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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-假设" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#假设"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>假设</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-假设-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-接受程度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#接受程度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>接受程度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-接受程度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词汇比较" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词汇比较"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>词汇比较</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词汇比较-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">印度-太平洋語系</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。12种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_indo-pac%C3%ADfiques" title="Llingües indo-pacífiques – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües indo-pacífiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indopazifisch" title="Indopazifisch – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indopazifisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Indo-Pacific languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_indo-pac%C3%ADficas" title="Lenguas indo-pacíficas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas indo-pacíficas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_indo-pacifiche" title="Lingue indo-pacifiche – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue indo-pacifiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="インド・太平洋大語族 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド・太平洋大語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="인도태평양어족 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도태평양어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Indopacificae" title="Linguae Indopacificae – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Indopacificae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_indopacyficzne" title="Języki indopacyficzne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki indopacyficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Индо-тихоокеанские языки – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индо-тихоокеанские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indopacifick%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indopacifické jazyky – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indopacifické jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-pacifiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indo-pacifiska språk – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indo-pacifiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1240112#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #fd79da;">印度-太平洋语系</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #fd79da;"><span style="font-size: small;">Indo-Pacific</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #fd79da;"><span style="font-size: small;">谬误</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;">地理分佈</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2" title="大洋洲">大洋洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">谱系学分类</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">假设的语系</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;">分支</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="安达曼语系">安达曼语系</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴布亚诸语言">巴布亚诸语言</a></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔斯马尼亚诸语言（页面不存在）">塔斯马尼亚诸语言</a></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%AD%99%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库孙达语（页面不存在）">库孙达语</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="尼哈利语">尼哈利语</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="澳大利亚原住民语言">澳大利亚原住民语言</a><small>(？)</small></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维达语（页面不存在）">维达语</a><small>(？)</small></div> <div>数种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E9%99%80%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾尼格利陀语言（页面不存在）">菲律宾尼格利陀语言</a><small>(？)</small></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">无</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>印度-太平洋语系</b>是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="約瑟·哈羅德·格林伯格">约瑟·哈罗德·格林伯格</a>于1971年提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="總語系">总语系</a>，目前认为此说谬误。其将<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="新几内亚">新几内亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="美拉尼西亚">美拉尼西亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴布亚诸语言">巴布亚诸语言</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="安达曼语系">安达曼语系</a>(或至少<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="大安达曼语系">大安达曼语系</a>)、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔斯马尼亚诸语言（页面不存在）">塔斯马尼亚诸语言</a>结合到一起。格林伯格找到的同源词后来成了范围较小的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="跨新几内亚语系">跨新几内亚语系</a>证据。一般被认为是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="孤立语言">孤立语言</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%AD%99%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库孙达语（页面不存在）">库孙达语</a>(可能还包括其他未分类语言)也被包括进来。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:5692–5695</sup>1971年的原始假设中并未包含“<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="澳大利亚原住民语言">澳大利亚原住民语言</a>”。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="假设"><span id=".E5.81.87.E8.AE.BE"></span>假设</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：假设"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>印度-太平洋语系假说将新几内亚的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴布亚诸语言">非南岛语言</a>与新几内亚东边或西边的特定语言结合起来，首先由格林伯格于1971年作出。支持者Merritt Ruhlen认为印度-太平洋语系是一个内部多样性极大而十分古老的语系，甚至远比反映6000年前的民族迁徙的南岛语系古老。他注意到，新几内亚至少4万年前就已有现代人类居住，有一定冗余的估计还要再加1到1.5万年。<sup id="cite_ref-Ruhlen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhlen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E5%88%A9-%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E6%89%8E" title="路易吉·路卡·卡瓦利-斯福扎">路易吉·路卡·卡瓦利-斯福扎</a>则认为印度-太平洋语系是非常多相的语系，内含700种语言，可能老于4万年。<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalli-Sforza_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalli-Sforza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="接受程度"><span id=".E6.8E.A5.E5.8F.97.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.A6"></span>接受程度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：接受程度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格林伯格的假说基于对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="词汇相似性（页面不存在）">词汇相似性</a>的大致估计和形态相似性，尚未经过标准的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E6%B3%95_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="比較法 (語言學)">比较法</a>检验，也没有对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="祖语">祖语</a>的构拟。塔斯马尼亚语言已经灭绝了，其证据如此稀少以至于许多历史语言学家都认为它们不可分类。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗杰·布伦奇（页面不存在）">罗杰·布伦奇</a>以该理由反驳印度-太平洋语系假说，注意到它“标榜纯粹的语言学实践...它方便地将一大片地区所有卷毛人群的非南岛语言全放在一起。”他写道，如果不谈对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴布亚诸语言">巴布亚诸语言</a>的更深入研究和史前史研究，印度-太平洋语系也是不可接受的，它“只存在于相信者的眼中”。<sup id="cite_ref-Blench_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%88%91_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="无我 (语言学家)">无我</a>(2001)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>如此回复： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>种族观念仍被不加批判地用在语言分类上。晚至1971年，约瑟夫·格林伯格还试图重弹“自孟加拉湾西边的安达曼群岛直到塔斯马尼亚的大部分非南岛语言都属于一个单一的发生学语系”的老调。这个假说跟Finck1909年的“Sprachen der ozeanischen Neger”没什么不同，这个假说已经用了“印度-太平洋”的名字，其最终根植于体质人类学的“泛尼格利陀理论”。(参Skeat&Blagden 1906: 25–28)。格林伯格为证实印度-太平洋语系举出的语言证据没有说服力，相似的词汇和表面的类型学相似不能说明语言间存在亲缘关系，况且这些还是基于使用者的身体素质。</p></blockquote> <p>自格林伯格的工作以来，新几内亚语言主要由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯蒂芬·沃姆（页面不存在）">斯蒂芬·沃姆</a>研究。沃姆提出的跨新几内亚语系包含格林伯格印度-太平洋语系假说70%的语言，<sup id="cite_ref-Ruhlen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhlen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不过其内部结构完全不同。沃姆还认为大安达曼语系、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西巴布亚语系（页面不存在）">西巴布亚语系</a>(不属于跨新几内亚)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="帝汶">帝汶</a>的特定语言间的词汇相似性“相当地引人注目，近乎同形[...]例子也不算少”，但认为是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%95%E5%B1%82_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="底层 (语言学)（页面不存在）">底层</a>的影响，而不是语言间直接的联系。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pawley (2008)发现除塔斯马尼亚和安达曼语以外的所有印度-太平洋分支都包含跨新几内亚语系的语言，这可以解释比格林伯格提供的更坚实的同源词。但是因为这些跨新几内亚语言混合了其他语系的语言，连接起各个分支的同源词并不支持格林伯格“所有巴布亚语言都有亲缘关系”的论断。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词汇比较"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.B1.87.E6.AF.94.E8.BE.83"></span>词汇比较</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：词汇比较"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E9%99%80%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾尼格利陀语言（页面不存在）">菲律宾尼格利陀语言 § 特殊词汇</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西巴布亚语系（页面不存在）">西巴布亚语系 § 词汇比较</a></div> <p>下表比较了不同“印度-太平洋语系”语言和祖语的基础词汇. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>词义 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%AD%99%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库孙达语（页面不存在）">库孙达语</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="尼哈利语">尼哈利语</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>原始<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%81%E7%94%98%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翁甘语（页面不存在）">翁甘语</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:154-198</sup> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大安达曼语（页面不存在）">大安达曼语</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%82%A3%E5%8D%9A%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克那博依语">克那博依语</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩加诺语（页面不存在）">恩加诺语</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="原始跨新几内亚语">原始跨新几内亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%B8%95%E9%A9%AC-%E6%81%A9%E6%B0%B8%E7%94%98%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始帕马-恩永甘语（页面不存在）">原始帕马-恩永甘语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Alpher-2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alpher-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>原始<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%86%E5%A8%81%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="昆威库语（页面不存在）">昆威库语</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>原始<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纽尔纽尔语系（页面不存在）">纽尔纽尔语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stokes-McGregor_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-McGregor-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>头 </th> <td>ipi </td> <td>pe(ː)ñ </td> <td>*-otab </td> <td>ɛr-co </td> <td>tahal </td> <td>ɛyu, iur </td> <td>*kV(mb,p)utu; *mVtVna </td> <td> </td> <td>*koc; *-pam </td> <td>*-alma; *marru </td></tr> <tr> <th>头发 </th> <td>gi </td> <td>kuguso </td> <td>*-ode </td> <td>ot-bec </td> <td>sûyut </td> <td>pururu, yur </td> <td>*(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *iti </td> <td> </td> <td>*ngar </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>眼 </th> <td>iŋ / inəŋ </td> <td>jikit </td> <td>*-ecebo < *eca-ipo </td> <td>er-ulu </td> <td>laŋ </td> <td>bak </td> <td>*(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *nVpV </td> <td>*kuru </td> <td>*koq; *-nganycurla; *-Tum </td> <td>*-miny </td></tr> <tr> <th>耳 </th> <td>iyu </td> <td>cigam </td> <td>*-ikwag </td> <td>er-buo </td> <td>cʰəliòh </td> <td>karih </td> <td>*kand(i,e)k[V] </td> <td> </td> <td>*-kanam </td> <td>*-lababa </td></tr> <tr> <th>鼻 </th> <td>inu / inəu </td> <td>coːn </td> <td>*-iɲjan-ipo </td> <td>er-kɔʈʰo </td> <td>lîaŋ </td> <td>pan </td> <td>*mundu </td> <td>*ngurru </td> <td>*ce </td> <td>*-mal(ul) </td></tr> <tr> <th>齿 </th> <td>uhu, u.u </td> <td>menge </td> <td>*-akwed </td> <td>er-pʰile, ɸile </td> <td>cʰəráh </td> <td>ʔekaʔ, kaaʔ </td> <td>*titi </td> <td>*rirra, *lirra </td> <td>*yama/errk ; *-retmV </td> <td>*jarringk </td></tr> <tr> <th>舌 </th> <td>iŋdzũ, idziŋ / idzəŋ </td> <td> </td> <td>*-adalaŋ </td> <td>ɑ-tɑt </td> <td>ɟelil </td> <td>di </td> <td>*mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e </td> <td>*calañ </td> <td>*thelng; *-cen </td> <td>*-yangala </td></tr> <tr> <th>口 </th> <td>ata, atta </td> <td>kaggo </td> <td>*-alaŋ </td> <td>er-pʰoŋ </td> <td>ɟəhòp </td> <td>kaʔaʔ, kaʔ </td> <td>*maŋgat[a] </td> <td>*caː </td> <td>*-ngal/rrk; *-thala </td> <td>*-lirr </td></tr> <tr> <th>手 </th> <td>awi / awəi </td> <td>bakko </td> <td>*-ome </td> <td>er-ʈoŋ </td> <td>tʰã </td> <td>ɛaʔ, ʔeap </td> <td>*sikal, *sakil </td> <td>*mara </td> <td>*-kun </td> <td>*-marla </td></tr> <tr> <th>足 </th> <td>yen </td> <td> </td> <td>*uge </td> <td>u-mɔʈo </td> <td>ɟau </td> <td>ɛʔaa, ʔea </td> <td>*k(a,o)ond(a,o)C </td> <td>*cama; *cina </td> <td>*thenge </td> <td>*-mbala </td></tr> <tr> <th>乳房 </th> <td>ambu / ambo </td> <td> </td> <td>*-akak </td> <td>er-me-tɛi </td> <td>râpaŋ </td> <td>kok, èămah </td> <td>*amu </td> <td>*ngamun </td> <td>*pippi; *cikka </td> <td>*ngamarna </td></tr> <tr> <th>肉 </th> <td>amba / əmba </td> <td>kaːw </td> <td> </td> <td>e-tʰomo </td> <td> </td> <td>hiədh </td> <td> </td> <td>p-Paman *miña </td> <td>*kany; *wang; *thangku </td> <td>*warli </td></tr> <tr> <th>血 </th> <td>ləpa, ləppa </td> <td>corṭo </td> <td>*-aceŋ </td> <td>e-tei </td> <td>cʰahâ </td> <td>kyakh, kiak </td> <td>*ke(nj,s)a </td> <td> </td> <td>*kurlpa; *kurrac </td> <td>*kunbulu; *kururr </td></tr> <tr> <th>骨 </th> <td>gu.u, guhu </td> <td>paːkṭo </td> <td>*daŋ </td> <td>e-tɔe, o-ʈɔy </td> <td>gus </td> <td>ɛa, ʔea </td> <td>*kondaC </td> <td>*muku </td> <td>*-mo </td> <td>*kaanyji </td></tr> <tr> <th>人 </th> <td>nu, niu </td> <td> </td> <td>*eŋ, *əŋ (< *en) </td> <td> </td> <td>som </td> <td>kakh, kak </td> <td>*ambi </td> <td> </td> <td>*Nal </td> <td>*wamba </td></tr> <tr> <th>名 </th> <td>gidzi </td> <td>jumu, jyumu </td> <td>*-atiba </td> <td>liu </td> <td> </td> <td>ni </td> <td>*imbi </td> <td> </td> <td>*-ngey </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>狗 </th> <td>agəi </td> <td> </td> <td>*wem(e) </td> <td>cɑo </td> <td>âmun </td> <td>bɛɛ̄, be </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>*yila </td></tr> <tr> <th>鱼 </th> <td>nəsa </td> <td>caːn </td> <td>*napo </td> <td>ʈɑjeo </td> <td>râyap </td> <td>yay, ʔeai </td> <td> </td> <td>*kuya/u </td> <td>*ceny; *cipak </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>虱子 </th> <td>ki </td> <td>keːpe </td> <td>*kuhi </td> <td>kɔemo </td> <td> </td> <td>h'ɛyup, hĩũk </td> <td>*niman, *iman </td> <td>*kulu/i </td> <td>*mic; *Tort </td> <td>*wirnka </td></tr> <tr> <th>树 </th> <td>yiː / ihi </td> <td> </td> <td>*taŋ 'tree, log' </td> <td>ɛʈ-ʈole 'wood' </td> <td>sənɟéh </td> <td> </td> <td>*inda </td> <td> </td> <td>*thantaq; *Lany; *porloq </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>叶 </th> <td>haq / haχ </td> <td> </td> <td>*bebe </td> <td>tec </td> <td>râpaŋ </td> <td>pruru </td> <td>*iti; *sasak </td> <td> </td> <td>*marla; *mancarr </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>花 </th> <td>gipan </td> <td> </td> <td>*okw </td> <td>ʈɔl, ʈɔlo </td> <td>kuntom </td> <td>èpfoejĕ, kafèfo </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>*ngorro </td> <td>*bubu </td></tr> <tr> <th>水 </th> <td>taŋ </td> <td>joppo </td> <td>*iŋ </td> <td>ino </td> <td>par </td> <td>bə </td> <td>*ok[V]; *nok </td> <td>*nguku ~ *nguki </td> <td>*wak; *kolk- </td> <td>*wula </td></tr> <tr> <th>火 </th> <td>dza </td> <td> </td> <td>*tuke </td> <td>ɑʈ; luro </td> <td>haŋoi </td> <td>ɛəp, iɘb </td> <td>*k(a,o)nd(a,u)p; *inda; *kambu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>*jungku </td></tr> <tr> <th>石 </th> <td>yeŋgu / yiŋgu </td> <td>caːgo, caːrgo </td> <td>*uli </td> <td>meo </td> <td>buŋkal </td> <td>iɛa, ʔe </td> <td>*kamb(a,u)na, *[na]muna </td> <td> </td> <td>*cuntu; *kVrrV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>土 </th> <td>dum </td> <td> </td> <td>*bela </td> <td>buɑ </td> <td> </td> <td>dowp </td> <td> </td> <td>*taːku “地” </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>盐 </th> <td>huki / hukki </td> <td>coːpo </td> <td> </td> <td>sɑre </td> <td>səmsam </td> <td>kanam </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>路 </th> <td>un, uŋ </td> <td>ḍãːy/ḍa(ː)y </td> <td>*icala </td> <td>ɲɔrtɔ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɛko </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>*morlo </td> <td>*makirr </td></tr> <tr> <th>吃 </th> <td>am </td> <td>ṭ/tyeː- </td> <td>*-ita </td> <td>ɲɑ; iji </td> <td>ɟáháp </td> <td>no </td> <td>*na- </td> <td>*mungka- </td> <td> </td> <td>*-rli </td></tr> <tr> <th>死 </th></tr> <tr> <td>betto-be(ṭṭ) </td> <td>*peca-me </td> <td>em-pʰil </td> <td> </td> <td>kaʔa </td> <td>*kumV- </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Paul Whitehouse; Timothy Usher; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merritt_Ruhlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merritt Ruhlen（页面不存在）">Merritt Ruhlen</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_S-Y._Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William S-Y. Wang（页面不存在）">William S.-Y. Wang</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC397480">Kusunda: An Indo-Pacific language in Nepal</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalli-Sforza-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalli-Sforza_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca.<i>Genes, Peoples, and Languages</i>. University of California Press: Berkeley, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blench_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlenchPost2008" class="citation">Blench, Roger; Post, Mark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3008775">The Languages Of The Tasmanians And Their Relation To The Peopling Of Australia: Sensible and Wild Theories</a>, 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-12-22</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222210304/https://www.academia.edu/3008775">存档</a>于2021-12-22）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&rft.au=Post%2C+Mark&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.btitle=The+Languages+Of+The+Tasmanians+And+Their+Relation+To+The+Peopling+Of+Australia%3A+Sensible+and+Wild+Theories&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3008775&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Languages of the Himalayas</i>, vol. 1, pp 139–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wurm, S.A. (1977).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html"><i>New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene</i>.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100620132933/http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Pawley, 2008.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/papuanlanguages/attachments/20080319/6c5f7364/PawleyGreenbergsIndo-Pacific-0001.docAn">assessment of Greenberg's Indo-Pacific hypothesis</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>(draft)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watters, David E. 2006. 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"A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands."<i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>, Volume 46, Number 1, June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbi, Anvita. 2011.<i>Dictionary of the Great Andamanese language</i>. Port Blair: Ratna Sagar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajek, John. 1998. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/hajek1998kenaboi.pdfKenaboi:">An extinct unclassified language of the Malay Peninsula</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>."<i>Mon–Khmer Studies</i>28: 137–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/The">Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>.<i>Evolutionary Bioinformatics</i>, 4:271-283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawley-TNG-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald. The Trans New Guinea family. Palmer, Bill (编). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics <b>4</b>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018: 21–196. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-11-028642-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-11-028642-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&rft.atitle=The+Trans+New+Guinea+family&rft.au=Hammarstr%C3%B6m%2C+Harald&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.pages=21-196&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alpher-2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alpher-2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpher, Barry. 2004. 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In Nicholas Evans (ed.),<i>The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region</i>, 29-74. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis." In<i>Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 8: Linguistics in Oceania</i>, edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, 808-71. The Hague: Mouton.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfZwAAAAIAAJ">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211222210300/https://books.google.com/books?id=HfZwAAAAIAAJ">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）(Reprinted in Greenberg,<i>Genetic Linguistics</i>, 2005, 193–275.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/GuyDeutscherThroughTheLanguageGlass/Genetic%20Linguistics%20Essays%20on%20theory%20and%20method_djvu.txt">[2]</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/trees/Indo-Pacific:%20Greenberg%201971Family">tree</a>available at the Linguist List MultiTree Project [no longer functional as of 2014]</li> <li>Greenberg, Joseph H. 2005.<i>Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method</i>, edited by William Croft. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>O'Grady, Dobrovolsky, Katamba. 1997.<i>Contemporary Linguistics.</i></li> <li>Usher, Timothy. "A comparison of Greenberg's and Wurm's classifications." In Greenberg,<i>Genetic Linguistics</i>, 2005, 261–269. (Systematic tabulation of the two sets of results.)</li> <li>Wurm, Stephen A. 1982.<i>The Papuan Languages of Oceania.</i>Tübingen: Gunter Narr.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/maps/maps9.php?lan=en">印度-太平洋语系地图</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201026221914/http://starling.rinet.ru/maps/maps9.php?lan=en">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img 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