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P. Beekes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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P. Beekes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert S. P. Beekes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert S. P. Beekes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert S. P. Beekes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="روبرت بيكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت بيكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S.P._Beekes" title="Robert S.P. Beekes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert S.P. Beekes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Beekes" title="Robert Beekes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Beekes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert S. P. 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch linguist (1937–2017)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert S. P. Beekes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_S._P._Beekes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/af/Robert_S._P._Beekes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Stephen Paul Beekes</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1937-09-02</span>)</span>2 September 1937<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-09-21)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Oegstgeest" title="Oegstgeest">Oegstgeest</a>, Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Dutch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Ph.D., 1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Contributions to <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a><br />Reconstructing <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i><br /><i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European linguistics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Stephen Paul Beekes</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈrɔbərd<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbeːkəs]</a></span>; 2 September 1937 – 21 September 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Dutch linguist who was <a href="/wiki/Emeritus_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeritus professor">emeritus professor</a> of Comparative <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European Linguistics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> and an author of many <a href="/wiki/Monographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monographs">monographs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_work">Scholarly work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scholarly work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of his most well-known books is <i>Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction</i>, a standard handbook on Proto-Indo-European that treats the area of linguistic reconstruction thoroughly but also features cultural reconstruction and comparative linguistic methods in general. </p><p>Beekes was also a co-author, with <a href="/wiki/L._Bouke_van_der_Meer" title="L. Bouke van der Meer">L. Bouke van der Meer</a>, of <i>De Etrusken spreken</i> (1991). He advocated the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> theory to explain the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>' origin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, he was elected member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also did work on <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a>, the (non-Indo-European) language that was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> before <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, possibly around 2000 BC. Since this language was not written, Beekes obtained his information from many words in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a> that show a non-Greek structure and development.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_(selection)"><span id="Publications_.28selection.29"></span>Publications (selection)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications (selection)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monographs">Monographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Development of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek</i>. The Hague–Paris: Mouton, 1969.</li> <li><i>The Origins of the Indo-European Nominal Inflection</i>. Innsbruck: IBS, 1985.</li> <li><i>A Grammar of <a href="/wiki/Gatha_(Zoroaster)" title="Gatha (Zoroaster)">Gatha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i>. Leiden: Brill, 1988.</li> <li><i>Vergelijkende taalwetenschap. Een inleiding in de vergelijkende Indo-europese taalwetenschap</i>. Amsterdam: Het Spectrum, 1990. <ul><li>English translation: <i>Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction</i>, trans. UvA Vertalers & Paul Gabriner. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995; second edition revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2011.</li></ul></li> <li>with L. Bouke van der Meer, <i>De Etrusken spreken</i>. Muiderberg: Coutinho, 1991.</li> <li><i>The Origin of the Etruscans</i>. Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen</a>, 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymolog-greek"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009.</li> <li><i>Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon</i>, Leiden: Brill, 2014. (Edited by Stefan Norbruis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodosispapadimitropoulos.gr/%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF/%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%bb%ce%b7%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ac/">Translated in Greek</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edited_volumes">Edited volumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Edited volumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie. Akten der VIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. August – 4. September 1987</i>, ed. Robert S. P. Beekes. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, 1992.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>see Memorial Website for Robert Beekes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.robertbeekes.nl/bibliography/">https://www.robertbeekes.nl/bibliography/</a> </p> <ul><li>"<i>Mṓnukhes híppoi</i>", <i>Orbis</i> 20 (1971): 138–142.</li> <li>"H<sub>2</sub>O", <i>Die Sprache</i> 18 (1972): 11–31.</li> <li>"The nominative of the hysterodynamic noun-inflection", <i><a href="/wiki/Historische_Sprachforschung" title="Historische Sprachforschung">Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</a></i> 86 (1972): 30–63.</li> <li>"The proterodynamic perfect", <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</i> 87 (1973): 86–98.</li> <li>"Two notes on PIE stems in dentals", <i>Historische Grammatik des Griechischen: Laut- und Formenlehre</i>, ed. Helmut Rix. Darmstadt: 1975, pp. 9–14.</li> <li>"Intervocalic laryngeal in Gatha-Avestan", <i>Bono Homini Donum: Essays in Historical Linguistics, in Memory of J. Alexander Kerns</i>, eds. Yoël L. Arbeitman & Allan R. Bomhard. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1981, pp. 47–64.</li> <li>"The disyllabic reduplication of the Sanskrit intensives", <i>Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft</i> 40 (1981): 19–25.</li> <li>"The subjunctive endings of Indo-Iranian", <i><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_Journal" title="Indo-Iranian Journal">Indo-Iranian Journal</a></i> 23 (1981): 21–27</li> <li>"GAv. <i>må</i>, the PIE word for 'moon, month', and the perfect participle", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i> 10 (1982): 53–64.</li> <li>"On laryngeals and pronouns", <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</i> 96 (1983): 200–232.</li> <li>"PIE 'sun'", <i>Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft</i> 43 (1984): 5–8.</li> <li>"On Indo-European 'wine'", <i>Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft</i> 80 (1987): 21–6.</li> <li>"The origin of the PIE pronominal inflection", <i>A Festschrift in honour of E. C. Polomé</i>, eds. M. A. Jazayery & W. Winter. NY: de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 73–88.</li> <li>"The word for 'four' in PIE", <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i> 15 (1987): 215–19.</li> <li>"Laryngeal developments: A survey", <i>Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems</i>, ed. Alfred Bammesberger. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1988, pp. 59–105.</li> <li>"PIE <i>RHC</i> – in Greek and other languages", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Indogermanische_Forschungen" title="Indogermanische Forschungen">Indogermanische Forschungen</a></i></span> 93 (1988): 22–45.</li> <li>"The genitive singular of the pronoun in Germanic and Indo-European", <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur</i> 110 (1988): 1–5.</li> <li>"The nature of the PIE laryngeals", <i>The New Sound of Indo-European: Essays in Phonological Reconstruction</i>, ed. Theo Vennemann. Berlin/NY: de Gruyter, 1989, pp. 23–33.</li> <li>"Bloem en blad", <i>100 jaar etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands</i>, eds. A. Moerdijk et al. The Hague: 1990, pp. 375–382.</li> <li>"De verwantschap van het Etruskisch", <i>Lampas</i> 23 (1990): 5–18.</li> <li>"The genitive in *-<i>osio</i>", <i>Folia linguistica historica</i> 11 (1990): 21–6.</li> <li>"The historical grammar of Greek", <i>Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology</i>, ed. P. Baldi. Berlin–NY: de Gruyter, 1990, pp. 305–329.</li> <li>"Wackernagel's explanation of the lengthened grade", <i>Sprachwissenschaft und Philologie</i>, eds. H. Eichner & Helmut Rix. Wiesbaden: 1990, pp. 33–53</li> <li>"Who were the laryngeals?", <i>In honorem Holger Pedersen: Kolloquium der indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 25. bis 28. März 1993 in Kopenhagen</i>, ed. J. Rasmussen. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag 1994, pp. 449–454.</li> <li>"Hades and Elysion", <i>Mír Curad. Studies in honor of Calvert Watkins</i>, ed. Jay Jasanoff. Innsbruck: 1998, pp. 17–28.</li> <li>"European substratum words in Greek", <i>125 Jahre Indogermanistik in Graz</i>, eds. Michaela Ofitsch & Christian Zinko. Graz: 2000, pp. 21–31.</li> <li>"Indo-European or substrate? φάτνη and κῆρυξ", <i>Languages in Prehistoric Europe</i>, eds. Alfred Bammesberger & Theo Vennemann. Heidelberg: 2003, pp. 109–116.</li> <li>"Armenian <i>gišer</i> and the Indo-European word for 'evening'", <i>Per aspera ad asteriscos: Studia Indogermanica in honorem Iens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii. Idibus Martiis anno MMIV</i>, eds. Adam Hyllested et al. Innsbruck: 2004, pp. 59–61.</li> <li>"Palatalized consonants in Pre-Greek", <i>Evidence and counter-evidence: essays in honour of <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a></i>, eds. Alexander Lubotsky et al. Amsterdam: 2008, pp. 45–56.</li> <li>Supervisor with Alexander Lubotsky of the <i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i>, 1991 ff.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a></i>, 23 September 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/the-origin-of-the-etruscans/@@download/pdf_file/20021051.pdf">The Origin of the Etruscans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150852/https://www.knaw.nl/nl/leden/leden/3845">"R.S.P. Beekes"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knaw.nl/nl/leden/leden/3845">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.S.P.+Beekes&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knaw.nl%2Fnl%2Fleden%2Fleden%2F3845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+S.+P.+Beekes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaries.brillonline.com/greek">Etymological Dictionary of Greek – Pre-Greek Loanwords in Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005620/http://iedo.brillonline.nl/dictionaries/content/greek/loanwords.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertbeekes.nl/">Robert S. P. 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2508757#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2508757#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2508757#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116850091">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/91452775">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw8RFbpjQvPy84JqGqqQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119557096">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85215908">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12053917d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12053917d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100813001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071969039">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beekes, R. S. P. (Robert Stephen Paul)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000026415&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=196159">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810679330405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007503162305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507664606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119557096">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028771818">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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