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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Finland" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Finland" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Swedish era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Grand Duchy of Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war_and_early_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war_and_early_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Civil war and early independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war_and_early_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 After the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 President </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Public policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Education and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts,_design,_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts,_design,_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Visual arts, design, and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts,_design,_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Cinema and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Media and communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Sauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Public holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Finland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 317 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-317" aria-hidden="true" > 317 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финлэнд – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Финлэнд" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финланд – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Финланд" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፊንላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊንላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suom%C3%A2" title="Suomâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Suomâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फिनलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Финлиандиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Финлиандиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فنلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܦܝܢܠܢܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܝܢܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Ֆինլանտա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆինլանտա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Finlanda" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Finlanda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফিনলেণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফিনলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Finlande" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फ़िनलैण्ड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फ़िनलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%A9l%C3%A1ndia" title="Hĩlándia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hĩlándia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phini_suyu" title="Phini suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phini suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Finlandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فنلاند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فنلاند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফিনল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinglandia" title="Pinglandia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pinglandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-l%C3%A2n" title="Hun-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фінляндыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фінляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фінляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фінляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फिनलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandya" title="Finlandya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Finlandya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlan" title="Finlan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Finlan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥིན་ལན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥིན་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Finska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Финланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Finlàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Финлянди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsko" title="Finsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Finsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vufini" title="Vufini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vufini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Ffindir" title="Y Ffindir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Ffindir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فينلاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فينلاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suopma" title="Suopma – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Suopma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ފިންލޭންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފިންލޭންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahodits%CA%BC%C7%AB%CA%BC%C5%82%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Nahoditsʼǫʼłání Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Nahoditsʼǫʼłání Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Finska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="फिनल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ཕིན་ལེནཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཕིན་ལེནཌ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soome" title="Soome – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soome" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φινλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φινλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Finlàndia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Суоми Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Суоми Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnlando" title="Finnlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Finnlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فنلاند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فنلاند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Finlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A2n" title="Finlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Finlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Finlande" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhionlainn" title="An Fhionlainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhionlainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnlynn" title="Finnlynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Finnlynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Finlandiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B2maidh" title="Suòmaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Suòmaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Суомий мохк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Суомий мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" title="芬蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="芬蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binirandi" title="Binirandi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Binirandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فنلاند – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فنلاند" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="ફિનલૅન્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફિનલૅન્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनलॅंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="फिनलॅंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBn-l%C3%A0n" title="Fûn-làn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fûn-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%80%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="핀란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핀란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinilana" title="Pinilana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pinilana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆինլանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆինլանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फ़िनलैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़िनलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Finska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Finska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlando" title="Finlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Finlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlandia" title="Pinlandia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pinlandia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফিনল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফিনল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᐃᓐᓚᓐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓐᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suami" title="Suami – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Suami" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Финлянди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFinland" title="IFinland – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IFinland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFinlandi" title="IFinlandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IFinlandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="פינלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פינלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlan" title="Finlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Finlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%9B%C9%9Bland%C9%A9" title="Fɛɛlandɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɛɛlandɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫಿನ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫಿನ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ფინეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B4" title="فننش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فننش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%84sk%C3%B4" title="Fińskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Fińskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Finn" title="Pow Finn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Finn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilande" title="Finilande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Finilande" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilande" title="Finilande – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Finilande" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufini" title="Ufini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83" title="Суоми Му – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Суоми Му" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandi" title="Finlandi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Finlandi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomia" title="Suomia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Suomia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenlann" title="Fenlann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fenlann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenlann" title="Fenlann – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fenlann" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEnlenda" title="Fînlenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fînlenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Финлянди" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດແຟງລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດແຟງລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomeja" title="Suomeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Suomeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnia" title="Finnia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Finnia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somija" title="Somija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Somija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomija" title="Suomija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilanda" title="Finilanda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Finilanda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi" title="Suomi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Suomi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi" title="Suomi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Suomi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gugdrsu,omi" title="gugdrsu,omi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gugdrsu,omi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilandi" title="Finilandi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Finilandi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnorsz%C3%A1g" title="Finnország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Finnország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनल्यान्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फिनल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Финска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Финска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandy" title="Finlandy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Finlandy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫിൻലാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിൻലാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandja" title="Finlandja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Finlandja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whinirana" title="Whinirana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whinirana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिनलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ფინეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فينلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဝှေန်လာန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝှေန်လာန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فلاند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلاند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯐꯤꯟꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐꯤꯟꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADng-l%C3%A0ng" title="Hŭng-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭng-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A1ndia" title="Finlándia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Finlándia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Суоми мастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Суоми мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Финланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဖင်လန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖင်လန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiladi" title="Finiladi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Finiladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlaand" title="Finlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Finlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फिनल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनल्यान्ड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फिनल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="フィンランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィンランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%98" title="ߝߍ߲ߟߊ߲ߘ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߍ߲ߟߊ߲ߘ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Финлянди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Финлянди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlun" title="Finlun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Finlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEnlande" title="Fînlande – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fînlande" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Finlande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Finlàndia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Финляндий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Финляндий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଫିନଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫିନଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiinlaandi" title="Fiinlaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fiinlaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Finlandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਫ਼ਿਨਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਨਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="फिन्लैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फिन्लैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Finlande" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="فن لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فن لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89" title="فينلينډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فينلينډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlan" title="Finlan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Finlan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Суоми – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Суоми" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ហ្វាំងឡង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្វាំងឡង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlinde" title="Finlinde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Finlinde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/vinlan" title="vinlan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="vinlan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlan" title="Pinlan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pinlan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φινλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Φινλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A2ndia" title="Finlândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Finlândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlyandiya" title="Finlyandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Finlyandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Finlandiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finerati" title="Finerati – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Finerati" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnland" title="Finnland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Finnland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Finlanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Finlanda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinsuyu" title="Phinsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phinsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Фіньско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фіньско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finelani" title="Finelani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Finelani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="फिन्लैण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फिन्लैण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABl%C3%A2nde" title="Fëlânde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Fëlânde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱟᱸᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱟᱸᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="فنلینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فنلینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Finlàndia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlound" title="Finlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Finlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Finlanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ෆින්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆින්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="فنلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFini" title="IFini – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IFini" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADnsko" title="Fínsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fínsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Finska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8C" title="Соумь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Соумь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandyjo" title="Finlandyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Finlandyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فینلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فینلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finkondre" title="Finkondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Finkondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Финска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Финска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finska" title="Finska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Finska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi" title="Suomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlandiya" title="Pinlandiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinlandiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பின்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பின்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandya" title="Finlandya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Finlandya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandie" title="Finlandie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Finlandie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၾိၼ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၾိၼ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫిన్‌లాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిన్‌లాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A1ndia" title="Finlándia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Finlándia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศฟินแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฟินแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinl%C9%9Bn" title="Pinlɛn – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Pinlɛn" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፊንላንድ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፊንላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Финланд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Финланд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilani" title="Finilani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Finilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏫᏂᎦᏙᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏫᏂᎦᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫಿನ್ನಿಶ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಫಿನ್ನಿಶ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Finlandiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandi%C3%BDa" title="Finlandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Finlandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финляндия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Финляндия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89" title="ᨄᨗᨊᨒᨊᨉ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨗᨊᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фінляндія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фінляндія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="فن لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فن لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="فىنلاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىنلاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwnhlanz" title="Fwnhlanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fwnhlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Finlàndia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomenma" title="Suomenma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suomenma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_Lan" title="Phần Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomiy%C3%A4n" title="Suomiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Suomiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soom%C3%B5" title="Soomõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Soomõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Finlande" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" title="芬蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="芬蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandya" title="Finlandya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Finlandya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlaand" title="Finlaand – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Finlaand" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="芬兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="פינלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פינלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADnl%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Fínlándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fínlándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" title="芬蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="芬蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlanda" title="Finlanda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Finlanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suom%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Suomėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Suomėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="芬兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlan" title="Finlan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Finlan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlandia" title="Pinlandia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Pinlandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinlan" title="Pinlan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pinlan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Finland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandij%C9%99" title="Finlandijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Finlandijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7" title="ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Northern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Finland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Finland (disambiguation)">Finland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Finland</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Suomen tasavalta (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>)</li><li>Republiken Finland (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Finland"><img alt="Flag of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Finland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_2.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_2.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_2.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  <a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Maamme</a> (Finnish) <a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Vårt land</a> (Swedish) (English: "Our Land") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=et&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="et" label="eesti ‪(et)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Finland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EU-Finland.svg/250px-EU-Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EU-Finland.svg/375px-EU-Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EU-Finland.svg/500px-EU-Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Finland (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Finland.svg" title="File:EU-Finland.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finland&params=60_10_15_N_24_56_15_E_type:city_region:FI">60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E / 60.17083; 24.93750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sámi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish Sign Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>89.8% <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></li><li>10.2% <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Finland" title="Immigration to Finland">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>65.6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>63.6% <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Lutheranism</a></li> <li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>0.9% other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">33.6% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Finland" title="Irreligion in Finland">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Finnish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petteri_Orpo" title="Petteri Orpo">Petteri Orpo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Finland" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Finland">Speaker of the Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Halla-aho" title="Jussi Halla-aho">Jussi Halla-aho</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Establishment of Grand Duchy of Finland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1809</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 July 1919</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">338,145<a href="#cite_note-auto2-5">[4]</a> km2 (130,559 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">65th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.71 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 5,603,851<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18.4/km2 (47.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">213th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $335.760 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FI-7">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">59th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $59,869<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FI-7">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">24th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $305.689 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FI-7">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $54,507<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.FI-7">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 26.6<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-8">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.942<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-9">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>.<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>.<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Finland" title="Telephone numbers in Finland">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Finland" title="Telephone numbers in Finland">+358</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:FI" title="ISO 3166-2:FI">FI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.fi" title=".fi">.fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/.ax" title=".ax">.ax</a>a, <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a>b</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">The <a href="/wiki/.ax" title=".ax">.ax</a> domain is used in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Finland,<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Finland,<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic country">Nordic country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the east, with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> to the south, opposite <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. Finland covers a total area of 338,145 square kilometres (130,559 sq mi), including a land area of 303,815 square kilometres (117,304 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-auto2-5">[4]</a> and has a population of 5.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> is the capital and largest city. The vast majority of the population are <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">ethnic Finns</a>. The official languages are <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>; 84.9 percent of the population speak the first as their mother tongue and 5.1 percent the latter.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> Finland's climate varies from <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Boreal_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal climate">boreal</a> in the north. The land cover is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a> biome, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">more than 180,000 recorded lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thousand-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-travel+leisure-17">[13]</a> Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last Ice Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a> were marked by contacts with other cultures in <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> From the late 13th century, Finland became part of Sweden as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>. In 1809, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>, Finland was captured from Sweden and became <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">an autonomous grand duchy</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Finnish art flourished</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">independence movement</a> began to take hold. Finland became the first territory in Europe to grant <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage#Dates_by_country" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> in 1906, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.<a href="#cite_note-eduskunta-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-full_suffrage-21">[note 2]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, Finland <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">declared its independence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">A civil war</a> was fought in Finland the following year, with the <a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">Whites</a> emerging victorious. Finland's status as a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> was confirmed in 1919. During <a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">World War II</a>, Finland fought against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, and later against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a>. As a result, it lost parts of its territory but retained its independence and democracy. Finland remained a largely <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian country">agricultural country</a> until the 1950s. After World War II, it industrialised quickly and established an advanced economy, with a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> built on the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>. This allowed the country to experience overall prosperity and high <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-imf2-22">[17]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Finland officially embraced a policy of neutrality. Since then, it has become a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> in 1999, and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2023. Finland is a member of various international organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). The nation performs extremely well in <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Finland" title="International rankings of Finland">national performance metrics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">education</a>, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, and human development.<a href="#cite_note-World_Audit-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History of Finland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland#Prehistory" title="History of Finland">History of Finland § Prehistory</a></div> The area that is now Finland was settled in, at the latest, around 8,500 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, Russia, and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[22]</a> The earliest people were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, using stone tools.<a href="#cite_note-VF-Pre-28">[23]</a> The first pottery appeared in 5200 BC, when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Hist-Fin-Geo-29">[24]</a> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in Southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BC may have coincided with the start of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Virt-Mino-30">[25]</a> Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kivikautinen_karhunp%C3%A4%C3%A4nuija.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kivikautinen_karhunp%C3%A4%C3%A4nuija.jpg/220px-Kivikautinen_karhunp%C3%A4%C3%A4nuija.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kivikautinen_karhunp%C3%A4%C3%A4nuija.jpg/330px-Kivikautinen_karhunp%C3%A4%C3%A4nuija.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kivikautinen_karhunp%C3%A4%C3%A4nuija.jpg/440px-Kivikautinen_karhunp%C3%A4%C3%A4nuija.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3943" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption>Stone Age bear head gavel found in <a href="/wiki/Paltamo" title="Paltamo">Paltamo</a>, Kainuu<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, permanent all-year-round cultivation and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> spread, but the cold climate slowed the change.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a> brought the first bronze artefacts to the region and possibly also the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> Commercial contacts that had so far mostly been to Estonia started to extend to Scandinavia. Domestic manufacture of bronze artefacts started 1300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, population grew. <a href="/wiki/Finland_Proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland Proper">Finland Proper</a> was the most densely populated area. Commercial contacts in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> region grew and extended during the eighth and ninth centuries. Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves, <a href="/wiki/Castoreum" title="Castoreum">castoreum</a>, and falcons to European courts. Imports included silk and other fabrics, jewelry, <a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht swords</a>, and, in lesser extent, glass. Production of iron started approximately in 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> At the end of the ninth century, indigenous artefact culture, especially weapons and women's jewelry, had more common local features than ever before. This has been interpreted to be expressing common Finnish identity.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> An early form of <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> spread to the Baltic Sea region approximately 1900 BC. Common Finnic language was spoken around <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> 2000 years ago. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> Although distantly related, the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. The Sami cultural identity and the <a href="/wiki/Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami language">Sami language</a> have survived in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>, the northernmost province. The name Suomi (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> for 'Finland') has uncertain origins, but a common etymology with saame (the Sami) has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-deSmit-40">[35]</a> In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland refers to the coastal region around <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>. This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[36]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(See also <a href="/wiki/Finn_(ethnonym)#Etymology" title="Finn (ethnonym)">Etymology of Finns</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_era">Swedish era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></div> The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a> was ongoing and the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_tribes" title="Finnish tribes">Finnish tribes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tavastians" title="Tavastians">Tavastians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)" title="Karelia (historical province of Finland)">Karelians</a> were in <a href="/wiki/Early_Finnish_wars" title="Early Finnish wars">frequent conflicts</a> with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and with each other. Also, during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea area were made against the Finnish tribes. <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier,<a href="#cite_note-:3-42">[37]</a> in 1191 and in 1202,<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, possibly the so-called <a href="/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade" title="Second Swedish Crusade">second crusade to Finland</a>, in 1249 against Tavastians and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade" title="Third Swedish Crusade">third crusade to Finland</a> in 1293 against the Karelians. The so-called <a href="/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade" title="First Swedish Crusade">first crusade to Finland</a>, possibly in 1155, most likely never occurred.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> As a result of the crusades (mostly with the second crusade led by <a href="/wiki/Birger_Jarl" title="Birger Jarl">Birger Jarl</a>) and the colonization of some Finnish coastal areas with Christian <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish population</a> during the Middle Ages,<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> Under Sweden, Finland was annexed as part of the cultural order of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-infoFinland.fi-47">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomenlinna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/220px-Suomenlinna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/330px-Suomenlinna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/440px-Suomenlinna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Now lying within Helsinki, <a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a> is a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> consisting of an inhabited 18th-century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a> was the dominant language of the nobility, administration, and education; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> was chiefly a language for the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a>, clergy, and local <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> gradually converted to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> In the 16th century, a bishop and Lutheran Reformer <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> published the first written works in Finnish;<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> and Finland's current capital city, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, was founded by King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav Vasa</a> in 1555.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> The first university in Finland, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Royal Academy of Turku</a>, was established by Queen <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina of Sweden">Christina of Sweden</a> at the proposal of Count <a href="/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger" title="Per Brahe the Younger">Per Brahe</a> in 1640.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> The Finns reaped a reputation in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) as a well-trained <a href="/wiki/Cavalrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalrymen">cavalrymen</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Hakkapeliitta" title="Hakkapeliitta">Hakkapeliitta</a>".<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Finland suffered a severe <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Finland_(1695%E2%80%931697)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of Finland (1695–1697)">famine in 1695–1697</a>, during which about one third of the Finnish population died,<a href="#cite_note-empire-56">[51]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/The_plague_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The plague during the Great Northern War">devastating plague a few years later</a>. In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces, times known to the Finns as the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Wrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Wrath">Greater Wrath</a> (1714–1721) and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Lesser Wrath</a> (1742–1743).<a href="#cite_note-tif-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-empire-56">[51]</a> It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath, due mainly to the destruction of homes and farms, and the burning of Helsinki.<a href="#cite_note-Nordstrom,_Scandinavia-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Duchy_of_Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></div> The Swedish era ended with the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> of 1809. On 29 March 1809, after being conquered by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>, Finland became <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">an autonomous grand duchy</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, as recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Porvoo" title="Diet of Porvoo">Diet of Porvoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> This situation continued until the end of 1917.<a href="#cite_note-tif-57">[52]</a> In 1812, Alexander I incorporated the Russian <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Governorate" title="Vyborg Governorate">province of Vyborg</a> into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> during the so-called <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Junnila-60">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomineito_(Isto).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg/220px-Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg/330px-Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg/440px-Suomineito_%28Isto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Isto" title="Edvard Isto">Edvard Isto</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Attack_(painting)" title="The Attack (painting)">The Attack</a>, 1899. The Russian eagle is attacking the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a>, trying to steal her book of laws.</figcaption></figure> Although Swedish was still widely spoken, the Finnish language began to gain recognition during this period. From the 1860s, a strong Finnish <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">nationalist movement</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Fennoman_movement" title="Fennoman movement">Fennoman movement</a>, grew. One of the movement's most prominent leaders was the philosopher and politician <a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">J.V. Snellman</a>, who worked to stabilise the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a>, in the Grand Duchy of Finland.<a href="#cite_note-Junnila-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>, in 1835 and the legal equality of the Finnish language with Swedish in 1892. In the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ivar_Arwidsson" title="Adolf Ivar Arwidsson">Adolf Ivar Arwidsson</a> - "we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, so let us be Finns" - a Finnish national identity was established.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> Nevertheless, there was no real independence movement in Finland until the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-a1-63">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_famine_of_1866%E2%80%931868" title="Finnish famine of 1866–1868">Finnish famine of 1866–1868</a> occurred after freezing temperatures in early September devastated crops and killed around 15% of the population, making it one of the worst <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> in European history.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> The famine led the Russian Empire to relax financial regulations, and investment increased in the following decades. Economic development was rapid.<a href="#cite_note-equity-65">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-equity-65">[60]</a> From 1869 to 1917, the Russian Empire pursued <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">a policy of Russification</a>, which was suspended between 1905 and 1908. In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> was introduced in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government began to take steps to restrict Finland's special status and autonomy. For example, universal suffrage was virtually meaningless in practice, as the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> did not have to approve any of the laws passed by the Finnish parliament. The desire for independence gained ground, first among radical <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a>, partly driven by a declaration called the <a href="/wiki/February_Manifesto" title="February Manifesto">February Manifesto</a> by the last tsar of the Russian Empire, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, on 15 February 1899.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war_and_early_independence">Civil war and early independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, Finland's position as a Grand Duchy under the rule of the Russian Empire was questioned. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Finnish parliament</a>, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democrats</a>, passed the so-called <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland#Power_act" title="Independence of Finland">Power Act</a> to give the parliament supreme authority. This was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>, which decided to dissolve the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> New elections were held in which the right-wing parties won by a small majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result, claiming that the dissolution of parliament and the subsequent elections were extra-legal. The two almost equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the Social Democratic Party, were deeply divided. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_victory_parade_of_the_White_Army_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_victory_parade_of_the_White_Army_1918.jpg/220px-The_victory_parade_of_the_White_Army_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_victory_parade_of_the_White_Army_1918.jpg/330px-The_victory_parade_of_the_White_Army_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_victory_parade_of_the_White_Army_1918.jpg/440px-The_victory_parade_of_the_White_Army_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>Finnish military leader and statesman <a href="/wiki/C._G._E._Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="C. G. E. Mannerheim">C. G. E. Mannerheim</a> as <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officer</a> leading the <a href="/wiki/White_Victory_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="White Victory Parade">White Victory Parade</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> in Helsinki, 1918</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia changed the geopolitical situation once again. Suddenly the right-wing parties in Finland began to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of supreme executive power from the Russian government to Finland when the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> came to power in Russia. The right-wing government, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/P._E._Svinhufvud" class="mw-redirect" title="P. E. Svinhufvud">P. E. Svinhufvud</a>, presented the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> on 4 December 1917, which was officially approved by the Finnish Parliament on 6 December. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR), led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> was the first country to recognise Finland's independence on 4 January 1918.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> On 27 January 1918, the government began to disarm the Russian forces in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnia</a>. The socialists took control of southern Finland and Helsinki, but the white government continued in exile in <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> This led to a short but bitter <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">civil war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">Whites</a>, backed by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a>, prevailed over the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Reds</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> and their self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> After the war, tens of thousands of Reds were interned in camps where thousands were executed or died of malnutrition and disease. A deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and the Whites that would last until the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> The civil war and the activist expeditions to Soviet Russia in 1918–1920, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Kinship Wars</a>", strained relations with the East.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki_Olympic_stadium_and_stadium_tower,_1938_(29438954721).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Helsinki_Olympic_stadium_and_stadium_tower%2C_1938_%2829438954721%29.jpg/220px-Helsinki_Olympic_stadium_and_stadium_tower%2C_1938_%2829438954721%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Helsinki_Olympic_stadium_and_stadium_tower%2C_1938_%2829438954721%29.jpg/330px-Helsinki_Olympic_stadium_and_stadium_tower%2C_1938_%2829438954721%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Helsinki_Olympic_stadium_and_stadium_tower%2C_1938_%2829438954721%29.jpg/440px-Helsinki_Olympic_stadium_and_stadium_tower%2C_1938_%2829438954721%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Olympic_Stadium" title="Helsinki Olympic Stadium">Helsinki Olympic Stadium</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> After a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">brief experiment with monarchy</a>, when an attempt to make <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Charles_of_Hesse" title="Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse">Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse</a> the king of Finland failed, a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">republican constitution</a> was adopted and Finland became a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/K._J._St%C3%A5hlberg" class="mw-redirect" title="K. J. Ståhlberg">K. J. Ståhlberg</a> elected as its first president on 25 July 1919.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">liberal nationalist</a> with a legal background, Ståhlberg anchored the state in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, promoted the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and initiated internal reforms.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> Finland was also one of the first European countries to strongly promote <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's equality</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Miina_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Miina Sillanpää">Miina Sillanpää</a> becoming the first female minister in Finnish history in <a href="/wiki/Tanner_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner Cabinet">Väinö Tanner's cabinet</a> in 1926–1927.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> The Finnish-Russian border was established in 1920 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Finland%E2%80%93Russia)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)">Treaty of Tartu</a>, which largely followed the historical border but gave Finland <a href="/wiki/Pechengsky_District" title="Pechengsky District">Pechenga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Petsamo) and its <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> port.<a href="#cite_note-tif-57">[52]</a> Finnish democracy survived Soviet coup attempts and the anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Lapua_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapua movement">Lapua movement</a>. In 1917 there were three million people in the country. After the civil war, a credit-based <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> was introduced, increasing the proportion of the population with capital.<a href="#cite_note-equity-65">[60]</a> About 70% of the workforce was employed in agriculture and 10% in industry.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolmen_valtakunnan_rajapyykki_27.4.1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kolmen_valtakunnan_rajapyykki_27.4.1945.png/220px-Kolmen_valtakunnan_rajapyykki_27.4.1945.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kolmen_valtakunnan_rajapyykki_27.4.1945.png/330px-Kolmen_valtakunnan_rajapyykki_27.4.1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Kolmen_valtakunnan_rajapyykki_27.4.1945.png/440px-Kolmen_valtakunnan_rajapyykki_27.4.1945.png 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption>Finnish troops <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_the_Three-Country_Cairn" title="Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn">raise a flag on the three-country cairn</a> in April 1945 at the close of the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">World War II in Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> on 30 November 1939 to annex Finland in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> to divide Europe into spheres of influence between the two dictatorships.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">Finnish Democratic Republic</a> was set up by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> at the beginning of the war to govern Finland after Soviet conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Tannerv-84">[79]</a> There was widespread international condemnation of the unprovoked attack and it led to the Soviet Union being expelled from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was defeated in numerous battles, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suomussalmi" title="Battle of Suomussalmi">Battle of Suomussalmi</a>. After two months of negligible progress on the battlefield, as well as heavy losses in men and material,<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Soviet forces began to advance in February and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyborg_Bay_(1940)" title="Battle of Vyborg Bay (1940)">reached Vyborg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Viipuri) in March. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a> was signed on 12 March 1940, and the war ended the following day. Finland had defended its independence, but ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png/170px-Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png/255px-Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png/340px-Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Areas ceded by Finland to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Porkkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Porkkala">Porkkala</a> land lease was returned to Finland in 1956.</figcaption></figure> Hostilities resumed in June 1941 with the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, when Finland allied itself with Germany following the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">latter's invasion of the Soviet Union</a>; the main aim was to regain the territory lost to the Soviets barely a year earlier.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Finnish troops <a href="/wiki/Finnish_military_administration_in_Eastern_Karelia" title="Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia">occupied Eastern Karelia</a> from 1941 to 1944. The massive Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vyborg-Petrozavodsk_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg-Petrozavodsk offensive">Vyborg-Petrozavodsk offensive</a> in the summer of 1944 led to a breakthrough until the Finns finally repulsed it at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tali%E2%80%93Ihantala" title="Battle of Tali–Ihantala">Tali-Ihantala</a>. This partial Soviet success led to a stalemate and later an <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">armistice</a>. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a> of 1944–1945, when Finland fought retreating German forces in northern Finland. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Armistice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finno-Soviet_Treaty_of_1948" title="Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948">treaty</a> signed with the Soviet Union in 1944 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further territorial concessions. As a result of the two wars, Finland lost 12% of its land area, 20% of its industrial capacity, its second largest city, Vyborg (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Viipuri), and the ice-free port of <a href="/wiki/Liinakhamari" title="Liinakhamari">Liinakhamari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Liinahamari). The Finns lost 97,000 soldiers and were forced to pay <a href="/wiki/Finnish_war_reparations_to_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish war reparations to the Soviet Union">war reparations</a> of $300 million ($4.1 billion in 2023). However, the country avoided occupation by Soviet forces and managed to retain its independence. Along with Great Britain, Finland emerged from the war as the only European country to have taken part in hostilities that was never occupied and managed to preserve its democracy throughout.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> For a few decades after 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Finland" title="Communist Party of Finland">Communists</a> were a strong political party. Furthermore, the Soviet Union persuaded Finland to refuse <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> aid. However, in the hope of preserving Finland's independence, the United States provided secret development aid and supported the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_war">After the war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urho-Kekkonen-1975b_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Urho-Kekkonen-1975b_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Urho-Kekkonen-1975b_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Urho-Kekkonen-1975b_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Urho-Kekkonen-1975b_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Urho-Kekkonen-1975b_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Urho-Kekkonen-1975b_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> was Finland's longest-serving president in 1956–1982.</figcaption></figure> The development of trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the payment of reparations to the Soviet Union led to Finland's transformation from a primarily <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a> to an industrialised one. <a href="/wiki/Valmet" title="Valmet">Valmet</a>, originally a shipyard and then several metal workshops, was established to produce materials for war reparations. After the reparations were paid, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union as part of <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_trade" title="Bilateral trade">bilateral trade</a>. In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers were employed in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas, but new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the cities.<a href="#cite_note-populationdevelopment-90">[85]</a> The average number of births per woman fell from a <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a> peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973. As the baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy failed to create jobs fast enough and hundreds of thousands emigrated to more industrialised Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-populationdevelopment-90">[85]</a> Finland participated in trade liberalisation in the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Finland officially embraced a policy of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Finno-Soviet_Treaty_of_1948" title="Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948">YYA treaty</a> (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) recognized Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts. From 1956 president <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> had a virtual monopoly on relations with the Soviet Union, which was crucial to his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency to avoid any policy or statement that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Finlandisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlandisation">Finlandisation</a>" by the West German press.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Helsinki,_Finland_(41401402010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2018_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2841401402010%29.jpg/220px-2018_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2841401402010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2018_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2841401402010%29.jpg/330px-2018_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2841401402010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2018_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2841401402010%29.jpg/440px-2018_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%2841401402010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Hall" title="Finlandia Hall">Finlandia Hall</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe">Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> in 1975.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> was maintained in Finland. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets. Economic growth was rapid in the post-war period, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world. During the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a> in the world. Finland negotiated a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC, a forerunner of the European Union) that largely eliminated tariffs with the EEC from 1977. Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_banking_crisis_of_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish banking crisis of 1990s">banking crisis</a>, the collapse of its largest trading partner, the Soviet Union, and a global economic downturn caused a deep recession in Finland in the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_depression_in_Finland" title="Early 1990s depression in Finland">early 1990s</a>. The recession bottomed out in 1993 and Finland enjoyed more than a decade of steady economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Finland began to integrate more closely with the West.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> Finland <a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">joined</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1995 and the <a href="/wiki/Euro_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro zone">euro zone</a> in 1999. Much of the economic growth of the late 1990s was fuelled by the success of mobile phone manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-infoFinland.fi-47">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidentti_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_ja_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri_Sanna_Marinin_tiedotustilaisuus_15.5.2022_(52075250080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Presidentti_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_ja_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri_Sanna_Marinin_tiedotustilaisuus_15.5.2022_%2852075250080%29.jpg/220px-Presidentti_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_ja_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri_Sanna_Marinin_tiedotustilaisuus_15.5.2022_%2852075250080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Presidentti_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_ja_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri_Sanna_Marinin_tiedotustilaisuus_15.5.2022_%2852075250080%29.jpg/330px-Presidentti_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_ja_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri_Sanna_Marinin_tiedotustilaisuus_15.5.2022_%2852075250080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Presidentti_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_ja_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri_Sanna_Marinin_tiedotustilaisuus_15.5.2022_%2852075250080%29.jpg/440px-Presidentti_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_ja_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri_Sanna_Marinin_tiedotustilaisuus_15.5.2022_%2852075250080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sanna_Marin" title="Sanna Marin">Sanna Marin</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a> at the press conference announcing Finland's intent to apply to NATO on 15 May 2022</figcaption></figure> The Finnish people elected <a href="/wiki/Tarja_Halonen" title="Tarja Halonen">Tarja Halonen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Finnish_presidential_election" title="2000 Finnish presidential election">2000 Presidential election</a>, making her the first female President of Finland.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> Her predecessor, President <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>, later won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2008. <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial crises</a> paralysed Finland's exports in 2008, leading to weaker economic growth throughout the decade.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a> was elected President of Finland from 2012 until 2024, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a> took over.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> Finnish support for <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> rose sharply after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022</a>. Before February 2022, opinion polls showed a narrow but decisive majority against NATO membership;<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> by April, a supermajority was in favour of membership.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> On 11 May 2022, Finland signed a mutual security pact with the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> On 12 May, Finland's president and Prime Minister called for NATO membership "without delay".<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Subsequently, on 17 May, the Finnish Parliament voted 188–8 in favour of Finland's accession to NATO.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">Finland became a member of NATO</a> on 4 April 2023.<a href="#cite_note-finland-and-nato-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography of Finland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">List of cities and towns in Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">List of lakes of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">List of national parks of Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Finland" title="Environmental issues in Finland">Environmental issues in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Finland-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_Finland-en.svg/260px-Map_of_Finland-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_Finland-en.svg/390px-Map_of_Finland-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map_of_Finland-en.svg/520px-Map_of_Finland-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Finland</figcaption></figure> Lying approximately between latitudes <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60°</a> and <a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">70° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20°</a> and <a href="/wiki/32nd_meridian_east" title="32nd meridian east">32° E</a>, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. Of world capitals, only <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> lies more to the north than Helsinki. The distance from the southernmost point – <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a> in Uusimaa – to the northernmost – <a href="/wiki/Nuorgam" title="Nuorgam">Nuorgam</a> in Lapland – is 1,160 kilometres (720 mi). Finland has about 168,000 lakes (of area larger than 500 m2 or 0.12 acres) and 179,000 islands.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> Its largest lake, <a href="/wiki/Saimaa" title="Saimaa">Saimaa</a>, is the fourth largest in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Lakeland" title="Finnish Lakeland">Finnish Lakeland</a> is the area with the most lakes in the country;<a href="#cite_note-travel+leisure-17">[13]</a> many of the major cities in the area, most notably <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, are located near the large lakes. The Finnish coastline is speckled with the world's largest archipelago, encompassing more than 50,000 islands, greatest concentration of which is found in the southwest, in the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a> between continental Finland and the main island of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> compared with the rest of Europe. The eroding effects have contributed to a mostly flat landscape in Finland, characterized by hills. However, in the northern regions, including areas bordering the Scandinavian Mountains, the terrain features mountainous elevations. At 1,324 metres (4,344 ft), <a href="/wiki/Halti" title="Halti">Halti</a> is the highest point in Finland. It is found in the north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is <a href="/wiki/Ridnit%C5%A1ohkka" title="Ridnitšohkka">Ridnitšohkka</a> at 1,316 m (4,318 ft), directly adjacent to Halti. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_to_Pielinen_from_Paha-Koli_in_Lieksa,_Finland,_2019_July.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/View_to_Pielinen_from_Paha-Koli_in_Lieksa%2C_Finland%2C_2019_July.jpg/260px-View_to_Pielinen_from_Paha-Koli_in_Lieksa%2C_Finland%2C_2019_July.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/View_to_Pielinen_from_Paha-Koli_in_Lieksa%2C_Finland%2C_2019_July.jpg/390px-View_to_Pielinen_from_Paha-Koli_in_Lieksa%2C_Finland%2C_2019_July.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/View_to_Pielinen_from_Paha-Koli_in_Lieksa%2C_Finland%2C_2019_July.jpg/520px-View_to_Pielinen_from_Paha-Koli_in_Lieksa%2C_Finland%2C_2019_July.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption>There are some 187,888 <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">lakes in Finland</a> larger than 500 square metres and 75,818 <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">islands</a> of over 0,5 km2 area, leading to the denomination "the land of a thousand lakes".<a href="#cite_note-thousand-16">[12]</a> Picture of <a href="/wiki/Pielinen" title="Pielinen">Lake Pielinen</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The retreating glaciers have left the land with <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">morainic</a> deposits in formations of <a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">eskers</a>. These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast, where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay. Among the biggest of these are the three <a href="/wiki/Salpausselk%C3%A4" title="Salpausselkä">Salpausselkä</a> ridges that run across southern Finland. Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about 1 cm (0.4 in) a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) annually.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Relatively speaking, Finland is rising from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-EB-111">[106]</a> The landscape is covered mostly by coniferous <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> forests and <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fens</a>, with little cultivated land. Of the total area, 10% is lakes, rivers, and ponds, and 78% is forest. The forest consists of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, and other species.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. The most common type of rock is <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> of biological origin. <a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzol</a> profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor. <a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a> and peat <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> occupy poorly drained areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Finland" title="Fauna of Finland">Fauna of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife of Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reindeer_near_Purnulahti_of_S%C3%A4ytsj%C3%A4rvi_in_Inari,_Lapland,_Finland,_2021_September.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reindeer_near_Purnulahti_of_S%C3%A4ytsj%C3%A4rvi_in_Inari%2C_Lapland%2C_Finland%2C_2021_September.jpg/220px-Reindeer_near_Purnulahti_of_S%C3%A4ytsj%C3%A4rvi_in_Inari%2C_Lapland%2C_Finland%2C_2021_September.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reindeer_near_Purnulahti_of_S%C3%A4ytsj%C3%A4rvi_in_Inari%2C_Lapland%2C_Finland%2C_2021_September.jpg/330px-Reindeer_near_Purnulahti_of_S%C3%A4ytsj%C3%A4rvi_in_Inari%2C_Lapland%2C_Finland%2C_2021_September.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reindeer_near_Purnulahti_of_S%C3%A4ytsj%C3%A4rvi_in_Inari%2C_Lapland%2C_Finland%2C_2021_September.jpg/440px-Reindeer_near_Purnulahti_of_S%C3%A4ytsj%C3%A4rvi_in_Inari%2C_Lapland%2C_Finland%2C_2021_September.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption>In Finland, reindeer graze in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a> area and on the <a href="/wiki/Fells" class="mw-redirect" title="Fells">fells</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_karhut_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_karhut_7.jpg/220px-%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_karhut_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_karhut_7.jpg/330px-%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_karhut_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_karhut_7.jpg/440px-%C3%84ht%C3%A4rin_karhut_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> is Finland's national animal.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> It is also the largest <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> in Finland.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_and_Russian_taiga" title="Scandinavian and Russian taiga">Scandinavian and Russian taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Montane_Birch_forest_and_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands">Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-114">[109]</a> Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-<a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a> line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common. Finland had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-115">[110]</a> Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species, and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago. Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf">grey wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">elk</a>. Three of the more striking birds are the <a href="/wiki/Whooper_swan" title="Whooper swan">whooper swan</a>, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the <a href="/wiki/Western_capercaillie" title="Western capercaillie">Western capercaillie</a>, a large, black-plumaged member of the <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> family; and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle-owl</a>. The latter is considered an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forest</a> connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Around 24,000 species of insects are prevalent in Finland some of the most common being <a href="/wiki/Hornets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornets">hornets</a> with tribes of <a href="/wiki/Beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetles">beetles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Onciderini" title="Onciderini">Onciderini</a> also being common. The most common breeding birds are the <a href="/wiki/Willow_warbler" title="Willow warbler">willow warbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_chaffinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chaffinch">common chaffinch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Redwing" title="Redwing">redwing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a>, and others are plentiful. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> remains the favourite of <a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly rod</a> enthusiasts. The endangered <a href="/wiki/Saimaa_ringed_seal" title="Saimaa ringed seal">Saimaa ringed seal</a>, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the <a href="/wiki/Saimaa" title="Saimaa">Saimaa</a> lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 390 seals today.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> The species has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> A third of Finland's land area originally consisted of <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a>, about half of this area has been drained for cultivation over the past centuries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Finland" title="Climate of Finland">Climate of Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Finland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/170px-Finland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Finland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/255px-Finland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Finland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/340px-Finland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> types of Finland</figcaption></figure> The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60th</a> and <a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">70th northern parallels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continent's coastal zone. In the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, the whole of Finland lies in the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">boreal zone</a>, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. Within the country, the <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperateness</a> varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Finland's_climate-122">[117]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/330px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/495px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/660px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Finland has the tenth highest percentage of forest cover in the world.</figcaption></figure> Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below 0 °C or 32 °F) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late December to late March.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to −30 °C (−22 °F) although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F) are rare. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above 10 °C or 50 °F) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over 35 °C (95 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Finland's_climate-122">[117]</a> Although most of Finland lies on the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> belt, the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as <a href="/wiki/Hemiboreal" title="Hemiboreal">hemiboreal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Havas-124">[119]</a> In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. On the most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall to −45 °C (−49 °F). The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months, but can still see maximum daily temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) during heat waves.<a href="#cite_note-Finland's_climate-122">[117]</a> No part of Finland has <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tundra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic tundra">Arctic tundra</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a> can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fells</a> Lapland.<a href="#cite_note-Havas-124">[119]</a> The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.<a href="#cite_note-Finland's_climate-122">[117]</a> Finland is ranked 4th in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> for year 2024.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> This Index combines various indicators around known issues around the world and measures how good they fit in among each countries on a scale. Finland scores good in parameters like Climate Change Mitigation, Waste Management, Air pollution, Air quality etc.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions of Finland</a></div> Finland consists of 19 regions (maakunta). The counties are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities</a> of a county. The main tasks of the counties are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. In addition, the public health services are usually organized based on counties. Regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population. In addition to inter-municipal cooperation, which is the responsibility of regional councils, each county has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and entrepreneurial affairs. Historically, counties are divisions of <a href="/wiki/Historical_provinces_of_Finland" title="Historical provinces of Finland">historical provinces of Finland</a>, areas that represent local dialects and culture more accurately. Six <a href="/wiki/Regional_State_Administrative_Agencies_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional State Administrative Agencies of Finland">Regional State Administrative Agencies</a> are responsible for one of the counties called alue in Finnish; in addition, Åland was designated a seventh county.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> <table style="width:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 330px;">Regional map </th> <th>English name<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> </th> <th>Finnish name </th> <th>Swedish name </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Regional state administrative agency </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="19"><div style="position: relative; float:top;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Finland_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regions_of_Finland_blank_map.svg/300px-Regions_of_Finland_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="521" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regions_of_Finland_blank_map.svg/450px-Regions_of_Finland_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regions_of_Finland_blank_map.svg/600px-Regions_of_Finland_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2898" /></a><div style="font-size:85%"> <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)"><img alt="Lapland (Finland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="675" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:242px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ostrobothnia" title="Northern Ostrobothnia"><img alt="Northern Ostrobothnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="589" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:277px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kainuu.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kainuu.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kainuu.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kainuu.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kainuu.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kainuu.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="520" /> <a href="/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:224px; top:362px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="217" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:164px; top:342px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Savonia" title="Northern Savonia"><img alt="Northern Savonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="629" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Savo" title="North Savo">North Savo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:412px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Savonia" title="Southern Savonia"><img alt="Southern Savonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg/15px-Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg/23px-Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg/30px-Etel%C3%A4-Savo.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="629" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Savo" title="South Savo">South Savo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:362px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ostrobothnia" title="Southern Ostrobothnia"><img alt="Southern Ostrobothnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Etel%C3%A4-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Ostrobothnia" title="South Ostrobothnia">South Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:19px; top:342px"><a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)"><img alt="Ostrobothnia (region)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="672" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:64px; top:312px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="643" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_Ostrobothnia" title="Central Ostrobothnia">Central Ostrobothnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:387px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg/15px-Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg/23px-Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg/30px-Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="579" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:84px; top:412px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Pirkanmaa" title="Pirkanmaa">Pirkanmaa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:32px; top:427px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Satakunta.vaakuna.svg/15px-Satakunta.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Satakunta.vaakuna.svg/23px-Satakunta.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Satakunta.vaakuna.svg/30px-Satakunta.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:44px; top:472px"><a href="/wiki/Finland_Proper" title="Finland Proper"><img alt="Finland Proper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/15px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/23px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg/30px-Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="690" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:452px"><a href="/wiki/Tavastia_Proper" title="Tavastia Proper"><img alt="Tavastia Proper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/15px-Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/23px-Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/30px-Kanta-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="880" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kanta-H%C3%A4me" title="Kanta-Häme">Kanta-Häme</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nne_Tavastia" title="Päijänne Tavastia"><img alt="Päijänne Tavastia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/15px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/23px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg/30px-P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="587" /></a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me" title="Päijät-Häme">Päijät-Häme</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214px; top:442px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/15px-Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/23px-Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg/30px-Etel%C3%A4-Karjala.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="402" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Karelia" title="South Karelia">South Karelia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:462px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/15px-Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/23px-Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg/30px-Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="624" /> <a href="/wiki/Kymenlaakso" title="Kymenlaakso">Kymenlaakso</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:492px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/15px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/23px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/30px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="588" /> <a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:-6px; top:492px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></div> </div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lapland,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland, Finland">Lapland</a> </td> <td>Lappi </td> <td>Lappland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lapland" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Lapland">Lapland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a> </td> <td>Pohjois-Pohjanmaa </td> <td>Norra Österbotten </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency">Northern Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a> </td> <td>Kainuu </td> <td>Kajanaland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani">Kajaani</a> </td> <td>Northern Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a> </td> <td>Pohjois-Karjala </td> <td>Norra Karelen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency">Eastern Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Savo" title="North Savo">North Savo</a> </td> <td>Pohjois-Savo </td> <td>Norra Savolax </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a> </td> <td>Eastern Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Savo" title="South Savo">South Savo</a> </td> <td>Etelä-Savo </td> <td>Södra Savolax </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a> </td> <td>Eastern Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Ostrobothnia" title="South Ostrobothnia">South Ostrobothnia</a> </td> <td>Etelä-Pohjanmaa </td> <td>Södra Österbotten </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Western and Central Finland Regional State Administrative Agency">Western and Central Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Ostrobothnia" title="Central Ostrobothnia">Central Ostrobothnia</a> </td> <td>Keski-Pohjanmaa </td> <td>Mellersta Österbotten </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kokkola" title="Kokkola">Kokkola</a> </td> <td>Western and Central Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a> </td> <td>Pohjanmaa </td> <td>Österbotten </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a> </td> <td>Western and Central Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pirkanmaa" title="Pirkanmaa">Pirkanmaa</a> </td> <td>Pirkanmaa </td> <td>Birkaland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a> </td> <td>Western and Central Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a> </td> <td>Keski-Suomi </td> <td>Mellersta Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a> </td> <td>Western and Central Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakunta_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakunta (region)">Satakunta</a> </td> <td>Satakunta </td> <td>Satakunta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a> </td> <td>South-Western Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a> </td> <td>Varsinais-Suomi </td> <td>Egentliga Finland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> </td> <td>South-Western Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Karelia" title="South Karelia">South Karelia</a> </td> <td>Etelä-Karjala </td> <td>Södra Karelen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Finland_Regional_State_Administrative_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Finland Regional State Administrative Agency">Southern Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me" title="Päijät-Häme">Päijät-Häme</a> </td> <td>Päijät-Häme </td> <td>Päijänne-Tavastland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a> </td> <td>Southern Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanta-H%C3%A4me" title="Kanta-Häme">Kanta-Häme</a> </td> <td>Kanta-Häme </td> <td>Egentliga Tavastland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a> </td> <td>Southern Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uusimaa_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uusimaa (region)">Uusimaa</a> </td> <td>Uusimaa </td> <td>Nyland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> </td> <td>Southern Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kymenlaakso" title="Kymenlaakso">Kymenlaakso</a> </td> <td>Kymenlaakso </td> <td>Kymmenedalen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola">Kouvola</a> </td> <td>Southern Finland </td></tr> <tr> <td>Åland<a href="#cite_note-åland_note-130">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>Ahvenanmaa </td> <td>Åland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_%C3%85land" title="Municipalities of Åland">Åland</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The county of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Uusimaa" title="Eastern Uusimaa">Eastern Uusimaa (Itä-Uusimaa)</a> was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland" title="Sub-regions of Finland">Sub-regions of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities of Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_provinces_of_Finland" title="Historical provinces of Finland">Historical provinces of Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finland_administrative_divisions_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Finland_administrative_divisions_2.svg/220px-Finland_administrative_divisions_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Finland_administrative_divisions_2.svg/330px-Finland_administrative_divisions_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Finland_administrative_divisions_2.svg/440px-Finland_administrative_divisions_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a> (thin borders) and <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">regions</a> (thick borders) of Finland (2021)</figcaption></figure> The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipalities</a>, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of the public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 309 municipalities,<a href="#cite_note-Suomen_Kuntaliitto-132">[126]</a> and most have fewer than 6,000 residents. In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy <a href="/wiki/Sub-regions_of_Finland" title="Sub-regions of Finland">sub-regions</a> and nineteen <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Finland">counties</a>. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. Sami people have a semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sami_native_region_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami native region (Finland)">Sami native region</a> in Lapland for issues on language and culture. <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a> are organised by the <a href="/wiki/Wellbeing_services_counties_of_Finland" title="Wellbeing services counties of Finland">Wellbeing services counties</a>. Finland has 21 Wellbeing services counties and the county structure is mainly based on the region structure. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=County_council_(Finland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County council (Finland) (page does not exist)">County council</a>, which is responsible for the operation, administration and finances of the area, is the highest decision-making body in the Wellbeing services county. The delegates and deputy commissioners of the county council are elected in the county elections for a term of office of four years. Wellbeing services counties are self-governing. However, they do not have the right to levy taxes and their funding is based on central government funding.<a href="#cite_note-stm-wellbeing-133">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_capital_region" title="Helsinki capital region">capital region</a> – comprising Helsinki, <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kauniainen" title="Kauniainen">Kauniainen</a> – forms a continuous <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> of approximately 1.26 million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Council" title="Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council">Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics of Finland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Stubb_-_2024_(73516)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alexander_Stubb_-_2024_%2873516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Alexander_Stubb_-_2024_%2873516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alexander_Stubb_-_2024_%2873516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Alexander_Stubb_-_2024_%2873516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alexander_Stubb_-_2024_%2873516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/196px-Alexander_Stubb_-_2024_%2873516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1063" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a>, 13th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a> since 1 March 2024</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Petteri-Orpo-01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Petteri-Orpo-01_%28cropped%29.jpg/106px-Petteri-Orpo-01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Petteri-Orpo-01_%28cropped%29.jpg/159px-Petteri-Orpo-01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Petteri-Orpo-01_%28cropped%29.jpg/212px-Petteri-Orpo-01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1914" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Petteri_Orpo" title="Petteri Orpo">Petteri Orpo</a>, 47th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a> since 20 June 2023</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueEurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/220px-BlueEurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/330px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/440px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Finland is a member of: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution of Finland</a> defines the political system; Finland is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> within the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a> is the country's most powerful person. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the European Union">European Union elections</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a></div> Finland's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of the Republic</a>. Finland had, for most of its independence a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> of government, but in the last few decades the powers of the president have become more circumscribed, and consequently the country is now considered a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary-3">[2]</a> A new constitution, enacted in 2000, made the presidency primarily a ceremonial office. The president appoints the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">prime minister</a> as elected by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a>, appoints and dismisses the other ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Finnish Government</a> on the recommendation of the prime minister, opens parliamentary sessions, and confers state honors. Nevertheless, the president remains responsible for Finland's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">foreign relations</a>, including the making of war and peace, but excluding matters related to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Moreover, the president exercises supreme command over the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> as commander-in-chief. In the exercise of his or her foreign and defense powers, the president is required to consult the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish government">Finnish government</a>, but the government's advice is not binding. In addition, the president has several domestic <a href="/wiki/Reserve_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve powers">reserve powers</a>, including the authority to veto legislation, to grant pardons, and to appoint several public officials.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The president is also required by the Constitution to dismiss individual ministers or the entire government upon a parliamentary vote of no confidence.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> The president is directly elected via <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff voting</a> and may serve for a maximum of two consecutive 6-year terms. The current president is <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a>, who took office on <a href="/wiki/2024_Finnish_presidential_election" title="2024 Finnish presidential election">1 March 2024</a>. His predecessors were <a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg</a> (1919–1925), <a href="/wiki/Lauri_Kristian_Relander" title="Lauri Kristian Relander">Lauri Kristian Relander</a> (1925–1931), <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a> (1931–1937), <a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a> (1937–1940), <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a> (1940–1944), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a> (1944–1946), <a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">Juho Kusti Paasikivi</a> (1946–1956), <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> (1956–1982), <a href="/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto" title="Mauno Koivisto">Mauno Koivisto</a> (1982–1994), <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> (1994–2000), <a href="/wiki/Tarja_Halonen" title="Tarja Halonen">Tarja Halonen</a> (2000–2012), and <a href="/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a> (2012–2024). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduskuntatalo_2_2020-03-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eduskuntatalo_2_2020-03-23.jpg/220px-Eduskuntatalo_2_2020-03-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eduskuntatalo_2_2020-03-23.jpg/330px-Eduskuntatalo_2_2020-03-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eduskuntatalo_2_2020-03-23.jpg/440px-Eduskuntatalo_2_2020-03-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a>'s main building in Helsinki</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduskunta_istuntosali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eduskunta_istuntosali.jpg/220px-Eduskunta_istuntosali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eduskunta_istuntosali.jpg/330px-Eduskunta_istuntosali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eduskunta_istuntosali.jpg/440px-Eduskunta_istuntosali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2126" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Session Hall of the Parliament of Finland</div></div></div></div></div> The 200-member <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> Parliament of Finland (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Eduskunta) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland#Committees" title="Parliament of Finland">constitutional law committee</a>. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> within several multi-seat constituencies through the <a href="/wiki/Open_list#Most_open" title="Open list">most open list</a> multi-member districts. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation. Significant <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">parliamentary parties</a> are <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Centre Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)" title="Christian Democrats (Finland)">Christian Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_League" title="Green League">Green League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)" title="Left Alliance (Finland)">Left Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">Swedish People's Party</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Finnish Government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a></div> After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Finnish Government</a>), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens, as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament. The cabinet exercises most executive powers and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a>, and consists of him or her, other ministers, and the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice_(Finland)" title="Chancellor of Justice (Finland)">Chancellor of Justice</a>. Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is often the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Finland)" title="Minister of Finance (Finland)">minister of finance</a>. As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest. The <a href="/wiki/Orpo_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Orpo Cabinet">Orpo Cabinet</a> is the incumbent 77th government of Finland. It took office on 20 June 2023. The cabinet is headed by <a href="/wiki/Petteri_Orpo" title="Petteri Orpo">Petteri Orpo</a> and is a coalition between the National Coalition Party, Finns Party, the Swedish People's Party, and the Christian Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judicial system of Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Supreme_Court_of_Finland.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Supreme_Court_of_Finland.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Supreme_Court_of_Finland.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>The Court House of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Court of Finland">Supreme Court</a></figcaption></figure> The judicial system of Finland is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system divided between <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">administrative courts</a> with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Swedish law</a> and in a wider sense, civil law or <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts, <a href="/wiki/Hovr%C3%A4tt" title="Hovrätt">regional appellate courts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Court of Finland">Supreme Court</a>. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Finland">Supreme Administrative Court</a>. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland#High_Court_of_Impeachment" title="Judicial system of Finland">High Court of Impeachment</a> for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders. Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.<a href="#cite_note-corruptionpolicing-136">[130]</a> The overall <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">crime rate of Finland</a> is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the high <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> rate for Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Day_fine" class="mw-redirect" title="Day fine">day fine</a> system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as <a href="/wiki/Speeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Speeding">speeding</a>. Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations of Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Ole_Danbolt_Mj%C3%B8s_%26_Martti_Ahtisaari_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Ole_Danbolt_Mj%C3%B8s_%26_Martti_Ahtisaari_1.jpg/220px-Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Ole_Danbolt_Mj%C3%B8s_%26_Martti_Ahtisaari_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Ole_Danbolt_Mj%C3%B8s_%26_Martti_Ahtisaari_1.jpg/330px-Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Ole_Danbolt_Mj%C3%B8s_%26_Martti_Ahtisaari_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Ole_Danbolt_Mj%C3%B8s_%26_Martti_Ahtisaari_1.jpg/440px-Nobel_Peace_Prize_2008_Ole_Danbolt_Mj%C3%B8s_%26_Martti_Ahtisaari_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008</figcaption></figure> According to the 2012 constitution, the president leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Finnish_constitution-138">[132]</a> In 2008, president <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobelprize-139">[133]</a> Finland's <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">relationship with Russia</a> deteriorated following the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, with a number of Russian diplomats expelled for spying, Russians restricted from visiting Finland and the general opinion immediately changing for <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">Finland to join NATO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> while it has also had a significant impact on the increasing strengthold of <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">relations between the United States and Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Finland is the 13th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history of Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">Finland–NATO relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Finland" title="List of wars involving Finland">List of wars involving Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Finland–Russia border">Finland–Russia border</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG/220px-Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG/330px-Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG/440px-Tracked_transport_vehicle_Sisu_NA_110.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sisu_Nasu" title="Sisu Nasu">Sisu Nasu</a> NA-110 tracked transport vehicle of the Finnish Army. Most conscripts receive training for warfare in winter, and transport vehicles such as this give mobility in heavy snow.</figcaption></figure> The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(military)" title="Cadre (military)">cadre</a> of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">conscription</a> is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of <a href="/wiki/Siviilipalvelus" title="Siviilipalvelus">civilian</a> (non-armed) service. Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms. In 2022, 1211 women entered voluntary military service.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. With a high capability of <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland defence">homeland defence</a> willingness, Finland is one of Europe's militarily strongest countries.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> The branches of the military are <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">the army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Navy" title="Finnish Navy">the navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">the air force</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Border_Guard" title="Finnish Border Guard">border guard</a> is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness. Finland became a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> on 4 April 2023,<a href="#cite_note-finland-and-nato-107">[102]</a> though it participated in the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Response_Force" title="NATO Response Force">NATO Response Force</a> before becoming a member. Before NATO membership, Finland has been part of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Force" title="Joint Expeditionary Force">Joint Expeditionary Force</a> (JEF) since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> Finland also contributes to the <a href="/wiki/EU_Battlegroup" title="EU Battlegroup">EU Battlegroup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-eduskunta.fi-151">[145]</a> Finland sent personnel to the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> On 18 December 2023, Finland signed the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Defense_Cooperation_between_Finland_and_the_United_States_of_America" title="Agreement on Defense Cooperation between Finland and the United States of America">DCA agreement</a> with the United States, which regulates the presence of the US armed forces and their dependents on the territory of Finland, as well as the presence and activities of US suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-tbo-154">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki_Cathedral_before_Helsinki_Pride_Parade_2022-07-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helsinki_Cathedral_before_Helsinki_Pride_Parade_2022-07-02.jpg/220px-Helsinki_Cathedral_before_Helsinki_Pride_Parade_2022-07-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helsinki_Cathedral_before_Helsinki_Pride_Parade_2022-07-02.jpg/330px-Helsinki_Cathedral_before_Helsinki_Pride_Parade_2022-07-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helsinki_Cathedral_before_Helsinki_Pride_Parade_2022-07-02.jpg/440px-Helsinki_Cathedral_before_Helsinki_Pride_Parade_2022-07-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5735" data-file-height="3802" /></a><figcaption>People gathering at the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki" title="Senate Square, Helsinki">Senate Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Pride" title="Helsinki Pride">2022 Helsinki Pride parade</a> started</figcaption></figure> Finland has one of the world's most extensive <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security in Finland">welfare systems</a>, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents. The welfare system was created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-155">[149]</a> Section 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Constitution">Finnish Constitution</a> states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason".<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> Finland has been ranked above average among the world's countries in <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has expressed concern regarding some issues in Finland, such as the imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Finland" title="Racism in Finland">societal discrimination</a> against <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> and members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> In the report of the European umbrella organization <a href="/wiki/ILGA-Europe" title="ILGA-Europe">ILGA-Europe</a> published in May 2023, Finland <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Finland">ranked sixth</a> in a European comparison of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBTQ+ rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy of Finland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Finland" title="List of companies of Finland">List of companies of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Finland" title="List of largest companies in Finland">List of largest companies in Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Stock Exchange">Helsinki Stock Exchange</a></div> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, Finland ranks 16th globally in nominal GDP per capita according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>. Additionally, Finland boasts a well-developed welfare system that encompasses free education and universal healthcare, contributing to its reputation as one of the wealthiest nations. The <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> constitutes the largest segment of the economy, amounting to 66% of the GDP, while manufacturing and refining make up 31%. <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Primary production</a> accounts for 2.9% of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> Manufacturing is the primary economic sector concerning <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">foreign trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> The predominant industrial sectors in 2007 were electronics (22%), machinery, vehicles, and other engineered metal products (21.1%), forest industry (13%), and chemicals (11%). The gross domestic product reached its peak in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-statista-165">[159]</a> Finland has been ranked seventh in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> of 2023 and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg/220px-Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg/330px-Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg/440px-Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kittil%C3%A4_mine" title="Kittilä mine">Kittilä Gold Mine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kittil%C3%A4" title="Kittilä">Kittilä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Finnish Lapland</a>, is the largest primary gold producer in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> Finland has considerable timber, mineral (including <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>) and freshwater resources. For the rural population, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, paper mills and agriculture are important. The <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_metropolitan_area" title="Helsinki metropolitan area">Helsinki metropolitan area</a> area accounts for roughly one-third of Finland's GDP. Private services represent the largest employer in Finland. Finland's soil and climate pose particular challenges for crop production, with harsh winters and relatively short growing seasons, often interrupted by frost. However, the prevalence of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current in Finland's temperate climate allows for half of the world's arable land north of the 60° north latitude. Although annual precipitation is generally adequate, it mostly transpires during winter, which poses a continuous risk of summer droughts. Farmers have adapted to the climate by relying on quick-ripening and frost-resistant crop varieties. They cultivate south-facing slopes and rich bottomlands to ensure year-round production, even during summer frosts. Drainage systems are often utilized to remove excess water. Finland's agricultural sector has demonstrated remarkable efficiency and productivity, particularly in comparison to its European counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-155">[149]</a> Forests are crucial to the nation's economy, making it one of the world's foremost wood producers and offering raw materials at competitive prices to the <a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">wood processing</a> industries. The government has played an important role in forestry for a considerable period similar to that in agriculture. It has regulated tree cutting, sponsored technical improvements, and established long-term plans to guarantee the sustainability of the country's forests in supplying the wood-processing industries.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-155">[149]</a> As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, the average level of income, adjusted for purchasing power, was comparable to that of Italy, Sweden, Germany and France.<a href="#cite_note-incomecomparison-169">[163]</a> In 2006, 62% of the labour force was employed by firms with fewer than 250 workers, which generated 49% of total business revenue.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> The employment rate of women is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.<a href="#cite_note-niels-171">[165]</a> The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-niels-171">[165]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were <a href="/wiki/Itella" class="mw-redirect" title="Itella">Itella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/OP_Financial_Group" title="OP Financial Group">OP-Pohjola</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISS_A/S" title="ISS A/S">ISS</a>, <a href="/wiki/VR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="VR (company)">VR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesko" title="Kesko">Kesko</a>, <a href="/wiki/UPM-Kymmene" class="mw-redirect" title="UPM-Kymmene">UPM-Kymmene</a>, <a href="/wiki/YIT" title="YIT">YIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metso" title="Metso">Metso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordea" title="Nordea">Nordea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, the unemployment rate was 6.8%.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, 46% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 22% three or more persons.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> The average residential space is 40 square metres (430 sq ft) per person.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> In 2021, Finland's GDP reached €251 billion.<a href="#cite_note-statista-165">[159]</a> In 2022, altogether 74 per cent of employed persons worked in services and administration, 21 per cent in industry and construction, and four per cent in agriculture and forestry.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Finland has the highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> relative to its population.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> The largest retailer, which is also the largest private employer, <a href="/wiki/S_Group" title="S Group">S-Group</a>, and the largest bank, OP-Group, in the country are both cooperatives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_energy_market" title="Nordic energy market">Nordic energy market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat_energy_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat energy in Finland">Peat energy in Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Finland" title="Nuclear power in Finland">Nuclear power in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg/220px-EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg/330px-EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg/440px-EPR_OLK3_TVO_fotomont_2_Vogelperspektive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant">Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant</a>. Finland has five commercial nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-STT2023-178">[172]</a></figcaption></figure> The free and largely privately owned financial and physical <a href="/wiki/Nordic_energy_market" title="Nordic energy market">Nordic energy markets</a> traded in <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ_OMX_Commodities_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe">NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nord_Pool_Spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord Pool Spot">Nord Pool Spot</a> exchanges, have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, Finland has the lowest non-household electricity prices in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> In 2021, the energy market was around 87 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 14 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatts</a> in winter.<a href="#cite_note-TilastokeskusEnergia-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> Industry and construction consumed 43.5% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries.<a href="#cite_note-TilastokeskusEnergia-180">[174]</a> Finland's <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbon resources">hydrocarbon resources</a> are limited to <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> and wood. About 18% of the electricity is produced by <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a><a href="#cite_note-TilastokeskusEnergia-180">[174]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) was high at 43% compared with the EU average of 22% in final energy consumption.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> About 20% of electricity is imported, especially from Sweden due to its lower cost there.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> As of February 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, Finland's <a href="/wiki/Global_strategic_petroleum_reserves" title="Global strategic petroleum reserves">strategic petroleum reserves</a> held 200 days worth of net oil imports in the case of emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> Finland has five privately owned nuclear reactors producing 40% of the country's energy.<a href="#cite_note-STT2023-178">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Onkalo_spent_nuclear_fuel_repository" title="Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository">Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository</a> is currently under construction at the <a href="/wiki/Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant">Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant</a> in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Eurajoki" title="Eurajoki">Eurajoki</a>, on the west coast of Finland, by the company <a href="/wiki/Posiva" title="Posiva">Posiva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport in Finland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:VR_Sr2_3202_Tampere_2012-06-22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/VR_Sr2_3202_Tampere_2012-06-22.JPG/220px-VR_Sr2_3202_Tampere_2012-06-22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/VR_Sr2_3202_Tampere_2012-06-22.JPG/330px-VR_Sr2_3202_Tampere_2012-06-22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/VR_Sr2_3202_Tampere_2012-06-22.JPG/440px-VR_Sr2_3202_Tampere_2012-06-22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="1862" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/VR_Class_Sr2" title="VR Class Sr2">VR Class Sr2</a> locomotive. The state-owned <a href="/wiki/VR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="VR (company)">VR</a> operates a railway network serving all major cities in Finland.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:FIN_A350_OH-LWA_7oct15_LFBO-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FIN_A350_OH-LWA_7oct15_LFBO-2.jpg/220px-FIN_A350_OH-LWA_7oct15_LFBO-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FIN_A350_OH-LWA_7oct15_LFBO-2.jpg/330px-FIN_A350_OH-LWA_7oct15_LFBO-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FIN_A350_OH-LWA_7oct15_LFBO-2.jpg/440px-FIN_A350_OH-LWA_7oct15_LFBO-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1483" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a> airplane in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Airport" title="Helsinki Airport">Helsinki Airport</a></div></div></div></div></div> Finland's road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual state operated road network expenditure of around €1 billion is paid for with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around €1.5 billion and €1 billion, respectively. Among the <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Finland" title="Highways in Finland">Finnish highways</a>, the most significant and busiest main roads include the <a href="/wiki/Turku_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku Highway">Turku Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">E18</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Tampere_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampere Highway">Tampere Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E12" title="European route E12">E12</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Lahti_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahti Highway">Lahti Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">E75</a>), and the ring roads (<a href="/wiki/Ring_I" title="Ring I">Ring I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_III" title="Ring III">Ring III</a>) of the Helsinki metropolitan area and the <a href="/wiki/Tampere_Ring_Road" title="Tampere Ring Road">Tampere Ring Road</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tampere_urban_area" title="Tampere urban area">Tampere urban area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> The main international passenger gateway is <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Airport" title="Helsinki Airport">Helsinki Airport</a>, which handled about 15.3 million passengers in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-dom-187">[181]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Finland" title="List of airports in Finland">26 airports</a> have scheduled passenger services.<a href="#cite_note-finavia_pass_stats-188">[182]</a> The Helsinki Airport-based <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue1" title="Blue1">Blue1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Regional_Airlines" title="Nordic Regional Airlines">Nordic Regional Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Shuttle" title="Norwegian Air Shuttle">Norwegian Air Shuttle</a> sell air services both domestically and internationally. The Government annually spends around €350 million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644 mi) network of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ljvr-189">[183]</a> Finland's first railway was opened in 1862,<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> and today it forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Main_Line" title="Finnish Main Line">Finnish Main Line</a>, which is more than 800 kilometers long. Helsinki opened the world's northernmost <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Metro" title="Helsinki Metro">metro system</a> in 1982. The majority of international cargo shipments are handled at ports. <a href="/wiki/Vuosaari_Harbour" title="Vuosaari Harbour">Vuosaari Harbour</a> in Helsinki is the largest container port in Finland; others include <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamina" title="Hamina">Hamina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travem%C3%BCnde" title="Travemünde">Travemünde</a>. The Helsinki-Tallinn route is one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world.<a href="#cite_note-busiest-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy of Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_of_the_Seas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oasis_of_the_Seas.jpg/220px-Oasis_of_the_Seas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oasis_of_the_Seas.jpg/330px-Oasis_of_the_Seas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oasis_of_the_Seas.jpg/440px-Oasis_of_the_Seas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oasis_of_the_Seas" title="Oasis of the Seas">Oasis of the Seas</a> was built at the <a href="/wiki/Perno_shipyard" title="Perno shipyard">Perno shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.</figcaption></figure> Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK at the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>, engineered products such as motors and <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics</a>, and production of metals and alloys including <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>. Many of the world's biggest <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a>, including <a href="/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seas" title="MS Freedom of the Seas">MS Freedom of the Seas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oasis_of_the_Seas" title="Oasis of the Seas">Oasis of the Seas</a> have been built in Finnish shipyards.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> The "forest industry" includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a>, many major companies are based in Finland; <a href="/wiki/Ahlstrom-Munksj%C3%B6" title="Ahlstrom-Munksjö">Ahlstrom-Munksjö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mets%C3%A4_Board" title="Metsä Board">Metsä Board</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UPM_(company)" title="UPM (company)">UPM</a> are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (<a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>), metrology (<a href="/wiki/Vaisala" title="Vaisala">Vaisala</a>), petroleum (<a href="/wiki/Neste" title="Neste">Neste</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Finland" title="Video games in Finland">video games</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rovio_Entertainment" title="Rovio Entertainment">Rovio Entertainment</a>), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland possibly more vulnerable to global economic trends. In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing, and 69.1% services.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">ease of doing business index</a>, among 190 jurisdictions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsingborg_2013-05-18_(9028295238).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Helsingborg_2013-05-18_%289028295238%29.jpg/220px-Helsingborg_2013-05-18_%289028295238%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Helsingborg_2013-05-18_%289028295238%29.jpg/330px-Helsingborg_2013-05-18_%289028295238%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Helsingborg_2013-05-18_%289028295238%29.jpg/440px-Helsingborg_2013-05-18_%289028295238%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption>Flags of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> from left to right: Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Norway and Finland.</figcaption></figure> Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-196">[190]</a> Nordics have been free-trading for over a century. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-196">[190]</a> Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a> and ninth in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-197">[191]</a> According to the OECD, only four <a href="/wiki/EU-15" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-15">EU-15</a> countries have less regulated <a href="/wiki/Product_market" title="Product market">product markets</a> and only one has less regulated <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-196">[190]</a> The 2007 <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">IMD</a> World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most <a href="/wiki/Competitiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitiveness">competitive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> 2008 index ranked Finland the sixth most competitive.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-197">[191]</a> Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-197">[191]</a> Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> and 13th in the <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">Ease of doing business index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> In Finland, <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreement#Finland" title="Collective agreement">collective labour agreements</a> are universally valid. These are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level, with only a few jobs outside the system. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (<a href="/wiki/AKAVA" class="mw-redirect" title="AKAVA">AKAVA</a>, mostly for university-educated professionals: 80%).<a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-196">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hameenlinna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hameenlinna.JPG/220px-Hameenlinna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hameenlinna.JPG/330px-Hameenlinna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hameenlinna.JPG/440px-Hameenlinna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The historical <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4me_Castle" title="Häme Castle">Häme Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a> is located close to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vanajavesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Vanajavesi">Lake Vanajavesi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately €15.0 billion. Of this, €4.6 billion (30%) came from foreign tourism.<a href="#cite_note-Matkailutilinpito-203">[197]</a> In 2017, there were 15.2 million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7 million overnight stays of foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-TEM-204">[198]</a> Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to Finland's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_infographic-205">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a> has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_infographic-205">[199]</a> Above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, in midwinter, there is a <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a>, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight (for up to 73 consecutive days, at the northernmost point). Lapland is so far north that the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora borealis">aurora borealis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> in the high atmosphere due to <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>, with several theme parks, such as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Park" title="Santa Park">Santa Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-travel+leisure-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski resorts</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Levi,_Finland" title="Levi, Finland">Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruka,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruka, Finland">Ruka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yll%C3%A4s" title="Ylläs">Ylläs</a>)<a href="#cite_note-travel+leisure-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh">sleigh</a> rides led by either <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">huskies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> Tourist attractions in Finland include the natural landscape found throughout the country as well as urban attractions. Finland contains 40 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">national parks</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Koli_National_Park" title="Koli National Park">Koli National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a>), from the Southern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> to the high <a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fells</a> of Lapland. Outdoor activities range from <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a>, golf, fishing, <a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a>, lake cruises, hiking, and <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a>, among many others. <a href="/wiki/Bird-watching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird-watching">Bird-watching</a> is popular for those fond of avifauna, however, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> is also popular. The most famous <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Helsinki" title="List of tourist attractions in Helsinki">tourist attractions in Helsinki</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Cathedral" title="Helsinki Cathedral">Helsinki Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a> sea fortress.<a href="#cite_note-travel+leisure-17">[13]</a> The most well-known Finnish amusement parks include <a href="/wiki/Linnanm%C3%A4ki" title="Linnanmäki">Linnanmäki</a> in Helsinki and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi" title="Särkänniemi">Särkänniemi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Olaf%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Olaf's Castle">St. Olaf's Castle</a> (Olavinlinna) in <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna">Savonlinna</a> hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna_Opera_Festival" title="Savonlinna Opera Festival">Savonlinna Opera Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> milieus of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a> also attract spectators.<a href="#cite_note-travel+leisure-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_cruiseferries" title="Baltic Sea cruiseferries">Commercial cruises</a> between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region play a significant role in the local tourism industry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics of Finland</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#6A3D9A; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:#ffff00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ffff00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ffff00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 880.42099845207px; border-left-color:#ff471a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ff471a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ff471a"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 301.31325811305px; border-left-color:#4080bf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#4080bf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#4080bf"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 134.06260318686px; border-left-color:#003399"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#003399"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#003399"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Population by continent of origin (2023)<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Finland (89.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Rest of Europe (5.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Asia (3.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Africa</a> (1.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (0.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> The population of Finland is currently about 5.6 million. The current <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> is 7.8 per 1,000 residents, for a <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 1.26 children born per <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">woman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-immigration-record-high-in-finland-in-2023-214">[208]</a> one of the lowest in the world, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-populationdevelopment-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-pop_stat-219">[213]</a> Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and the lowest population density of any European Union member country. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanization. Three of the four largest cities in Finland are situated in the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_metropolitan_area" title="Helsinki metropolitan area">Helsinki metropolitan area</a> —Helsinki, <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> In the largest cities of Finland, <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a> holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a> is the fourth. Other cities with population over 100,000 are <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Finland" title="Immigration to Finland">Finland's immigrant population</a> is growing.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 571,268 people with a foreign background living in Finland (10.2% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, China and India.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a> The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain <a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a> policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, retain the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return#Finland" title="Right of return">right of return</a>, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, 535,451 people in Finland were born in another country, representing 9,6 % of the population. The 10 largest foreign born groups are (in order) from Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, Russia, China, Ukraine, India, Somalia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> Finland's national minorities include the Sami, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. Romani people of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a> group settled in the country at the end of the sixteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages of Finland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Finland_in_which_Finnish_is_not_the_sole_official_language" title="List of municipalities of Finland in which Finnish is not the sole official language">List of municipalities of Finland in which Finnish is not the sole official language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Finnish_municipalities_(2016).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Languages_of_Finnish_municipalities_%282016%29.svg/220px-Languages_of_Finnish_municipalities_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Languages_of_Finnish_municipalities_%282016%29.svg/330px-Languages_of_Finnish_municipalities_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Languages_of_Finnish_municipalities_%282016%29.svg/440px-Languages_of_Finnish_municipalities_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption>Municipalities of Finland: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  unilingually Finnish</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  bilingual with Finnish as majority language, Swedish as minority language</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  bilingual with Swedish as majority language, Finnish as minority language</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  unilingually Swedish</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  bilingual with Finnish as majority language, Sami as minority language</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south (with towns such as <a href="/wiki/Eken%C3%A4s,_Finland" title="Ekenäs, Finland">Ekenäs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pargas" title="Pargas">Pargas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-227">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rpes" title="Närpes">Närpes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-227">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristinestad" title="Kristinestad">Kristinestad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakobstad" title="Jakobstad">Jakobstad</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nykarleby" title="Nykarleby">Nykarleby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a>) and in the autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a> of 84.9% of the population was Finnish,<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a> which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language</a>. The language is one of only four official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">EU languages</a> not of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> origin, and has no relation through descent to the other <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">national languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordics</a>. Conversely, Finnish is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>, and more distantly to <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>. Swedish is the native language of 5.1% of the population (<a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish-speaking Finns</a>).<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a> Swedish is a compulsory school subject and general knowledge of the language is good among many non-native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> Likewise, a majority of Swedish-speaking non-Ålanders can speak Finnish.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking. The Swedish across the border is distinct from the Swedish spoken in Finland. There is a sizeable pronunciation difference between the varieties of Swedish spoken in the two countries, although their <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> is nearly universal.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Romani</a> is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people; there are 13,000-14,000 Romani people in Finland<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> Romani and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish Sign Language</a> are also recognized in the constitution. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish Sign Language</a>, spoken natively by about 150 people. <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Tatar</a> is spoken by a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatar</a> minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly between the 1870s and 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a> have an official status in parts of Lapland, where the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people#Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a>, numbering over 10,000<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> are recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous people</a>. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-Population_2006-12-31-239">[233]</a> The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt Sami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[note 4]</a> The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries#Languages" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> languages and <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> are also specially recognized in parts of Finland. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>, the most common foreign languages are <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (1.8%), <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (0.7%), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (0.6%) and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (0.5%).<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a> English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age), formerly from the third or fifth grade, in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead).<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options).<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Finland <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/clmj076455v480bw6daky944x">"Population increased most in Uusimaa in 2023"</a>. Statistics Finland. 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+increased+most+in+Uusimaa+in+2023&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.fi%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fclmj076455v480bw6daky944x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Finland_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Finland by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Finland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Finland_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Finland by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Finland_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Finland by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Finland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Finland_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Finland by population">Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">683,669</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kouvola" title="Kouvola">Kouvola</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kymenlaakso" title="Kymenlaakso">Kymenlaakso</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,514 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">319,811</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,764 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pirkanmaa" title="Pirkanmaa">Pirkanmaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">260,051</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Karelia" title="South Karelia">South Karelia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">251,070</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)"> Ostrobothnia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">216,174</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanta-H%C3%A4me" title="Kanta-Häme">Kanta-Häme</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,421 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">205,949</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Ostrobothnia" title="South Ostrobothnia">South Ostrobothnia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,556 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Finland" title="Central Finland">Central Finland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">149,263</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)"> Lapland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,673 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Savo" title="North Savo">North Savo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,597</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Savo" title="South Savo">South Savo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4t-H%C3%A4me" title="Päijät-Häme">Päijät-Häme</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,447</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,698 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,375</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salo,_Finland" title="Salo, Finland">Salo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Finland" title="Southwest Finland">Southwest Finland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,890 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion in Finland</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Honeydew; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:85.752665619365px 51.443953378151px 0 0; border-top-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:83.059589919581px 55.687561648819px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:79.779443953857px 60.292954168902px 0 0; border-top-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:75.42513807361px 65.658575575296px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Registered members of religions groups in Finland by the Statistics Finland (2023)<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (63.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Orthodox Church (1.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Christian (0.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unaffiliated (33.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> With 3.5 million members,<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a> is Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2023, 63.6% of Finns were members of the church.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">[1]</a> The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years. The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population<a href="#cite_note-relig_stat-250">[243]</a> in 2017, has no religious affiliation. A small minority belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Finnish Orthodox Church</a> (1.1%). Other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Finland" title="Catholic Church in Finland">Roman Catholic Church</a> are significantly smaller, as are the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Jewish</a> and other non-Christian communities (totalling 1.6%). The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> estimated the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Muslim</a> population at 2.7% in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> Finland's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia from 1809 to 1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland was established. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919, and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution. The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches have special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> In 2016, 69.3% of Finnish children were <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> and 82.3% were <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">confirmed</a> in 2012 at the age of 15,<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.<a href="#cite_note-state2004-256">[249]</a> According to a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they "believe there is a God"; 42% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".<a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-257">[250]</a> According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves "highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious". In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious".<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verenluovuttaja.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Verenluovuttaja.tiff/lossy-page1-170px-Verenluovuttaja.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Verenluovuttaja.tiff/lossy-page1-255px-Verenluovuttaja.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Verenluovuttaja.tiff/lossy-page1-340px-Verenluovuttaja.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>A man donating blood at <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Red_Cross" title="Finnish Red Cross">Finnish Red Cross</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood Service (page does not exist)">Blood Service</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veripalvelu" class="extiw" title="fi:Veripalvelu">fi</a>]</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> was 79 years for men and 84 years for women in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a> The under-five mortality rate was 2.3 per 1,000 live births in 2017, ranking Finland's rate among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born/per woman and has been below <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">the replacement rate</a> of 2.1 since 1969.<a href="#cite_note-stat.fi-261">[254]</a> With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-stat.fi-261">[254]</a> A 2011 study published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> medical journal found that Finland had the lowest <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a> rate out of 193 countries.<a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1 diabetes</a> being globally the most common in Finland. Many children are diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>. The number of <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal disease">musculoskeletal diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> Without <a href="/wiki/Age_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Age standardization">age standardization</a>, the suicide rates were 13 per 100 000 in 2015, close to the North European average.<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a> Age-standardized suicide rates are still among the highest among developed countries in the OECD.<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> There are 307 residents for each doctor.<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation. In April 2012, Finland was ranked second in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a> Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a> as well as ranking as the happiest country since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oodi_July_2019_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oodi_July_2019_2.jpg/220px-Oodi_July_2019_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oodi_July_2019_2.jpg/330px-Oodi_July_2019_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oodi_July_2019_2.jpg/440px-Oodi_July_2019_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Central_Library_Oodi" title="Helsinki Central Library Oodi">Helsinki Central Library Oodi</a> was chosen as the best new <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a> in the world in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-273">[266]</a></figcaption></figure> Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at the municipal level. Around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools).<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years. The curriculum is set by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Finland)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Finland)">Ministry of Education and Culture</a> and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 18. After lower secondary school, graduates may apply to trade schools or <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a> (upper secondary schools). Trade schools offer a <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lc3_2018_(263682303)_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lc3_2018_%28263682303%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/170px-Lc3_2018_%28263682303%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lc3_2018_%28263682303%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/255px-Lc3_2018_%28263682303%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lc3_2018_%28263682303%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/340px-Lc3_2018_%28263682303%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineer</a> best known for creating the popular <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> kernel <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.</figcaption></figure> In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through <a href="/wiki/Student_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Student benefit">student benefits</a>. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Finland" title="List of universities in Finland">Other reputable universities</a> of Finland include <a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>, both <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">University of Turku</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi_University" title="Åbo Akademi University">Åbo Akademi University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="University of Jyväskylä">University of Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/LUT_University" title="LUT University">LUT University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Eastern_Finland" title="University of Eastern Finland">University of Eastern Finland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tampere_University" title="Tampere University">Tampere University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> ranks Finland's tertiary education No. 1 in the world.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%).<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> In addition, 38% of Finland's population has a university or <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">college degree</a>, which is among the highest percentages in the world.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a> Adult education appears in several forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">folk high schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-155">[149]</a> More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.<a href="#cite_note-innovation-284">[277]</a> Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture of Finland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tove_Jansson_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tove_Jansson_1956.jpg/170px-Tove_Jansson_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tove_Jansson_1956.jpg/255px-Tove_Jansson_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tove_Jansson_1956.jpg/340px-Tove_Jansson_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>Writer and artist <a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></figcaption></figure> Written Finnish could be said to have existed since <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> translated the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into Finnish during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, but few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of a Finnish national <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic Movement</a>. This prompted <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a> to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>, the Finnish <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably the national writer of Finland, <a href="/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seven Brothers">The Seven Brothers</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Minna_Canth" title="Minna Canth">Minna Canth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eino_Leino" title="Eino Leino">Eino Leino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juhani_Aho" title="Juhani Aho">Juhani Aho</a>. Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet <a href="/wiki/J._L._Runeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Runeberg">J. L. Runeberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Ensign_St%C3%A5l" title="The Tales of Ensign Stål">The Tales of Ensign Stål</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Zachris Topelius</a>. After Finland became independent, there was a rise of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">modernist writers</a>, most famously the Swedish-speaking poet <a href="/wiki/Edith_S%C3%B6dergran" title="Edith Södergran">Edith Södergran</a>. Finnish-speaking authors explored national and historical themes. Most famous of them were <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a>, who was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1939, historical novelist <a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Linna" title="Väinö Linna">Väinö Linna</a> with his <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Soldier_(novel)" title="The Unknown Soldier (novel)">The Unknown Soldier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Under_the_North_Star_trilogy" title="Under the North Star trilogy">Under the North Star trilogy</a>. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Haavikko" title="Paavo Haavikko">Paavo Haavikko</a>, Finnish poetry adopted modernism. Besides Lönnrot's Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking <a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a>, best known as the creator of <a href="/wiki/The_Moomins" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moomins">The Moomins</a>, is the most translated Finnish writer;<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a> her books have been translated into more than 40 languages.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts,_design,_and_architecture">Visual arts, design, and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Finnish art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sammon_puolustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sammon_puolustus.jpg/220px-Sammon_puolustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sammon_puolustus.jpg/330px-Sammon_puolustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sammon_puolustus.jpg/440px-Sammon_puolustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Akseli Gallen-Kallela</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Defense_of_the_Sampo" title="The Defense of the Sampo">The Defense of the Sampo</a>, 1896, <a href="/wiki/Turku_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Turku Art Museum">Turku Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The visual arts in Finland started to form their characteristics in the 19th century when <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> was rising in autonomic Finland. The best known Finnish painters, <a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Akseli Gallen-Kallela</a>, started painting in a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">naturalist</a> style but moved to national romanticism. Other notable painters of the era include <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Halonen" title="Pekka Halonen">Pekka Halonen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helene_Schjerfbeck" title="Helene Schjerfbeck">Helene Schjerfbeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Simberg" title="Hugo Simberg">Hugo Simberg</a>. In the late 20th century, the homoerotic art of Touko Laaksonen, pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" title="Tom of Finland">Tom of Finland</a>, found a worldwide audience.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a> Finland's best-known sculptor of the 20th century was <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonen" title="Wäinö Aaltonen">Wäinö Aaltonen</a>, remembered for his monumental <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">busts</a> and sculptures. The works of <a href="/wiki/Eila_Hiltunen" title="Eila Hiltunen">Eila Hiltunen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laila_Pullinen" title="Laila Pullinen">Laila Pullinen</a> exemplifies the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in sculpture. Finns have made major contributions to <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>: among the internationally renowned figures are <a href="/wiki/Timo_Sarpaneva" title="Timo Sarpaneva">Timo Sarpaneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapio_Wirkkala" title="Tapio Wirkkala">Tapio Wirkkala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilmari_Tapiovaara" title="Ilmari Tapiovaara">Ilmari Tapiovaara</a>. Finnish architecture is famous around the world, and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalism</a>. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>. Architect <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a> is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world;<a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a> he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an <a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">organic</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a> Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles, and <a href="/wiki/Glassware" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassware">glassware</a>, which were usually incorporated into his buildings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sami_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami music">Sami music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10stringkantele02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10stringkantele02.jpg/220px-10stringkantele02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10stringkantele02.jpg/330px-10stringkantele02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/10stringkantele02.jpg/440px-10stringkantele02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kantele</a> is Finland's national and traditional instrument.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Folk</dt></dl> Finnish folk music can be divided into Nordic dance music and the older tradition of poem singing, poems from which the national epic, the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>, was created. Much of Finland's classical music is influenced by traditional Finnish and Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. In the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Karelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Karelia">Finnish Karelia</a>, as well as other parts of Eastern Finland, the old poem singing traditions were preserved better than in the western parts of the country, thus Karelian culture is perceived as less influenced by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> influence than the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_dance_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic folk dance music">Nordic folk dance music</a> that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> has undergone a <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a> and has become a part of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a>, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called <a href="/wiki/Joik" title="Joik">joik</a>. <dl><dt>Classical</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibelius_with_notes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sibelius_with_notes.jpg/170px-Sibelius_with_notes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sibelius_with_notes.jpg/255px-Sibelius_with_notes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Sibelius_with_notes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>The Finnish composer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> (1865–1957) was a significant figure in the history of <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first <a href="/wiki/Finnish_opera" title="Finnish opera">Finnish opera</a> was written by the German-born composer <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Pacius" title="Fredrik Pacius">Fredrik Pacius</a> in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem <a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country)</a>, Finland's <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> became famous for his vocal symphony <a href="/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a>. In 1899 he composed <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a>, which played an important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures. Alongside Sibelius, the distinct Finnish style of music was created by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Merikanto" title="Oskar Merikanto">Oskar Merikanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Toivo Kuula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Melartin" title="Erkki Melartin">Erkki Melartin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uuno_Klami" title="Uuno Klami">Uuno Klami</a>. Important modernist composers include <a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen" title="Aulis Sallinen">Aulis Sallinen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Lindberg" title="Magnus Lindberg">Magnus Lindberg</a>, among others. <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> was ranked the world's greatest living composer in a 2019 composers' poll.<a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> Many Finnish musicians have achieved international success. Among them are the conductor <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a>, the opera singer <a href="/wiki/Karita_Mattila" title="Karita Mattila">Karita Mattila</a> and the violinist <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Kuusisto" title="Pekka Kuusisto">Pekka Kuusisto</a>. <dl><dt>Popular music</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apocalyptica1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apocalyptica1.jpg/170px-Apocalyptica1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apocalyptica1.jpg/255px-Apocalyptica1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apocalyptica1.jpg/340px-Apocalyptica1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perttu_Kivilaakso" title="Perttu Kivilaakso">Perttu Kivilaakso</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptica" title="Apocalyptica">Apocalyptica</a></figcaption></figure> Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word <a href="/wiki/Schlager" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlager">Schlager</a>, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song.Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a>, a style of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentine music</a>, is also popular.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. At least a couple of Finnish <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polkas</a> are known worldwide, such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4kkij%C3%A4rven_polkka" title="Säkkijärven polkka">Säkkijärven polkka</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Ievan_polkka" title="Ievan polkka">Ievan polkka</a>".<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> During the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> group <a href="/wiki/Wigwam_(Finnish_band)" title="Wigwam (Finnish band)">Wigwam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> group <a href="/wiki/Hurriganes" title="Hurriganes">Hurriganes</a> gained respect abroad. The Finnish <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including <a href="/wiki/Terveet_K%C3%A4det" title="Terveet Kädet">Terveet Kädet</a> in the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Rocks" title="Hanoi Rocks">Hanoi Rocks</a> was a pioneering <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> act.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> Many Finnish <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal bands</a> have gained international recognition; Finland has been often called the "Promised Land of Heavy Metal" because there are more than 50 metal Bands for every 100,000 inhabitants – more than any other nation in the world.<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">rock musicians</a>, pop musicians, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musicians, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> performers, and dance music acts.<a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> Finland has won the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> once in 2006 when <a href="/wiki/Lordi" title="Lordi">Lordi</a> won the contest with the song <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Hallelujah" title="Hard Rock Hallelujah">''Hard Rock Hallelujah''</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a> The Finnish pop artist <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4rij%C3%A4" title="Käärijä">Käärijä</a> also got second place in the contest in 2023 with his worldwide hit song <a href="/wiki/Cha_Cha_Cha_(K%C3%A4%C3%A4rij%C3%A4_song)" title="Cha Cha Cha (Käärijä song)">''Cha Cha Cha''</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_television">Cinema and television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Finland" title="Television in Finland">Television in Finland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Finnish_films" title="Lists of Finnish films">Lists of Finnish films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki_at_Berlinale_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aki Kaurismäki in 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki_at_Berlinale_2017.jpg/170px-Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki_at_Berlinale_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki_at_Berlinale_2017.jpg/255px-Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki_at_Berlinale_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki_at_Berlinale_2017.jpg/340px-Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki_at_Berlinale_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Film director <a href="/wiki/Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki" title="Aki Kaurismäki">Aki Kaurismäki</a></figcaption></figure> In the film industry, notable modern directors include brothers <a href="/wiki/Mika_Kaurism%C3%A4ki" title="Mika Kaurismäki">Mika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aki_Kaurism%C3%A4ki" title="Aki Kaurismäki">Aki Kaurismäki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dome_Karukoski" title="Dome Karukoski">Dome Karukoski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antti_Jokinen" title="Antti Jokinen">Antti Jokinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalmari_Helander" title="Jalmari Helander">Jalmari Helander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renny_Harlin" title="Renny Harlin">Renny Harlin</a>. Some Finnish <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama series</a> are internationally known, such as <a href="/wiki/Bordertown_(Finnish_TV_series)" title="Bordertown (Finnish TV series)">Bordertown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are <a href="/wiki/The_White_Reindeer" title="The White Reindeer">The White Reindeer</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Blomberg" title="Erik Blomberg">Erik Blomberg</a> in 1952, which won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film</a> in 1956;<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Without_a_Past" title="The Man Without a Past">The Man Without a Past</a>, directed by Aki Kaurismäki in 2002, which was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a> in 2002 and won the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)" title="Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)">Grand Prix</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2002 Cannes Film Festival">2002 Cannes Film Festival</a>;<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Fencer" title="The Fencer">The Fencer</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Klaus_H%C3%A4r%C3%B6" title="Klaus Härö">Klaus Härö</a> in 2015, which was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/73rd_Golden_Globe_Awards#Film" title="73rd Golden Globe Awards">73rd Golden Globe Awards</a> in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production.<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> In Finland, the most significant films include <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Soldier_(1955_film)" title="The Unknown Soldier (1955 film)">The Unknown Soldier</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Edvin_Laine" title="Edvin Laine">Edvin Laine</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Here,_Beneath_the_North_Star" title="Here, Beneath the North Star">Here, Beneath the North Star</a> from 1968, is also one of the most significant works in Finnish history.<a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> A 1960 <a href="/wiki/Crime_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime comedy film">crime comedy film</a> <a href="/wiki/Inspector_Palmu%27s_Mistake_(film)" title="Inspector Palmu's Mistake (film)">Inspector Palmu's Mistake</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Matti_Kassila" title="Matti Kassila">Matti Kassila</a>, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists,<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> but the 1984 comedy film <a href="/wiki/Uuno_Turhapuro_in_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Uuno Turhapuro in the Army">Uuno Turhapuro in the Army</a>, the ninth film in <a href="/wiki/Uuno_Turhapuro" title="Uuno Turhapuro">Uuno Turhapuro film series</a>, remains Finland's most seen domestic film made since 1968 by Finnish audience.<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Finland" title="Mass media in Finland">Mass media in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanomatalo_-_Helsinki_-_13.9.2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sanomatalo_-_Helsinki_-_13.9.2013.jpg/220px-Sanomatalo_-_Helsinki_-_13.9.2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sanomatalo_-_Helsinki_-_13.9.2013.jpg/330px-Sanomatalo_-_Helsinki_-_13.9.2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sanomatalo_-_Helsinki_-_13.9.2013.jpg/440px-Sanomatalo_-_Helsinki_-_13.9.2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanomatalo" title="Sanomatalo">Sanomatalo</a> houses several offices of newspapers and radio stations.</figcaption></figure> Today, there are around 200 <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Finland" title="List of newspapers in Finland">newspapers</a>, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, and 67 commercial radio stations. The largest newspaper is <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a>, its circulation being 339,437 as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a>, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">television channels</a> and thirteen radio channels. Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published.<a href="#cite_note-Media_moves-317">[310]</a> Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a> In regards to <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">telecommunication infrastructure</a>, Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum's <a href="/wiki/Network_Readiness_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Readiness Index">Network Readiness Index</a> (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies.<a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sauna">Sauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_Sauna_(395139052).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg/220px-Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg/330px-Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg/440px-Smoke_Sauna_%28395139052%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Smoke_sauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke sauna">smoke sauna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ruka,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruka, Finland">Ruka</a>, Kuusamo</figcaption></figure> The Finns' love for <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">saunas</a> is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland, which is especially evident in the strong tradition around <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. The word sauna is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sami languages) dating back 7,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a> Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multi-story apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Municipal swimming halls and hotels have often their own saunas. The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish sauna culture">Finnish sauna culture</a> is inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruisleip%C3%A4-limppu_reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_reissumies_hapankorppu-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ruisleip%C3%A4-limppu_reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_reissumies_hapankorppu-1.JPG/220px-Ruisleip%C3%A4-limppu_reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_reissumies_hapankorppu-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ruisleip%C3%A4-limppu_reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_reissumies_hapankorppu-1.JPG/330px-Ruisleip%C3%A4-limppu_reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_reissumies_hapankorppu-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ruisleip%C3%A4-limppu_reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_reissumies_hapankorppu-1.JPG/440px-Ruisleip%C3%A4-limppu_reik%C3%A4leip%C3%A4_reissumies_hapankorppu-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruisleip%C3%A4" title="Ruisleipä">Ruisleipä</a>, a dark <a href="/wiki/Sourdough" title="Sourdough">sourdough</a> <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">rye bread</a>, holds the status of the <a href="/wiki/National_food" class="mw-redirect" title="National food">national food</a> in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a></figcaption></figure> Finnish cuisine generally combines traditional country fare and contemporary style cooking. Potato, meat and <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes. Finnish foods often use <a href="/wiki/Wholemeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholemeal">wholemeal</a> products (<a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>) and berries (such as <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingonberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingonberry">lingonberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloudberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudberry">cloudberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_buckthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea buckthorn">sea buckthorn</a>). Milk and its derivatives like <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> are commonly used as food and drink. The most popular fish food in Finland is <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a> Finland has the world's second highest per capita consumption of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> Milk consumption is also high, at an average of about 112 litres (25 imp gal; 30 US gal), per person, per year,<a href="#cite_note-328">[321]</a> even though 17% of the Finns are <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactose intolerant">lactose intolerant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays in Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_flying_days_in_Finland" title="Flag flying days in Finland">Flag flying days in Finland</a></div> There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (joulu), Midsummer (juhannus), <a href="/wiki/Vappu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vappu">May Day</a> (vappu) and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Independence Day</a> (itsenäisyyspäivä). Of these, Christmas and Midsummer are special in Finland because the actual festivities take place on eves, such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juhannus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhannus">Midsummer's Eve</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> while Christmas Day and Midsummer's Day are more consecrated to rest. Other public holidays in Finland are <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)#Finland" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day#Finland" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a>. All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport in Finland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics" title="Finland at the Olympics">Finland at the Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlandhockeybronze2010WinterOlympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Finlandhockeybronze2010WinterOlympics.jpg/220px-Finlandhockeybronze2010WinterOlympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Finlandhockeybronze2010WinterOlympics.jpg/330px-Finlandhockeybronze2010WinterOlympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Finlandhockeybronze2010WinterOlympics.jpg/440px-Finlandhockeybronze2010WinterOlympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Finland's <a href="/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Finland men's national ice hockey team">men's national ice hockey team</a> is <a href="/wiki/IIHF_World_Ranking" title="IIHF World Ranking">ranked</a> as one of the best in the world. The team has won four world championships (1995, 2011, 2019 and 2022) and one Olympic gold medal (2022).<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a></figcaption></figure> Various sporting events are popular in Finland. <a href="/wiki/Pes%C3%A4pallo" title="Pesäpallo">Pesäpallo</a>, the Finnish equivalent of American <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> of Finland,<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> although the most popular sport in terms of spectators is <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> Association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country.<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland national basketball team">Finland's national basketball team</a> has received widespread public attention.<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history.<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in 1908. At the <a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Olympics</a>, three gold medals were won by the original "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Finn" title="Flying Finn">Flying Finn</a>" <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Kolehmainen" title="Hannes Kolehmainen">Hannes Kolehmainen</a>. In the 1920s and '30s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi" title="Paavo Nurmi">Paavo Nurmi</a> winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time. The <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a> were held in Helsinki. The <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a> event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records. Finland also has a notable history in <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a>. Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating. Finnish competitors have achieved significant success in <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" title="World Rally Championship">World Rally Championship</a>, Finland has produced eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Rally_Championship_Drivers%27_champions" title="List of World Rally Championship Drivers' champions">world champions</a>, more than any other country.<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>, Finland has won the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions">world championships</a> per capita, with <a href="/wiki/Keke_Rosberg" title="Keke Rosberg">Keke Rosberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mika_H%C3%A4kkinen" title="Mika Häkkinen">Mika Häkkinen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen" title="Kimi Räikkönen">Kimi Räikkönen</a> all having won the title.<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a> Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include <a href="/wiki/Nordic_walking" title="Nordic walking">Nordic walking</a>, running, cycling and skiing. <a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a> is the most popular youth and workplace sport.<a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">List of Finland-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline of Finland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Finland-Swedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Tatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi people</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-full_suffrage-21"><a href="#cite_ref-full_suffrage_21-0">^</a> Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote in 1893, but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919. </li> <li id="cite_note-åland_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-åland_note_130-0">^</a> The role that the regional councils serve on <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Finland" title="Mainland Finland">Mainland Finland</a> are on Åland handled by the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Government_of_%C3%85land" title="Government of Åland">Government of Åland</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> The names for Finland in its Sami languages are: Suopma (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a>), Suomâ (<a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari Sami</a>) and Lää'ddjânnam (<a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt Sami</a>). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.de">Geonames.de.</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Suomi <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Finland </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Suomen tasavalta; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Republiken Finland; <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ed\/Suomi_Finland.ogg\/Suomi_Finland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen to all"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Suomi Finland.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Suomi_Finland.ogg/Suomi_Finland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen to all</a><a href="/wiki/File:Suomi_Finland.ogg" title="File:Suomi Finland.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> "Republic of Finland", or Suomen tasavalta in Finnish, Republiken Finland in Swedish, and Suoma dásseváldi in Sami, is the long protocol name, which is however not defined by law. Legislation recognizes only the short name. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-statistics-finland-population-2023-final-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics-finland-population-2023-final_1-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.fi/en/publication/cln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se">"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years"</a>. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 26 April 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1797-5395">1797-5395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428235855/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cln1i2dtgwknt0cut9yem67se">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2024. 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New York: Routledge. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-022106-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-022106-0"><bdi>978-1-00-022106-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Regionalism+in+the+Age+of+Globalization%3A+Peaks+and+Valleys+in+the+Flat+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-00-022106-0&rft.aulast=Lefaivre&rft.aufirst=Liane&rft.au=Tzonis%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkYHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a1-63"><a href="#cite_ref-a1_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordstrom2000" class="citation book cs1">Nordstrom, Byron J. 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Minneapolis, US: University of Minnesota Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2098-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-2098-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+Since+1500&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+US&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2098-2&rft.aulast=Nordstrom&rft.aufirst=Byron+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscandinaviasince0000nord%2Fpage%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershwinGermanKeen2000" class="citation book cs1">Gershwin, M. Eric; German, J. Bruce; Keen, Carl L. (2000). Nutrition and immunology: principles and practice. Humana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89603-719-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89603-719-3"><bdi>0-89603-719-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutrition+and+immunology%3A+principles+and+practice&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89603-719-3&rft.aulast=Gershwin&rft.aufirst=M.+Eric&rft.au=German%2C+J.+Bruce&rft.au=Keen%2C+Carl+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-equity-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-equity_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-equity_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-equity_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/finland.pdf">"Growth and Equity in Finland"</a> (PDF). World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113032435/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/finland.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth+and+Equity+in+Finland&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT%2FResources%2Ffinland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Mickelsson, Rauli (2007). Suomen puolueet—Historia, muutos ja nykypäivä. Vastapaino. (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Alenius, Kari. "Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917", Faravid, 2004, Vol. 28, pp. 181–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/finland/15.htm">The Finnish Civil War, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228235436/http://countrystudies.us/finland/15.htm">Archived</a> 28 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 18 May 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126002743/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=107215&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI">"Uudenvuodenaatto Pietarin Smolnassa – Itsenäisyyden tunnustus 31.12.1917"</a> (in Finnish). Ulkoministeriö. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=107215&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI">the original</a> on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uudenvuodenaatto+Pietarin+Smolnassa+%E2%80%93+Itsen%C3%A4isyyden+tunnustus+31.12.1917&rft.pub=Ulkoministeri%C3%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fformin.finland.fi%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D107215%26contentlan%3D1%26culture%3Dfi-FI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuomas_Tepora_&_Aapo_Roselius2014" class="citation book cs1">Tuomas Tepora & Aapo Roselius (2014). "The War of Liberation, the Civil Guards, and the Veterans' Union: Public Memory in the Interwar Period". The Finnish Civil War 1918. History of Warfare (vol. 101). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24366-8"><bdi>978-90-04-24366-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+of+Liberation%2C+the+Civil+Guards%2C+and+the+Veterans%E2%80%99+Union%3A+Public+Memory+in+the+Interwar+Period&rft.btitle=The+Finnish+Civil+War+1918&rft.series=History+of+Warfare+%28vol.+101%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24366-8&rft.au=Tuomas+Tepora+%26+Aapo+Roselius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimbeteanu" class="citation web cs1">Simbeteanu, Iulian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europecentenary.eu/reds-vs-whites-the-finnish-civil-war-january-may-1918/amp/">"«Reds» vs. «Whites»: The Finnish Civil War (January- May 1918)"</a>. Europe Centenary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701004827/https://europecentenary.eu/reds-vs-whites-the-finnish-civil-war-january-may-1918/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%ABReds%C2%BB+vs.+%C2%ABWhites%C2%BB%3A+The+Finnish+Civil+War+%28January-+May+1918%29&rft.pub=Europe+Centenary&rft.aulast=Simbeteanu&rft.aufirst=Iulian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropecentenary.eu%2Freds-vs-whites-the-finnish-civil-war-january-may-1918%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/fitoc.html">"A Country Study: Finland—The Finnish Civil War"</a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310171449/http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/fitoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Finland%E2%80%94The+Finnish+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Ffitoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verkkouutiset.fi/sdpn-puheenjohtaja-halusi-punadiktaattoriksi-mutta-kuoli-stalinin-vankileirilla-69089/#cd1f8043">"SDP:n puheenjohtaja halusi punadiktaattoriksi, mutta kuoli Stalinin vankileirillä"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128041947/https://www.verkkouutiset.fi/sdpn-puheenjohtaja-halusi-punadiktaattoriksi-mutta-kuoli-stalinin-vankileirilla-69089/#cd1f8043">Archived</a> 28 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.is.fi/paakirjoitus/art-2000005492424.html">"Pääkirjoitus: Kansalaissota on arka muistettava"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526204428/https://www.is.fi/paakirjoitus/art-2000005492424.html">Archived</a> 26 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8831374">"Punaisten ja valkoisten perintöä vaalitaan yhä – Suomalaiset lähettivät yli 400 muistoa vuoden 1918 sisällissodasta"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521072139/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8831374">Archived</a> 21 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManninen1980" class="citation book cs1">Manninen, Ohto (1980). Suur-Suomen ääriviivat: Kysymys tulevaisuudesta ja turvallisuudesta Suomen Saksan-politiikassa 1941. Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-26-1735-8" title="Special:BookSources/951-26-1735-8"><bdi>951-26-1735-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suur-Suomen+%C3%A4%C3%A4riviivat%3A+Kysymys+tulevaisuudesta+ja+turvallisuudesta+Suomen+Saksan-politiikassa+1941&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Kirjayhtym%C3%A4&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=951-26-1735-8&rft.aulast=Manninen&rft.aufirst=Ohto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNygård1978" class="citation book cs1">Nygård, Toivo (1978). Suur-Suomi vai lähiheimolaisten auttaminen: Aatteellinen heimotyö itsenäisessä Suomessa. Helsinki: Otava. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-04963-1" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-04963-1"><bdi>951-1-04963-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suur-Suomi+vai+l%C3%A4hiheimolaisten+auttaminen%3A+Aatteellinen+heimoty%C3%B6+itsen%C3%A4isess%C3%A4+Suomessa&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=951-1-04963-1&rft.aulast=Nyg%C3%A5rd&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingletonUpton1998" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Fred; Upton, Anthony F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3qwCHn3EgEC">A short history of Finland</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64701-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64701-4"><bdi>978-0-521-64701-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Finland&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64701-4&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Upton%2C+Anthony+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3qwCHn3EgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMononen2009" class="citation web cs1">Mononen, Juha (2 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607035630/http://tampub.uta.fi/handle/10024/80491">"War or Peace for Finland? Neoclassical Realist Case Study of Finnish Foreign Policy in the Context of the Anti-Bolshevik Intervention in Russia 1918–1920"</a>. University of Tampere. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tampub.uta.fi/handle/10024/80491">the original</a> on 7 June 2015. 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Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thisisFINLAND&rft.atitle=Real+bridge-builder+became+Finland%27s+first+female+government+minister+%E2%80%93+thisisFINLAND&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2Flife-society%2Freal-bridge-builder-became-finlands-first-female-government-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyrskylä2007" class="citation web cs1">Myrskylä, Pekka (20 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.fi/tup/suomi90/helmikuu_en.html">"From slash-and-burn fields to post-industrial society—90 years of change in industrial structure"</a>. Statistics Finland. Finland 1917–2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120050148/http://www.stat.fi/tup/suomi90/helmikuu_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Finland&rft.atitle=From+slash-and-burn+fields+to+post-industrial+society%E2%80%9490+years+of+change+in+industrial+structure&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.aulast=Myrskyl%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuomi90%2Fhelmikuu_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#Manninen2008">Manninen (2008)</a>, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://share.america.gov/the-secret-pact-that-ushered-in-world-war-ii/">The secret pact that ushered in World War II and changed Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061448/https://share.america.gov/the-secret-pact-that-ushered-in-world-war-ii/">Archived</a> 2 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Share America, U.S. Department of State. 19 August 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tannerv-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Tannerv_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1956" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Väinö (1956). The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312. 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Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalparks.fi&rft.atitle=Saimaa+Ringed+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalparks.fi%2Fsaimaa-ringed-seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910195719/http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=170517&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">"SOS: Save our seals"</a>. this is Finland (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=170517&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">the original</a> on 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=this+is+Finland+%28Ministry+for+Foreign+Affairs+of+Finland%29&rft.atitle=SOS%3A+Save+our+seals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D170517%26contentlan%3D2%26culture%3Den-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorona2022" class="citation web cs1">Corona, Hanna (30 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borealforest.org/finland-forests-and-forestry/">"Finland - Forests and Forestry"</a>. Boreal Forest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921193556/https://www.borealforest.org/finland-forests-and-forestry/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boreal+Forest&rft.atitle=Finland+-+Forests+and+Forestry&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Corona&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.borealforest.org%2Ffinland-forests-and-forestry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finland's_climate-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finland's_climate_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finland's_climate_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finland's_climate_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finland's_climate_122-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721105549/http://www.fmi.fi/weather/climate.html">"Finland's climate"</a>. Finnish Meteorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmi.fi/weather/climate.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finland%27s+climate&rft.pub=Finnish+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmi.fi%2Fweather%2Fclimate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103033232/https://ilmasto-opas.fi/fi/ilmastonmuutos/suomen-muuttuva-ilmasto/-/artikkeli/08848977-fd1a-4e85-8389-7ecf3ca7de7d/uusimaa-merellisen-ilmaston-maakunta.html">"The climate in Finland (finnish)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmasto-opas.fi/fi/ilmastonmuutos/suomen-muuttuva-ilmasto/-/artikkeli/08848977-fd1a-4e85-8389-7ecf3ca7de7d/uusimaa-merellisen-ilmaston-maakunta.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2015. 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Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pohjoiset+alueet+%2F+yleiskuvaus&rft.aulast=Havas&rft.aufirst=Paavo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oulu.fi%2Fnorthnature%2Ffinnish%2FSuomi%2Fluma1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407022547/http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/esitteet/5HIspFLpC/45920_LFA_esite.pdf">"Finland's Northern Conditions: Challenges and Opportunities for Agriculture"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Finland. pp. 1–4. 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Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Performance+Index&rft.atitle=2024+Environmental+Performance+Index+-+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepi.yale.edu%2Fcountry%2F2024%2FFIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315151138/http://www.avi.fi/fi/Sivut/etusivu.aspx">"Tervetuloa aluehallintoviraston verkkosivuille!"</a> (in Finnish). State Provincial Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avi.fi/fi/Sivut/etusivu.aspx">the original</a> on 15 March 2012. 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Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vnk.fi&rft.atitle=Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29&rft.pages=8-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvnk.fi%2Fdocuments%2F10616%2F3457861%2FSuomen%2Bhallintorakenteeseen%2Bja%2Bmaakuntauudistukseen%2Bliittyvi%25C3%25A4%2Btermej%25C3%25A4%2Bsek%25C3%25A4%2Bmaakuntien%2Bja%2Bkuntien%2Bnimet%2Bfi-sv-en-%2528ru%2529%2F974f7fc5-1466-c667-9787-381c5bd57603%2FSuomen%2Bhallintorakenteeseen%2Bja%2Bmaakuntauudistukseen%2Bliittyvi%25C3%25A4%2Btermej%25C3%25A4%2Bsek%25C3%25A4%2Bmaakuntien%2Bja%2Bkuntien%2Bnimet%2Bfi-sv-en-%2528ru%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084712/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585">"Valtioneuvosto päätti Uudenmaan ja Itä-Uudenmaan maakuntien yhdistämisestä"</a> (in Finnish). 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Suomen Kuntaliitto – Association of Finnish Municipalities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108222022/https://www.kuntaliitto.fi/tilastot-ja-julkaisut/kaupunkien-ja-kuntien-lukumaarat-ja-vaestotiedot">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaupunkien+ja+kuntien+lukum%C3%A4%C3%A4r%C3%A4t+ja+v%C3%A4est%C3%B6tiedot&rft.pub=Suomen+Kuntaliitto+%E2%80%93+Association+of+Finnish+Municipalities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuntaliitto.fi%2Ftilastot-ja-julkaisut%2Fkaupunkien-ja-kuntien-lukumaarat-ja-vaestotiedot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stm-wellbeing-133"><a href="#cite_ref-stm-wellbeing_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stm.fi/en/wellbeing-services-counties">"Wellbeing services counties will be responsible for organising health, social and rescue services on 1 January 2023"</a>. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907074217/https://stm.fi/en/wellbeing-services-counties">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wellbeing+services+counties+will+be+responsible+for+organising+health%2C+social+and+rescue+services+on+1+January+2023&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Social+Affairs+and+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstm.fi%2Fen%2Fwellbeing-services-counties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Finland_2011?lang=en">"Constitution of Finland, 1999 (rev. 2011)"</a>. Constitute Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305070137/https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Finland_2011?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. 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Retrieved 18 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.seattletimes.com&rft.atitle=Finland%27s+conservative+party+picks+ministers+for+right-wing+coalition+government+%E2%80%93+The+Seattle+Times&rft.date=2023-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinlands-conservative-party-picks-ministers-for-right-wing-coalition-government%2F%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corruptionpolicing-136"><a href="#cite_ref-corruptionpolicing_136-0">^</a> Policing corruption, International Perspectives. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/3/3e/Intentional_homicides%2C_2016_%28police-recorded_offences_per_100_000_inhabitants%29.png">"File:Intentional homicides, 2016 (police-recorded offences per 100 000 inhabitants).png"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920101005/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/3/3e/Intentional_homicides%2C_2016_%28police-recorded_offences_per_100_000_inhabitants%29.png">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File%3AIntentional+homicides%2C+2016+%28police-recorded+offences+per+100+000+inhabitants%29.png&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Fimages%2F3%2F3e%2FIntentional_homicides%252C_2016_%2528police-recorded_offences_per_100_000_inhabitants%2529.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finnish_constitution-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Finnish_constitution_138-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf">Finnish constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113222833/http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Section 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobelprize-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Nobelprize_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2008/">"The Nobel Peace Prize 2008"</a>. The Nobel Foundation. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211621/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2008/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. 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Retrieved 21 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finnish+government+approves+indefinite+entry+restrictions+for+Russians&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfrance.com%2Ffinnish-government-approves-indefinite-entry-restrictions-for-russians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/finland-strengthens-trade-relations-in-increasingly-important-us-market">"Finland strengthens trade relations in increasingly important US market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Finnish Government</a>. 12 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219010500/https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/finland-strengthens-trade-relations-in-increasingly-important-us-market">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finland+strengthens+trade+relations+in+increasingly+important+US+market&rft.pub=Finnish+Government&rft.date=2022-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaltioneuvosto.fi%2Fen%2F-%2Ffinland-strengthens-trade-relations-in-increasingly-important-us-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://puolustusvoimat.fi/-/ennatysmaara-vapaaehtoisia-naisia-suoritti-varusmiespalveluksen-kotiutuneita-yli-1000">"Ennätysmäärä vapaaehtoisia naisia suoritti varusmiespalveluksen – kotiutuneita yli 1000 -"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finland+to+raise+wartime+strength+to+280%2C000+troops&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinkitimes.fi%2Ffinland%2Ffinland-news%2Fdomestic%2F14544-finland-to-raise-wartime-strength-to-280-000-troops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/7b4df6b7-cb77-4af7-bd97-80bd2c109f5b">"Suomella on järisyttävän suuri ja kadehdittu tykistö"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108213509/https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/7b4df6b7-cb77-4af7-bd97-80bd2c109f5b">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022. 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Retrieved 27 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Finland+taking+a+step+closer+to+NATO+membership&rft.pub=NATO+Watch&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnatowatch.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fbriefing_paper_no.51_finland_and_nato.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eduskunta.fi-151"><a href="#cite_ref-eduskunta.fi_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803161737/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/lakiensaataminen/valiokunnat/ulkoasiainvaliokunta/Documents/HNS_MOU_FINLAND.pdf">Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Between the Government of the Republic of Finland and Headquarters, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation As Well As Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Regarding the Provision of Host Nation Support for the Execution of NATO: Operations / Exercises / Similar Military Activity</a> (PDF) (Report). NATO. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/lakiensaataminen/valiokunnat/ulkoasiainvaliokunta/Documents/HNS_MOU_FINLAND.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 August 2016. 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Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Finnish+love+of+tango&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.au=C.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fprospero%2F2017%2F10%2F11%2Fexplaining-the-finnish-love-of-tango&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-history/how-the-finns-stopped-the-soviets-with-this-polka-song/">"How the Finns stopped the Soviets with this polka song"</a>. 6 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120064329/https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-history/how-the-finns-stopped-the-soviets-with-this-polka-song/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Finns+stopped+the+Soviets+with+this+polka+song&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wearethemighty.com%2Fmighty-history%2Fhow-the-finns-stopped-the-soviets-with-this-polka-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicfinland.com/en/news/finnish-jenkka-song-took-over-japans-department-stores">"Finnish jenkka song took over Japan's department stores"</a>. Music Finland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930160000/https://musicfinland.com/en/news/finnish-jenkka-song-took-over-japans-department-stores">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Finland&rft.atitle=Finnish+jenkka+song+took+over+Japan%27s+department+stores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicfinland.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffinnish-jenkka-song-took-over-japans-department-stores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2012" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Neil (15 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304587704577333813382925678">"Guns N' Roses Can Agree on at Least One Thing: This Finnish Saxophonist Rocks"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208180953/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304587704577333813382925678">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Guns+N%27+Roses+Can+Agree+on+at+Least+One+Thing%3A+This+Finnish+Saxophonist+Rocks&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304587704577333813382925678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finland.fi/arts-culture/finnish-metropolises-vie-to-win-capital-of-metal/">"Finnish metropolises vie to win Capital of Metal"</a>. thisisFINLAND. 8 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401024138/https://finland.fi/arts-culture/finnish-metropolises-vie-to-win-capital-of-metal/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2023. 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Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418173806/https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000006170555.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. 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Eurovisionworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523074229/https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/2023">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurovisionworld&rft.atitle=Eurovision+2023+Results%3A+Voting+%26+Points&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurovisionworld.com%2Feurovision%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/eurovision-official-chart-record-loreen-kaeaerijae-mae-muller-and-alessandra-reach-uk-top-10-simultaneously__39322/">"Eurovision Official Chart Record! Why 2023 is contest's biggest year yet"</a>. www.officialcharts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519174018/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/eurovision-official-chart-record-loreen-kaeaerijae-mae-muller-and-alessandra-reach-uk-top-10-simultaneously__39322/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2023. 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Retrieved 17 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edunation.co&rft.atitle=Odd+Facts+about+Finland&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edunation.co%2Fstudyinfinland%2Fblog%2F5-odd-facts-finland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Llewellyn's Sabbats Almanac: Samhain 2010 to Mabon 2011 p.64. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHl61M4-nhwC&dq=Jultomten&pg=PT232">Festivals of Western Europe</a>. 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(in Finnish). </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2014/news/Fan-power-Finn-power-The-tournament--begins--on-win">"Fan power! Finn power! The tournament "begins" on a winning note for Dettman's team"</a>. FIBA.com. 31 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014092602/http://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2014/news/Fan-power-Finn-power-The-tournament--begins--on-win">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fan+power%21+Finn+power%21+The+tournament+%22begins%22+on+a+winning+note+for+Dettman%27s+team&rft.pub=FIBA.com&rft.date=2014-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Fbasketballworldcup%2F2014%2Fnews%2FFan-power-Finn-power-The-tournament--begins--on-win&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730144712/http://www.medalspercapita.com/#medals-per-capita:all-time">"Olympic Medals per Capita"</a>. medalspercapita.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medalspercapita.com/#medals-per-capita:all-time">the original</a> on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medalspercapita.com&rft.atitle=Olympic+Medals+per+Capita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medalspercapita.com%2F%23medals-per-capita%3Aall-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2018" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Nell (13 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/13/sport/rally-wrc-finland-spt-intl/index.html">"Why Finland loves rally"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Why+Finland+loves+rally&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Nell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F09%2F13%2Fsport%2Frally-wrc-finland-spt-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2008" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Andrew (10 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/mar/10/formulaone17">"Formula One 2008: Why are Finnish drivers so good?"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Formula+One+2008%3A+Why+are+Finnish+drivers+so+good%3F&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2008%2Fmar%2F10%2Fformulaone17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllt" class="citation web cs1">Allt, Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expat-finland.com/events/finnish_sports.html">"Finnish Sports: Try the sports Finns love!"</a>. Expat Finland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expat+Finland&rft.atitle=Finnish+Sports%3A+Try+the+sports+Finns+love%21&rft.aulast=Allt&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expat-finland.com%2Fevents%2Ffinnish_sports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Insight Guide: Finland (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-4120-39-1" title="Special:BookSources/981-4120-39-1">981-4120-39-1</a>).</li> <li>Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-260-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-260-1">0-88029-260-1</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Klinge" title="Matti Klinge">Klinge, Matti</a>. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-11180-9" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-11180-9">951-1-11180-9</a>).</li> <li>Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland, Greenwood Press, 2006 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32837-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32837-4">0-313-32837-4</a>.</li> <li>Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931930-18-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-931930-18-X">1-931930-18-X</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>: Finland (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-791-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-791-5">1-74059-791-5</a>).</li> <li>Partanen, Anu: The Nordic Theory of Everything, 2017 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715652039" title="Special:BookSources/9780715652039">9780715652039</a>).</li> <li>Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64701-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64701-0">0-521-64701-0</a>).</li> <li>Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55868-592-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55868-592-8">1-55868-592-8</a>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Finland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Finland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Suomi_%E2%80%93_Finland" class="extiw" title="c:Suomi – Finland">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Finland" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Finland">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Finland" class="extiw" title="q:Finland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Finland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Finland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Europe/Finland" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:Europe/Finland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Comparative_law_and_justice/Finland" class="extiw" title="v:Comparative law and justice/Finland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Finland" class="extiw" title="voy:Finland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Finland">Finland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/finland/">Finland</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17288360">Finland profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finland.fi/">This is Finland</a>, the official English-language online portal (administered by the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.fi/en/statistical-data">Statistics Finland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/54224">Finland</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Finland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Finland">Wikimedia Atlas of Finland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitfinland.com/en/">Official travel site of Finland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finland_topics" title="Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finland_topics" title="Template talk:Finland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">The Great Wrath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Golden Age of Finnish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland_(1917%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Finland (1917–present)">History of independent Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Finland" title="List of extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Finland" title="Geology of Finland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">Urban areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Finland" title="Agriculture in Finland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Finland" title="Industry in Finland">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Finland" title="Category:Society of Finland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Finland" title="Folklore of Finland">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">The Kalevala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_symbols" title="Finnish national symbols">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Independence Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Finland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Finland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">Index</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Further_reading">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland" title="Category:Finland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_countries" title="Template talk:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries"><img alt="Map of the Nordic countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/120px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/180px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/240px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Special status</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Climate of the Nordic countries">Climate of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li>Comparison of the Nordic countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Subdivisions of the Nordic countries">Subdivisions of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_the_Nordic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in the Nordic countries">LGBT in the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Nordic countries">Nordic diplomatic missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">Nordic identity in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nordic_countries" title="Category:Nordic countries">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_Council" title="Template talk:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Nordic Council"><img alt="Flag of the Nordic Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer / offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">identity</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012375441X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132440532">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157831164">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2759153532459148820002">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205503/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMjwrX6pdK3hJc64v8md">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017243-0">Germany</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/18925-X">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065711">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238532r">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931409x">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118684913">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238532r">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931409x">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118684913">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563226">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35740333">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129144&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451000">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90149623">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000040495">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfdxqk1s19qp1">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564231005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000038009">Finland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6a264f94-6ff1-30b1-9a81-41f7bfabd616">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01468325?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/49570b67-6704-44ac-8120-680d75541293">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1065876">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Dc7wtP0E">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027225984">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026437171">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003353">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035776">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/38470">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/finlandiya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finland&params=64_N_26_E_region:FI_type:country">64°N 26°E / 64°N 26°E / 64; 26</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&oldid=1258087854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&oldid=1258087854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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