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href="#Impact_on_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Impact on society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Techniques </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Techniques subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_and_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Business and adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History of incidents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of incidents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceuticals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceuticals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pharmaceuticals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceuticals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Tobacco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Commercial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State-sponsored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-sponsored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 State-sponsored </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sponsored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D8%A9" title="دعاية شعبية زائفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دعاية شعبية زائفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Координирано неавтентично поведение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Координирано неавтентично поведение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfimine" title="Astroturfimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astroturfimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%84%B0%ED%95%91" title="아스트로터핑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스트로터핑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemasaran_astroturf" title="Pemasaran astroturf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemasaran astroturf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfings" title="Astroturfings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astroturfings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengastroturfan" title="Pengastroturfan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengastroturfan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="アストロターフィング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アストロターフィング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_grasrotbevegelse" title="Kunstig grasrotbevegelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunstig grasrotbevegelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Астротурфинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астротурфинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astroturfing" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Астротурфінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астротурфінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%A0%B9%E8%90%A5%E9%94%80" title="草根营销 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="草根营销" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of advocacy. For the artificial grass, see <a href="/wiki/AstroTurf" title="AstroTurf">AstroTurf</a>.</div> Astroturfing is the deceptive practice of hiding the <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsors</a> of an orchestrated message or organization (e.g., political, advertising, religious, or <a href="/wiki/Public_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public relation">public relations</a>) to make it appear as though it originates from, and is supported by, unsolicited <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> participants. It is a practice intended to give the statements or organizations credibility by withholding information about the source's financial backers. The implication behind the use of the term is that instead of a "true" or "natural" grassroots effort behind the activity in question, there is a "fake" or "artificial" appearance of support. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_(astroturf)_-_Flickr_-_jakerome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Green_%28astroturf%29_-_Flickr_-_jakerome.jpg/220px-Green_%28astroturf%29_-_Flickr_-_jakerome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Green_%28astroturf%29_-_Flickr_-_jakerome.jpg/330px-Green_%28astroturf%29_-_Flickr_-_jakerome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Green_%28astroturf%29_-_Flickr_-_jakerome.jpg/440px-Green_%28astroturf%29_-_Flickr_-_jakerome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="3186" /></a><figcaption>Artificial grass produced by <a href="/wiki/AstroTurf" title="AstroTurf">AstroTurf</a>, which inspired the name "astroturfing" for creating a false impression of <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> support</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, it is defined as the process of seeking electoral victory or legislative relief for grievances by helping political actors find and mobilize a sympathetic public, and is designed to create the image of public consensus where there is none.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2003-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard2006-2">[2]</a> Astroturfing is the use of fake <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> efforts that primarily focus on influencing public opinion and typically are funded by corporations and political entities to form opinions.<a href="#cite_note-ChoMartens2011-3">[3]</a> On the internet, astroturfers use software to hide their identity. Sometimes one individual operates through many personas to give the impression of widespread support for their client's agenda.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Some studies suggest astroturfing can alter public viewpoints and create enough doubt to inhibit action.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In the first systematic study of astroturfing in the United States, Oxford Professor <a href="/wiki/Philip_N._Howard" title="Philip N. Howard">Philip N. Howard</a> argued that the internet was making it much easier for powerful lobbyists and political movements to activate small groups of aggrieved citizens to have an exaggerated importance in public policy debates.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2006-2">[2]</a> Astroturfed accounts on social media do not always require humans to write their posts; one January 2021 study detailed a "set of human-looking bot accounts" used to post political content, which was able to operate automatically for fourteen days (and make 1,586 posts) before being detected and suspended by Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-twitterspam-8">[8]</a> Twitter trends are often targeted by astroturfing as they are used as a proxy for popularity. A study conducted by researchers at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">EPFL</a> reported that 20% of the global Twitter trends in 2019 were fake, created automatically using fake and compromised accounts which tweet in a coordinated way to mimic grassroots organizing of regular Twitter users.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_and_enforcement">Policies and enforcement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Policies and enforcement">edit</a>]</div> Many countries have laws that prohibit more overt astroturfing practices.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) may send cease-and-desist orders or require a fine of $16,000 per day for those that violate its "Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising".<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The FTC's guides were updated in 2009 to address social media and word-of-mouth marketing.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> According to an article in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consumer_Policy" title="Journal of Consumer Policy">Journal of Consumer Policy</a>, the FTC's guides holds advertisers responsible for ensuring <a href="/wiki/Blogger_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogger (person)">bloggers</a> or product endorsers comply with the guides, and any product endorsers with a material connection are required to provide honest reviews.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unfair_Commercial_Practices_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair Commercial Practices Directive">Unfair Commercial Practices Directive</a> requires that paid-for editorial content in the media provide a clear disclosure that the content is a sponsored advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> Additionally, it prohibits those with a material connection from misleading readers into thinking they are a regular consumer.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Protection_from_Unfair_Trading_Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations">Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> which prohibits "Falsely representing oneself as a consumer." They allow for up to two years in prison and unlimited fines for breaches.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> Additionally, the advertising industry in the UK has adopted many voluntary policies, such as the Code of Non-Broadcast Advertising, Sale, Promotion and Direct Marketing. A trade association, the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a>, investigates complaints of breaches. The policy requires that marketing professionals not mislead their audience, including by omitting a disclosure of their material connection.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, astroturfing is regulated by Section 18 of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Consumer_Law" title="Australian Consumer Law">Australian Consumer Law</a>, which broadly prohibits "misleading and deceptive conduct". According to the Journal of Consumer Policy, Australia's laws, which were introduced in 1975, are more vague. In most cases, they are enforced through lawsuits from competitors, rather than the regulatory body, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Competition & Consumer Commission">Australian Competition & Consumer Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> There is also an International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN).<a href="#cite_note-ls-15">[15]</a> Legal regulations are primarily targeted towards testimonials, endorsements and statements as to the performance or quality of a product. Employees of an organization may be considered acting as customers if their actions are not guided by authority within the company.<a href="#cite_note-ls-15">[15]</a> In October 2018, after denying that they had paid for people to show up in support of a controversial power plant development project in New Orleans, <a href="/wiki/Entergy" title="Entergy">Entergy</a> was fined five million dollars for using astroturf firm The Hawthorn Group to provide actors to prevent real community members' voices from being counted at city council meetings and show false grassroots support.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Debate">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> In the book Grassroots for Hire: <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_industry" title="Public affairs industry">Public Affairs</a> Consultants in American Democracy, Edward Walker defines "astroturfing" as public participation that is perceived as heavily incented, as fraudulent (claims are attributed to those who did not make such statements), or as an elite campaign masquerading as a mass movement.<a href="#cite_note-book-17">[17]</a> Although not all campaigns by professional grassroots <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> consultants meet this definition, the book finds that the elite-sponsored grassroots campaigns often fail when they are not transparent about their sources of sponsorship and/or fail to develop partnerships with constituencies that have an independent interest in the issue. Walker highlights the case of <a href="/wiki/Working_Families_for_Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Working Families for Wal-Mart">Working Families for Wal-Mart</a>, in which the campaign's lack of transparency led to its demise. A study published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Business_Ethics" title="Journal of Business Ethics">Journal of Business Ethics</a> examined the effects of websites operated by front groups on students. It found that astroturfing was effective at creating uncertainty and lowering trust about claims, thereby changing perceptions that tend to favor the business interests behind the astroturfing effort.<a href="#cite_note-ChoMartens2011-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> reported that "consumer" reviews are more effective, because "they purport to be testimonials of real people, even though some are bought and sold just like everything else on the commercial Internet."<a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-18">[18]</a> Some organizations feel that their business is threatened by negative comments, so they may engage in astroturfing to drown them out.<a href="#cite_note-set-19">[19]</a> Online comments from astroturfing employees can also sway the discussion through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">groupthink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbctwo-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justification">Justification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Justification">edit</a>]</div> Some astroturfing operatives defend their practice.<a href="#cite_note-summer-21">[21]</a> Regarding "movements that have organized aggressively to exaggerate their sway", author Ryan Sager said that this "isn't cheating. Doing everything in your power to get your people to show up is basic politics."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> According to a Porter/Novelli executive, "There will be times when the position you advocate, no matter how well framed and supported, will not be accepted by the public simply because you are who you are."<a href="#cite_note-Beder-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_society">Impact on society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact on society">edit</a>]</div> Data-mining expert <a href="/wiki/Bing_Liu_(computer_scientist)" title="Bing Liu (computer scientist)">Bing Liu</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a>) estimated that one-third of all consumer reviews on the Internet are fake.<a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-18">[18]</a> According to The New York Times, this has made it hard to tell the difference between "popular sentiment" and "manufactured public opinion".<a href="#cite_note-huff-24">[24]</a> According to an article in the Journal of Business Ethics, astroturfing threatens the legitimacy of genuine grassroots movements. The authors argued that astroturfing that is "purposefully designed to fulfill corporate agendas, manipulate public opinion and harm scientific research represents a serious lapse in ethical conduct."<a href="#cite_note-ChoMartens2011-3">[3]</a> A 2011 report found that often paid posters from competing companies are attacking each other in forums and overwhelming regular participants in the process.<a href="#cite_note-report-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> said that persona-management software supporting astroturfing "could destroy the Internet as a forum for constructive debate".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-26">[26]</a> An article in the Journal of Consumer Policy said that regulators and policy makers needed to be more aggressive about astroturfing. The author said that it undermines the public's ability to inform potential customers of sub-standard products or inappropriate business practices, but also noted that fake reviews were difficult to detect.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Techniques">edit</a>]</div> Use of one or more <a href="/wiki/Front_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Front groups">front groups</a> is one astroturfing technique. These groups typically present themselves as serving the public interest, while actually working on behalf of a corporate or political sponsor.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Front groups may resist legislation and scientific consensus that is damaging to the sponsor's business by emphasizing minority viewpoints, instilling doubt and publishing counterclaims by corporate-sponsored experts.<a href="#cite_note-ChoMartens2011-3">[3]</a> Fake blogs can also be created that appear to be written by consumers, while actually being operated by a commercial or political interest.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-28">[28]</a> Some political movements have provided incentives for members of the public to send a letter to the editor at their local paper, often using a copy and paste form letter that is published in dozens of newspapers verbatim.<a href="#cite_note-ojr-29">[29]</a> Another technique is the use of <a href="/wiki/Sockpuppet_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sockpuppet (Internet)">sockpuppets</a>, where a single person creates multiple identities online to give the appearance of grassroots support. Sockpuppets may post positive reviews about a product, attack participants that criticize the organization, or post negative reviews and comments about competitors, under fake identities.<a href="#cite_note-set-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Astroturfing businesses may pay staff based on the number of posts they make that are not flagged by moderators.<a href="#cite_note-report-25">[25]</a> Persona management software may be used so that each paid poster can manage five to seventy convincing online personas without getting them confused.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-lawfirm-31">[31]</a> Online astroturfing using sockpuppets is a form of <a href="/wiki/Sybil_attack" title="Sybil attack">Sybil attack</a> against distributed systems. Pharmaceutical companies may sponsor patient support groups and simultaneously push them to help market their products.<a href="#cite_note-science-32">[32]</a> Bloggers who receive free products, paid travel or other accommodations may also be considered astroturfing if those gifts are not disclosed to the reader.<a href="#cite_note-adage-33">[33]</a> Analysts could be considered astroturfing, since they often cover their own clients without disclosing their financial connection. To avoid astroturfing, many organizations and press have policies about gifts, accommodations and disclosures.<a href="#cite_note-huffpost-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection">Detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Detection">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit">improve this section</a>. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Persona management software can age accounts and simulate the activity of attending a conference automatically to make it more convincing that they are genuine.<a href="#cite_note-Rockefeller-35">[35]</a> At <a href="/wiki/HBGary" title="HBGary">HBGary</a>, employees were given separate thumb drives that contain online accounts for individual identities and visual cues to remind the employee which identity they are using at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Rockefeller-35">[35]</a> Mass letters may be printed on personalized stationery using different typefaces, colors and words to make them appear personal.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-36">[36]</a> According to an article in The New York Times, the Federal Trade Commission rarely enforces its astroturfing laws.<a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-18">[18]</a> Operations are frequently detected if their profile images are recognized<a href="#cite_note-finland-37">[37]</a> or if they are identified through the usage patterns of their accounts.<a href="#cite_note-report-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Menczer" title="Filippo Menczer">Filippo Menczer</a>'s group at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> developed software in 2010 that detects astroturfing on Twitter by recognizing behavioral patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Ratkiewicz_2011_249–252-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaai-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoliticalAbuse-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_and_adoption">Business and adoption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Business and adoption">edit</a>]</div> According to an article in the Journal of Consumer Policy, academics disagree on how prolific astroturfing is.<a href="#cite_note-Malbon2013-10">[10]</a> According to Nancy Clark from Precision Communications, grass-roots specialists charge $25 to $75 for each constituent they convince to send a letter to a politician.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-36">[36]</a> Paid online commentators in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> are purportedly paid 50 cents for each online post that is not removed by moderators,<a href="#cite_note-report-25">[25]</a> leading to the nickname of the "<a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50-cent party</a>".<a href="#cite_note-bbctwo-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that a business selling fake online book reviews charged $999 for 50 reviews and made $28,000 a month shortly after opening.<a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-18">[18]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, astroturfing is "commonplace" in American politics, but was "revolutionary" in Europe when it was exposed that the <a href="/wiki/European_Privacy_Association" title="European Privacy Association">European Privacy Association</a>, an anti-privacy "think-tank", was actually sponsored by technology companies.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_incidents">History of incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History of incidents">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Although the term "astroturfing" was not yet developed, an early example of the practice was in Act 1, Scene 2 of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a>. In the play, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a> writes fake letters from "the public" to convince Brutus to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ls-15">[15]</a> The term "astroturfing" was first coined in 1985 by Texas Democratic Party senator <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> when he said, "a fellow from Texas can tell the difference between grass roots and AstroTurf... this is generated mail."<a href="#cite_note-ls-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ostler2011-42">[42]</a> Bentsen was describing a "mountain of cards and letters" sent to his office to promote insurance industry interests.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals">edit</a>]</div> Patient advocacy groups funded by biopharmaceutical companies are common.<a href="#cite_note-NYM_pharma-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1997, Schering Plough paid a P/R firm Schandwick International, to create a national coalition of patient advocacy groups promoting Schering's Rebotron, a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">Hepatitis C</a>. The groups pushed increased testing as a way to manufacture cases and lobbied state legislatures to cover the $18,000 treatment. The groups also hosted telephone "information lines" with scripts written by the drug company and distributed "patient information" pamphlets promoting drug therapies over other alternatives and overstating the danger of the medical condition.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Manufacturers of AIDS drugs commonly fund LGBTQ organizations, which in turn, lobby to advance policies that increase AIDS drug sales. In 2019, the communications director of AIDS United, a Washington DC–based coalition of AIDS service organizations, resigned, stating such funding creates conflicts of interest among gay rights activists.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco">Tobacco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tobacco">edit</a>]</div> In response to the passage of tobacco control legislation in the US, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA">Philip Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burson-Marsteller" class="mw-redirect" title="Burson-Marsteller">Burson-Marsteller</a> and other tobacco interests created the <a href="/wiki/National_Smokers_Alliance" title="National Smokers Alliance">National Smokers Alliance</a> (NSA) in 1993. The NSA and other tobacco interests initiated an aggressive public relations campaign from 1994 to 1999 in an effort to exaggerate the appearance of grassroots support for smoker's rights. According to an article in the Journal of Health Communication, the NSA had mixed success at defeating bills that were damaging revenues of tobacco interests.<a href="#cite_note-Givel2007-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Internet">edit</a>]</div> Email, automated phone calls, form letters, and the Internet made astroturfing more economical and prolific in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ostler2011-42">[42]</a> In 2001, as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> was defending itself against an antitrust lawsuit, <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Technology_Leadership" title="Americans for Technology Leadership">Americans for Technology Leadership</a> (ATL), a group heavily funded by Microsoft, initiated a letter-writing campaign. ATL contacted constituents under the guise of conducting a poll and sent pro-Microsoft consumers form and sample letters to send to involved lawmakers. The effort was designed to make it appear as though there was public support for a sympathetic ruling in the antitrust lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In January 2018, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> user Isaac Protiva uploaded a video alleging that internet service provider <a href="/wiki/Fidelity_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidelity Communications">Fidelity Communications</a> was behind an initiative called "Stop City-Funded Internet", based on how some images on the Stop City-Funded Internet website had "Fidelity" in their file names.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The campaign appeared to be in response to the city of <a href="/wiki/West_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="West Plains">West Plains</a> expanding their broadband network, and advocated for the end of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">municipal broadband</a> on the basis that it was too risky.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Days later, Fidelity released a letter admitting to sponsoring the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> In 2009–2010, an <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> research study developed a software system to detect astroturfing on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> due to the sensitivity of the topic in the run up to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2010">2010 U.S. midterm elections</a> and account suspensions on the social media platform. The study cited a limited number of examples, all promoting conservative policies and candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Ratkiewicz_2011_249–252-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaai-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoliticalAbuse-40">[40]</a> In 2003, GOPTeamLeader.com offered the site's users "points" that could be redeemed for products if they signed a form letter promoting <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George Bush</a> and got a local paper to publish it as a <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_editor" title="Letter to the editor">letter to the editor</a>. More than 100 newspapers published an identical letter to the editor from the site with different signatures on it. Similar campaigns were used by GeorgeWBush.com, and by <a href="/wiki/MoveOn.org" class="mw-redirect" title="MoveOn.org">MoveOn.org</a> to promote <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ojr-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Responsible_Federal_Budget" title="Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget">Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget</a>'s "Fix the Debt" campaign advocated to reduce government debt without disclosing that its members were <a href="/wiki/Lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyist">lobbyists</a> or high-ranking employees at corporations that aim to reduce federal spending.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> It also sent op-eds to various students that were published as-is.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Some organizations in the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> have been accused of being astroturfed.<a href="#cite_note-DykeMeyer2016-58">[58]</a> In October and November 2018, conservative marketing firm Rally Forge created what <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> described as "a phony left-wing front group, America Progress Now, which promoted Green Party candidates online in 2018, apparently to hurt Democrats in several races."<a href="#cite_note-RF_NewYorker-59">[59]</a> Its ads on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> used socialist memes and slogans to attack Democrats and urge third-party protest voting in several tight races, including the <a href="/wiki/2018_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RF2018-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 2018, a website called "Jexodus" claiming to be by "proud Jewish <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> tired of living in bondage to leftist politics" was set up by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Ballabon" title="Jeff Ballabon">Jeff Ballabon</a>, a Republican operative in his mid-50s. The website was denounced as "likely a clumsy astroturf effort rather than an actual grassroots movement".<a href="#cite_note-tp-jexodus-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levin2019-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holmes2019-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-TofIMar2019-65">[65]</a> The website was registered November 5, 2018, before the congressional election, and before those representatives accused of antisemitism had even been voted in.<a href="#cite_note-TofIMar2019-65">[65]</a> This website was later cited by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as though it were an authentic movement.<a href="#cite_note-tp-jexodus-62">[62]</a> In January 2021, a team led by Mohsen Mosleh conducted a politically oriented astroturfing campaign on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, using "a set of human-looking bot accounts"; each bot would search for users posting links the researchers considered to be <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>, and "tweet a public reply message to the user's tweet that contained the link to the false story". 1,586 spam replies were made over the course of fourteen days, until Twitter detected and suspended all of the bot accounts.<a href="#cite_note-twitterspam-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Koch_family" title="Koch family">Koch brothers</a> started a public advocacy group to prevent the development of wind turbines offshore in Massachusetts. The <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> was also involved.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Corporate efforts to <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">mobilize the public against environmental regulation</a> accelerated in the US following the election of president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a> conservative media organization has published an article accusing <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a> of using astroturf tactics to drum up anti-<a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a> sentiment across Europe and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>, supposedly in order to maintain dominance in oil exports through <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In Canada, a coalition of oil and gas company executives grouped under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Petroleum_Producers" title="Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers">Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers</a> also initiated a series of Canadian actions to advocate for the oil and gas industry in Canada through mainstream and social media, and using online campaigning to generate public support for fossil fuel energy projects.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commercial">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, two <a href="/wiki/Edelman_(firm)" title="Edelman (firm)">Edelman</a> employees created a blog called "Wal-Marting Across America" about two people traveling to <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Marts</a> across the country. The blog gave the appearance of being operated by spontaneous consumers, but was actually operated on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Working_Families_for_Walmart" title="Working Families for Walmart">Working Families for Walmart</a>, a group funded by <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask.com</a> deployed an anti-<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> advertising campaign portraying Google as an "information monopoly" that was damaging the Internet. The ad was designed to give the appearance of a popular movement and did not disclose it was funded by a competitor.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> settled a complaint with Reverb Communications, who was using interns to post favorable product reviews in Apple's <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> store for clients.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In September 2012, one of the first major identified cases of astroturfing in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> involved criticisms about the cost of a €1.8 billion patient information system, which was defended by fake online identities operated by involved vendors.<a href="#cite_note-finland-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In September 2013, New York Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_T._Schneiderman" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric T. Schneiderman">Eric T. Schneiderman</a> announced a settlement with 19 companies to prevent astroturfing. "'Astroturfing' is the 21st century's version of false advertising, and prosecutors have many tools at their disposal to put an end to it," said Scheiderman. The companies paid $350,000 to settle the matter, but the settlement opened the way for private suits as well. "Every state has some version of the statutes New York used," according to lawyer Kelly H. Kolb. "What the New York attorney general has done is, perhaps, to have given private lawyers a road map to file suit."<a href="#cite_note-360LN-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-AGoffice-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State-sponsored">State-sponsored</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: State-sponsored">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></div> An <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a> TV series <a href="/wiki/The_Lobby_(TV_series)" title="The Lobby (TV series)">The Lobby</a> documented <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s attempt to promote more friendly, pro-Israel rhetoric to influence the attitudes of British youth, partly through influencing already established political bodies, such as the National Union of Students and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, but also by creating new pro-Israel groups whose affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Israel">Israeli administration</a> was kept secret.<a href="#cite_note-2017Guardian-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-2018ToI-82">[82]</a> In 2008, an expert on Chinese affairs, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a>, estimated the Chinese government employed 280,000 people in a <a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">government-sponsored astroturfing operation</a> to post pro-government propaganda on social media and drown out voices of dissent.<a href="#cite_note-report-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In June 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> solicited for "persona management" software that would "enable an operator to exercise a number of different online persons from the same workstation and without fear of being discovered by sophisticated adversaries. Personas must be able to appear to originate in nearly any part of the world and can interact through conventional online services and social media platforms..."<a href="#cite_note-USAF_Archive-84">[84]</a> The $2.6 million contract was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Ntrepid" title="Ntrepid">Ntrepid</a> for astroturfing software the military would use to spread pro-American propaganda in the Middle East, and disrupt extremist propaganda and recruitment. The contract is thought to have been awarded as part of a program called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Voice" title="Operation Earnest Voice">Operation Earnest Voice</a>, which was first developed as a psychological warfare weapon against the online presence of groups ranged against coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fielding-87">[87]</a> On April 11, 2022, seven weeks into the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, BBC published the results of investigation of a network of Facebook groups with the overall aim to promote the Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> as a hero standing up to the West with overwhelming international support. Members, activities, and interrelations in 10 pro-Putin public groups with more than 650,000 members between them in the time of writing, boasting names such as Vladimir Putin - Leader of the Free World, were analyzed. Over a month, researchers counted 16,500 posts, receiving more than 3.6 million interactions. The campaign "creates the appearance of widespread support for Putin and the Kremlin in the shadow of the invasion and relies on... inauthentic accounts to accomplish its goal", according to a report. Lead researcher Moustafa Ayad described the network and its practice of using tens of duplicate accounts in potential violation of Facebook's rules on inauthentic behavior as an example of astroturfing.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC2022_-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Redwashing" title="Redwashing">Redwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Howard2003-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard2003_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoward2003" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Philip N. 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Proceedings of the 20th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.3768">1011.3768</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1963192.1963301">10.1145/1963192.1963301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450306379" title="Special:BookSources/9781450306379"><bdi>9781450306379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Detecting+and+Tracking+the+Spread+of+Astroturf+Memes+in+Microblog+Streams&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+20th+International+Conference+Companion+on+World+Wide+Web&rft.pages=249&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1011.3768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1963192.1963301&rft.isbn=9781450306379&rft.aulast=Ratkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Conover%2C+Michael&rft.au=Meiss%2C+Mark&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Alessandro+Flammini&rft.au=Filippo+Menczer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoliticalAbuse-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticalAbuse_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticalAbuse_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatkiewiczConoverMeissGonçalves2011" class="citation conference cs1">Ratkiewicz, Jacob; Conover, Michael; Meiss, Mark; Gonçalves, Bruno; Snehal Patil; Alessandro Flammini; Filippo Menczer (July 17–21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507061547/http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/view/2850/3274">"Detecting and Tracking Political Abuse in Social Media"</a>. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Menlo Park, CA, USA: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence">Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57735-505-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57735-505-2"><bdi>978-1-57735-505-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/view/2850/3274">the original</a> (PDF) on May 7, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Detecting+and+Tracking+Political+Abuse+in+Social+Media&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+International+Conference+on+Weblogs+and+Social+Media&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pub=Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=2011-07-17%2F2011-07-21&rft.isbn=978-1-57735-505-2&rft.aulast=Ratkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Conover%2C+Michael&rft.au=Meiss%2C+Mark&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Snehal+Patil&rft.au=Alessandro+Flammini&rft.au=Filippo+Menczer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaai.org%2Focs%2Findex.php%2FICWSM%2FICWSM11%2Fpaper%2Fview%2F2850%2F3274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontanella-Khan2013" class="citation news cs1">Fontanella-Khan, James (June 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/74271926-dd9f-11e2-a756-00144feab7de">"Astroturfing takes root; Brussels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/74271926-dd9f-11e2-a756-00144feab7de">the original</a> on December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Astroturfing+takes+root%3B+Brussels&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft.aulast=Fontanella-Khan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F74271926-dd9f-11e2-a756-00144feab7de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostler2011-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostler2011_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostler2011_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosemarie_Ostler2011" class="citation book cs1">Rosemarie Ostler (September 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJFspOecgPUC&pg=PT141">Slinging Mud: Rude Nicknames, Scurrilous Slogans, and Insulting Slang from Two Centuries of American Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-54413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-54413-6"><bdi>978-1-101-54413-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slinging+Mud%3A+Rude+Nicknames%2C+Scurrilous+Slogans%2C+and+Insulting+Slang+from+Two+Centuries+of+American+Politics&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-101-54413-6&rft.au=Rosemarie+Ostler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJFspOecgPUC%26pg%3DPT141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2011" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Alex (January 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media-tech-law/astroturfing-posting-fake-reviews">"Good and bad reviews: The ethical debate over 'astroturfing'"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629195425/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media-tech-law/astroturfing-posting-fake-reviews">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Good+and+bad+reviews%3A+The+ethical+debate+over+%27astroturfing%27&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia-tech-law%2Fastroturfing-posting-fake-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYM_pharma-44"><a href="#cite_ref-NYM_pharma_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/02/this-is-how-big-pharma-wins.html">"This Is How Big Pharma Wins"</a>. New York Magazine. February 21, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315005928/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/02/this-is-how-big-pharma-wins.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023. <q>The funding and creation of front groups and astroturf "partnerships" is a ceaseless churn, with outfits activated and retired as needed...Some of these groups are easily identified as astroturf organizations, but industry cash and messaging are also laundered through established national organizations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Is+How+Big+Pharma+Wins&rft.pub=New+York+Magazine&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2F2022%2F02%2Fthis-is-how-big-pharma-wins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopp2018" class="citation news cs1">Kopp, Emily (April 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khn.org/news/patient-advocacy-groups-take-in-millions-from-drugmakers-is-there-a-payback/">"Patient Advocacy Groups Take In Millions From Drugmakers. Is There A Payback?"</a>. Kaiser Health News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kaiser+Health+News&rft.atitle=Patient+Advocacy+Groups+Take+In+Millions+From+Drugmakers.+Is+There+A+Payback%3F&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.aulast=Kopp&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkhn.org%2Fnews%2Fpatient-advocacy-groups-take-in-millions-from-drugmakers-is-there-a-payback%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Harrow2000" class="citation news cs1">O'Harrow, Robert (September 12, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/09/12/grass-roots-seeded-by-drugmaker/2b7b4e9b-8d77-4721-bd78-90d68939ad62/">"Grass Roots Seeded by Drugmaker"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828202847/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/09/12/grass-roots-seeded-by-drugmaker/2b7b4e9b-8d77-4721-bd78-90d68939ad62/">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2023. <q>The drugmaker's campaign offers a vivid look at a public relations tactic gaining currency in corporate America: The use of "AstroTurf," or "grass-tops," groups posing as authentic local organizations to promote a product or political aim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Grass+Roots+Seeded+by+Drugmaker&rft.date=2000-09-12&rft.aulast=O%27Harrow&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2000%2F09%2F12%2Fgrass-roots-seeded-by-drugmaker%2F2b7b4e9b-8d77-4721-bd78-90d68939ad62%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChibbaro2019" class="citation news cs1">Chibbaro, Lou (August 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonblade.com/2019/08/27/aids-group-official-resigns-over-groups-acceptance-of-drug-company-funds/">"homepage news AIDS group official resigns over group's acceptance of drug company funds"</a>. Washington Blade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212022739/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2019/08/27/aids-group-official-resigns-over-groups-acceptance-of-drug-company-funds/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Blade&rft.atitle=homepage+news+AIDS+group+official+resigns+over+group%27s+acceptance+of+drug+company+funds&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.aulast=Chibbaro&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonblade.com%2F2019%2F08%2F27%2Faids-group-official-resigns-over-groups-acceptance-of-drug-company-funds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Givel2007-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Givel2007_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Givel, Michael (2007). "Consent and Counter-Mobilization: The Case of The National Smokers Alliance". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Health_Communication" title="Journal of Health Communication">Journal of Health Communication</a>. 12 (4): 339–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10810730701326002">10.1080/10810730701326002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1081-0730">1081-0730</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17558787">17558787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20124171">20124171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Communication&rft.atitle=Consent+and+Counter-Mobilization%3A+The+Case+of+The+National+Smokers+Alliance&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-357&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1081-0730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20124171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17558787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10810730701326002&rft.aulast=Givel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMennSanders2001" class="citation news cs1">Menn, Joseph; Sanders, Edmund (August 21, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-23-mn-37472-story.html">"Report: Microsoft funded 'grass roots' campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220414/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/23/news/mn-37472">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Microsoft+funded+%27grass+roots%27+campaign&rft.date=2001-08-21&rft.aulast=Menn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2001-aug-23-mn-37472-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/kcDPOvFdUcE">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045315/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcDPOvFdUcE">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Isaac Protiva (January 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcDPOvFdUcE">Proof that Fidelity Communications is behind the Stop City Funded Internet campaign</a> (Video). Retrieved March 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proof+that+Fidelity+Communications+is+behind+the+Stop+City+Funded+Internet+campaign&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DkcDPOvFdUcE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129214112/https://stopcityfundedinternet.com/">"Stop City-Funded Internet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stopcityfundedinternet.com/">the original</a> on January 29, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stop+City-Funded+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstopcityfundedinternet.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinenkel" class="citation news cs1">Einenkel, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2018/2/8/1739859/-It-turns-out-the-Missouri-grassroots-Stop-City-Funded-Internet-movement-was-a-cable-monopoly">"It turns out the Missouri grassroots "Stop City-Funded Internet" movement was a cable monopoly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724160355/https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2018/2/8/1739859/-It-turns-out-the-Missouri-grassroots-Stop-City-Funded-Internet-movement-was-a-cable-monopoly">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=It+turns+out+the+Missouri+grassroots+%22Stop+City-Funded+Internet%22+movement+was+a+cable+monopoly&rft.aulast=Einenkel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstories%2F2018%2F2%2F8%2F1739859%2F-It-turns-out-the-Missouri-grassroots-Stop-City-Funded-Internet-movement-was-a-cable-monopoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinenkel2018" class="citation news cs1">Einenkel, Walter (February 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2018/2/8/1739859/-It-turns-out-the-Missouri-grassroots-Stop-City-Funded-Internet-movement-was-a-cable-monopoly">"It turns out the Missouri grassroots 'Stop City-Funded Internet' movement was a cable monopoly"</a>. 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Retrieved November 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft.atitle=Billionaire+Peterson+Sounds+Alarm+on+Deficit&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fdomesticpolicy%2Fbillionaire-peterson-sounds-alarm-on-deficit-20121126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfessore2013" class="citation news cs1">Confessore, Nicholas (January 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/us/politics/behind-debt-campaign-ties-to-corporate-interests.html">"Public Goals, Private Interests in Debt Campaign"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416022637/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/us/politics/behind-debt-campaign-ties-to-corporate-interests.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Public+Goals%2C+Private+Interests+in+Debt+Campaign&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Confessore&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbehind-debt-campaign-ties-to-corporate-interests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabbe" class="citation web cs1">Crabbe, Nathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gainesville.com/article/20131110/News/604157643">"Using other people's words as your own"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gainesville_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gainesville Sun">Gainesville Sun</a>. 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Retrieved September 20, 2021. <q>Rally Forge also created a phony left-wing front group, America Progress Now, which promoted Green Party candidates online in 2018, apparently to hurt Democrats in several races.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Big+Money+Behind+the+Big+Lie&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-big-money-behind-the-big-lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RF2018-60"><a href="#cite_ref-RF2018_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2021" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Julia (June 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jun/11/facebook-ads-turning-point-usa-rally-forge">"Revealed: rightwing firm posed as leftist group on Facebook to divide Democrats"</a>. 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Retrieved September 26, 2021. <q>One [Facebook] product manager .. described it as 'a crystal clear example of astroturfing' – deceptive campaign tactics designed to appear as grassroots actions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+rightwing+firm+posed+as+leftist+group+on+Facebook+to+divide+Democrats&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2Fjun%2F11%2Ffacebook-ads-turning-point-usa-rally-forge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/ads/library/?active_status=all&ad_type=political_and_issue_ads&country=US&page_ids%5B0%5D=751228941880577&q=America%20Progress%20Now&search_type=keyword_unordered&media_type=all">"Sample ads placed by "America Progress Now""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116102538/https://www.facebook.com/ads/library/?active_status=all&ad_type=political_and_issue_ads&country=US&page_ids%5B0%5D=751228941880577&q=America%20Progress%20Now&search_type=keyword_unordered&media_type=all">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2023. 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Retrieved March 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Think+Progress&rft.atitle=Republicans+don%27t+want+to+curb+anti-Semitism%3B+they+want+to+weaponize+it&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.au=Adam+Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthinkprogress.org%2Frepublicans-dont-want-to-curb-anti-semitism-they-want-to-weaponize-it-8ede92d54309%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levin2019-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Levin2019_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalia_Lavin2019" class="citation web cs1">Talia Lavin (March 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/story/gop-jexodus">"Why the GOP Isn't Getting the Jewish Vote Anytime Soon"</a>. GQ.com. Condé Nast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324184741/https://www.gq.com/story/gop-jexodus">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019. <q>it's an operation entirely engineered by conservative flacks, doing its best to masquerade as an authentic grassroots movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQ.com&rft.atitle=Why+the+GOP+Isn%27t+Getting+the+Jewish+Vote+Anytime+Soon&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.au=Talia+Lavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fstory%2Fgop-jexodus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes2019-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes2019_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Holmes2019" class="citation web cs1">Jack Holmes (March 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a26795988/fox-news-greenpeace-founder-climate-change-fake-science-trump-tweet/">"Trump's Patrick Moore Tweet Is Fox News Regurgitation at Its Most Dangerous"</a>. 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Ofcom said the network's reporting, which led to the resignation of Shai Masot, who was filmed plotting to 'take down' British lawmakers seen as unfriendly to Israel, was not anti-Semitic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=American+pro-Israel+lobby+girds+for+Al+Jazeera+expos%C3%A9&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Sirkes&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Famerican-pro-israel-lobby-girds-for-al-jazeera-expose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2010" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Nate (March 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/03/280000-pro-china-astroturfers-are-running-amok-online/">"280,000 pro-China astroturfers are running amok online"</a>. 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Retrieved November 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=280%2C000+pro-China+astroturfers+are+running+amok+online&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2010%2F03%2F280000-pro-china-astroturfers-are-running-amok-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAF_Archive-84"><a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Archive_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110223130125/https%3A//www%2Efbo%2Egov/index?s%3Dopportunity%26mode%3Dform%26id%3Dd88e9d660336be91552fe8c1a51bacb2%26tab%3Dcore%26_cview%3D1">"Persona Management Software. Solicitation Number: RTB220610"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=d88e9d660336be91552fe8c1a51bacb2&tab=core&_cview=1">the original</a> on February 23, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persona+Management+Software.+Solicitation+Number%3A+RTB220610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbo.gov%2Findex%3Fs%3Dopportunity%26mode%3Dform%26id%3Dd88e9d660336be91552fe8c1a51bacb2%26tab%3Dcore%26_cview%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019233956/https://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/documents/personalsoftware0302.pdf">"Mirror"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/documents/personalsoftware0302.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 19, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mirror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fdocuments%2Fpersonalsoftware0302.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Webster_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_C._Webster2011" class="citation web cs1">Stephen C. Webster (February 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/02/22/exclusive-militarys-persona-software-cost-millions-used-for-classified-social-media-activities/">"Military's 'persona' software cost millions, used for 'classified social media activities'"</a>. The Raw Story. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223065131/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/02/22/exclusive-militarys-persona-software-cost-millions-used-for-classified-social-media-activities/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Raw+Story&rft.atitle=Military%27s+%27persona%27+software+cost+millions%2C+used+for+%27classified+social+media+activities%27&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.au=Stephen+C.+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawstory.com%2Frs%2F2011%2F02%2F22%2Fexclusive-militarys-persona-software-cost-millions-used-for-classified-social-media-activities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlene_Storm2011" class="citation web cs1">Darlene Storm (February 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224055843/http://blogs.computerworld.com/17852/army_of_fake_social_media_friends_to_promote_propaganda">"Army of fake social media friends to promote propaganda"</a>. Computerworld Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.computerworld.com/17852/army_of_fake_social_media_friends_to_promote_propaganda">the original</a> on February 24, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Army+of+fake+social+media+friends+to+promote+propaganda&rft.pub=Computerworld+Inc.&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.au=Darlene+Storm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.computerworld.com%2F17852%2Farmy_of_fake_social_media_friends_to_promote_propaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fielding-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Fielding_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldingIan_Cobain2011" class="citation news cs1">Fielding, Nick; Ian Cobain (March 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-operation-social-networks">"Revealed: US spy operation that manipulates social media"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152627/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-operation-social-networks">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+US+spy+operation+that+manipulates+social+media&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Ian+Cobain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2011%2Fmar%2F17%2Fus-spy-operation-social-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Goodman2022" class="citation news cs1">Jack Goodman, Olga Robinson (April 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-61012398">"Putin's mysterious Facebook 'superfans' on a mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412062215/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-61012398">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+mysterious+Facebook+%27superfans%27+on+a+mission&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Jack+Goodman&rft.aufirst=Olga+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-trending-61012398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC2022_-89"><a href="#cite_ref-NBC2022_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/russian-propaganda-efforts-aided-kremlin-content-creators-research-fin-rcna32343">"Russian propaganda efforts aided by pro-Kremlin content creators, research finds"</a>. NBC News. NBC. June 8, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610200709/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/russian-propaganda-efforts-aided-kremlin-content-creators-research-fin-rcna32343">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2023. <q>Some of the disinformation that we see spread quickly isn't being fact-checked because they're reaching an audience that is deemed to be smaller or less important than that reached by RT and Sputnik, but the talking points are the same and the evidence being presented is the same</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+propaganda+efforts+aided+by+pro-Kremlin+content+creators%2C+research+finds&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-news%2Frussian-propaganda-efforts-aided-kremlin-content-creators-research-fin-rcna32343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstroturfing" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroturfing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>King, Gary; Pan, Jennifer; Roberts, Margaret E. (2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gking.harvard.edu/50c">How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument</a>". <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a>. 111 (3): 484–501. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055417000144">10.1017/S0003055417000144</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0003-0554">0003-0554</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td 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advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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