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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Business career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Virginia politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginia_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>National politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._presidential_candidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._presidential_candidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>U.S. presidential candidate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._presidential_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Harry F. Byrd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="هاري فلود بيرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاري فلود بيرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81._%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هری اف. بیرد، سینیور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هری اف. بیرد، سینیور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_senior" title="Harry F. Byrd senior – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harry F. Byrd senior" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81._%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هری اف. بیرد، سینیور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هری اف. بیرد، سینیور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd,_Sr." title="Harry F. Byrd, Sr. – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harry F. Byrd, Sr." data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Flood_Byrd" title="Harry Flood Byrd – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harry Flood Byrd" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A4._%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93" title="הארי פ. בירד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארי פ. בירד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Flood_Byrd_maior" title="Harry Flood Byrd maior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harry Flood Byrd maior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_(politikus,_1887%E2%80%931966)" title="Harry F. Byrd (politikus, 1887–1966) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harry F. Byrd (politikus, 1887–1966)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="هارى فلود بيرد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارى فلود بيرد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harry F. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Бёрд, Гарри Флуд Старший – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бёрд, Гарри Флуд Старший" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harry F. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harry F. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harry F. Byrd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q775382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and newspaper publisher (1887–1966)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Harry Byrd, see <a href="/wiki/Harry_Byrd_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harry Byrd (disambiguation)">Harry Byrd (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Harry F. Byrd</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_F._Byrd_(3x4b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/220px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/330px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/440px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="5013" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Byrd, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1926–1930</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1933 – November 10, 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">50th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1, 1926 – January 15, 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Junius_Edgar_West" title="Junius Edgar West">Junius Edgar West</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Elbert Lee Trinkle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">John Garland Pollard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Senate" title="Virginia Senate">Virginia Senate</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_26th_Senate_district" title="Virginia's 26th Senate district">26th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 9, 1924 – February 1, 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James M. Dickerson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph S. Denny</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Senate" title="Virginia Senate">Virginia Senate</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_10th_Senate_district" title="Virginia's 10th Senate district">10th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 12, 1916 – January 9, 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Tavenner" title="Frank S. Tavenner">Frank S. Tavenner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_B._Booker" title="Marshall B. Booker">Marshall B. Booker</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Harry Flood Byrd</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-06-10</span>)</span>June 10, 1887<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg, West Virginia</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 20, 1966<span style="display:none">(1966-10-20)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berryville,_Virginia" title="Berryville, Virginia">Berryville, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hebron_Cemetery_and_Gatehouse" title="Mount Hebron Cemetery and Gatehouse">Mount Hebron Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Anne Douglas Beverley</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="October 7, 1913">1913</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="August 25, 1964">1964</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_F._Byrd_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harry F. Byrd's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Harry_F._Byrd_signature.svg/128px-Harry_F._Byrd_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Harry_F._Byrd_signature.svg/192px-Harry_F._Byrd_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Harry_F._Byrd_signature.svg/256px-Harry_F._Byrd_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harry Flood Byrd Sr.</b> (June 10, 1887 – October 20, 1966) was an American newspaper publisher, politician, and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in Virginia for four decades as head of a political faction that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Organization">Byrd Organization</a>. Byrd served as Virginia's governor from 1926 until 1930, then represented the state as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senator</a> from 1933 until 1965. He came to lead the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> in the Senate, and opposed President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, largely blocking most liberal legislation after 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry Jr.</a> succeeded him as U.S. senator, but ran as an Independent following the decline of the Byrd Organization. </p><p>Byrd succeeded to what had been the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Democratic Party">Virginia Democratic Party</a> organization of U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Staples_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Staples Martin">Thomas Staples Martin</a>, who died in 1919. Elected the 50th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor of Virginia</a> in 1925, initially Byrd reorganized and modernized Virginia's government. His political machine dominated state politics for much of the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byrd was vehemently opposed to <a href="/wiki/Racial_desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial desegregation">racial desegregation</a> of the public schools, and was the leader of <a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a>, a campaign of opposition to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> that led to closure of some public schools in Virginia in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students who were denied their education in several Virginia counties became known as the "lost generation".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dunnaville" title="Clarence Dunnaville">Clarence M. Dunnaville Jr.</a>, Byrd was a <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> and avowed <a href="/wiki/White_separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="White separatist">white separatist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Byrd paid his black and white workers similarly, he was vehemently opposed to racial desegregation even early in the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, and later opposed Presidents <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> as well as losing presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>, despite their all being fellow Democrats, because unlike Byrd they opposed racial discrimination within the federal workforce. The Byrd Organization also benefited from limiting the political participation of blacks and poor whites in Virginia by means of <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a>, but managed to defeat opposition ranging from New Deal governor <a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Price" title="James Hubert Price">James H. Price</a> to gubernatorial and senatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Francis_Pickens_Miller" title="Francis Pickens Miller">Francis Pickens Miller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Byrd never announced himself as a presidential candidate, he received votes in the <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 presidential election</a> and 15 electoral votes in the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 election</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harry Flood Byrd was born in <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg, West Virginia</a>, in 1887 (just two weeks after future fellow U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Absalom Willis Robertson">Absalom Willis Robertson</a> was born in the same community). His parents, Eleanor Bolling (Flood) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd_Sr." title="Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.">Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.</a>, moved the young family to <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>, the same year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Young Harry Byrd's father became wealthy as an apple grower in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>, and publisher of the <i><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester Star">Winchester Star</a></i> newspaper. He represented Winchester in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a>, and served as that body's Speaker from 1908 until 1914. He was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> for the Western District of Virginia from 1914 until 1920. Harry initially attended the public schools, but received most of his education from the private <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley_Military_Academy" title="Shenandoah Valley Military Academy">Shenandoah Valley Academy</a> in Winchester.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genealogy_and_family_relations">Genealogy and family relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genealogy and family relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byrd's ancestors included the <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families of Virginia</a>. His paternal ancestors included Col Benjamin Harrison of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brandon_Plantation" title="Lower Brandon Plantation">Brandon Plantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd_II" title="William Byrd II">William Byrd II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover Plantation</a> (who established <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corotoman" title="Corotoman">Corotoman</a>. His maternal ancestors included <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>. His ancestor <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd_III" title="William Byrd III">William Byrd III</a> squandered the Byrd family's once vast fortune through gambling and bad investments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One younger brother was <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">Naval</a> <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">aviator</a> and polar explorer Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard Evelyn Byrd</a> (1888–1957). His other younger brother, Thomas Bolling Byrd (1890–1968), became an infantry captain during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Their uncle <a href="/wiki/Henry_De_La_Warr_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry De La Warr Flood">Henry De La Warr Flood</a> served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> from <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_County,_Virginia" title="Appomattox County, Virginia">Appomattox County</a> from 1901 to 1921. Another uncle from Appomattox County, <a href="/wiki/Joel_West_Flood" title="Joel West Flood">Joel West Flood</a>, served as that county's Commonwealth Attorney (1919 to 1932), in the U.S. Congress (beginning in 1932 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_St._George_Tucker_III" title="Henry St. George Tucker III">Henry St. George Tucker</a>), and as a state appellate Judge (of the Virginia Fifth Circuit, based in Richmond, from 1940 to 1964). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_character">Influence on character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence on character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born only twenty-two years after the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Byrd grew up in an era when "the Shenandoah Valley was still a place of <a href="/wiki/Genteel_poverty" title="Genteel poverty">genteel poverty</a> ... Harry Byrd never lacked food, but he had no money for luxuries. No one had any money. If a man got into debt, there was small chance of getting out of it."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even worse in Byrd's eyes was the dilemma of the state itself, which was also heavily in debt during Byrd's youth. Before the Civil War, Virginia had taken on debt to help finance many internal public improvements (canals, turnpikes, and railroads) through the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Board_of_Public_Works" title="Virginia Board of Public Works">Virginia Board of Public Works</a>. Most had been destroyed during the War, although the debt remained and the infrastructure needed to be rebuilt to get crops and goods to market. Virginia's first postwar legislature had affirmed those debts at original terms (highly favorable to bondholders, which by then were mostly out-of-state purchasers at rates a small fraction of par value). Some related to improvements in the area that separated during the war to form the new <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">State of West Virginia</a>; those were litigated for decades until the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled in 1915 that West Virginia owed Virginia $12,393,929.50.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> period, most of Virginia's governors insisted upon paying state bondholders, rather than pay for public education (newly added in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Virginia Constitution</a> of 1869) or other government services. The <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a>, which briefly challenged the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Virginia_(1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Virginia (1867)">Conservative Party of Virginia</a> (the latter of which became the Virginia Democratic Party), advocated adjusting the terms of the prewar bonds, but had a relatively brief lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the issue of Virginia's public debt was far from resolved during Byrd's formative years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Rosemont_Manor_signature_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A two-story white house with red roof and columned porch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Historic_Rosemont_Manor_signature_photo.jpg/220px-Historic_Rosemont_Manor_signature_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Historic_Rosemont_Manor_signature_photo.jpg/330px-Historic_Rosemont_Manor_signature_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Historic_Rosemont_Manor_signature_photo.jpg/440px-Historic_Rosemont_Manor_signature_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Rosemont Manor in Berryville, Virginia; Byrd's home from 1929 until his death</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byrd married Anne Douglas Beverley, a childhood friend, on October 7, 1913. They lived with her parents in Winchester until 1916, when he built a log cabin, named Westwood, in <a href="/wiki/Berryville,_Virginia" title="Berryville, Virginia">Berryville</a> at a family-owned orchard, and they moved there. The cabin was constructed from chestnut logs and remains one of the few examples of natural chestnut bark existing in the United States due to the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_blight" title="Chestnut blight">chestnut blight</a>. The Byrds had three sons: <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a>, Bradshaw Beverley Byrd, and Richard Byrd,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one daughter, Westwood Beverly Byrd. In 1926, Byrd purchased Rosemont Manor, an estate outside Berryville, adjacent to the family apple orchards. The family moved into the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">antebellum</a> mansion in 1929, at the end of Byrd's term as governor, after some renovations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a businessman, Byrd had several operations: publishing newspapers, running a local turnpike, and selling apples and apple products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1903, Harry Byrd took over his father's newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winchester_Star" title="The Winchester Star">Winchester Star</a>.</i> Under his father's ownership, it came to owe $2500 (<a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">equivalent to $85,000 in 2023</a>) to its <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a> supplier, the <a href="/wiki/Alling_and_Cory" title="Alling and Cory">Antietam Paper Company</a>. The company refused to ship more newsprint on credit, so Byrd cut a deal to make daily cash payments in return for ownership. As Byrd would later say, "when you have to hunt for them that way, you get to know how many cents there really are in a dollar." He eventually bought the <i><a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg_Daily_News-Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrisonburg Daily News-Record">Harrisonburg Daily News-Record</a></i> and several other papers in the Shenandoah Valley. His family operated these papers until April 1, 2018, when they were sold to the <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Newspapers_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden Newspapers Inc.">Ogden Newspapers Inc.</a> of Wheeling, West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus started what would become Byrd's famous "pay-as-you-go" policy. He developed a lifelong aversion to borrowing money and any indebtedness. "I stand for strict economy in governmental affairs," Byrd proclaimed. "The State of Virginia is similar to a great business corporation ... and should be conducted with the same efficiency and economy as any private business." In a fifty-year political career, no statement of Byrd's ever more succinctly spelled out his view of government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, he founded <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_(West_Virginia_newspaper)" title="The Journal (West Virginia newspaper)">The Evening Journal</a></i> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg, West Virginia</a>. He sold the paper in 1912 to associate Max von Schlegell.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, at the age of 21, he became president of <a href="/wiki/Valley_Pike" title="Valley Pike">The Valley Turnpike Company</a>, overseeing the Valley Turnpike, a 93-mile (150-km) <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll road</a> between Winchester and <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton</a>. Earning $33 a month, he was required to drive the entire route at least twice a month to inspect it and arrange any repairs. As automobile traffic increased, he ensured road conditions were maintained within the available revenues. He held that office for seven years until his election to state office.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Byrd also owned extensive apple orchards in the Shenandoah Valley and an apple-packing operation which was among the largest on the East Coast. He later pointed out that he paid his African-American workers the same wages as his white farm workers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Morgan" title="Edward P. Morgan">Edward P. Morgan</a>'s assistant visited Byrd's Northern Virginia farm during the apple harvest and was outraged by the living conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers">migrant workers</a>. This prompted Morgan to take up the issue of migrant labor in his <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> Radio Network commentaries. Producer <a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Friendly" title="Fred W. Friendly">Fred W. Friendly</a> then prompted his close associate <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> to produce the television documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Harvest_of_Shame" title="Harvest of Shame">Harvest of Shame</a></i> on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virginia_politics">Virginia politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Virginia politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915, while still heading the Valley Turnpike Company, at the age of 28, Byrd was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Virginia">Virginia Senate</a>. That election was to begin his 50 years of service in various roles in the state and federal government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, as a new state senator, Byrd was initially a progressive with an early interest in road improvements. He was a member of the Senate Committee on Roads, the Finance Committee, the Steering Committee, the Committee on Privileges and Elections, and the Committee of Schools and Colleges. He advocated a tax on gasoline as a fair method of raising revenue for road construction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_F_Byrd_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Harry_F_Byrd_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Byrd as a state senator during the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly,_1916-1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia General Assembly, 1916-1917">1916 General Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, he first came to prominence in 1922, when he led a fight against using bonded indebtedness as a method to pay for new roads. He feared the state would sacrifice future flexibility by committing too many resources to paying off construction debt. In 1923, Byrd was sued by the Virginia Highway Contractors Association because he said their activities "by combination and agreements may be very detrimental" to the State.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (July 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The court dismissed the suit, stating the criticism was legal, imposing all costs upon the association. The publicity helped him to be elected <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> in November 1925, easily defeating Republican <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Hoge" title="Samuel H. Hoge">Samuel H. Hoge</a> in the general election.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1923, he became a member of the Virginia Society of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As governor, serving a term from 1926 to 1930, Byrd pushed through constitutional amendments that streamlined the state government and allowed for more efficient use of tax dollars. He also made property taxes solely a county responsibility. When it was obvious that increased spending on road construction was not enough to "get Virginia out of the mud," he pushed through a secondary roads bill that gave the state responsibility for maintaining county roads. These measures made Byrd seem like a <a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a> progressive at first. However, many of his measures were more to the benefit of rural areas more interested in low taxes than better services. He instituted a "pay as you go" approach to spending, in which no state money was spent until enough taxes and fees came in to pay for it. Highways and tourism were his primary pursuits, says his biographer. "He advocated building roads to state shrines such as <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> and called for historical markers along roadways, the first of which appeared in <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a>. He held regional meetings to bring about closer cooperation between state and county road officials, prophesying that the road system could be completed within ten years through such cooperation... A tour of the highway system convinced him of the progress being made in extending the arterial network. Indeed, over 2,000 miles would be added to the system during Byrd's governorship, 1,787 of these miles in 1928. Road building was one way to keep the voters happy and prove the efficacy of pay-as-you-go."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While he was governor, Byrd built up contacts with the "courthouse cliques" in most of Virginia's counties. He curried support from the five constitutional officers in those counties (sheriff, Commonwealth's attorney, clerk of the court, county treasurer, and commissioner of revenue). This formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Organization">Byrd Organization</a>, which dominated Virginia politics well into the 1960s. They carefully vetted candidates for statewide office, and Byrd only made an endorsement, or "nod," after consulting with them. Without his "nod," no one could win statewide office in Virginia. While he was governor, he shortened the ballot so that only three officials ran statewide: the governor, lieutenant governor and attorney general. This limited opportunities to challenge the candidates that he wanted to run. His secondary roads bill in 1932, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Road_Act" title="Byrd Road Act">Byrd Road Act</a>, did not apply to the state's <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">independent cities</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Education was not on his agenda, and state spending for public schools remained very low until the late 1960s. Byrd became one of the most vocal proponents of maintaining policies of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. Byrd authored and signed the "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a>" condemning the 1954 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>. His call for "<a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a>" against desegregation of public schools led to many Virginia schools closing rather than be forced to integrate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He helped draft a series of laws, known as the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plan" title="Stanley Plan">Stanley Plan</a>, to implement his "massive resistance" policy. This led to closure of some public school systems in Virginia between 1959 and 1964, most notably a five-year gap in public education in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_politics">National politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933 Byrd was appointed to fill a vacancy in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>; he won reelection as a Democrat in 1933, 1934, 1940, 1946, 1952, 1958, and 1964. Byrd and his colleague <a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a> invoked senatorial courtesy to stop President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's nomination of <a href="/wiki/Floyd_H._Roberts" title="Floyd H. Roberts">Floyd H. Roberts</a> to a federal judgeship in Virginia in 1939. Byrd broke with Roosevelt and became an opponent of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, but he was an internationalist and strongly supported Roosevelt's foreign policy. As war loomed in 1941 Congress approved his proposal for a joint House–Senate committee to look into ways of eliminating nonessential expenditures. By late September, the Joint Committee on Reduction of Non-essential Federal Expenditures was in operation with Senator Byrd as chairman; it built his national reputation as an economizer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 1950s Byrd was one of the most influential senators, serving on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services Committee</a>, and later as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance Committee</a>. He often broke with the Democratic Party line, going so far as to refuse to endorse the re-election of liberal President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in 1948. He also refused to endorse <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> in 1952. He voted against <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> bills, including the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>, and played a key role in the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">1964 Revenue Act</a>. He had blocked the bill until President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> agreed to decrease the total budget to under $100 billion. Subsequently, he helped push the Act through.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byrd retired from the Senate for health reasons in November 1965. His son, <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a>, was appointed his successor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._presidential_candidate">U.S. presidential candidate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U.S. presidential candidate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having supported <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, the Democratic governor of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 U.S. presidential campaign</a>, Byrd was selected by the Virginia Democratic Convention as a <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> presidential nomination. According to the American political historian <a href="/wiki/Steve_Neal_(historian)" title="Steve Neal (historian)">Steve Neal</a>, at one point during the <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> Byrd was offered the vice-presidential slot in exchange for instructing his 24 delegates to vote for <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, but declined because he believed he had a chance of winning the presidential nomination. Roosevelt won on the fourth ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Byrd never again formally sought the presidency nor became his party's candidate, Southern Democrats drafted him in several campaigns between 1944 and 1960. At the <a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 Democratic National Convention</a>, Southern delegates opposed to Roosevelt's New Deal and racial policies nominated Byrd as the party's presidential candidate. He was nominated by Ruth Nooney of Florida, who said she did so without his knowledge or consent. He won 89 delegate votes to Roosevelt's 1,086 (<a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a> of New York got one vote).<sup id="cite_ref-Catledge_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catledge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the convention delegates from Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia, and 12 of the 36 delegates from Texas voted for Byrd.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Party_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="America First Party (1944)">America First Party</a> nominated Byrd for vice president, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> for president, without the consent of either.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slate got 17,205 votes nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, the year that Byrd initiated the "massive resistance" campaign, the States' Rights Party of Kentucky named Byrd as a presidential candidate. He received 2,657 votes in that state; in South Carolina, in the same election, he received 88,509 votes as the choice of an independent (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">unpledged</a>) slate of electors with the endorsement of former governor <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James Byrnes</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a>, Byrd received 15 votes in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>: eight unpledged electors from <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1960 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> (all of that state's electoral votes), six unpledged electors from <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1960 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a> (the other 5 electoral votes from that state went to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a> from <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1960 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (the other 7 electoral votes from that state went to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after leaving office, Byrd died in 1966 from a brain tumor; he had been in a coma for four months.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 79 years of age and had been a senator for over 32 years. He was interred in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hebron_Cemetery_and_Gatehouse" title="Mount Hebron Cemetery and Gatehouse">Mount Hebron Cemetery</a> in Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Flood_Byrd_statue_on_capitol_lawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Harry_Flood_Byrd_statue_on_capitol_lawn.jpg/220px-Harry_Flood_Byrd_statue_on_capitol_lawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Harry_Flood_Byrd_statue_on_capitol_lawn.jpg/330px-Harry_Flood_Byrd_statue_on_capitol_lawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Harry_Flood_Byrd_statue_on_capitol_lawn.jpg/440px-Harry_Flood_Byrd_statue_on_capitol_lawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Harry Byrd statue on Richmond's capitol lawn in 2017. The statue was removed in 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>Byrd worked in public service for almost fifty years, becoming an influential figure in U.S. politics, and through his <a href="/wiki/Byrd_machine" title="Byrd machine">Byrd machine</a>, the most powerful force in Virginia politics for much of the 20th century. His leading role in defying the U.S. Supreme Court decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) by devising the <a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a> strategy has come to dominate public memory of his career, leading to a mixed legacy. </p><p>The author of the most comprehensive biography of Byrd (as of 2024), Dr. Ronald L. Heinemann, Squires Professor of History at Hampden-Sydney College from 1969 to 2007, assessed Byrd's life and career in <i>Harry Byrd of Virginia</i> (published in 1996). Heinemann concluded that although Byrd was a greatly-talented and intelligent politician, one who came to dominate Virginia politics and substantially impact U.S. politics for decades, he frequently overlooked many other issues he could have helped address in favor of defending white supremacist policies and resisting the changing of the times, consequently squandering his long-term reputation on a doomed battle to preserve <i>de jure</i> racial segregation in the U.S. </p><p>A <i>New York Times</i> editorial following Byrd's retirement from the U.S. Senate in 1965 gave a similar assessment: "A talented man, Byrd chose to stand outside the broad currents of his time and to set his face against the future... He began as a force and ended as an anachronism."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Possibly Byrd's greatest and most enduring achievement in public life was his strong advocacy for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Skyline_Drive" title="Skyline Drive">Skyline Drive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway" title="Blue Ridge Parkway">Blue Ridge Parkway</a>, and the Virginia state park system.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrd's influence kept Shenandoah National Park segregated during its construction by the CCC,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at its initial establishment,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even a year after the Truman Administration mandated full desegregation in all National Parks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shenandoah National Park's main visitor center is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Blue Ridge Parkway bridge over the James River in <a href="/wiki/Big_Island,_Virginia" title="Big Island, Virginia">Big Island, Virginia</a> was named and dedicated to him in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 26, 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation" title="Virginia Department of Transportation">Virginia State Highway Commission</a> named <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_7" title="Virginia State Route 7">Virginia State Route 7</a>, a historic road which travels from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a> past Berryville to Winchester, as "Harry Flood Byrd Highway" between Alexandria and Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors voted to rename Route 7 within the unincorporated areas of Loudoun County, "Leesburg Pike".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Byrd's home from 1926 until his death, Rosemont Manor, still exists and is surrounded by about 60 acres. Although many acres of Byrd's former orchards are now commercial and residential properties, Rosemont is now open to the public as a bed and breakfast, as well as event venue.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Harry_F._Byrd" title="Statue of Harry F. Byrd">statue of Byrd</a> was installed in Richmond's Capitol Square in 1976. The statue became controversial after Virginia began to reconsider its historical monuments, and the Byrd statue was subsequently removed in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, forty-five years after its 1971 founding, Harry F. Byrd Middle School, a <a href="/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_School" class="mw-redirect" title="National Blue Ribbon School">National Blue Ribbon School</a> in a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Henrico_County_Public_Schools" title="Henrico County Public Schools">Quioccasin Middle School</a>. In response to a campaign in the local community, the <a href="/wiki/Henrico_County_Public_Schools" title="Henrico County Public Schools">Henrico County School Board</a> agreed that "having a school named after a man who supported school segregation was inappropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Quioccasin" is both the name of the road on which the school is located as well as the name of a black village that had once been located in the immediate vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee2012" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Mordecai (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlJXwoAXXmkC&pg=PA211"><i>Congress Vs. the Bureaucracy: Muzzling Agency Public Relations</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806184470" title="Special:BookSources/9780806184470"><bdi>9780806184470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+Vs.+the+Bureaucracy%3A+Muzzling+Agency+Public+Relations&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780806184470&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mordecai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlJXwoAXXmkC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqputiyLQ3QC&pg=PA7"><i>Virginia in the Vanguard: Political Leadership in the 400-year-old Cradle of American Democracy, 1981–2006</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552104" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552104"><bdi>9780742552104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virginia+in+the+Vanguard%3A+Political+Leadership+in+the+400-year-old+Cradle+of+American+Democracy%2C+1981%E2%80%932006&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780742552104&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Frank+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqputiyLQ3QC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLassiter2017" class="citation book cs1">Lassiter, Matthew D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nr2yDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247">"The Open Schools Revolt: The Southern Regional Council and the Construction of the Moderate South"</a>. In Myers, Andrew; Norrell, Robert (eds.). <i>Historians in Service of a Better South: Essays in Honor of Paul Gaston</i>. NewSouth Books. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603064460" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603064460"><bdi>978-1603064460</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Open+Schools+Revolt%3A+The+Southern+Regional+Council+and+the+Construction+of+the+Moderate+South&rft.btitle=Historians+in+Service+of+a+Better+South%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Paul+Gaston&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=NewSouth+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1603064460&rft.aulast=Lassiter&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnr2yDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terence Hicks, Abdul Pitre, eds., <i>The Educational Lockout of African Americans in Prince Edward County</i> (2005), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence M. Dunnaville Jr., "Governors Recognized for Historic Contributions", <i>Virginia Lawyer</i>, April 2014, vol. 62, pp. 44–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHeinemann1996">Heinemann 1996</a>, pp. 261–262)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/a-gamblers-tale-the-son-of-richmonds-founder-had-quite-a-life---and/article_e02dd4b8-2cc7-5f8b-9a18-e6a1b2d614c6.html">"A gambler's tale: The son of Richmond's founder had quite a life - and death"</a>. <i>Richmond Times-Dispatch</i>. February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Times-Dispatch&rft.atitle=A+gambler%27s+tale%3A+The+son+of+Richmond%27s+founder+had+quite+a+life+-+and+death&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frichmond.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fa-gamblers-tale-the-son-of-richmonds-founder-had-quite-a-life---and%2Farticle_e02dd4b8-2cc7-5f8b-9a18-e6a1b2d614c6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alden Hatch, <i>The Byrds of Virginia</i> (1969) p 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commonwealth of Virginia v. State of West Virginia, 238 U.S. 202 (1915)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen W. Moger, From Bourbonism to Byrd (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia 1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/us/30byrd.html">"Richard Byrd, 86, Virginia Orchardist, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. The Associated Press. June 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+Byrd%2C+86%2C+Virginia+Orchardist%2C+Dies&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F30%2Fus%2F30byrd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStar" class="citation news cs1">Star, ADRIAN J. O'CONNOR | The Winchester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winchesterstar.com/news/business/byrd-family-selling-star-to-ogden-newspapers/article_46684dd3-3d96-5753-b8e6-4cb2c76b2f83.html">"Byrd family selling Star to Ogden Newspapers"</a>. <i>The Winchester Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107174023" title="Special:BookSources/9781107174023"><bdi>9781107174023</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 28, 1966. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Virginia%3A+The+Squire+of+Rosemont&rft.date=1966-10-28&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C899343%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongressDodgeKoed2005" class="citation book cs1">Congress, United States; Dodge, Andrew R.; Koed, Betty K. (2005). "Byrd, Harry Flood". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001208"><i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005</i></a>. Government Printing Office. p. 761. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160731761" title="Special:BookSources/9780160731761"><bdi>9780160731761</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byrd%2C+Harry+Flood&rft.btitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=761&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780160731761&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=United+States&rft.au=Dodge%2C+Andrew+R.&rft.au=Koed%2C+Betty+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB001208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEltonElton2017" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Joe; Elton, Patty (March 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ8pDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>Civilian Conservation Corps in Virginia</i></a>. Joan Sharpe. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467125246" title="Special:BookSources/9781467125246"><bdi>9781467125246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilian+Conservation+Corps+in+Virginia&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.isbn=9781467125246&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Elton%2C+Patty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQ8pDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShumaker" class="citation web cs1">Shumaker, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/media/pdfs/tnp-abi-untold-stories-pt-01-segregation.pdf">"UNTOLD STORIES FROM AMERICA'S NATIONAL PARKS: SEGREGATION IN THE NATIONAL PARKS (PART 1, PAGES 15 – 36)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. pp. 31–32 (pp18–19 in PDF numbering).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNTOLD+STORIES+FROM+AMERICA%27S+NATIONAL+PARKS%3A+SEGREGATION+IN+THE+NATIONAL+PARKS+%28PART+1%2C+PAGES+15+%E2%80%93+36%29&rft.pages=31-32+%28pp18-19+in+PDF+numbering%29&rft.pub=PBS&rft.aulast=Shumaker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnationalparks%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2Ftnp-abi-untold-stories-pt-01-segregation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1995/rt9511/951124/11300005.htm">"NATIONAL PARK WAS LABORATORY FOR RACE RELATIONS"</a>. <i>Roanoke Times</i>. November 24, 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roanoke+Times&rft.atitle=NATIONAL+PARK+WAS+LABORATORY+FOR+RACE+RELATIONS&rft.date=1995-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.lib.vt.edu%2FVA-news%2FROA-Times%2Fissues%2F1995%2Frt9511%2F951124%2F11300005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003133/http://www.visitskylinedrive.org/What-To-See/Top-10/Go-to-Byrd-Visitor-Center.aspx">"Learn at Byrd Visitor Center"</a>. <i>Shenandoah National Park: Skyline Drive</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitskylinedrive.org/What-To-See/Top-10/Go-to-Byrd-Visitor-Center.aspx">the original</a> on April 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shenandoah+National+Park%3A+Skyline+Drive&rft.atitle=Learn+at+Byrd+Visitor+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitskylinedrive.org%2FWhat-To-See%2FTop-10%2FGo-to-Byrd-Visitor-Center.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEK4Z_Harry_F_Byrd_Memorial_Bridge_Plaque">"Harry F. Byrd Memorial Bridge Plaque - Citizen Memorials on Waymarking.com"</a>. <i>www.waymarking.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.waymarking.com&rft.atitle=Harry+F.+Byrd+Memorial+Bridge+Plaque+-+Citizen+Memorials+on+Waymarking.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWMEK4Z_Harry_F_Byrd_Memorial_Bridge_Plaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064542/http://www.ctb.virginia.gov/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-11-1968-01.pdf">"Minutes of Meeting of State Highway Commission: Charlottesville, Virginia: November 26, 1968"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Transportation_Board" title="Commonwealth Transportation Board">Commonwealth Transportation Board</a>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctb.virginia.gov/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-11-1968-01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+Meeting+of+State+Highway+Commission%3A+Charlottesville%2C+Virginia%3A+November+26%2C+1968&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Transportation+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctb.virginia.gov%2Fmeetings%2Fminutes_pdf%2FCTB-11-1968-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virginia.org/listings/PlacesToStay/1811HistoricRosemontManor/">"Historic Rosemont Manor c. 1811 - Virginia Is For Lovers"</a>. <i>www.virginia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.virginia.org&rft.atitle=Historic+Rosemont+Manor+c.+1811+-+Virginia+Is+For+Lovers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginia.org%2Flistings%2FPlacesToStay%2F1811HistoricRosemontManor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014017/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/virginia-removes-segregationists-statue-capitol-square-78713260">"Virginia removes segregationist's statue from Capitol Square"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/virginia-removes-segregationists-statue-capitol-square-78713260">the original</a> on July 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Virginia+removes+segregationist%27s+statue+from+Capitol+Square&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FwireStory%2Fvirginia-removes-segregationists-statue-capitol-square-78713260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wtvr.com/2016/04/28/byrd-middle-new-name/">"<i>WTVR TV – Board approves Quioccasin Middle School as new name for Byrd Middle</i>"</a>. WTVR TV CBS 6 News. April 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=WTVR+TV+%E2%80%93+Board+approves+Quioccasin+Middle+School+as+new+name+for+Byrd+Middle&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwtvr.com%2F2016%2F04%2F28%2Fbyrd-middle-new-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192813/http://quioccasin.henricoschools.us/2016/07/07/welcome-quioccasin-griffins/">"Welcome, Quioccasin Griffins!"</a>. <i>Quioccasin Middle School</i>. July 7, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quioccasin.henricoschools.us/2016/07/07/welcome-quioccasin-griffins/">the original</a> on April 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quioccasin+Middle+School&rft.atitle=Welcome%2C+Quioccasin+Griffins%21&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquioccasin.henricoschools.us%2F2016%2F07%2F07%2Fwelcome-quioccasin-griffins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2016" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Vernon (July 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wtvr.com/2016/07/14/quioccasin-middle-school-officially-adopts-new-name-unveils-marquee/">"Quioccasin Middle School 'officially' adopts new name, unveils marquee"</a>. <i>CBS 6 News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+6+News&rft.atitle=Quioccasin+Middle+School+%27officially%27+adopts+new+name%2C+unveils+marquee&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwtvr.com%2F2016%2F07%2F14%2Fquioccasin-middle-school-officially-adopts-new-name-unveils-marquee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Finley, Keith M. <i>Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965</i> (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2008).</li> <li>Hatch, Alden, <i>The Byrds of Virginia: An American Dynasty, 1670 to the Present</i> (1969)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinemann1996" class="citation book cs1">Heinemann, Ronald L. (1996). <a href="/wiki/Harry_Byrd_of_Virginia" title="Harry Byrd of Virginia"><i>Harry Byrd of Virginia</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Byrd+of+Virginia&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Heinemann&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Key, V.O. <i>Southern politics in state and nation</i> (1949), Includes in-depth coverage of the Virginia political system</li> <li>Koeniger, A. Cash. "The New Deal and the States: Roosevelt versus the Byrd Organization in Virginia." <i>Journal of American History</i> (1982): 876–896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900773">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harvie_Wilkinson_III" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harvie Wilkinson III">Wilkinson, J. Harvie</a>. <i>Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics 1945–1966</i> (1968) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1043-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1043-9">0-8139-1043-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harry_F._Byrd" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressB001208" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001208">"Harry F. Byrd (id: B001208)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Harry+F.+Byrd+%28id%3A+B001208%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB001208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+F.+Byrd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216153610/http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/political/harry_byrd.htm">Library of Virginia, Harry F. Byrd webpage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/byrd.cfm">Federal Highway Administration Byrd webpage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2759">Harry F. Byrd</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/uva-sc/vivadoc.pl?file=viu01045.xml">Guide to the Papers of Harry F. Byrd at the University of Virginia Special Collections Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/1486">Collection of Harry F. Byrd's works</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Elbert Lee Trinkle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1925_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1925 Virginia gubernatorial election">1925</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">John Garland Pollard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1933_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Virginia" title="1933 United States Senate special election in Virginia">1933</a>, <a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1934 United States Senate election in Virginia">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1940 United States Senate election in Virginia">1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1946 United States Senate election in Virginia">1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1952 United States Senate election in Virginia">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1958 United States Senate election in Virginia">1958</a>, <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1964 United States Senate election in Virginia">1964</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Elbert L. Trinkle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> </b><br />February 1, 1926 – January 15, 1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">John G. Pollard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_D._Millikin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene D. Millikin">Eugene D. Millikin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> </b><br />1955–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Russell B. Long</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia"> U.S. senator (Class 1) from Virginia</a> </b><br />March 4, 1933 – November 10, 1965 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">E. Carter Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch" title="Thomas G. Burch">Thomas G. Burch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Absalom Willis Robertson">A. Willis Robertson</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council" title="Virginia Governor's Council">Virginia Governor's Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia"><img alt="Colony of Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/68px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/90px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Colony of Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company</a><br /> proprietary colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield" title="Edward Maria Wingfield">Wingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)" title="John Ratcliffe (governor)">Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scrivener" title="Matthew Scrivener">Scrivener</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_(governor)" title="George Percy (governor)">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)" title="Thomas Gates (governor)">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">T. West (De La Warr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dale" title="Thomas Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">Yeardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Argall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wyatt" title="Francis Wyatt">Wyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_West" title="Francis West">F. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Pott" title="John Pott">Pott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)" title="John Harvey (Virginia governor)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_West_(governor)" title="John West (governor)">J. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">Reade</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">Berkeley</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jeffreys_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jeffreys (colonial governor)">Jeffreys</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kemp_(governor)" title="Richard Kemp (governor)">Kemp</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(governor)" title="Richard Bennett (governor)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Digges" title="Edward Digges">Digges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Matthews_(captain)" title="Samuel Matthews (captain)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper,_2nd_Baron_Colepeper" title="Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chicheley" title="Henry Chicheley">Chicheley</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Howard of Effingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nott" title="Edward Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jenings_(governor)" title="Edmund Jenings (governor)">Jenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(colonial_administrator)" title="Robert Hunter (colonial administrator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Orkney" title="George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney">Orkney</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Spotswood</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Drysdale" title="Hugh Drysdale">Drysdale</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">"King" Carter</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle">Albemarle</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Thomas Lee (Virginia colonist)">Lee</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burwell_family_of_Virginia#Lewis_Burwell_I/II_(1711–1756)" title="Burwell family of Virginia">Burwell</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Dinwiddie</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Loudoun</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt" title="Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_(governor)" title="William Nelson (governor)">W. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Dunmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/113px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/150px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><img alt="Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)" title="William Fleming (governor)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">T. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">B. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">E. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Randolph" title="Beverley Randolph">B. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">H. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(Virginia_governor)" title="Robert Brooke (Virginia governor)">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(governor)" title="James Wood (governor)">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Page (Virginia politician)">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Cabell" title="William H. Cabell">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">Tyler Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph_(governor)" title="Peyton Randolph (governor)">P. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patton_Preston" title="James Patton Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann_Randolph_Jr." title="Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.">T. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">J. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Robertson" title="Wyndham Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Campbell_(Virginia_politician)" title="David Campbell (Virginia politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Patton" title="John M. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherfoord" title="John Rutherfoord">Rutherfoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munford_Gregory" title="John Munford Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDowell" title="James McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">J. B. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Joseph Johnson (Virginia politician)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Letcher" title="John Letcher">Letcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont" title="Francis Harrison Pierpont">Pierpont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Wells" title="Henry H. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Cameron" title="William E. Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._McKinney" title="Philip W. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Triplett_O%27Ferrall" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Triplett O'Ferrall">O'Ferrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hoge_Tyler" title="James Hoge Tyler">J. H. Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague" title="Andrew Jackson Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hodges_Mann" title="William Hodges Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Stuart" title="Henry Carter Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Trinkle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">Peery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Price" title="James Hubert Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Tuck" title="William M. Tuck">Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertis_Harrison" title="Albertis Harrison">A. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linwood_Holton" title="Linwood Holton">Holton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Baliles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Youngkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="Template:United States senators from Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="Template talk:United States senators from Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">United States senators from Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grayson" title="William Grayson">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Walker (Virginia politician)">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Thomson_Mason_(senator)" title="Stevens Thomson Mason (senator)">S. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable" title="Abraham B. Venable">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brent_(politician)" title="Richard Brent (politician)">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">J. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Pennybacker" title="Isaac S. Pennybacker">Pennybacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">J. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitman_T._Willey" title="Waitman T. Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_J._Bowden" title="Lemuel J. Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Lewis" title="John F. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Withers" title="Robert E. Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Daniel" title="John W. Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Byrd Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Trible" title="Paul Trible">Trible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Thomson_Mason" title="Armistead Thomson Mason">A. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Leigh" title="Benjamin W. Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Parker" title="Richard E. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Roane" title="William H. Roane">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Carlile" title="John S. Carlile">Carlile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Johnston" title="John W. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Riddleberger" title="Harrison H. Riddleberger">Riddleberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barbour_Jr." title="John S. Barbour Jr.">J. S. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch" title="Thomas G. Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Willis_Robertson" title="A. Willis Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spong_Jr." title="William Spong Jr.">Spong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Scott" title="William L. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">J. Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">M. Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Rules chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules<br />(1870–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coit_Spooner" title="John Coit Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_S._Overman" title="Lee S. Overman">Overman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_M._Neely" title="Matthew M. Neely">Neely</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and Administration<br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Wayland_Brooks" title="C. Wayland Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hennings_Jr." title="Thomas C. Hennings Jr.">Hennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias">Mathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">United States Senate Committee on Finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton" title="Charles G. Atherton">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_J._McCumber" title="Porter J. McCumber">McCumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roth" title="William Roth">Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Joint_Congressional_Committee_on_Inaugural_Ceremonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Inauguration_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Inauguration chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Inauguration_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Inauguration chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Inauguration_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Inauguration chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Joint_Congressional_Committee_on_Inaugural_Ceremonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Joint_Congressional_Committee_on_Inaugural_Ceremonies" title="United States Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies">United States Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="Second inauguration of William McKinley">1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coit_Spooner" title="John Coit Spooner">John Coit Spooner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">1905</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Winthrop M. Crane</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_S._Overman" title="Lee S. Overman">Lee S. Overman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1917</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Inauguration of Warren G. Harding">1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">1925</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">George H. Moses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_M._Neely" title="Matthew M. Neely">Matthew M. Neely</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1937</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1941</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry F. Byrd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Carl Hayden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Styles Bridges</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Everett_Jordan" title="B. Everett Jordan">B. Everett Jordan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Howard Cannon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">1973</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hatfield" title="Mark Hatfield">Mark Hatfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias">Charles Mathias</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">1985</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Wendell Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">1989</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">John Warner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">1997</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2005</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">← 1940</a>) <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">→ 1948</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/America_First_Party_(1943)" title="America First Party (1943)">America First Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1944 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1944 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1948)_1952_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1952 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1952 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1952 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1948)_1952_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">← 1948</a>) <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">→ 1956</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Mickelson" title="George T. Mickelson">George T. Mickelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Paul A. Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Kerr" title="Robert S. Kerr">Robert S. Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hamblen" title="Stuart Hamblen">Stuart Hamblen </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick" title="Enoch A. Holtwick">Enoch A. Holtwick</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan" title="Vincent Hallinan">Vincent Hallinan</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlotta_Bass" title="Charlotta Bass">Charlotta Bass</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass </a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Samuel H. Friedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Longstreet_Bodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Longstreet Bodin">Edward Longstreet Bodin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Krajewski" title="Henry B. Krajewski">Henry B. Krajewski</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Homer_Aubrey_Tomlinson" title="Homer Aubrey Tomlinson">Homer Aubrey Tomlinson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1952 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1952 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">← 1952</a>) <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">→ 1960</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">John S. Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Davis" title="James C. Davis">James C. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Frank Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Jr." title="George Bell Timmerman Jr.">George Bell Timmerman Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_M._Shelton" title="Herbert M. Shelton">Herbert M. Shelton</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick" title="Enoch A. Holtwick">Enoch A. Holtwick </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Holdridge" title="Herbert C. Holdridge">Herbert C. Holdridge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Samuel H. Friedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_Andrews" title="T. Coleman Andrews">T. Coleman Andrews</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1956 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1956 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">← 1956</a>) <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">→ 1964</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_DiSalle" title="Michael DiSalle">Michael DiSalle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._McLain" title="George H. McLain">George H. McLain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Meyner" title="Robert B. Meyner">Robert B. Meyner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Porter" title="Albert S. Porter">Albert S. Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_M._Lloyd" title="James M. Lloyd">James M. Lloyd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F5BCA9;"><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/J._B._Stoner" title="J. B. Stoner">J. B. Stoner</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Decker" title="Rutherford Decker">Rutherford Decker</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_B._Curtis" title="Merritt B. Curtis">Merritt B. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar_Daly" class="mw-redirect" title="Lar Daly">Lar Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Sullivan" title="Charles L. Sullivan">Charles L. Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1960 elections: <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1960 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775382#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000022977438">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40187593">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/95849/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4vR6hrvmdVV7qcWjcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119403811">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82097486">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16002679d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16002679d">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001208">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568948">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ks6snb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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