btitle=Through+the+Labyrinth%3A+Designs+and+Meaning+Over+5%2C000+Years&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-2144-8&rft.aulast=Kern&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Labyrinth"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Labyrinth">"Labyrinth" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Labyrinth&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2001" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Craig M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-wGs_-9H8IC&q=%22Chemin+de+Jerusalem%22&pg=PA210"><i>The maze and the warrior: symbols in architecture, theology, and music</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00503-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00503-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00503-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+maze+and+the+warrior%3A+symbols+in+architecture%2C+theology%2C+and+music&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00503-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Craig+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-wGs_-9H8IC%26q%3D%2522Chemin%2Bde%2BJerusalem%2522%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russell-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russell_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellClaire_Russell1991" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, W. M. S.; Claire Russell (1991). "English Turf Mazes, Troy, and the Labyrinth". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>102</b> (1). Taylor and Francis: 77–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587x.1991.9715807">10.1080/0015587x.1991.9715807</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260358">1260358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=English+Turf+Mazes%2C+Troy%2C+and+the+Labyrinth&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-88&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587x.1991.9715807&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1260358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=W.+M.+S.&rft.au=Claire+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaward2003" class="citation book cs1">Saward, Jeff (2003). "Chapter 6: The Modern Revival". <i>Labyrinths and Mazes</i>. Gaia. pp. 179–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579905390" title="Special:BookSources/1579905390"><bdi>1579905390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Modern+Revival&rft.btitle=Labyrinths+and+Mazes&rft.pages=179-208&rft.pub=Gaia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1579905390&rft.aulast=Saward&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss2020" class="citation news cs1">Bliss, Laura (29 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-29/the-pandemic-era-appeal-of-labyrinths">"The Pandemic-Era Appeal of Getting Lost in a Labyrinth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=The+Pandemic-Era+Appeal+of+Getting+Lost+in+a+Labyrinth&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.aulast=Bliss&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-07-29%2Fthe-pandemic-era-appeal-of-labyrinths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-Wide_Labyrinth_Locator-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World-Wide_Labyrinth_Locator_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labyrinthlocator.com/">"Welcome to the World-Wide Labyrinth Locator!"</a>. <i>World-Wide Labyrinth Locator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World-Wide+Labyrinth+Locator&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+World-Wide+Labyrinth+Locator%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabyrinthlocator.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davide Tonato, <i>Labyrinth of Transformations</i> (edited by Renzo Margonari), Grafiche Aurora, Verona 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (7 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/feb/07/tube-150-birthday-labyrinth-art-project">"Tube celebrates 150th birthday with labyrinth art project"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tube+celebrates+150th+birthday+with+labyrinth+art+project&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F07%2Ftube-150-birthday-labyrinth-art-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallinger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wallinger" title="Mark Wallinger">Wallinger, Mark</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.tfl.gov.uk/labyrinth/"><i>Labyrinth: A Journey Through London's Underground</i></a>. Art Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908970169" title="Special:BookSources/9781908970169"><bdi>9781908970169</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labyrinth%3A+A+Journey+Through+London%27s+Underground&rft.pub=Art+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781908970169&rft.aulast=Wallinger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.tfl.gov.uk%2Flabyrinth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Mellinkoff, <i>Averting Demons</i>, 2004, Vol. 2, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuster_1996_307-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuster_1996_307_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuster_1996_307_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster1996" class="citation book cs1">Schuster, Carl, & Edmund Carpenter (1996). <i>Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art</i>. Harry N. Abrams. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-6326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-6326-9"><bdi>978-0-8109-6326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+that+Connect%3A+Social+Symbolism+in+Ancient+%26+Tribal+Art&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-6326-9&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Carl%2C+%26+Edmund+Carpenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBair2011" class="citation book cs1">Bair, Puran and Susanna (2011). <i>Follow Your Heart: The Map to Illumination</i>. Living Heart Media. pp. 9–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983303800" title="Special:BookSources/978-0983303800"><bdi>978-0983303800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Follow+Your+Heart%3A+The+Map+to+Illumination&rft.pages=9-13&rft.pub=Living+Heart+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0983303800&rft.aulast=Bair&rft.aufirst=Puran+and+Susanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Tarrant and Sally Dakin, <i>Labyrinths and Prayer Stations</i>, p 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Tooley2000" class="citation news cs1">Mark Tooley (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3440">"Maze Craze"</a>. <i>Touchstone Magazine</i>. The Fellowship of St. James<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Touchstone+Magazine&rft.atitle=Maze+Craze&rft.date=2000-09&rft.au=Mark+Tooley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D3440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hermann Kern, <i>Through the Labyrinth</i>, ed. Robert Ferré and Jeff Saward, Prestel, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-2144-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-2144-7">3-7913-2144-7</a>. (This is an English translation of Kern's original German monograph <i>Labyrinthe</i> published by Prestel in 1982.)</li> <li>Lauren Artress, <i>Walking a Sacred Path: Rediscovering the Labyrinth as a Spiritual Practice</i>, Penguin Books, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57322-007-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57322-007-8">1-57322-007-8</a>.</li> <li>Lauren Artress, <i>The Sacred Path Companion: A Guide to Walking the Labyrinth to Heal and Transform</i>, Penguin Books, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59448-182-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59448-182-2">1-59448-182-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoob1992" class="citation book cs1">Doob, Penelope Reed (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaoflabyrinthf0000doob"><i>The Idea of the Labyrinth: from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-80142-393-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-80142-393-7"><bdi>0-80142-393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+Labyrinth%3A+from+Classical+Antiquity+through+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-80142-393-7&rft.aulast=Doob&rft.aufirst=Penelope+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaoflabyrinthf0000doob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus">The Histories</a></i>, Newly translated and with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_S%C3%A9lincourt" title="Aubrey de Sélincourt">Aubrey de Sélincourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmondsworth" title="Harmondsworth">Harmondsworth</a>, England, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, 1965.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerenyi">Karl Kerenyi</a>, <i>Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life</i>, Princeton University Press, 1976.</li> <li>Helmut Jaskolski, <i>The Labyrinth: Symbol of Fear, Rebirth and Liberation</i>, Shambala, 1997.</li> <li>Adrian Fisher & Georg Gerster, <i>The Art of the Maze</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-83027-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-83027-9">0-297-83027-9</a>.</li> <li>Jeff Saward, <i>Labyrinths and Mazes</i>, Gaia Books Ltd, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85675-183-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85675-183-X">1-85675-183-X</a>.</li> <li>Jeff Saward, <i>Magical Paths</i>, Mitchell Beazley, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84000-573-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84000-573-4">1-84000-573-4</a>.</li> <li>W. H. Matthews, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/ml/index.htm"><i>Mazes and Labyrinths: Their History and Development</i></a>, Longmans, Green & Co., 1922. Includes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/ml/ml27.htm">bibliography</a>. Dover Publications reprint, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22614-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22614-X">0-486-22614-X</a>.</li> <li>Andrew Stewart, <i>One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Eichberg" title="Henning Eichberg">Henning Eichberg</a>, "Racing in the labyrinth? About some inner contradictions of running." In: <i>Athletics, Society & Identity.</i> Imeros, Journal for Culture and Technology, 5 (2005): 1. Athen: Foundation of the Hellenic World, 169–192.</li> <li>Edward Hays, <i>The Lenten Labyrinth: Daily Reflections for the Journey of Lent</i>, Forest of Peace Publishing, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schuster" title="Carl Schuster">Carl Schuster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Snow_Carpenter" title="Edmund Snow Carpenter">Edmund Carpenter</a>, <i>Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art</i>, Harry N. Abrams, NY, 1996.</li> <li>Ettore Selli, <i>Labirinti Vegetali, la guida completa alle architetture verdi dei cinque continenti</i>, Ed. Pendragon, 2020; ISBN 9788833642222</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth" class="extiw" title="commons:Labyrinth"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Labyrinthos.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Labyrinthos&rft.pub=Labyrinthos.net&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Saward&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labyrinthos.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALabyrinth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labyrinthsociety.org/">The Labyrinth Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labyrinthlocator.com/">World-Wide Labyrinth Locator</a>, an international directory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veriditas.org">Veriditas</a> – Spiritual labyrinth organization founded by Lauren Artress.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/mazes/">Sunysb.edu</a>, Through Mazes to Mathematics, Exposition by Tony Phillips</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrolog.org/labyrnth/algrithm.htm">Astrolog.org</a>, Maze classification, Extensive classification of labyrinths and algorithms to solve them.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irrgartenwelt.de">Irrgartenwelt.de</a>, Lars O. Heintel's collection of handdrawn labyrinths and mazes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.begehbare-labyrinthe.de/">Begehbare-labyrinthe.de</a> Website <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> with diagrams and photos of virtually all the public labyrinths in Germany.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mymaze.de/">Mymaze.de</a>, German website <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mymaze.de/home_e.htm">Mymaze.de</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> with descriptions, animations, links, and especially photos of (mostly European) labyrinths.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/Mazes.htm">Indigogroup.co.uk</a>, British turf labyrinths by Marilyn Clark. Photos and descriptions of the surviving historical turf mazes in Britain.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theedkins.co.uk/jo/maze/intro/index.htm">Theedkins.co.uk</a>, Jo Edkins's Maze Page, an early website providing a clear overview of the territory and suggestions for further study.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gottesformel.ch/Labyrinth/Labyrinth-Hoehle.html">Gottesformel.ch</a>, "Die Kretische Labyrinth-Höhle" by Thomas M. Waldmann, rev. 2009 <span class="languageicon">(in German, English, French, and Greek)</span>. Description of a labyrinthine artificial cave system near <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, Crete, widely considered the original labyrinth on Crete.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://SpiralZoom.com"><i>Spiralzoom.com</i></a> an educational website about the science of pattern formation, spirals in nature, and spirals in the mythic imagination & labyrinths.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/vismath/morrison">Sanu.ac.rs</a>, "The Geometry of History," Tessa Morrison, University of Newcastle, Australia. An attempt to extend Phillips's topological classification to more general unicursal labyrinths.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmba.tv/3d-animation-studio/archaeology/labyrinth-egypt/">Labyrinth of Egypt</a> – Archaeological site reconstruction and 3D diagrams based on the writings of Herodotus and Strabo.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labyrinthofegypt.com">Report of expedition to Hawara in 2008 in search of the lost Egyptian Labyrinth of Herodotus.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dnd2YK_FwUA">Video and annotation on labyrinths</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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