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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Diagnose" href="/encyclopedie/primates/"> 1. Diagnose </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Classification" href="/encyclopedie/primates/2-classification/"> 2. Classification </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Catégories systématiques (groupes zoologiques)" href="/encyclopedie/primates/3-categories-systematiques-groupes-zoologiques/"> 3. Catégories systématiques (groupes zoologiques) </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Habitat et comportement alimentaire" href="/encyclopedie/primates/4-habitat-et-comportement-alimentaire/"> 4. Habitat et comportement alimentaire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Biologie sexuelle et reproduction" href="/encyclopedie/primates/5-biologie-sexuelle-et-reproduction/"> 5. Biologie sexuelle et reproduction </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Structures sociales" href="/encyclopedie/primates/6-structures-sociales/"> 6. Structures sociales </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Dynamique des groupes sociaux" href="/encyclopedie/primates/7-dynamique-des-groupes-sociaux/"> 7. Dynamique des groupes sociaux </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Ontogenèse" href="/encyclopedie/primates/8-ontogenese/"> 8. Ontogenèse </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Socialisation des jeunes" href="/encyclopedie/primates/9-socialisation-des-jeunes/"> 9. Socialisation des jeunes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Modes de communication" href="/encyclopedie/primates/10-modes-de-communication/"> 10. Modes de communication </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Processus cognitifs" href="/encyclopedie/primates/11-processus-cognitifs/"> 11. Processus cognitifs </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, La culture chez les primates non humains" href="/encyclopedie/primates/12-la-culture-chez-les-primates-non-humains/"> 12. La culture chez les primates non humains </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Protection et conservation des Primates" href="/encyclopedie/primates/13-protection-et-conservation-des-primates/"> 13. Protection et conservation des Primates </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRIMATES, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/primates/14-bibliographie/"> 14. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>PRIMATES</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072614_9"><i class="anchor" id="yC072614_9"></i><h2>Socialisation des jeunes</h2><p>Quelle que soit sa durée, la phase d'immaturité se déroule toujours dans un <em>environnement social</em> défini par la structure et l'organisation sociale de l'espèce (ou du groupe), la vitesse de maturation des jeunes, le nombre de jeunes par parturition, et par des paramètres de la reproduction tels que l'intervalle entre les naissances (fonction de la durée de la gestation, de l'aménorrhée post partum et du nombre de cycles infertiles). C'est au cours de cette phase d'immaturité que s'effectuera l'essentiel de la « socialisation », processus par lequel le jeune Primate acquiert les capacités d'<em>expression</em>, plus ou moins spécifiques, les capacités de <em>perception</em> et met en place un réseau de <em>relations sociales</em> temporaire ou permanent. La dynamique de ce réseau permettra, en dernier lieu, la perpétuation de la structure sociale, mais sera aussi susceptible d'engendrer des variantes de ces structures, éléments essentiels d'adaptabilité.</p><p>Le concept de <em>socialisation</em> recouvre donc tous les processus d' apprentissage social permettant la création et le maintien d'un « lien » interindividuel. À propos de cet « attachement », la précocité des jeunes Primates conduit à la création, dès la naissance, d'un <em>contact entre la mère et son jeune</em> d'une intensité et d'une durée exceptionnelles, au cours duquel le jeune est transporté et peut s'alimenter ; un tel contact est générateur de dépendance physiologique et affective. La socialisation est marquée par le développement d'une <em>prise d'indépendance</em> du jeune par rapport à sa mère et simultanément par le développement des <em>interactions avec les autres membres du groupe</em>. L'importance de la socialisation croît bien évidemment avec le degré de socialité des espèces mais aussi avec la vitesse du développement cérébral, qui globalement décline des Prosimiens aux Anthropoïdes.</p><p> L'existence d'un groupe social quelle qu'en soit la cohérence témoigne de la permanence de réseaux de relations privilégiées qu'on appelle « liens » sociaux. Elle conduit à adopter une approche « systémique » de la socialisation : c'est-à-dire d'envisager que tous les membres du groupe participent d'une manière ou d'une autre, mais nécessairement individualisée et dépendante des autres partenaires, aux apprentissages du jeune, qu'ils soient d'ordre social ou non social (Deputte, 1986).</p><p>La prise d'indépendance du jeune par rapport à sa mère ne constitue pas chez les Primates diurnes une rupture mais une phase d'« équilibration » des relations sociales, la mère ne représentant plus le pôle unique. Toutefois la diminution des contacts physiques entre une mère et son jeune ne signifie pas nécessairement une émancipation affective, comme en témoigne l'existence de <em>périodes de régression comportementale</em> (Horwich, 1974 ; Deputte, 1986) : lorsque la mère met au monde un nouveau-né, l'aîné qui venait juste de manifester une certaine indépendance recherche de nouveau une proximité étroite avec sa mère. De même, alors qu'il avait accru de lui-même la distance qui le séparait de celle-ci, il manifeste vigoureusement, gestuellement et vocalement, et lutte pour rétablir ou établir ce contact lorsque la mère, vers six ou huit mois, lui refuse ce contact et le repousse. En fait, le terme de « sevrage », chez les Primates, n'est pas réductible à l'arrêt de la lactation. Il recouvre l'ensemble des comportements maternels qui tendent à promouvoir la distanciation du jeune ; on parle alors de <em>processus de sevrage</em>. Les jeunes Primates commencent à prendre des aliments solides précocement (Prosimiens : Lorisiformes trois semaines, Lémuriformes un mois et demi à deux mois ; Platyrhiniens entre trois semaines et quatre<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C072614_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DEPUTTE, Bertrand L."><a title="Auteur : Bertrand L. DEPUTTE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/bertrand-l-deputte/"><strong>Bertrand L. DEPUTTE</strong></a> : docteur en éthologie, docteur ès sciences, professeur à l'École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : PRIMATES" href="/carte-mentale/primates/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072614_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Monde animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/"> Monde animal </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Cordés" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/"> Cordés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Craniates" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/"> Craniates </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Vertébrés" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/"> Vertébrés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Tétrapodes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/tetrapodes/"> Tétrapodes </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Mammifères"> <a title="Classification : Mammifères" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/tetrapodes/mammiferes/"> Mammifères </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Anatomie animale"> <a title="Classification : Anatomie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/anatomie-animale/"> Anatomie animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Biologie de la reproduction animale"> <a title="Classification : Biologie de la reproduction animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/biologie-de-la-reproduction-animale/"> Biologie de la reproduction animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Éthologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/"> Éthologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Sociétés animales"> <a title="Classification : Sociétés animales" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/societes-animales/"> Sociétés animales </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 5"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Biologie du développement animal"> <a title="Classification : Biologie du développement animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/biologie-du-developpement-animal/"> Biologie du développement animal </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 6"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Éthologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/"> Éthologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Comportement animal"> <a title="Classification : Comportement animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/comportement-animal/"> Comportement animal </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 7"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Environnement" href="/classification/environnement/"> Environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Protection et gestion de l'environnement" href="/classification/environnement/protection-et-gestion-de-l-environnement/"> Protection et gestion de l'environnement </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Protection des espèces"> <a title="Classification : Protection des espèces" href="/classification/environnement/protection-et-gestion-de-l-environnement/protection-des-especes/"> Protection des espèces </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072614_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990904" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Singes douroucoulis" href="/media/singes-douroucoulis-ph990904/"> <img id="PH990904" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/a/csm_ph990904_025d9c5e4a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Singes douroucoulis - crédits : Gérard Lacz /Biosphoto/ Photononstop" data-description="Douroucoulis (Aotus oedipus), seuls singes nocturnes d'Amérique du Sud." data-copyright="Gérard Lacz /Biosphoto/ Photononstop" width="1024" height="679" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Singes douroucoulis </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gérard Lacz /Biosphoto/ Photononstop </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990902" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Tamarin" href="/media/tamarin-ph990902/"> <img id="PH990902" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/5/csm_ph990902_087467f849.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Tamarin - crédits : Steve Clancy Photography/ Moment/ Getty Images" data-description="Le tamarin pinché (Saguinus oedipus), petit singe primitif d'Amérique du Sud à longue queue non préhensible." data-copyright="Steve Clancy Photography/ Moment/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="770" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Tamarin </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Steve Clancy Photography/ Moment/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990899" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Ouistiti" href="/media/ouistiti-ph990899/"> <img id="PH990899" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/a/csm_ph990899_212193e4ef.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ouistiti - crédits : Stuart Westmorland/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" data-description="Ouistiti à pinceaux (Callithrix jacchus), petit singe peuplant les forêts tropicales et les savanes d'Amérique du Sud." data-copyright="Stuart Westmorland/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="676" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ouistiti </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Stuart Westmorland/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/primates/"> Afficher les 12 médias de l'article <span class="rg">PRIMATES</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072614_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/babouin/"> <span class="rg">BABOUIN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Claude BOMSEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">414 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BABOUIN" href="/encyclopedie/babouin/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Babouins - crédits : Manoj Shah/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/d/csm_ph990855_231cf406bf.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Singe au corps puissant, caractérisé par un museau allongé et nu comme celui du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Carnivore domestique dont l'histoire accompagne celle de l'homme. Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Carnivores ; sous-ordre : Caniformes ; famille : Canidés.. D'une race à l'autre, les chiens présentent une grande variété morphologique du fait de la sélection effectuée par l'homme, ce dernier ayant exploité au maximum toutes les possibilités de l'espèce (multiples croisements..." title="Article : CHIEN" href="/encyclopedie/chien/">chien</a>, d'où leur autre nom commun de cynocéphale (signifiant « tête de chien »). Répartition géographique : Afrique centrale, Afrique du Sud et Arabie. Habitat : savanes, collines rocheuses et forêts. Classe : Mammifères...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cercopitheque/"> <span class="rg">CERCOPITHÈQUE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Claude BOMSEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">435 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Singe de taille moyenne, au corps svelte et à longue queue non préhensile, vivant dans les forêts africaines, au sud du Sahara. Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Primates ; famille : Cercopithécidés.</p><p>Autrefois appelés « guenons », les cercopithèques, représentés par plus de vingt espèces, ont...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chasseurs-cueilleurs-archeologie/"> <span class="rg">CHASSEURS-CUEILLEURS </span><span class="rm">(archéologie)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul DEMOULE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 727 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHASSEURS-CUEILLEURS (arch&eacute;ologie)" href="/encyclopedie/chasseurs-cueilleurs-archeologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les San, un peuple nomade - crédits : N. Cirani/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/0/csm_ph00i147_706f643edc.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Que l’on remonte aux premières formes humaines identifiées, il y a près de 7 millions d’années, ou seulement à l’apparition d’<em>H</em><em>omo sapiens</em>, il y a quelque 300 000 ans, l’humanité a pour l’essentiel vécu de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La chasse est passée en quelques milliers d'années d'une pratique de survie à celle d'un loisir, en passant par la splendeur d'une représentation de l'autorité seigneuriale et royale. Un encadrement juridique de rigueur croissante et une intolérance à la mort animale conduisent cette pratique ancestrale à une remise en cause inédite.. Actuellement, alors qu'il n'existe en France aucun..." title="Article : CHASSE" href="/encyclopedie/chasse/">chasse</a>, de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La pêche est la seule activité de chasse et de cueillette à avoir atteint un développement comparable à celui des grandes productions animales terrestres qui s'appuient toutes sur la domestication. Elle fournit un sixième des protéines animales consommées par l'homme. Pendant longtemps, elle a progressé plus rapidement que les élevages terrestres. Mais au cours des années 1990 sa cr..." title="Article : PÊCHE" href="/encyclopedie/peche/">pêche</a> et de cueillette. Les premières sociétés agricoles ne...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chimpanze/"> <span class="rg">CHIMPANZÉ</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Claude BOMSEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">639 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHIMPANZ&Eacute;" href="/encyclopedie/chimpanze/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Chimpanzé - crédits : Manoj Shah/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/8/csm_ph990856_f54a30262a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Grand singe au pelage noir, moins lourd que le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le plus grand des Primates vivant sur notre planète, possédant un pelage brun noir et fréquentant les forêts denses de l'ouest et du centre de l'Afrique. Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Primates ; famille : Hominidés ; effectifs : 320 000.. Les gorilles (genre Gorilla ), représentés par deux espèces (gorille de l'Ouest ou Gorilla gorilla ; gorille de l'Est ou Gorilla b..." title="Article : GORILLE" href="/encyclopedie/gorille/">gorille</a>, vivant dans les forêts denses et les savanes boisées de l'ouest et du centre de l'Afrique (du Sénégal au côté ouest de la Tanzanie). Classe : Mammifères ; ordre : Primates ; famille : <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La connaissance de notre histoire, conditionnée par la découverte de fossiles , est forcément biaisée par le fait que les données sont fragmentaires, et ce pour toutes les périodes. Les scénarios évoluent donc continuellement en fonction de nouvelles découvertes et de la réinterprétation des fossiles qui est liée à l'amélioration des techniques et de nos connaissances. C'est pour ce..." title="Article : HOMINIDÉS" href="/encyclopedie/hominides/">Hominidés</a>. 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