CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Harry F. Byrd - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1d25b415-34f8-4cf8-8899-e518535df342","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Harry_F._Byrd","wgTitle":"Harry F. Byrd","wgCurRevisionId":1257911335,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":723104,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Harry_F._Byrd","wgRelevantArticleId":723104,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor": {"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles": "ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/1200px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/800px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1066"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/640px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Harry F. Byrd - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Harry_F_Byrd rootpage-Harry_F_Byrd skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Harry+F.+Byrd&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Harry+F.+Byrd&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Harry+F.+Byrd&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Harry+F.+Byrd&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Harry F. Byrd</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Harry_F._Byrd" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit" title="Edit this page"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Harry_F._Byrd" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Harry_F._Byrd" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHarry_F._Byrd%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHarry_F._Byrd%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q775382" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{short description|American politician and newspaper publisher (1887–1966)}} {{hatnote|For other people named Harry Byrd, see [[Harry Byrd (disambiguation)]].}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = Harry F. Byrd (3x4b).jpg | caption = Byrd, {{circa}} 1926–1930 | jr/sr = United States Senator | state = [[Virginia]] | term_start = March 4, 1933 | term_end = November 10, 1965 | predecessor = [[Claude A. Swanson]] | successor = [[Harry F. Byrd Jr.]] | office2 = 50th [[Governor of Virginia]] | term_start2 = February 1, 1926 | term_end2 = January 15, 1930 | lieutenant3 = [[Junius Edgar West]] | predecessor3 = [[Elbert Lee Trinkle]] | successor3 = [[John Garland Pollard]] | state_senate4 = Virginia | district4 = [[Virginia's 26th Senate district|26th]] | term_start4 = January 9, 1924 | term_end4 = February 1, 1926 | predecessor4 = James M. Dickerson | successor4 = Joseph S. Denny | state_senate5 = Virginia | district5 = [[Virginia's 10th Senate district|10th]] | term_start5 = January 12, 1916 | term_end5 = January 9, 1924 | predecessor5 = [[Frank S. Tavenner]] | successor5 = [[Marshall B. Booker]] | birth_name = Harry Flood Byrd | birth_date = {{birth date|1887|6|10|mf=y}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], U.S.}} | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1966|10|20|1887|6|10}} | death_place = [[Berryville, Virginia]], U.S. | resting_place = [[Mount Hebron Cemetery and Gatehouse|Mount Hebron Cemetery]] | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Anne Douglas Beverley|October 7, 1913|August 25, 1964|end=died}} | children = 4, including [[Harry F. Byrd Jr.|Harry Jr.]] | signature = Harry F. Byrd signature.svg }} '''Harry Flood Byrd Sr.''' (June 10, 1887 – October 20, 1966) was an American newspaper publisher, politician, and leader of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in Virginia for four decades as head of a political faction that became known as the [[Byrd Organization]]. Byrd served as Virginia's governor from 1926 until 1930, then represented the state as a [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from 1933 until 1965. He came to lead the [[conservative coalition]] in the Senate, and opposed President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], largely blocking most liberal legislation after 1937.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Mordecai |title=Congress Vs. the Bureaucracy: Muzzling Agency Public Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlJXwoAXXmkC&pg=PA211 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2012 |page=211 |isbn=9780806184470}}</ref> His son [[Harry F. Byrd Jr.|Harry Jr.]] succeeded him as U.S. senator, but ran as an Independent following the decline of the Byrd Organization. Byrd succeeded to what had been the [[Virginia Democratic Party]] organization of U.S. senator [[Thomas Staples Martin]], who died in 1919. Elected the 50th [[governor of Virginia]] in 1925, initially Byrd reorganized and modernized Virginia's government. His political machine dominated state politics for much of the first half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Frank B. |title=Virginia in the Vanguard: Political Leadership in the 400-year-old Cradle of American Democracy, 1981–2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqputiyLQ3QC&pg=PA7 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2006 |page=7 |isbn=9780742552104}}</ref> Byrd was vehemently opposed to [[racial desegregation]] of the public schools, and was the leader of [[massive resistance]], a campaign of opposition to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' that led to closure of some public schools in Virginia in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lassiter |first=Matthew D. |editor1-last=Myers |chapter=The Open Schools Revolt: The Southern Regional Council and the Construction of the Moderate South |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nr2yDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 |editor1-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Norrell |editor2-first=Robert |title=Historians in Service of a Better South: Essays in Honor of Paul Gaston |publisher=NewSouth Books |date=2017 |page=247 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |isbn=978-1603064460}}</ref> Students who were denied their education in several Virginia counties became known as the "lost generation".<ref>Terence Hicks, Abdul Pitre, eds., ''The Educational Lockout of African Americans in Prince Edward County'' (2005), p. 67</ref> According to [[Clarence Dunnaville|Clarence M. Dunnaville Jr.]], Byrd was a [[racist]] and avowed [[white separatist]].<ref>Clarence M. Dunnaville Jr., "Governors Recognized for Historic Contributions", ''Virginia Lawyer'', April 2014, vol. 62, pp. 44–48</ref> Although Byrd paid his black and white workers similarly, he was vehemently opposed to racial desegregation even early in the [[New Deal]], and later opposed Presidents [[Harry S. Truman]] and [[John F. Kennedy]] as well as losing presidential candidate [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]], despite their all being fellow Democrats, because unlike Byrd they opposed racial discrimination within the federal workforce. The Byrd Organization also benefited from limiting the political participation of blacks and poor whites in Virginia by means of [[Poll taxes in the United States|poll taxes]] and [[literacy test]]s, but managed to defeat opposition ranging from New Deal governor [[James Hubert Price|James H. Price]] to gubernatorial and senatorial candidate [[Francis Pickens Miller]].<ref>{{harv|Heinemann|1996|pp=261–262}}</ref> Although Byrd never announced himself as a presidential candidate, he received votes in the [[1956 United States presidential election|1956 presidential election]] and 15 electoral votes in the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 election]]. ==Early life and education== Harry Flood Byrd was born in [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], in 1887 (just two weeks after future fellow U.S. senator [[Absalom Willis Robertson]] was born in the same community). His parents, Eleanor Bolling (Flood) and [[Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr.]], moved the young family to [[Winchester, Virginia]], the same year.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} Young Harry Byrd's father became wealthy as an apple grower in the [[Shenandoah Valley]], and publisher of the ''[[Winchester Star]]'' newspaper. He represented Winchester in the [[Virginia House of Delegates]], and served as that body's Speaker from 1908 until 1914. He was the [[United States Attorney]] for the Western District of Virginia from 1914 until 1920. Harry initially attended the public schools, but received most of his education from the private [[Shenandoah Valley Military Academy|Shenandoah Valley Academy]] in Winchester.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} ===Genealogy and family relations=== Byrd's ancestors included the [[First Families of Virginia]]. His paternal ancestors included Col Benjamin Harrison of [[Lower Brandon Plantation|Brandon Plantation]], [[William Byrd II]] of [[Westover Plantation]] (who established [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]) and [[Robert Carter I|Robert "King" Carter]] of [[Corotoman]]. His maternal ancestors included [[John Rolfe]] and [[Pocahontas]]. His ancestor [[William Byrd III]] squandered the Byrd family's once vast fortune through gambling and bad investments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A gambler's tale: The son of Richmond's founder had quite a life - and death|url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/a-gamblers-tale-the-son-of-richmonds-founder-had-quite-a-life---and/article_e02dd4b8-2cc7-5f8b-9a18-e6a1b2d614c6.html|access-date=June 10, 2021|website=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=February 13, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> One younger brother was [[U.S. Navy|Naval]] [[aviator]] and polar explorer Admiral [[Richard E. Byrd|Richard Evelyn Byrd]] (1888–1957). His other younger brother, Thomas Bolling Byrd (1890–1968), became an infantry captain during [[World War I]]. Their uncle [[Henry De La Warr Flood]] served in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] of the [[U.S. Congress]] from [[Appomattox County, Virginia|Appomattox County]] from 1901 to 1921. Another uncle from Appomattox County, [[Joel West Flood]], served as that county's Commonwealth Attorney (1919 to 1932), in the U.S. Congress (beginning in 1932 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of [[Henry St. George Tucker III|Henry St. George Tucker]]), and as a state appellate Judge (of the Virginia Fifth Circuit, based in Richmond, from 1940 to 1964). ===Influence on character=== Born only twenty-two years after the end of the [[American Civil War]], Byrd grew up in an era when "the Shenandoah Valley was still a place of [[genteel poverty]]&nbsp;... Harry Byrd never lacked food, but he had no money for luxuries. No one had any money. If a man got into debt, there was small chance of getting out of it."<ref>Alden Hatch, ''The Byrds of Virginia'' (1969) p 401</ref> Even worse in Byrd's eyes was the dilemma of the state itself, which was also heavily in debt during Byrd's youth. Before the Civil War, Virginia had taken on debt to help finance many internal public improvements (canals, turnpikes, and railroads) through the [[Virginia Board of Public Works]]. Most had been destroyed during the War, although the debt remained and the infrastructure needed to be rebuilt to get crops and goods to market. Virginia's first postwar legislature had affirmed those debts at original terms (highly favorable to bondholders, which by then were mostly out-of-state purchasers at rates a small fraction of par value). Some related to improvements in the area that separated during the war to form the new [[West Virginia|State of West Virginia]]; those were litigated for decades until the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled in 1915 that West Virginia owed Virginia $12,393,929.50.<ref>Commonwealth of Virginia v. State of West Virginia, 238 U.S. 202 (1915)</ref> After the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period, most of Virginia's governors insisted upon paying state bondholders, rather than pay for public education (newly added in [[Virginia Constitution]] of 1869) or other government services. The [[Readjuster Party]], which briefly challenged the [[Conservative Party of Virginia (1867)|Conservative Party of Virginia]] (the latter of which became the Virginia Democratic Party), advocated adjusting the terms of the prewar bonds, but had a relatively brief lifespan.<ref>Allen W. Moger, From Bourbonism to Byrd (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia 1968)</ref> Thus, the issue of Virginia's public debt was far from resolved during Byrd's formative years. [[File:Historic Rosemont Manor signature photo.jpg|thumb|alt=A two-story white house with red roof and columned porch.|Rosemont Manor in Berryville, Virginia; Byrd's home from 1929 until his death|left]] ===Marriage and family=== Byrd married Anne Douglas Beverley, a childhood friend, on October 7, 1913. They lived with her parents in Winchester until 1916, when he built a log cabin, named Westwood, in [[Berryville, Virginia|Berryville]] at a family-owned orchard, and they moved there. The cabin was constructed from chestnut logs and remains one of the few examples of natural chestnut bark existing in the United States due to the [[chestnut blight]]. The Byrds had three sons: [[Harry F. Byrd Jr.]], Bradshaw Beverley Byrd, and Richard Byrd,<ref>{{cite web | title=Richard Byrd, 86, Virginia Orchardist, Dies | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/us/30byrd.html | date=June 29, 2009 | work=The New York Times | access-date=March 13, 2020 | agency=The Associated Press}}</ref> and one daughter, Westwood Beverly Byrd. In 1926, Byrd purchased Rosemont Manor, an estate outside Berryville, adjacent to the family apple orchards. The family moved into the [[Antebellum architecture|antebellum]] mansion in 1929, at the end of Byrd's term as governor, after some renovations.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} ==Business career== As a businessman, Byrd had several operations: publishing newspapers, running a local turnpike, and selling apples and apple products.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} In 1903, Harry Byrd took over his father's newspaper, the ''[[The Winchester Star|Winchester Star]].'' Under his father's ownership, it came to owe $2500 ([[Inflation|{{Inflation|US|2500|1903|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}]]) to its [[newsprint]] supplier, the [[Alling and Cory|Antietam Paper Company]]. The company refused to ship more newsprint on credit, so Byrd cut a deal to make daily cash payments in return for ownership. As Byrd would later say, "when you have to hunt for them that way, you get to know how many cents there really are in a dollar." He eventually bought the ''[[Harrisonburg Daily News-Record]]'' and several other papers in the Shenandoah Valley. His family operated these papers until April 1, 2018, when they were sold to the [[Ogden Newspapers Inc.]] of Wheeling, West Virginia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.winchesterstar.com/news/business/byrd-family-selling-star-to-ogden-newspapers/article_46684dd3-3d96-5753-b8e6-4cb2c76b2f83.html|title=Byrd family selling Star to Ogden Newspapers|last=Star|first=ADRIAN J. O'CONNOR {{!}} The Winchester|work=The Winchester Star|access-date=September 5, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Thus started what would become Byrd's famous "pay-as-you-go" policy. He developed a lifelong aversion to borrowing money and any indebtedness. "I stand for strict economy in governmental affairs," Byrd proclaimed. "The State of Virginia is similar to a great business corporation&nbsp;... and should be conducted with the same efficiency and economy as any private business." In a fifty-year political career, no statement of Byrd's ever more succinctly spelled out his view of government.<ref>{{harv|Heinemann|1996|p=17}}</ref> In 1907, he founded ''[[The Journal (West Virginia newspaper)|The Evening Journal]]'' in nearby [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]]. He sold the paper in 1912 to associate Max von Schlegell.<ref>{{cite news|title=''Martinsburg Journal''|url=http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1553|access-date=November 24, 2015|publisher=The West Virginia Encyclopedia|date=October 8, 2010}}</ref> In 1908, at the age of 21, he became president of [[Valley Pike|The Valley Turnpike Company]], overseeing the Valley Turnpike, a 93-mile (150-km) [[toll road]] between Winchester and [[Staunton, Virginia|Staunton]]. Earning $33 a month, he was required to drive the entire route at least twice a month to inspect it and arrange any repairs. As automobile traffic increased, he ensured road conditions were maintained within the available revenues. He held that office for seven years until his election to state office.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} Byrd also owned extensive apple orchards in the Shenandoah Valley and an apple-packing operation which was among the largest on the East Coast. He later pointed out that he paid his African-American workers the same wages as his white farm workers.<ref name="auto">{{harv|Heinemann|1996|p=137}}</ref> In the 1950s, [[Edward P. Morgan]]'s assistant visited Byrd's Northern Virginia farm during the apple harvest and was outraged by the living conditions of the [[migrant workers]]. This prompted Morgan to take up the issue of migrant labor in his [[CBS]] Radio Network commentaries. Producer [[Fred W. Friendly]] then prompted his close associate [[Edward R. Murrow]] to produce the television documentary ''[[Harvest of Shame]]'' on this issue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Persico|first1=Joseph E.|title=Edward R. Murrow: An American Original|date=1997|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=9780306807961}}</ref> ==Virginia politics== In 1915, while still heading the Valley Turnpike Company, at the age of 28, Byrd was elected to the [[Senate of Virginia|Virginia Senate]]. That election was to begin his 50 years of service in various roles in the state and federal government.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} At the [[Virginia State Capitol]] in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], as a new state senator, Byrd was initially a progressive with an early interest in road improvements. He was a member of the Senate Committee on Roads, the Finance Committee, the Steering Committee, the Committee on Privileges and Elections, and the Committee of Schools and Colleges. He advocated a tax on gasoline as a fair method of raising revenue for road construction.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} [[File:Harry F Byrd 1916.jpg|thumb|left|Byrd as a state senator during the [[Virginia General Assembly, 1916-1917|1916 General Assembly]]]] However, he first came to prominence in 1922, when he led a fight against using bonded indebtedness as a method to pay for new roads. He feared the state would sacrifice future flexibility by committing too many resources to paying off construction debt. In 1923, Byrd was sued by the Virginia Highway Contractors Association because he said their activities "by combination and agreements may be very detrimental" to the State.{{Quote without source|date=July 2022}} The court dismissed the suit, stating the criticism was legal, imposing all costs upon the association. The publicity helped him to be elected [[Governor of Virginia]] in November 1925, easily defeating Republican [[Samuel H. Hoge]] in the general election.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} In 1923, he became a member of the Virginia Society of the [[Sons of the American Revolution]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} As governor, serving a term from 1926 to 1930, Byrd pushed through constitutional amendments that streamlined the state government and allowed for more efficient use of tax dollars. He also made property taxes solely a county responsibility. When it was obvious that increased spending on road construction was not enough to "get Virginia out of the mud," he pushed through a secondary roads bill that gave the state responsibility for maintaining county roads. These measures made Byrd seem like a [[New South]] progressive at first. However, many of his measures were more to the benefit of rural areas more interested in low taxes than better services. He instituted a "pay as you go" approach to spending, in which no state money was spent until enough taxes and fees came in to pay for it. Highways and tourism were his primary pursuits, says his biographer. "He advocated building roads to state shrines such as [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] and [[Monticello]] and called for historical markers along roadways, the first of which appeared in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]]. He held regional meetings to bring about closer cooperation between state and county road officials, prophesying that the road system could be completed within ten years through such cooperation... A tour of the highway system convinced him of the progress being made in extending the arterial network. Indeed, over 2,000 miles would be added to the system during Byrd's governorship, 1,787 of these miles in 1928. Road building was one way to keep the voters happy and prove the efficacy of pay-as-you-go."<ref>{{harv|Heinemann|1996|pp=74–75}}</ref> While he was governor, Byrd built up contacts with the "courthouse cliques" in most of Virginia's counties. He curried support from the five constitutional officers in those counties (sheriff, Commonwealth's attorney, clerk of the court, county treasurer, and commissioner of revenue). This formed the basis of the [[Byrd Organization]], which dominated Virginia politics well into the 1960s. They carefully vetted candidates for statewide office, and Byrd only made an endorsement, or "nod," after consulting with them. Without his "nod," no one could win statewide office in Virginia. While he was governor, he shortened the ballot so that only three officials ran statewide: the governor, lieutenant governor and attorney general. This limited opportunities to challenge the candidates that he wanted to run. His secondary roads bill in 1932, which became known as the [[Byrd Road Act]], did not apply to the state's [[independent city|independent cities]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} Education was not on his agenda, and state spending for public schools remained very low until the late 1960s. Byrd became one of the most vocal proponents of maintaining policies of [[racial segregation]]. Byrd authored and signed the "[[Southern Manifesto]]" condemning the 1954 [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decision in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. His call for "[[massive resistance]]" against desegregation of public schools led to many Virginia schools closing rather than be forced to integrate.<ref>William Bryan Crawley, ''Bill Tuck, a political life in Harry Byrd's Virginia'' (1978) pp 232–35</ref> He helped draft a series of laws, known as the [[Stanley Plan]], to implement his "massive resistance" policy. This led to closure of some public school systems in Virginia between 1959 and 1964, most notably a five-year gap in public education in [[Prince Edward County, Virginia]].<ref>Numan V. Bartley, ''The rise of massive resistance'' (1999) p 341</ref> ==National politics== In 1933 Byrd was appointed to fill a vacancy in the [[United States Senate]]; he won reelection as a Democrat in 1933, 1934, 1940, 1946, 1952, 1958, and 1964. Byrd and his colleague [[Carter Glass]] invoked senatorial courtesy to stop President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's nomination of [[Floyd H. Roberts]] to a federal judgeship in Virginia in 1939. Byrd broke with Roosevelt and became an opponent of the [[New Deal]], but he was an internationalist and strongly supported Roosevelt's foreign policy. As war loomed in 1941 Congress approved his proposal for a joint House–Senate committee to look into ways of eliminating nonessential expenditures. By late September, the Joint Committee on Reduction of Non-essential Federal Expenditures was in operation with Senator Byrd as chairman; it built his national reputation as an economizer.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} By the 1950s Byrd was one of the most influential senators, serving on the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committee]], and later as chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Finance Committee]]. He often broke with the Democratic Party line, going so far as to refuse to endorse the re-election of liberal President [[Harry S. Truman]] in 1948. He also refused to endorse [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] in 1952. He voted against [[public works]] bills, including the [[Interstate Highway System]], and played a key role in the passing of the [[Revenue Act of 1964|1964 Revenue Act]]. He had blocked the bill until President [[Lyndon Johnson]] agreed to decrease the total budget to under $100&nbsp;billion. Subsequently, he helped push the Act through.<ref>Robert Caro, ''[[The Passage of Power]]''</ref> Byrd retired from the Senate for health reasons in November 1965. His son, [[Harry F. Byrd Jr.]], was appointed his successor.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} ==U.S. presidential candidate== Having supported [[Al Smith]], the Democratic governor of [[New York (state)|New York]], in the [[1928 United States presidential election|1928 U.S. presidential campaign]], Byrd was selected by the Virginia Democratic Convention as a [[favorite son]] for the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]] presidential nomination. According to the American political historian [[Steve Neal (historian)|Steve Neal]], at one point during the [[1932 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] Byrd was offered the vice-presidential slot in exchange for instructing his 24 delegates to vote for [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], but declined because he believed he had a chance of winning the presidential nomination. Roosevelt won on the fourth ballot.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gizzi |first1=John |title=First Man Out: Human Events Talks to Jim Gilmore |url=https://humanevents.com/2007/07/23/first-man-out-human-events-talks-to-jim-gilmore/ |access-date=May 24, 2019 |work=Human Events |date=July 23, 2007 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213012907/https://humanevents.com/2007/07/23/first-man-out-human-events-talks-to-jim-gilmore/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although Byrd never again formally sought the presidency nor became his party's candidate, Southern Democrats drafted him in several campaigns between 1944 and 1960. At the [[1944 Democratic National Convention]], Southern delegates opposed to Roosevelt's New Deal and racial policies nominated Byrd as the party's presidential candidate. He was nominated by Ruth Nooney of Florida, who said she did so without his knowledge or consent. He won 89 delegate votes to Roosevelt's 1,086 ([[James Farley]] of New York got one vote).<ref name="Catledge">{{cite news|last=Catledge|first=Turner|title=Roosevelt Nominated for Fourth Term|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 21, 1944|pages=1, 9|url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/440721convention-dem-ra.html |access-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jewell|first1=Katherine Rye|title=Dollars for Dixie|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107174023|page=233|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWBUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|access-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> All the convention delegates from Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia, and 12 of the 36 delegates from Texas voted for Byrd.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ballot on Renomination Of President Roosevelt|work=[[The New York Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=July 21, 1944|page=9|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E04E7D8143EE03BBC4951DFB166838F659EDE&legacy=true|access-date=April 7, 2017|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In [[1952 United States presidential election|1952]], both the [[Constitution Party (United States, 1952)|Constitution Party]] and the [[America First Party (1944)|America First Party]] nominated Byrd for vice president, and [[Douglas MacArthur]] for president, without the consent of either.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kellman|first1=George|title=Anti-Jewish Agitation|journal=American Jewish Year Book|date=1953|volume=54|pages=93, 94|jstor=23604428}}</ref> The slate got 17,205 votes nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=1952 Presidential General Election Results|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1952&minper=0&f=0&off=0&elect=0|website=US Election Atlas|access-date=September 8, 2016}}</ref> In [[1956 United States presidential election|1956]], the year that Byrd initiated the "massive resistance" campaign, the States' Rights Party of Kentucky named Byrd as a presidential candidate. He received 2,657 votes in that state; in South Carolina, in the same election, he received 88,509 votes as the choice of an independent (i.e. [[unpledged elector|unpledged]]) slate of electors with the endorsement of former governor [[James F. Byrnes|James Byrnes]] and Senator [[Strom Thurmond]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Jeff|author-link1=Jeff Taylor (politician)|title=Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism|date=2013|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739175767|page=223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVwrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA223|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mickey|first1=Robert|title=Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944–1972|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400838783|page=233|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqDwG2MBoNwC&pg=PA233|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Leip|first1=David|title=1956 Presidential General Election Results - Kentucky|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1956&f=0&off=0&elect=0&fips=21&submit=Retrieve|website=Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Leip|first1=David|title=1956 Presidential General Election Results – South Carolina|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1956&fips=45&f=0&off=0&elect=0|website=Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref> In [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], Byrd received 15 votes in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]: eight unpledged electors from [[1960 United States presidential election in Mississippi|Mississippi]] (all of that state's electoral votes), six unpledged electors from [[1960 United States presidential election in Alabama|Alabama]] (the other 5 electoral votes from that state went to [[John F. Kennedy]]), and a [[faithless elector]] from [[1960 United States presidential election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] (the other 7 electoral votes from that state went to [[Richard Nixon]]).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=William G.|title=Harry Flood Byrd|url=http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/civilrightstv/glossary/people-033.html|website=[[Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970]]|publisher=Virginia Center for Digital History|access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Trende|first1=Sean|title=Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote?|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2012/10/19/did_jfk_lose_the_popular_vote_115833.html|website=[[RealClearPolitics]]|access-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref> ==Death== Shortly after leaving office, Byrd died in 1966 from a brain tumor; he had been in a coma for four months.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=October 28, 1966|title=Virginia: The Squire of Rosemont|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,899343,00.html|access-date=April 18, 2021|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> He was 79 years of age and had been a senator for over 32 years. He was interred in [[Mount Hebron Cemetery and Gatehouse|Mount Hebron Cemetery]] in Winchester.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9780160731761|page=761|title=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005|chapter=Byrd, Harry Flood|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001208|access-date=September 19, 2017|last1=Congress|first1=United States|last2=Dodge|first2=Andrew R.|last3=Koed|first3=Betty K.|year=2005|publisher=Government Printing Office }}</ref> ==Legacy== [[File:Harry Flood Byrd statue on capitol lawn.jpg|thumb|Harry Byrd statue on Richmond's capitol lawn in 2017. The statue was removed in 2021.]] Byrd worked in public service for almost fifty years, becoming an influential figure in U.S. politics, and through his [[Byrd machine]], the most powerful force in Virginia politics for much of the 20th century. His leading role in defying the U.S. Supreme Court decision in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954) by devising the [[massive resistance]] strategy has come to dominate public memory of his career, leading to a mixed legacy. The author of the most comprehensive biography of Byrd (as of 2024), Dr. Ronald L. Heinemann, Squires Professor of History at Hampden-Sydney College from 1969 to 2007, assessed Byrd's life and career in ''Harry Byrd of Virginia'' (published in 1996). Heinemann concluded that although Byrd was a greatly-talented and intelligent politician, one who came to dominate Virginia politics and substantially impact U.S. politics for decades, he frequently overlooked many other issues he could have helped address in favor of defending white supremacist policies and resisting the changing of the times, consequently squandering his long-term reputation on a doomed battle to preserve ''de jure'' racial segregation in the U.S. A ''New York Times'' editorial following Byrd's retirement from the U.S. Senate in 1965 gave a similar assessment: "A talented man, Byrd chose to stand outside the broad currents of his time and to set his face against the future... He began as a force and ended as an anachronism."{{cn|date=September 2024}} Possibly Byrd's greatest and most enduring achievement in public life was his strong advocacy for the creation of [[Shenandoah National Park]], as well as the [[Skyline Drive]], the [[Blue Ridge Parkway]], and the Virginia state park system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elton |first1=Joe |last2=Elton |first2=Patty |others=Joan Sharpe |title=Civilian Conservation Corps in Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ8pDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |date=March 6, 2017 |isbn=9781467125246}}</ref> Byrd's influence kept Shenandoah National Park segregated during its construction by the CCC,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Shumaker |first=Susan |title=UNTOLD STORIES FROM AMERICA'S NATIONAL PARKS: SEGREGATION IN THE NATIONAL PARKS (PART 1, PAGES 15 – 36) |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/media/pdfs/tnp-abi-untold-stories-pt-01-segregation.pdf |pages=31–32 (pp18–19 in PDF numbering)}}</ref> at its initial establishment,<ref>{{cite news |date=November 24, 1995 |title=NATIONAL PARK WAS LABORATORY FOR RACE RELATIONS |work=Roanoke Times|url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1995/rt9511/951124/11300005.htm}}</ref> and even a year after the Truman Administration mandated full desegregation in all National Parks.<ref name=":0" /> Shenandoah National Park's main visitor center is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitskylinedrive.org/What-To-See/Top-10/Go-to-Byrd-Visitor-Center.aspx |title=Learn at Byrd Visitor Center |website=Shenandoah National Park: Skyline Drive |access-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003133/http://www.visitskylinedrive.org/What-To-See/Top-10/Go-to-Byrd-Visitor-Center.aspx |archive-date=April 27, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Blue Ridge Parkway bridge over the James River in [[Big Island, Virginia]] was named and dedicated to him in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEK4Z_Harry_F_Byrd_Memorial_Bridge_Plaque|title=Harry F. Byrd Memorial Bridge Plaque - Citizen Memorials on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com|access-date=January 10, 2020}}</ref> On November 26, 1968, the [[Virginia Department of Transportation|Virginia State Highway Commission]] named [[Virginia State Route 7]], a historic road which travels from [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]] past Berryville to Winchester, as "Harry Flood Byrd Highway" between Alexandria and Winchester.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes of Meeting of State Highway Commission: Charlottesville, Virginia: November 26, 1968|url=http://www.ctb.virginia.gov/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-11-1968-01.pdf|page=1|publisher=[[Commonwealth Transportation Board]]|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064542/http://www.ctb.virginia.gov/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-11-1968-01.pdf|url-status=dead}}.</ref> In 2021, the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors voted to rename Route 7 within the unincorporated areas of Loudoun County, "Leesburg Pike".{{cn|date=April 2024}} Byrd's home from 1926 until his death, Rosemont Manor, still exists and is surrounded by about 60 acres. Although many acres of Byrd's former orchards are now commercial and residential properties, Rosemont is now open to the public as a bed and breakfast, as well as event venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virginia.org/listings/PlacesToStay/1811HistoricRosemontManor/|title=Historic Rosemont Manor c. 1811 - Virginia Is For Lovers|website=www.virginia.org|access-date=January 10, 2020}}</ref> A [[Statue of Harry F. Byrd|statue of Byrd]] was installed in Richmond's Capitol Square in 1976. The statue became controversial after Virginia began to reconsider its historical monuments, and the Byrd statue was subsequently removed in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Virginia removes segregationist's statue from Capitol Square|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/virginia-removes-segregationists-statue-capitol-square-78713260|url-status=dead|access-date=July 8, 2021|website=ABC News |archive-date=July 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014017/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/virginia-removes-segregationists-statue-capitol-square-78713260}}</ref> In 2016, forty-five years after its 1971 founding, Harry F. Byrd Middle School, a [[National Blue Ribbon School]] in a suburb of [[Richmond, Virginia]], was renamed to [[Henrico County Public Schools|Quioccasin Middle School]]. In response to a campaign in the local community, the [[Henrico County Public Schools|Henrico County School Board]] agreed that "having a school named after a man who supported school segregation was inappropriate."<ref>{{cite news|title=''WTVR TV – Board approves Quioccasin Middle School as new name for Byrd Middle''|url=http://wtvr.com/2016/04/28/byrd-middle-new-name/|access-date=May 5, 2016|publisher=WTVR TV CBS 6 News|date=April 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome, Quioccasin Griffins!|url=http://quioccasin.henricoschools.us/2016/07/07/welcome-quioccasin-griffins/|website=Quioccasin Middle School|access-date=April 27, 2017|date=July 7, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192813/http://quioccasin.henricoschools.us/2016/07/07/welcome-quioccasin-griffins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Quioccasin" is both the name of the road on which the school is located as well as the name of a black village that had once been located in the immediate vicinity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Freeman|first1=Vernon|title=Quioccasin Middle School 'officially' adopts new name, unveils marquee|url=http://wtvr.com/2016/07/14/quioccasin-middle-school-officially-adopts-new-name-unveils-marquee/|access-date=February 21, 2017|work=CBS 6 News|date=July 14, 2016}}</ref> ==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== * Finley, Keith M. ''Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965'' (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2008). * Hatch, Alden, ''The Byrds of Virginia: An American Dynasty, 1670 to the Present'' (1969) * {{cite book|last=Heinemann|first=Ronald L.|year=1996|title=Harry Byrd of Virginia|title-link=Harry Byrd of Virginia}} * Key, V.O. ''Southern politics in state and nation'' (1949), Includes in-depth coverage of the Virginia political system * Koeniger, A. Cash. "The New Deal and the States: Roosevelt versus the Byrd Organization in Virginia." ''Journal of American History'' (1982): 876–896. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900773 in JSTOR] * [[James Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson, J. Harvie]]. ''Harry Byrd and the Changing Face of Virginia Politics 1945–1966'' (1968) {{ISBN|0-8139-1043-9}} ==External links== {{wikiquote}} * {{CongBio|B001208}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216153610/http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/political/harry_byrd.htm Library of Virginia, Harry F. Byrd webpage] * [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/byrd.cfm Federal Highway Administration Byrd webpage] * {{Find a Grave|2759}} * [http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/uva-sc/vivadoc.pl?file=viu01045.xml Guide to the Papers of Harry F. Byrd at the University of Virginia Special Collections Library] * [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/1486 Collection of Harry F. Byrd's works] {{S-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Elbert Lee Trinkle]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[Governor of Virginia]]|years=[[1925 Virginia gubernatorial election|1925]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Garland Pollard]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Claude A. Swanson]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Virginia|U.S. Senator]] from [[Virginia]]}}<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])|years=[[1933 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1933]], [[1934 United States Senate election in Virginia|1934]], [[1940 United States Senate election in Virginia|1940]], [[1946 United States Senate election in Virginia|1946]], [[1952 United States Senate election in Virginia|1952]], [[1958 United States Senate election in Virginia|1958]], [[1964 United States Senate election in Virginia|1964]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Harry F. Byrd Jr.]]}} {{s-off}} {{succession box |title=[[Governor of Virginia]] |before=[[Elbert Lee Trinkle|Elbert L. Trinkle]] |after=[[John Garland Pollard|John G. Pollard]] |years=February 1, 1926 – January 15, 1930}} {{succession box |title=Chairman of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]] |before=[[Eugene D. Millikin]] |after=[[Russell B. Long]] |years=1955–1965}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{U.S. Senator box |state=Virginia |class=1 |before=[[Claude A. Swanson]] |after=[[Harry F. Byrd Jr.]] |alongside= [[Carter Glass|E. Carter Glass]], [[Thomas G. Burch]], [[Absalom Willis Robertson|A. Willis Robertson]] |years=March 4, 1933 – November 10, 1965}} {{S-end}} {{Governors of Virginia}} {{USSenVA}} {{SenRulesCommitteeChairmen}} {{SenFinanceCommitteeChairs}} {{InaugurationCommitteeChairmen}} {{United States presidential election, 1944}} {{United States presidential election, 1952}} {{United States presidential election, 1956}} {{United States presidential election, 1960}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Byrd, Harry Flood Sr.}} [[Category:1887 births]] [[Category:1966 deaths]] [[Category:1952 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American far-right politicians]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:American political bosses]] [[Category:Byrd family of Virginia|Harry F. Byrd]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1956 United States presidential election]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1960 United States presidential election]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer in the United States]] [[Category:Democratic Party governors of Virginia]] [[Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Virginia]] [[Category:People from Berryville, Virginia]] [[Category:Politicians from Martinsburg, West Virginia]] [[Category:Politicians from Winchester, Virginia]] [[Category:Democratic Party Virginia state senators]] [[Category:Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (Winchester, Virginia)]] [[Category:Signatories of the Southern Manifesto]] [[Category:Old Right (United States)]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1944 United States presidential election">Template:1944 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit" title="Template:1944 United States presidential election">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1952 United States presidential election">Template:1952 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:1952_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit" title="Template:1952 United States presidential election">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1956 United States presidential election">Template:1956 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit" title="Template:1956 United States presidential election">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1960 United States presidential election">Template:1960 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit" title="Template:1960 United States presidential election">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">Template:Abbr</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Abbr&action=edit" title="Template:Abbr">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Biographical_Directory_of_Congress" title="Template:Biographical Directory of Congress">Template:Biographical Directory of Congress</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Biographical_Directory_of_Congress&action=edit" title="Template:Biographical Directory of Congress">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Birth_date" title="Template:Birth date">Template:Birth date</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Birth_date&action=edit" title="Template:Birth date">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Both" title="Template:Both">Template:Both</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Both&action=edit" title="Template:Both">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Box-shadow_border" title="Template:Box-shadow border">Template:Box-shadow border</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Box-shadow_border&action=edit" title="Template:Box-shadow border">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalog_lookup_link" title="Template:Catalog lookup link">Template:Catalog lookup link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Catalog_lookup_link&action=edit" title="Template:Catalog lookup link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_handler" title="Template:Category handler">Template:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Template:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">Template:Circa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Circa&action=edit" title="Template:Circa">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">Template:Citation needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Citation needed">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Template:Cite magazine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_magazine&action=edit" title="Template:Cite magazine">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Template:Cite news</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit" title="Template:Cite news">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cn">Template:Cn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cn&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cn">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CongBio" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CongBio">Template:CongBio</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CongBio&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CongBio">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Count" title="Template:Count">Template:Count</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Count&action=edit" title="Template:Count">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Country2nationality" title="Template:Country2nationality">Template:Country2nationality</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Country2nationality&action=edit" title="Template:Country2nationality">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">Template:DMCA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DMCA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">Template:Dated maintenance category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_date_and_age" title="Template:Death date and age">Template:Death date and age</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Death_date_and_age&action=edit" title="Template:Death date and age">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink" title="Template:Delink">Template:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink&action=edit" title="Template:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink_question_hyphen-minus" title="Template:Delink question hyphen-minus">Template:Delink question hyphen-minus</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink_question_hyphen-minus&action=edit" title="Template:Delink question hyphen-minus">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Detect_singular" title="Template:Detect singular">Template:Detect singular</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Detect_singular&action=edit" title="Template:Detect singular">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:EditAtWikidata" title="Template:EditAtWikidata">Template:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Template:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:En_dash_range" title="Template:En dash range">Template:En dash range</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:En_dash_range&action=edit" title="Template:En dash range">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME&action=edit" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Find_a_Grave" title="Template:Find a Grave">Template:Find a Grave</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Find_a_Grave&action=edit" title="Template:Find a Grave">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Find_country" title="Template:Find country">Template:Find country</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Find_country&action=edit" title="Template:Find country">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix" title="Template:Fix">Template:Fix</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix&action=edit" title="Template:Fix">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix/category" title="Template:Fix/category">Template:Fix/category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix/category&action=edit" title="Template:Fix/category">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template:Governors of Virginia">Template:Governors of Virginia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Governors_of_Virginia&action=edit" title="Template:Governors of Virginia">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">Template:Harv</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harv&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation">Template:Harvard citation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvard_citation&action=edit" title="Template:Harvard citation">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hatnote" title="Template:Hatnote">Template:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Template:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">Template:ISBN</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ISBN&action=edit" title="Template:ISBN">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:If_both" title="Template:If both">Template:If both</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:If_both&action=edit" title="Template:If both">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:If_empty" title="Template:If empty">Template:If empty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:If_empty&action=edit" title="Template:If empty">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:In_string" title="Template:In string">Template:In string</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:In_string&action=edit" title="Template:In string">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:InaugurationCommitteeChairmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:InaugurationCommitteeChairmen">Template:InaugurationCommitteeChairmen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:InaugurationCommitteeChairmen&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:InaugurationCommitteeChairmen">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation" title="Template:Inflation">Template:Inflation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Inflation&action=edit" title="Template:Inflation">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation/US" title="Template:Inflation/US">Template:Inflation/US</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Inflation/US&action=edit" title="Template:Inflation/US">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation/US/dataset" title="Template:Inflation/US/dataset">Template:Inflation/US/dataset</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Inflation/US/dataset&action=edit" title="Template:Inflation/US/dataset">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation/US/startyear" title="Template:Inflation/US/startyear">Template:Inflation/US/startyear</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Inflation/US/startyear&action=edit" title="Template:Inflation/US/startyear">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inflation/year" title="Template:Inflation/year">Template:Inflation/year</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Inflation/year&action=edit" title="Template:Inflation/year">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_officeholder" title="Template:Infobox officeholder">Template:Infobox officeholder</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox officeholder">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_officeholder/office" title="Template:Infobox officeholder/office">Template:Infobox officeholder/office</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder/office&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox officeholder/office">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Isnumeric" title="Template:Isnumeric">Template:Isnumeric</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Isnumeric&action=edit" title="Template:Isnumeric">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MONTHNAME" title="Template:MONTHNAME">Template:MONTHNAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:MONTHNAME&action=edit" title="Template:MONTHNAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MONTHNUMBER" title="Template:MONTHNUMBER">Template:MONTHNUMBER</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:MONTHNUMBER&action=edit" title="Template:MONTHNUMBER">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marriage" title="Template:Marriage">Template:Marriage</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Marriage&action=edit" title="Template:Marriage">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marriage/doc" title="Template:Marriage/doc">Template:Marriage/doc</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Marriage/doc&action=edit" title="Template:Marriage/doc">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marriage/styles.css" title="Template:Marriage/styles.css">Template:Marriage/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Marriage/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Marriage/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbhyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbhyph">Template:Nbhyph</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nbhyph&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbhyph">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobold" title="Template:Nobold">Template:Nobold</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobold&action=edit" title="Template:Nobold">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobold/styles.css" title="Template:Nobold/styles.css">Template:Nobold/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobold/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Nobold/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Non_breaking_hyphen" title="Template:Non breaking hyphen">Template:Non breaking hyphen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Non_breaking_hyphen&action=edit" title="Template:Non breaking hyphen">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">Template:Nowrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nowrap&action=edit" title="Template:Nowrap">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ns_has_subpages" title="Template:Ns has subpages">Template:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Template:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:PAGENAMEBASE" title="Template:PAGENAMEBASE">Template:PAGENAMEBASE</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:PAGENAMEBASE&action=edit" title="Template:PAGENAMEBASE">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_color" title="Template:Party color">Template:Party color</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Party_color&action=edit" title="Template:Party color">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Plainlist/styles.css" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">Template:Plainlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Plainlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Quote_without_source" title="Template:Quote without source">Template:Quote without source</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Quote_without_source&action=edit" title="Template:Quote without source">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-aft" title="Template:S-aft">Template:S-aft</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-aft&action=edit" title="Template:S-aft">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-aft/check" title="Template:S-aft/check">Template:S-aft/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-aft/check&action=edit" title="Template:S-aft/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-aft/filter" title="Template:S-aft/filter">Template:S-aft/filter</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-aft/filter&action=edit" title="Template:S-aft/filter">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-bef" title="Template:S-bef">Template:S-bef</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-bef&action=edit" title="Template:S-bef">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-bef/check" title="Template:S-bef/check">Template:S-bef/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-bef/check&action=edit" title="Template:S-bef/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-bef/filter" title="Template:S-bef/filter">Template:S-bef/filter</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-bef/filter&action=edit" title="Template:S-bef/filter">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-end" title="Template:S-end">Template:S-end</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-end&action=edit" title="Template:S-end">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-off" title="Template:S-off">Template:S-off</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-off&action=edit" title="Template:S-off">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-par" title="Template:S-par">Template:S-par</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-par&action=edit" title="Template:S-par">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-par/us-sen" title="Template:S-par/us-sen">Template:S-par/us-sen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-par/us-sen&action=edit" title="Template:S-par/us-sen">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-ppo" title="Template:S-ppo">Template:S-ppo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-ppo&action=edit" title="Template:S-ppo">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-start" title="Template:S-start">Template:S-start</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-start&action=edit" title="Template:S-start">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-ttl" title="Template:S-ttl">Template:S-ttl</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-ttl&action=edit" title="Template:S-ttl">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-ttl/check" title="Template:S-ttl/check">Template:S-ttl/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-ttl/check&action=edit" title="Template:S-ttl/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SDcat" title="Template:SDcat">Template:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SDcat&action=edit" title="Template:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs">Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SenRulesCommitteeChairmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:SenRulesCommitteeChairmen">Template:SenRulesCommitteeChairmen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SenRulesCommitteeChairmen&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:SenRulesCommitteeChairmen">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SfnRef" title="Template:SfnRef">Template:SfnRef</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SfnRef&action=edit" title="Template:SfnRef">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Side_box" title="Template:Side box">Template:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Side_box&action=edit" title="Template:Side box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister_project" title="Template:Sister project">Template:Sister project</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister_project&action=edit" title="Template:Sister project">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister_project/styles.css" title="Template:Sister project/styles.css">Template:Sister project/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister_project/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Sister project/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Small" title="Template:Small">Template:Small</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Small&action=edit" title="Template:Small">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Str_%E2%89%A0_len" title="Template:Str ≠ len">Template:Str ≠ len</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Str_%E2%89%A0_len&action=edit" title="Template:Str ≠ len">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Str_%E2%89%A5_len" title="Template:Str ≥ len">Template:Str ≥ len</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Str_%E2%89%A5_len&action=edit" title="Template:Str ≥ len">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Strfind_short" title="Template:Strfind short">Template:Strfind short</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Strfind_short&action=edit" title="Template:Strfind short">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Succession_box" title="Template:Succession box">Template:Succession box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Succession_box&action=edit" title="Template:Succession box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Succession_box/check" title="Template:Succession box/check">Template:Succession box/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Succession_box/check&action=edit" title="Template:Succession box/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip" title="Template:Tooltip">Template:Tooltip</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tooltip/styles.css" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">Template:Tooltip/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tooltip/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Tooltip/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Trim" title="Template:Trim">Template:Trim</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Trim&action=edit" title="Template:Trim">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._Senator_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:U.S. Senator box">Template:U.S. Senator box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:U.S._Senator_box&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:U.S. Senator box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:USSenVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:USSenVA">Template:USSenVA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:USSenVA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:USSenVA">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Finance chairs">Template:US Senate Finance chairs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs&action=edit" title="Template:US Senate Finance chairs">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Inauguration_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Inauguration chairs">Template:US Senate Inauguration chairs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Senate_Inauguration_chairs&action=edit" title="Template:US Senate Inauguration chairs">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Rules chairs">Template:US Senate Rules chairs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Senate_Rules_chairs&action=edit" title="Template:US Senate Rules chairs">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senator_succession_box" title="Template:US Senator succession box">Template:US Senator succession box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:US_Senator_succession_box&action=edit" title="Template:US Senator succession box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_State_Abbrev" title="Template:US State Abbrev">Template:US State Abbrev</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:US_State_Abbrev&action=edit" title="Template:US State Abbrev">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1944">Template:United States presidential election, 1944</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1944&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1944">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1952">Template:United States presidential election, 1952</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1952&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1952">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1956">Template:United States presidential election, 1956</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1956&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1956">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1960">Template:United States presidential election, 1960</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_1960&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States presidential election, 1960">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="Template:United States senators from Virginia">Template:United States senators from Virginia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_senators_from_Virginia&action=edit" title="Template:United States senators from Virginia">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">Template:Use mdy dates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit" title="Template:Use mdy dates">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:WikidataCheck" title="Template:WikidataCheck">Template:WikidataCheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:WikidataCheck&action=edit" title="Template:WikidataCheck">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikiquote" title="Template:Wikiquote">Template:Wikiquote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikiquote&action=edit" title="Template:Wikiquote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:YEAR" title="Template:YEAR">Template:YEAR</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:YEAR&action=edit" title="Template:YEAR">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno" title="Template:Yesno">Template:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-no" title="Template:Yesno-no">Template:Yesno-no</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-no&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-no">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno-yes" title="Template:Yesno-yes">Template:Yesno-yes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno-yes&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno-yes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Age" title="Module:Age">Module:Age</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Age&action=edit" title="Module:Age">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control" title="Module:Authority control">Module:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control/auxiliary" title="Module:Authority control/auxiliary">Module:Authority control/auxiliary</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control/auxiliary&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control/auxiliary">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control/config" title="Module:Authority control/config">Module:Authority control/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control/config&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Catalog_lookup_link" title="Module:Catalog lookup link">Module:Catalog lookup link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Catalog_lookup_link&action=edit" title="Module:Catalog lookup link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler" title="Module:Category handler">Module:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/blacklist" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">Module:Category handler/blacklist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/blacklist&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/config" title="Module:Category handler/config">Module:Category handler/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/config&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/data" title="Module:Category handler/data">Module:Category handler/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/data&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/shared" title="Module:Category handler/shared">Module:Category handler/shared</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/shared&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/shared">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_isxn" title="Module:Check isxn">Module:Check isxn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_isxn&action=edit" title="Module:Check isxn">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Country2nationality" title="Module:Country2nationality">Module:Country2nationality</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Country2nationality&action=edit" title="Module:Country2nationality">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Date" title="Module:Date">Module:Date</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Date&action=edit" title="Module:Date">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Delink" title="Module:Delink">Module:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Delink&action=edit" title="Module:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Detect_singular" title="Module:Detect singular">Module:Detect singular</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Detect_singular&action=edit" title="Module:Detect singular">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Find_country" title="Module:Find country">Module:Find country</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Find_country&action=edit" title="Module:Find country">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes" title="Module:Footnotes">Module:Footnotes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/whitelist" title="Module:Footnotes/whitelist">Module:Footnotes/whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/whitelist">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote" title="Module:Hatnote">Module:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote/styles.css" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">Module:Hatnote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ISO_3166" title="Module:ISO 3166">Module:ISO 3166</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ISO_3166&action=edit" title="Module:ISO 3166">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ISO_3166/data/National" title="Module:ISO 3166/data/National">Module:ISO 3166/data/National</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ISO_3166/data/National&action=edit" title="Module:ISO 3166/data/National">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_empty" title="Module:If empty">Module:If empty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_empty&action=edit" title="Module:If empty">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_preview" title="Module:If preview">Module:If preview</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_preview&action=edit" title="Module:If preview">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_preview/configuration" title="Module:If preview/configuration">Module:If preview/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_preview/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:If preview/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_preview/styles.css" title="Module:If preview/styles.css">Module:If preview/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_preview/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:If preview/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Infobox" title="Module:Infobox">Module:Infobox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Infobox&action=edit" title="Module:Infobox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Infobox/styles.css" title="Module:Infobox/styles.css">Module:Infobox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Infobox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Infobox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:InfoboxImage" title="Module:InfoboxImage">Module:InfoboxImage</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:InfoboxImage&action=edit" title="Module:InfoboxImage">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Iso2nationality" title="Module:Iso2nationality">Module:Iso2nationality</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Iso2nationality&action=edit" title="Module:Iso2nationality">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:List" title="Module:List">Module:List</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:List&action=edit" title="Module:List">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Math" title="Module:Math">Module:Math</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Math&action=edit" title="Module:Math">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:MultiReplace" title="Module:MultiReplace">Module:MultiReplace</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:MultiReplace&action=edit" title="Module:MultiReplace">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ns_has_subpages" title="Module:Ns has subpages">Module:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Module:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ParameterCount" title="Module:ParameterCount">Module:ParameterCount</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ParameterCount&action=edit" title="Module:ParameterCount">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Parameter_validation" title="Module:Parameter validation">Module:Parameter validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Parameter_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Parameter validation">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Parameter_validation/default_config" title="Module:Parameter validation/default config">Module:Parameter validation/default config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Parameter_validation/default_config&action=edit" title="Module:Parameter validation/default config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Plain_text" title="Module:Plain text">Module:Plain text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Plain_text&action=edit" title="Module:Plain text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party" title="Module:Political party">Module:Political party</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party&action=edit" title="Module:Political party">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party/A" title="Module:Political party/A">Module:Political party/A</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party/A&action=edit" title="Module:Political party/A">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party/D" title="Module:Political party/D">Module:Political party/D</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party/D&action=edit" title="Module:Political party/D">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party/I" title="Module:Political party/I">Module:Political party/I</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party/I&action=edit" title="Module:Political party/I">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party/K" title="Module:Political party/K">Module:Political party/K</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party/K&action=edit" title="Module:Political party/K">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party/P" title="Module:Political party/P">Module:Political party/P</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party/P&action=edit" title="Module:Political party/P">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party/R" title="Module:Political party/R">Module:Political party/R</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party/R&action=edit" title="Module:Political party/R">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Political_party/S" title="Module:Political party/S">Module:Political party/S</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Political_party/S&action=edit" title="Module:Political party/S">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Separated_entries" title="Module:Separated entries">Module:Separated entries</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Separated_entries&action=edit" title="Module:Separated entries">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box" title="Module:Side box">Module:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box&action=edit" title="Module:Side box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box/styles.css" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">Module:Side box/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Text" title="Module:Text">Module:Text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Text&action=edit" title="Module:Text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unsubst" title="Module:Unsubst">Module:Unsubst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst&action=edit" title="Module:Unsubst">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wd" title="Module:Wd">Module:Wd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wd&action=edit" title="Module:Wd">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wd/i18n" title="Module:Wd/i18n">Module:Wd/i18n</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wd/i18n&action=edit" title="Module:Wd/i18n">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataCheck" title="Module:WikidataCheck">Module:WikidataCheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:WikidataCheck&action=edit" title="Module:WikidataCheck">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataIB" title="Module:WikidataIB">Module:WikidataIB</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:WikidataIB&action=edit" title="Module:WikidataIB">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataIB/nolinks" title="Module:WikidataIB/nolinks">Module:WikidataIB/nolinks</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:WikidataIB/nolinks&action=edit" title="Module:WikidataIB/nolinks">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:WikidataIB/titleformats" title="Module:WikidataIB/titleformats">Module:WikidataIB/titleformats</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:WikidataIB/titleformats&action=edit" title="Module:WikidataIB/titleformats">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_F._Byrd&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-s8752","wgBackendResponseTime":512,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.056","walltime":"0.077","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 52.634 1 -total"," 99.87% 52.566 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 37.50% 19.738 2 Template:Replace"," 34.14% 17.969 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 29.91% 15.741 1 Template:Hidden"," 12.93% 6.803 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 12.31% 6.481 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.19% 1.151 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.78% 0.935 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.62% 0.855 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.010","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043308,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-s8752","timestamp":"20241128004812","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>