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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-魯蘭原始人類語言重建" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#魯蘭原始人類語言重建"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>魯蘭原始人類語言重建</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-魯蘭原始人類語言重建-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关魯蘭原始人類語言重建子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-魯蘭原始人類語言重建-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-詞彙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞彙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>詞彙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞彙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">原始人類語言</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。26种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة بشرية بدائية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة بشرية بدائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protosapiens" title="Idioma protosapiens – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma protosapiens" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto_insan_dili" title="Proto insan dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proto insan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosapiens" title="Protosapiens – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protosapiens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%BD_prajazyk" title="Lidský prajazyk – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidský prajazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Welt-Sprache" title="Proto-Welt-Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proto-Welt-Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Human_language" title="Proto-Human language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proto-Human language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monda_pralingvo" title="Monda pralingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monda pralingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protosapiens" title="Idioma protosapiens – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma protosapiens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان نیابشری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نیابشری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_originelle" title="Langue originelle – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue originelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרוטו-אנושית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטו-אנושית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_primigenia" title="Lingua primigenia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua primigenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="世界祖語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界祖語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%A5%98_%EC%A1%B0%EC%96%B4" title="인류 조어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인류 조어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-World" title="Proto-World – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proto-World" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaulio_prokalb%C4%97" title="Pasaulio prokalbė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasaulio prokalbė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Manusia_Purba" title="Bahasa Manusia Purba – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Manusia Purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-World" title="Proto-World – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proto-World" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਰੋਟੋ-ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰੋਟੋ-ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C4%99zyk_ludzko%C5%9Bci" title="Prajęzyk ludzkości – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prajęzyk ludzkości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Прамировой язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прамировой язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-World_language" title="Proto-World language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proto-World language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-v%C3%A4rld" title="Proto-värld – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proto-värld" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96n_insan_dili" title="Ön insan dili – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ön insan dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Теорія моногенезу – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теорія моногенезу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q732937#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&oldid=74273528" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&id=74273528&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25A7%258B%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E9%25A1%259E%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25A7%258B%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E9%25A1%259E%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q732937" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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.ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目已<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:列明來源">列出參考文獻</a>，但<b>因為沒有<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="Help:脚注">文內引註</a>而使來源仍然不明</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2012年4月14日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请加上合适的文內引註来<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>原始人類語言</b>（<span lang="en">Proto-Human language</span>、<span lang="en">Proto-Sapiens</span>、<span lang="en">Proto-World</span>），又名<b>原世界语</b>，是一个假设於世界上存在的語言，並且是所有语言的最近共同祖先<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="原始语">原始语</a>，也是一个古老的原始语。 </p><p>原始人類語言假設现今所有的现代语言，包括现代的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="语系">语系</a>和已消亡语言，皆起源於單一的一種语言。這種語言，被認為是人類的祖先當仍在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東非">東非</a>時所使用的語言。尽管有无数的尝试，但是语言学家得出一些结论——復原该语言的方法是可疑的，並且如果真有原世界语的话，原世界语也不太可能被復原。從近年對<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>化石的研究，認為他們很可能亦有語言的能力，「原始人類語言」是否包含尼安德特人的語言亦變成了爭議之一。假若尼安德特人亦有其語言，有可能表明原先的單一語言假設的錯誤，但亦可能暗示人類的語言跟尼安德特人的語言還有一個更早期的祖先。 </p><p>根據人類的發展歷史，語言學家推斷原始人類語言通行於約20萬到5萬年前。到了一萬年前語言已經很通行了，8000年前人類開始撰寫文字之後，各式各樣的語言被記錄了下來。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="魯蘭原始人類語言重建"><span id=".E9.AD.AF.E8.98.AD.E5.8E.9F.E5.A7.8B.E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E9.87.8D.E5.BB.BA"></span>魯蘭原始人類語言重建</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：魯蘭原始人類語言重建"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞彙"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E5.BD.99"></span>詞彙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：詞彙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>語言</th> <th>誰？</th> <th>什麼？</th> <th>二</th> <th>水</th> <th>一/手指</th> <th>手臂-1</th> <th>手臂-2</th> <th>彎膝/膝蓋</th> <th>頭髮</th> <th>陰道/外陰</th> <th>味道/鼻子 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%BE%9D%E6%A1%91%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="科依桑语系">科依桑语系</a></td> <td>!kū</td> <td>ma</td> <td>/kam</td> <td>k´´ā</td> <td>//kɔnu</td> <td>//kū</td> <td>≠hā</td> <td>//gom</td> <td>/ʼū</td> <td>!kwai</td> <td>č'ū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97-%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼罗-撒哈拉语系">尼罗-撒哈拉语系</a></td> <td>na</td> <td>de</td> <td>ball</td> <td>nki</td> <td>tok</td> <td>kani</td> <td>boko</td> <td>kutu</td> <td>sum</td> <td>buti</td> <td>čona </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼日尔-刚果语系">尼日尔-刚果语系</a></td> <td>nani</td> <td>ni</td> <td>bala</td> <td>engi</td> <td>dike</td> <td>kono</td> <td>boko</td> <td>boŋgo</td> <td></td> <td>butu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="亚非语系">亚非语系</a></td> <td>k(w)</td> <td>ma</td> <td>bwVr</td> <td>ak'<sup>w</sup>a</td> <td>tak</td> <td>ganA</td> <td></td> <td>bunqe</td> <td>somm</td> <td>put</td> <td>suna </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南高加索语系">南高加索语系</a></td> <td>min</td> <td>ma</td> <td>yor</td> <td>rt<sup>s</sup>'q'a</td> <td>ert</td> <td>t'ot'</td> <td>qe</td> <td>muql</td> <td>toma</td> <td>putʼ</td> <td>sun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="达罗毗荼语系">达罗毗荼语系</a></td> <td>yāv</td> <td>yā</td> <td>iraṇṭu</td> <td>nīru</td> <td>birelu</td> <td>kaŋ</td> <td>kay</td> <td>meṇḍa</td> <td>pūṭa</td> <td>počču</td> <td>čuṇṭu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="歐亞語系">歐亞語系</a></td> <td>k<sup>w</sup>i</td> <td>mi</td> <td>pālā</td> <td>ak<sup>w</sup>ā</td> <td>tik</td> <td>konV</td> <td>bhāghu(s)</td> <td>bük(ä)</td> <td>punče</td> <td>p'ut'V</td> <td>snā </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E5%86%85-%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="得内-高加索语系">得内-高加索语系</a></td> <td>k<sup>w</sup>i</td> <td>ma</td> <td>gnyis</td> <td>ʔoχ<sup>w</sup>a</td> <td>tok</td> <td>kan</td> <td>boq</td> <td>pjut</td> <td>t<sup>sh</sup>ām</td> <td>putʼi</td> <td>suŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南方大語系">南方大語系</a></td> <td>o-ko-e</td> <td>m-anu</td> <td>ʔ(m)bar</td> <td>namaw</td> <td>ntoʔ</td> <td>xeen</td> <td>baγa</td> <td>buku</td> <td>śyām</td> <td>betik</td> <td>iǰuŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="印度-太平洋語系">印度-太平洋語系</a></td> <td></td> <td>mina</td> <td>boula</td> <td>okho</td> <td>dik</td> <td>akan</td> <td>ben</td> <td>buku</td> <td>utu</td> <td></td> <td>sɨnna </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="澳大利亚原住民语言">澳洲原住民語言</a></td> <td>ŋaani</td> <td>minha</td> <td>bula</td> <td>gugu</td> <td>kuman</td> <td>mala</td> <td>pajing</td> <td>buŋku</td> <td></td> <td>puda</td> <td>mura </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞美林德總語系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amerind languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞美林德總語系（页面不存在）">亞美林德總語系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerind_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Amerind languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amerind languages</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> <td>kune</td> <td>mana</td> <td>p'āl</td> <td>akwā</td> <td>dɨ'i</td> <td>kano</td> <td>boko</td> <td>buka</td> <td>summe</td> <td>butie</td> <td>čuna </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>來源：(Ruhlen 1994b：103)。符號V表示「元音，其原始確切的字符是未知的」(同上105頁)。點擊在最上面一行的符號可以改變字母順序的形式。</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>基於參考文獻(Ruhlen 1994b：105)，列出原始人類語言的詞根： </p> <ul><li><i>ku</i> = 'who'</li> <li><i>ma</i> = 'what'</li> <li><i>pal</i> = 'two'</li> <li><i>ak<sup>w</sup>a</i> = 'water'</li> <li><i>tik</i> = 'finger'</li> <li><i>kanV</i> = 'arm'</li> <li><i>boko</i> = 'arm'</li> <li><i>buŋku</i> = 'knee'</li> <li><i>sum</i> = 'hair'</li> <li><i>putV</i> = 'vulva'</li> <li><i>čuna</i> = 'nose, smell'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Bengtson, John D. and Merritt 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Howell. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/abs/nature01669.html">"Pleistocene <i>Homo sapiens</i> from Middle Awash, Ethiopia."</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170628101628/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/abs/nature01669.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>Nature</i> 423:742–747.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friesian.com/trees.htm">Genetic Distance and Language Affinities</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210125003707/http://www.friesian.com/trees.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Babaev, Kirill. 2008. 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