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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Spanish language</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Spanish_language" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Spanish_language" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 18 November 2024.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Castilian language" redirects here. For the specific variety of the language, see <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a>. For the broader branch of Ibero-Romance, see <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a> that evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Today, it is a <a href="/wiki/World_language" title="World language">global language</a> with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and about 600 million when including second language speakers.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-size-5">[5]</a> Spanish is the official language of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">20 countries</a>, as well as one of the six official languages of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-un1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Spanish is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">second-most spoken native language</a> after <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>;<a href="#cite_note-size-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">fourth-most spoken language</a> overall after <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, Mandarin Chinese, and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Spanish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Castilian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>español</li><li>castellano</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[espaˈɲol]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0d\/Es-espa%C3%B1ol.oga\/Es-espa%C3%B1ol.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-espa\u00f1ol.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Es-espa%C3%B1ol.oga/Es-espa%C3%B1ol.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Es-espa%C3%B1ol.oga" title="File:Es-español.oga">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[kasteˈʝano]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/Es-Castellano.oga\/Es-Castellano.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-Castellano.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Es-Castellano.oga/Es-Castellano.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Es-Castellano.oga" title="File:Es-Castellano.oga">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[kasteˈʎano]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/Es_castellano_001.ogg\/Es_castellano_001.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es castellano 001.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Es_castellano_001.ogg/Es_castellano_001.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Es_castellano_001.ogg" title="File:Es castellano 001.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Native: 500 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> Total: 600 million<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> 100 million speakers with limited capacity (23 million students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Spanish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a> (using signs of the local language)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">20 countries</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">Dependent territories</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">Partially recognized country</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">Significant minority</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language#International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">International organizations</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">CELAC</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">ALADI</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> and 22 other national Spanish language academies)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=es">es</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=422">spa</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/spa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:spa">spa</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1288">stan1288</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-b">51-AAA-b</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Hispanophone_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map-Hispanophone_World.svg/320px-Map-Hispanophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map-Hispanophone_World.svg/480px-Map-Hispanophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map-Hispanophone_World.svg/640px-Map-Hispanophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="1284"></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Official majority language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Co-official or administrative language but not majority native language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Secondary language (more than 20% Spanish speakers) or culturally important</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Spanish is part of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance language group</a>, in which the language is also known as Castilian (castellano). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Western Roman Empire">collapse of the Western Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and the first systematic written use of the language happened in <a href="/wiki/Toledo_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo (Spain)">Toledo</a>, a prominent city of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Alongside English and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Spanish is well represented in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and the second most used language by number of websites after English.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Spanish is used as an official language by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language#International_organizations" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">many international organizations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-un1-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name_of_the_language_and_etymology">1 Name of the language and etymology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Name_of_the_language">1.1 Name of the language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Etymology">1.2 Etymology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geographical_distribution">3 Geographical distribution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Europe">3.1 Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Americas">3.2 Americas</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hispanic_America">3.2.1 Hispanic America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#United_States">3.2.2 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Rest_of_the_Americas">3.2.3 Rest of the Americas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Africa">3.3 Africa</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa">3.3.1 Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#North_Africa_and_Macaronesia">3.3.2 North Africa and Macaronesia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Asia">3.4 Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Oceania">3.5 Oceania</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Spanish_speakers_by_country">3.6 Spanish speakers by country</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Grammar">4 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Phonology">5 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Segmental_phonology">5.1 Segmental phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Prosody">5.2 Prosody</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Speaker_population">6 Speaker population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Dialectal_variation">7 Dialectal variation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Phonology_2">7.1 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Morphology">7.2 Morphology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Voseo">7.2.1 Voseo</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-26"><a href="#Distribution_in_Spanish-speaking_regions_of_the_Americas">7.2.1.1 Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Ustedes">7.2.2 Ustedes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Usted">7.2.3 Usted</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Third-person_object_pronouns">7.2.4 Third-person object pronouns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Vocabulary">7.3 Vocabulary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Vocabulary_2">8 Vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Relation_to_other_languages">9 Relation to other languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Judaeo-Spanish">9.1 Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Writing_system">10 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Organizations">11 Organizations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Royal_Spanish_Academy">11.1 Royal Spanish Academy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies">11.2 Association of Spanish Language Academies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Cervantes_Institute">11.3 Cervantes Institute</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Official_use_by_international_organizations">11.4 Official use by international organizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sample_text">12 Sample text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Spanish_words_and_phrases">13.1 Spanish words and phrases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Spanish-speaking_world">13.2 Spanish-speaking world</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Influences_on_the_Spanish_language">13.3 Influences on the Spanish language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Dialects_and_languages_influenced_by_Spanish">13.4 Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Spanish_dialects_and_varieties">13.5 Spanish dialects and varieties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#References">14 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Citations">14.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Sources">14.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name_of_the_language_and_etymology">Name of the language and etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name of the language and etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">Names given to the Spanish language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_of_the_language">Name of the language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name of the language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/espa%C3%B1ol#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:español">español</a> but also <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/castellano#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:castellano">castellano</a> (Castilian), the language from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, contrasting it with other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">languages spoken in Spain</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan/Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and other minor languages. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> uses the term castellano to define the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spanish languages</a>"). Article III reads as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities...</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Royal Spanish Academy</a> (Real Academia Española), on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_panhisp%C3%A1nico_de_dudas" title="Diccionario panhispánico de dudas">Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</a> (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms—español and castellano—are regarded as synonymous and equally valid.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The term castellano is related to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> (Castilla or archaically Castiella), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile, in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar.<a href="#cite_note-espania-20">[20]</a> Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano (romanz castellano, romanz de Castiella), lenguaje de Castiella, and ultimately simply as castellano (noun).<a href="#cite_note-espania-20">[20]</a> Different etymologies have been suggested for the term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> *hispaniolus ('of Hispania').<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> was the Roman name for the entire <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal" title="Ramón Menéndez Pidal">Ramón Menéndez Pidal</a> suggested that the classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">History of the Spanish language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CartulariosValpuesta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CartulariosValpuesta.jpg/220px-CartulariosValpuesta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="145"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CartulariosValpuesta.jpg/220px-CartulariosValpuesta.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/CartulariosValpuesta.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Visigothic <a href="/wiki/Cartularies_of_Valpuesta" title="Cartularies of Valpuesta">Cartularies of Valpuesta</a>, written in a late form of Latin, were declared in 2010 by the Royal Spanish Academy as the record of the earliest words written in Castilian, predating those of the <a href="/wiki/Glosas_Emilianenses" title="Glosas Emilianenses">Glosas Emilianenses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> Like the other <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a>, the Spanish language evolved from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, which was brought to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">Paleohispanic languages</a>)—some distantly related to Latin as <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European languages</a>, and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in the Iberian Peninsula. These languages included <a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">Proto-Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a>. The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, the most important <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">influences</a> on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a>), <a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan/Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. Spanish also <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed</a> a considerable number of words from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, as well as a minor influence from the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a> through the period of <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a> rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a>, the form of Latin in use at that time. According to the theories of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal" title="Ramón Menéndez Pidal">Ramón Menéndez Pidal</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a> of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, and this dialect was later brought to the city of <a href="/wiki/Toledo_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo (Spain)">Toledo</a>, where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Penny1p16-23">[23]</a> In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance languages</a>). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, much of it indirectly, through the Romance <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic dialects</a> (some 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>-derived words, make up around 8% of the language today).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The written standard for this new language was developed in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, in the 13th to 16th centuries, and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, from the 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-Penny1p16-23">[23]</a> The development of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish sound system</a> from that of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> exhibits most of the changes that are typical of <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida). The <a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">diphthongization</a> of Latin stressed short e and o—which occurred in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">open syllables</a> in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in the following table: <div style="overflow: auto;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin</th> <th>Spanish</th> <th>Ladino</th> <th>Aragonese</th> <th>Asturian</th> <th>Galician</th> <th>Portuguese</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Gascon / Occitan</th> <th>French</th> <th>Sardinian</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>Romanian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>petra</td> <td colspan="4">piedra</td> <td colspan="3">pedra</td> <td>pedra, pèira</td> <td>pierre</td> <td>pedra, perda</td> <td>pietra</td> <td>piatră</td> <td>'stone' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">terra</td> <td colspan="4">tierra</td> <td colspan="3">terra</td> <td>tèrra</td> <td>terre</td> <td colspan="2">terra</td> <td>țară</td> <td>'land' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">moritur</td> <td colspan="3">muere</td> <td>muerre</td> <td colspan="2">morre</td> <td>mor</td> <td>morís</td> <td>meurt</td> <td>mòrit</td> <td>muore</td> <td>moare</td> <td>'dies (v.)' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">mortem</td> <td colspan="4">muerte</td> <td colspan="2">morte</td> <td>mort</td> <td>mòrt</td> <td>mort</td> <td>morte, morti</td> <td>morte</td> <td>moarte</td> <td>'death' </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/220px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/220px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/330px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/440px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chronological map showing linguistic evolution in southwest Europe</figcaption></figure> Spanish is marked by <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> of the Latin double consonants (<a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminates</a>) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año, and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably "<a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortified</a>" to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with the consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is <a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">no difference</a> between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v. Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> extending as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a>, and found in a small area of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>), attributed by some scholars to a Basque <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h-, still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f-/h- <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublets</a> in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make") is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: <div style="overflow: auto;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin</th> <th>Spanish</th> <th>Ladino</th> <th>Aragonese</th> <th>Asturian</th> <th>Galician</th> <th>Portuguese</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Gascon / Occitan</th> <th>French</th> <th>Sardinian</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>Romanian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">filium</td> <td>hijo</td> <td>fijo (or hijo)</td> <td>fillo</td> <td>fíu</td> <td>fillo</td> <td>filho</td> <td>fill</td> <td>filh, hilh</td> <td>fils</td> <td>fizu, fìgiu, fillu</td> <td>figlio</td> <td>fiu</td> <td>'son' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">facere</td> <td>hacer</td> <td>fazer</td> <td>fer</td> <td colspan="2">facer</td> <td>fazer</td> <td>fer</td> <td>far, faire, har (or hèr)</td> <td>faire</td> <td>fàghere, fàere, fàiri</td> <td>fare</td> <td>a face</td> <td>'to do' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">febrem</td> <td colspan="4">fiebre (calentura)</td> <td colspan="3">febre</td> <td>fèbre, frèbe, hrèbe (or herèbe)</td> <td>fièvre</td> <td>calentura</td> <td>febbre</td> <td>febră</td> <td>'fever' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">focum</td> <td colspan="3">fuego</td> <td>fueu</td> <td colspan="2">fogo</td> <td>foc</td> <td>fuòc, fòc, huèc</td> <td>feu</td> <td>fogu</td> <td>fuoco</td> <td>foc</td> <td>'fire' </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: <div style="overflow: auto;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin</th> <th>Spanish</th> <th>Ladino</th> <th>Aragonese</th> <th>Asturian</th> <th>Galician</th> <th>Portuguese</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Gascon / Occitan</th> <th>French</th> <th>Sardinian</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>Romanian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">clāvem</td> <td>llave</td> <td>clave</td> <td>clau</td> <td>llave</td> <td>chave</td> <td>chave</td> <td colspan="2">clau</td> <td>clé</td> <td>giae, crae, crai</td> <td>chiave</td> <td>cheie</td> <td>'key' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">flamma</td> <td>llama</td> <td colspan="2">flama</td> <td>chama</td> <td colspan="2">chama, flama</td> <td colspan="2">flama</td> <td>flamme</td> <td>framma</td> <td>fiamma</td> <td>flamă</td> <td>'flame' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">plēnum</td> <td>lleno</td> <td>pleno</td> <td>plen</td> <td>llenu</td> <td>cheo</td> <td>cheio, pleno</td> <td>ple</td> <td>plen</td> <td>plein</td> <td>prenu</td> <td>pieno</td> <td>plin</td> <td>'plenty, full' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">octō</td> <td colspan="2">ocho</td> <td>güeito</td> <td>ocho, oito</td> <td>oito</td> <td>oito (oito)</td> <td>vuit, huit</td> <td>uèch, uòch, uèit</td> <td>huit</td> <td>oto</td> <td>otto</td> <td>opt</td> <td>'eight' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">multum</td> <td>mucho muy</td> <td>muncho muy</td> <td>muito mui</td> <td>munchu mui</td> <td>moito moi</td> <td>muito</td> <td>molt</td> <td>molt (arch.)</td> <td>très, beaucoup, moult </td> <td>meda</td> <td>molto</td> <td>mult</td> <td>'much, very, many' </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1344"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Nebrija" title="Antonio de Nebrija">Antonio de Nebrija</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_de_la_lengua_castellana" title="Gramática de la lengua castellana">Gramática de la lengua castellana</a>, the first grammar of a modern European language<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent a dramatic change in the pronunciation of its <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonants">sibilant consonants</a>, known in Spanish as the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reajuste_de_las_sibilantes_del_idioma_espa%C3%B1ol" class="extiw" title="es:Reajuste de las sibilantes del idioma español">reajuste de las sibilantes</a>, which resulted in the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">velar</a> [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">interdental</a> [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩). See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spanish#Modern_development_of_the_Old_Spanish_sibilants" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spanish">History of Spanish (Modern development of the Old Spanish sibilants)</a> for details. The <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_de_la_lengua_castellana" title="Gramática de la lengua castellana">Gramática de la lengua castellana</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> in 1492 by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Nebrija" title="Antonio de Nebrija">Elio Antonio de Nebrija</a>, was the first grammar written for a modern European language.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella I</a>, she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In his introduction to the grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> via <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Harlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Harlem">Spanish Harlem</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see <a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Influences on the Spanish language">Influences on the Spanish language</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_(Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg/220px-El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg/220px-El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg/330px-El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg/440px-El_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo_2023_%28Anuario_del_Instituto_Cervantes%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of the Spanish language <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Official or co-official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Important minority (more than 25%) or majority language, but not official</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Notable minority language (less than 25% but more than 500,000 Spanish speakers)</div></figcaption></figure> Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a>, making it the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">most spoken language by number of native speakers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_as_a_foreign_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish as a foreign language">foreign language</a>, making it the fourth <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">most spoken language in the world overall</a> after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Spanish is also the third <a href="/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet" title="Languages used on the Internet">most used language on the Internet</a>, after English and Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg/330px-Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg/440px-Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Percentage of people who self reportedly know enough Spanish to hold a conversation, in the EU, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Native country</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> More than 8.99%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Between 4% and 8.99%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Between 1% and 3.99%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Less than 1%</div></figcaption></figure> Spanish is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Upon the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian Crown">Castilian Crown</a> as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Hard policies imposing the language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMar-Molinero200021-34">[34]</a> Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Spanish is an official language of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hispanic_America">Hispanic America</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hispanic America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Spanish language in the Americas</a></div> Today, the majority of the Spanish speakers live in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> or <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>—of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (co-official with <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a>),<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (co-official with <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, and "the other indigenous languages"),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (co-official with English),<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish language in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Spanish language in California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño Spanish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg/300px-Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg/300px-Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg/450px-Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg/600px-Spanish_spoken_at_home_in_the_United_States_2019.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Percentage of the U.S. population aged 5 and over who speaks Spanish at home in 2019, by states</figcaption></figure> Spanish language has a long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboySalgado-Robles20201-40">[40]</a> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty</a>, hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboySalgado-Robles20201-40">[40]</a> The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of the U.S. population were of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic American</a> by origin.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> While English is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles area">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio metropolitan area">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tucson">Tucson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Sun_Corridor" title="Arizona Sun Corridor">Arizona Sun Corridor</a>, as well as more recently, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Denver" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Indianapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Salt_Lake_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Nashville">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Orlando" title="Greater Orlando">Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tampa">Tampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Raleigh">Raleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area">Baltimore-Washington, D.C.</a> due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rest_of_the_Americas">Rest of the Americas</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rest of the Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although Spanish has no official recognition in the former <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territories">British colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (known until 1973 as <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a>) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">native Spanish speaking</a> minority, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> (<a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC Islands</a>) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The local language <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamentu</a> (Papiamento on Aruba) is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValleVilla2006376-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a> approved a bill, signed into law by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a>, making it mandatory for <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a> to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In September 2016 this law was revoked by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">impeachment of Dilma Rousseff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Riverense_Portu%C3%B1ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverense Portuñol">Portuñol</a> is spoken.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean Spanish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabo_08207.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Malabo_08207.JPG/220px-Malabo_08207.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Malabo_08207.JPG/220px-Malabo_08207.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Malabo_08207.JPG/330px-Malabo_08207.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Malabo_08207.JPG/440px-Malabo_08207.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spanish language signage in <a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a>, capital city of <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish colonial period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in the Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Spanish is spoken by very small communities in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> due to Cuban influence from the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Africa_and_Macaronesia">North Africa and Macaronesia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North Africa and Macaronesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan Spanish</a></div> Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off the northwest of the African mainland. The <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands</a> traces its origins back to the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Castilian conquest in the 15th century</a>, and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as a second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> While far from its heyday during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a>, the Spanish language has some presence in northern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicente201167-63">[63]</a> According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicente201167-63">[63]</a> with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFern%C3%A1ndez_V%C3%ADtores201832%E2%80%9346-65">[65]</a> Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicente201167-63">[63]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>, a primarily <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a>-speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> as its secondary official language,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>), where the Spanish language is still taught as a second language, largely by Cuban educators.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The number of Spanish speakers is unknown.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Spanish is also an official language of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-solidaridad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg/170px-La-solidaridad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg/170px-La-solidaridad2.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spanish language newspaper in the Philippines from 1892</figcaption></figure> Spanish was an official language of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Spanish colonization</a>, it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos (<a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">Ilustrados</a>). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_chabacano.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Idioma_chabacano.png/220px-Idioma_chabacano.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="3164"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 352px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Idioma_chabacano.png/220px-Idioma_chabacano.png" data-width="220" data-height="352" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Idioma_chabacano.png/330px-Idioma_chabacano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Idioma_chabacano.png/440px-Idioma_chabacano.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Chabacano" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabacano">Chabacano</a> language in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_(province)" title="Zamboanga (province)">Zamboanga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a></figcaption></figure> Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">American administration</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, a standardized version of <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> two months later.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a> shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of the country's constitution.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> with over 7,000 students studying the language in the 2021–2022 school year alone.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">local business process outsourcing industry</a> has also helped boost the language's economic prospects.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Aside from standard Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language called <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The local <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a> also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>, owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oceania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg/220px-Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg/220px-Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg/330px-Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg/440px-Parque_Nacional_Rapa_Nui.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Announcement in Spanish on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, welcoming visitors to <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_National_Park" title="Rapa Nui National Park">Rapa Nui National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Spanish is the official and most spoken language on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, which is geographically part of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> in Oceania and politically part of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. However, Easter Island's traditional language is <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Eastern Polynesian language</a>. As a legacy of comprising the former <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, Spanish loan words are present in the local languages of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In addition, in Australia and New Zealand, there are native Spanish communities, resulting from emigration from Spanish-speaking countries (mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_speakers_by_country">Spanish speakers by country</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spanish speakers by country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> 20 countries and one United States territory speak Spanish officially, and the language has a significant unofficial presence in the rest of the United States along with Andorra, Belize and the territory of Gibraltar. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Worldwide Spanish fluency (grey and * signifies official language) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Population<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </th> <th style="width:23%;" data-sort-type="number">Speakers of Spanish as a native language<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </th> <th style="width:22%;" data-sort-type="number">Native speakers and proficient speakers as a second language<a href="#cite_note-Eurob2012-94">[94]</a> </th> <th style="width:22%;" data-sort-type="number">Total number of Spanish speakers (including limited competence speakers)<a href="#cite_note-Eurob2012-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>* </td> <td>132,274,416<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td> <td>124,073,402 (93.8%)<a href="#cite_note-CIAMexico-97">[97]</a> </td> <td>128,041,635 (96.8%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>131,216,221 (99.2%)<a href="#cite_note-CIAMexico-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>334,914,895<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td> <td>43,369,734 (13.7%)<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td> <td>43,369,734 (82% of U.S. Hispanics speak Spanish very well (according to a 2011 survey).<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> There are 65.1 million Hispanics in the U.S. as of 2023<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> + 2.8 mill. non Hispanic Spanish speakers<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>) </td> <td>58,869,734<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> (43.4 million as a first language + 15.5 million as a second language. To avoid double counting, the number does not include 8 million Spanish students and some of the 7.7 million undocumented Hispanics not accounted by the Census) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>* </td> <td>52,695,952<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td> <td>52,168,992 (99%)<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">52,274,384 (99.2%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>* </td> <td>48,797,875<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td> <td>41,770,981 (85.6%)<a href="#cite_note-INEespa%C3%B1ol-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>46,845,960 (96%)<a href="#cite_note-INEespa%C3%B1ol-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>48,553,886 (99.5%)<a href="#cite_note-INEespa%C3%B1ol-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>* </td> <td>47,067,641<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td> <td>45,561,476 (96.8%)<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td> <td>46,173,356 (98.1%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>46,785,235 (99.4%)<a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>* </td> <td>32,605,423<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td> <td>31,507,179 (1,098,244 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td> <td>31,725,077 (97.3%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>32,214,158 (98.8%)<a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>* </td> <td>34,102,668<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td> <td>28,271,112 (82.9%)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">29,532,910 (86.6%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>* </td> <td>20,086,377<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td> <td>19,015,592 (281,600 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td> <td>19,262,836 (95.9%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>19,945,772 (99.3%)<a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>* </td> <td>18,350,000<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td>17,065,500 (93%)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td>17,579,300 (95.8%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>18,001,350 (98.1%)<a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>* </td> <td>17,357,886<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td>12,133,162 (69.9%)<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td> <td>13,591,225 (78.3%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>14,997,214 (86.4%)<a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>* </td> <td>11,181,595<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td> <td>11,159,232 (99.8%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">11,159,232 (99.8%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>* </td> <td>12,006,031<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td> <td>7,287,661 (60.7%)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td> <td>9,965,006 (83%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>10,553,301 (87.9%)<a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>* </td> <td>10,621,938<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td> <td>10,367,011 (97.6%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>10,367,011 (97.6%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>10,473,231 (99.6%)<a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>* </td> <td>9,526,440<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td> <td>9,318,690 (207,750 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">9,402,596 (98.7%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>67,407,241<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td> <td>477,564 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_nativespeakers-129">[129]</a> of 47,756,439<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>1,910,258 (4%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 47,756,439<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>6,685,901 (14%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 47,756,439<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>* </td> <td>7,453,695<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td> <td>5,083,420 (61.5%)<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </td> <td>6,596,520 (68.2%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>6,484,714 (87%)<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>* </td> <td>6,595,674<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </td> <td>6,285,677 (490,124 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">6,404,399 (97.1%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>* </td> <td>6,330,947<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td> <td>6,316,847 (14,100 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">6,311,954 (99.7%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>214,100,000<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td> <td>460,018<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>460,018 </td> <td>6,056,018 (460,018 immigrants native speakers + 96,000 descendants of Spanish immigrants + 5,500,000 can hold a conversation)<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demograf%C3%ADaLengEsp-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>60,542,215<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td> <td>255,459<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td> <td>1,037,248 (2%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 51,862,391<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>5,704,863 (11%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 51,862,391<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>* </td> <td>5,262,374<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td> <td>5,176,956 (84,310 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">5,225,537 (99.3%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>* </td> <td>4,278,500<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td> <td>3,777,457 (501,043 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">3,931,942 (91.9%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>* </td> <td>3,543,026<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td> <td>3,392,826 (150,200 with another mother tongue)<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">3,486,338 (98.4%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>* </td> <td>3,285,874<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td> <td>3,095,293 (94.2%)<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">3,253,015 (99%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>67,081,000<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td> <td>120,000<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td> <td>518,480 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 51,848,010<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>3,110,880 (6%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 51,848,010<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>83,190,556<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td> <td>375,207<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </td> <td>644,091 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 64,409,146<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>2,576,366 (4%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 64,409,146<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>34,605,346<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td> <td>600,795 (1.6%)<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td> <td>1,171,450<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> (3.2%)<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td> <td>1,775,000<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>35,601,000<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td> <td>6,586<a href="#cite_note-eldiae6-164">[164]</a> </td> <td>6,586 </td> <td>1,664,823<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> (10%)<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>* </td> <td>1,505,588<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,114,135 (74%)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>1,320,401 (87.7%)<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>10,352,042<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>323,237 (4%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 8,080,915<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>1,089,995<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>21,355,849<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>182,467 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 18,246,731<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>912,337 (5%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 18,246,731<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>16,665,900<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>133,719 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 13,371,980<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>668,599 (5%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 13,371,980<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>21,359,000<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>566,178 (students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>21,507,717<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> </td> <td>117,498<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>117,498 </td> <td>547,397 (117,498 native speakers + 374,571 limited competence speakers + 55,328 students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>101,562,305<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td> <td>4,803<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </td> <td>4,803 </td> <td>500,092<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> (4,803 native + 461,689 limited competence + 33,600 students) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>9,555,893<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td> <td>77,912 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_nativespeakers-129">[129]</a> of 7,791,240<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>77,912 (1% of 7,791,240) </td> <td>467,474 (6%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 7,791,240<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>10,918,405<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>89,395 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 8,939,546<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>446,977 (5%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 8,939,546<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>10,008,749<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>412,515 (students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>12,853,259 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>356,000 (students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>38,092,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>324,137 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 32,413,735<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>324,137 (1% of 32,413,735) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>8,205,533 </td> <td> </td> <td>70,098 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 7,009,827<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>280,393 (4%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 7,009,827<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </td> <td>430,191<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </td> <td>224,130 (52.1%)<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_in_Belize-182">[182]</a> </td> <td>224,130 (52.1%) </td> <td>270,160 (62.8%)<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_in_Belize-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td>33,769,669 </td> <td> </td> <td>175,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>223,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>8,570,146<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> </td> <td>197,113 (2.3%)<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </td> <td>197,113 </td> <td>211,533 (14,420 students)<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td>21,599,100<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>193,018 (students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>5,484,723 </td> <td> </td> <td>45,613 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 4,561,264<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>182,450 (4%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 4,561,264<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>7,112,359 </td> <td> </td> <td>130,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>175,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>127,288,419 </td> <td>108,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>108,000 </td> <td>168,000 (60,000 students)<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td>1,545,255<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>167,410 (students)<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> </td> <td>223,652 </td> <td>10,006<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>10,006 </td> <td>150,678<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>4,581,269<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>35,220 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 3,522,000<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>140,880 (4%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 3,522,000<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>5,244,749 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>133,200 (3%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 4,440,004<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>7,262,675 </td> <td> </td> <td>130,750 (2%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 6,537,510<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>130,750 (2%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 6,537,510<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>5,165,800 </td> <td>13,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>13,000 </td> <td>129,168 (92,168 students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td>10,513,209<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>90,124 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 9,012,443<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>146,171,015<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> </td> <td>3,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>87,313 (84,313 students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>9,957,731<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>83,206 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 8,320,614<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> </td> <td>101,484<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> </td> <td>13,710<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>75,402<a href="#cite_note-eldiae6-164">[164]</a> </td> <td>83,064<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td>1,317,714<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> </td> <td>4,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td>70,401<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,201<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>1,201 </td> <td>60,582<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>1,411,778,724<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> </td> <td>5,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>59,499 (54,499 students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>22,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>22,000 </td> <td>58,373 (36,373 students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>35,194 (2%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 1,759,701<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>52,791 (3%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 1,759,701<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1,386,745,000<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> </td> <td>1,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>50,264 (49,264 students)<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </td> <td>84,484 </td> <td>30,414<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>30,414 </td> <td>47,271<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td>5,455,407 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>45,500 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 4,549,955<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td> <td>29,441<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> </td> <td>22,758 (77.3%<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td>2,972,949<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>28,297 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 2,829,740<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>524,853 </td> <td>4,049 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_nativespeakers-129">[129]</a> of 404,907<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>8,098 (2%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">[131]</a> of 404,907<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td> <td>24,294 (6%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 404,907<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </td> <td>513,000<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> </td> <td>N/A<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>22,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>83,614,362 </td> <td>1,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>20,346<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> (4,346 students)<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/US_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="US Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>16,788<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>16,788 </td> <td>16,788 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>2,209,000<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>13,943 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 1,447,866<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 660,400<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>9,457 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 945,733<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>2,711,476<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> </td> <td>8,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>8,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>666 </td> <td>3,866<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> </td> <td>3,866 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,500 (students)<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,354 (1%<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">[132]</a> of 335,476<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">[130]</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;" class="sortbottom"> <td>Total </td> <td>7,626,000,000 (total world population)<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> </td> <td>480,000,000<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> (6%) </td> <td>506,650,703<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> (6.5%) </td> <td>595,000,000<a href="#cite_note-viva18-1">[1]</a> (7.5%) </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/170px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1893"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/170px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/255px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/340px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, considered by many the greatest author of Spanish literature, and author of <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, widely considered the first modern European novel</figcaption></figure> Most of the grammatical and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typological</a> features of Spanish are shared with the other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. Spanish is a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nouns" title="Spanish nouns">noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_adjectives" title="Spanish adjectives">adjective</a> systems exhibit two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>. In addition, articles and some <a href="/wiki/Spanish_pronouns" title="Spanish pronouns">pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_determiners" title="Spanish determiners">determiners</a> have a neuter gender in their singular form. There are about fifty <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> forms per <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, with 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a> for past: <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; 3 persons: first, second, third; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 3 <a href="/wiki/Verboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Verboid">verboid</a> forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle. The indicative mood is the <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> one, while the subjunctive mood <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood_in_Spanish" title="Subjunctive mood in Spanish">expresses uncertainty or indetermination</a>, and is commonly paired with the conditional, which is a mood used to express "would" (as in, "I would eat if I had food"); the imperative is a mood to express a command, commonly a one word phrase – "¡Di!" ("Talk!"). Verbs express <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">T-V distinction</a> by using different persons for formal and informal addresses. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see <a href="/wiki/Spanish_verbs" title="Spanish verbs">Spanish verbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_irregular_verbs" title="Spanish irregular verbs">Spanish irregular verbs</a>.) Spanish <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> is considered <a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">right-branching</a>, meaning that subordinate or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifying</a> <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituents</a> tend to be placed after head words. The language uses <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositions</a> (rather than postpositions or inflection of nouns for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>), and usually—though not always—places <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> after <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, as do most other Romance languages. Spanish is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> language; however, as in most Romance languages, constituent order is highly variable and governed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">topicalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a>. It is a "<a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject</a>" language—that is, it allows the deletion of subject pronouns when they are <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatically</a> unnecessary. Spanish is described as a "<a href="/wiki/Verb_framing" title="Verb framing">verb-framed</a>" language, meaning that the direction of motion is expressed in the verb while the mode of locomotion is expressed adverbially (e.g. subir corriendo or salir volando; the respective English equivalents of these examples—'to run up' and 'to fly out'—show that English is, by contrast, "satellite-framed", with mode of locomotion expressed in the verb and direction in an adverbial modifier). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Miguel_Hache_-_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Miguel_Hache_-_voice.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Miguel_Hache_-_voice.ogg/Miguel_Hache_-_voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Miguel_Hache_-_voice.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMiguel_Hache_-_voice.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMiguel_Hache_-_voice.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio><figcaption>Spanish as spoken in Spain</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a></div> The Spanish phonological system evolved from that of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. Its development exhibits some traits in common with other <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a>, others with the neighboring Hispanic varieties—especially <a href="/wiki/Leonese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese dialect">Leonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>—as well as other features unique to Spanish. Spanish is alone among its immediate neighbors in having undergone frequent aspiration and eventual loss of the Latin initial /f/ sound (e.g. Cast. harina vs. Leon. and Arag. farina).<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The Latin initial consonant sequences pl-, cl-, and fl- in Spanish typically merge as ll- (originally pronounced [ʎ]), while in Aragonese they are preserved in most dialects, and in Leonese they present a variety of outcomes, including [tʃ], [ʃ], and [ʎ]. Where Latin had -li- before a vowel (e.g. filius) or the ending -iculus, -icula (e.g. auricula), Old Spanish produced [ʒ], that in Modern Spanish became the velar fricative [x] (hijo, oreja), whereas neighboring languages have the palatal lateral [ʎ] (e.g. Portuguese filho, orelha; Catalan fill, orella). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segmental_phonology">Segmental phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Segmental phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Spanish_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Spanish_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="746"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Spanish_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Spanish_vowel_chart.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Spanish_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Spanish_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Spanish_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Spanish_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spanish vowel chart, from <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedJohnson2010">Ladefoged & Johnson (2010</a>:227)</figcaption></figure> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> inventory consists of five vowel phonemes (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (the exact number depending on the dialect<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a>). The main <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a> variation among vowels is the reduction of the high vowels /i/ and /u/ to glides—[j] and [w] respectively—when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Some instances of the mid vowels /e/ and /o/, determined lexically, alternate with the diphthongs /je/ and /we/ respectively when stressed, in a process that is better described as <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonemic</a> rather than phonological, as it is not predictable from phonology alone. The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a> phonemes, and one or two (depending on the dialect) <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> phoneme(s), which in syllable-final position <a href="/wiki/Archiphonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphonemic">lose their contrast</a> and are subject to <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> to a following consonant; (2) three <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a> /tʃ/; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a>; (4) a set of voiced <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>—/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, and sometimes /ʝ/—which alternate between <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> allophones depending on the environment; and (5) a phonemic distinction between the "<a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">tapped</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trilled</a>" r-sounds (single ⟨r⟩ and double ⟨rr⟩ in orthography). In the following table of consonant phonemes, /ʎ/ is marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that it is preserved only in some dialects. In most dialects it has been merged with /ʝ/ in the merger called <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">yeísmo</a>. Similarly, /θ/ is also marked with an asterisk to indicate that most dialects do not distinguish it from /s/ (see <a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">seseo</a>), although this is not a true merger but an outcome of different evolution of sibilants in Southern Spain. The phoneme /ʃ/ is in parentheses () to indicate that it appears only in <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>. Each of the voiced obstruent phonemes /b/, /d/, /ʝ/, and /ɡ/ appears to the right of a pair of voiceless phonemes, to indicate that, while the voiceless phonemes maintain a phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, the voiced ones alternate <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonically</a> (i.e. without phonemic contrast) between plosive and approximant pronunciations. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"></td> <td style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"></td> <td style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"></td> <td style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>* </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>) </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>* </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prosody" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Spanish is classified by its <a href="/wiki/Isochrony" title="Isochrony">rhythm</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Isochrony#syllable_timing" title="Isochrony">syllable-timed language</a>: each syllable has approximately the same duration regardless of stress.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Spanish <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> varies significantly according to dialect but generally conforms to a pattern of falling tone for declarative sentences and wh-questions (who, what, why, etc.) and rising tone for <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">yes/no questions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> There are no syntactic markers to distinguish between questions and statements and thus, the recognition of declarative or interrogative depends entirely on intonation. Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth-to-last or earlier syllables. Stress tends to occur as follows:<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <ul><li>in words that end with a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a>, on the penultimate syllable</li> <li>when the word ends in a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, on the final syllable.</li> <li>in words that end with a consonant, on the last syllable, with the exception of two grammatical endings: -n, for third-person-plural of verbs, and -s, for plural of nouns and adjectives or for second-person-singular of verbs. However, even though a significant number of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are also stressed on the penult (joven, virgen, mitin), the great majority of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are stressed on their last syllable (capitán, almacén, jardín, corazón).</li> <li>Preantepenultimate stress (stress on the fourth-to-last syllable) occurs rarely, only on verbs with <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> pronouns attached (e.g. guardándoselos 'saving them for him/her/them/you').</li></ul> In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> that contrast solely on stress such as sábana ('sheet') and sabana ('savannah'); límite ('boundary'), limite ('he/she limits') and limité ('I limited'); líquido ('liquid'), liquido ('I sell off') and liquidó ('he/she sold off'). The orthographic system unambiguously reflects where the stress occurs: in the absence of an accent mark, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last letter is ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or a vowel, in which cases the stress falls on the next-to-last (penultimate) syllable. Exceptions to those rules are indicated by an acute accent mark over the vowel of the stressed syllable. (See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a>.) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Speaker_population">Speaker population</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Speaker population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Spanish is the official, or national language in <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">18 countries and one territory in the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>. With a population of over 410 million, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Hispanophone America</a> accounts for the vast majority of Spanish speakers, of which <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> is the most populous Spanish-speaking country. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Spanish is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> of 8% of the population, with an additional 7% speaking it as a second language.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Additionally, Spanish is the second most spoken language in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and is by far the most popular foreign language among students.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In 2015, it was estimated that over 50 million Americans spoke Spanish, about 41 million of whom were native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> With continued immigration and increased use of the language domestically in public spheres and media, the number of Spanish speakers in the United States is expected to continue growing over the forthcoming decades.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Dialectal_variation">Dialectal variation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dialectal variation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png/300px-Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png/300px-Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png" data-width="300" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png/450px-Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png/600px-Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A world map attempting to identify the main dialects of Spanish</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialects and varieties</a></div> While being mutually intelligible, there are important variations (<a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a>) in the spoken Spanish of the various regions of Spain and throughout the Spanish-speaking areas of the Americas. The national variety with the most speakers is <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>. It is spoken by more than twenty percent of the world's Spanish speakers (more than 112 million of the total of more than 500 million, according to the table above). One of its main features is the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduction</a> or loss of <a href="/wiki/Unstressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstressed vowel">unstressed vowels</a>, mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In Spain, northern dialects are popularly thought of as closer to the standard, although positive attitudes toward southern dialects have increased significantly in the last 50 years. The speech from the educated classes of Madrid is the standard variety for use on radio and television in Spain and it is indicated by many as the one that has most influenced the written standard for Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Central (European) Spanish speech patterns have been noted to be in the process of merging with more innovative southern varieties (including Eastern Andalusian and Murcian), as an emerging interdialectal levelled koine buffered between the Madrid's traditional national standard and the Seville speech trends.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology_2">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_change_%22f_%E2%86%92_h%22_in_Spanish" title='Phonetic change "f → h" in Spanish'>Phonetic change "f → h" in Spanish</a></div> The four main phonological divisions are based respectively on (1) the phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/, (2) the <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a> of syllable-final /s/, (3) the sound of the spelled ⟨s⟩, (4) and the phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/. <ul><li>The phoneme /θ/ (spelled c before e or i and spelled ⟨z⟩ elsewhere), a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a> as in English thing, is maintained by a majority of Spain's population, especially in the northern and central parts of the country. In other areas (some parts of southern Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, and the Americas), /θ/ does not exist and /s/ occurs instead. The maintenance of phonemic contrast is called <a href="/wiki/Distinci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinción">distinción</a> in Spanish, while the merger is generally called <a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">seseo</a> (in reference to the usual realization of the merged phoneme as [s]) or, occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Ceceo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceceo">ceceo</a> (referring to its interdental realization, [θ], in some parts of southern Spain). In most of Hispanic America, the spelled ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and spelled ⟨z⟩ is always pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant#Dentalized_laminal_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">voiceless dental sibilant</a>.</li> <li>The debuccalization (pronunciation as [h], or loss) of syllable-final /s/ is associated with the southern half of Spain and lowland Americas: Central America (except central Costa Rica and Guatemala), the Caribbean, coastal areas of southern Mexico, and South America except Andean highlands. Debuccalization is frequently called "aspiration" in English, and aspiración in Spanish. When there is no debuccalization, the syllable-final /s/ is pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant#Retracted_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">voiceless "apico-alveolar" sibilant</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant#Dentalized_laminal_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">voiceless dental sibilant</a> in the same fashion as in the next paragraph.</li> <li>The sound that corresponds to the letter ⟨s⟩ is pronounced in northern and central Spain as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant#Retracted_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">voiceless "apico-alveolar" sibilant</a> [s̺] (also described acoustically as "<a href="/wiki/Grave_and_acute" title="Grave and acute">grave</a>" and articulatorily as "retracted"), with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> fricatives. In <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and most of Hispanic America (except in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Paisa_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Paisa region</a> of Colombia) it is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant#Dentalized_laminal_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">voiceless dental sibilant</a> [s], much like the most frequent pronunciation of the /s/ of English.</li> <li>The phoneme /ʎ/, spelled ⟨ll⟩, a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">palatal lateral</a> consonant that can be approximated by the sound of the ⟨lli⟩ of English million, tends to be maintained in less-urbanized areas of northern Spain and in the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">highland areas of South America</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish#Dialects" title="Bolivian Spanish">lowland Bolivia</a>. Meanwhile, in the speech of most other Spanish speakers, it is merged with /ʝ/ ("curly-tail j"), a non-lateral, usually voiced, usually fricative, palatal consonant, sometimes compared to English /j/ (yod) as in yacht and spelled ⟨y⟩ in Spanish. As with other forms of allophony across world languages, the small difference of the spelled ⟨ll⟩ and the spelled ⟨y⟩ is usually not perceived (the difference is not heard) by people who do not produce them as different phonemes. Such a phonemic merger is called <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">yeísmo</a> in Spanish. In <a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense Spanish</a>, the merged phoneme is generally pronounced as a postalveolar fricative, either voiced [ʒ] (as in English measure or the French ⟨j⟩) in the central and western parts of the dialectal region (zheísmo), or voiceless [ʃ] (as in the French ⟨ch⟩ or Portuguese ⟨x⟩) in and around Buenos Aires and Montevideo (sheísmo).<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The main <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns, especially those of the second <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">object pronouns</a> of the third <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voseo">Voseo</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Voseo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">Voseo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voseo-extension-real.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Voseo-extension-real.PNG/220px-Voseo-extension-real.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 292px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Voseo-extension-real.PNG/220px-Voseo-extension-real.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Voseo-extension-real.PNG/330px-Voseo-extension-real.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Voseo-extension-real.PNG/440px-Voseo-extension-real.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An examination of the dominance and stress of the voseo feature in Hispanic America. Data generated as illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a>. The darker the area, the stronger its dominance.</figcaption></figure> Virtually all dialects of Spanish make the <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">distinction</a> between a formal and a familiar <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">second-person</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> and thus have two different <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> meaning "you": usted in the formal and either tú or vos in the familiar (and each of these three pronouns has its associated verb forms), with the choice of tú or vos varying from one dialect to another. The use of vos and its verb forms is called <a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a>. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used, with usted, tú, and vos denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy.<a href="#cite_note-rae.es_site-229">[229]</a> In voseo, vos is the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> form (vos decís, "you say") and the form for the object of a <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">preposition</a> (voy con vos, "I am going with you"), while the direct and indirect <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> forms, and the <a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessives</a>, are the same as those associated with tú: Vos sabés que tus amigos te respetan ("You know your friends respect you"). The verb forms of the general voseo are the same as those used with tú except in the present <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>) verbs. The forms for vos generally can be derived from those of vosotros (the traditional second-person familiar plural) by deleting the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glide</a> [i̯], or /d/, where it appears in the ending: vosotros pensáis > vos pensás; vosotros volvéis > vos volvés, pensad! (vosotros) > pensá! (vos), volved! (vosotros) > volvé! (vos).<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>General voseo (<a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">River Plate Spanish</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">Indicative </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Subjunctive </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <th>Simple past </th> <th>Imperfect past </th> <th>Future </th> <th>Conditional </th> <th>Present </th> <th>Past </th></tr> <tr> <td>pensás </td> <td>pensaste </td> <td>pensabas </td> <td>pensarás </td> <td>pensarías </td> <td>pienses </td> <td>pensaras pensases </td> <td>pensá </td></tr> <tr> <td>volvés </td> <td>volviste </td> <td>volvías </td> <td>volverás </td> <td>volverías </td> <td>vuelvas </td> <td>volvieras volvieses </td> <td>volvé </td></tr> <tr> <td>dormís </td> <td>dormiste </td> <td>dormías </td> <td>dormirás </td> <td>dormirías </td> <td>duermas </td> <td>durmieras durmieses </td> <td>dormí </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. </td></tr></tbody></table> In Central American voseo, the tú and vos forms differ in the present subjunctive as well: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Central American voseo </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">Indicative </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Subjunctive </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <th>Simple past </th> <th>Imperfect past </th> <th>Future </th> <th>Conditional </th> <th>Present </th> <th>Past </th></tr> <tr> <td>pensás </td> <td>pensaste </td> <td>pensabas </td> <td>pensarás </td> <td>pensarías </td> <td>pensés </td> <td>pensaras pensases </td> <td>pensá </td></tr> <tr> <td>volvés </td> <td>volviste </td> <td>volvías </td> <td>volverás </td> <td>volverías </td> <td>volvás </td> <td>volvieras volvieses </td> <td>volvé </td></tr> <tr> <td>dormís </td> <td>dormiste </td> <td>dormías </td> <td>dormirás </td> <td>dormirías </td> <td>durmás </td> <td>durmieras durmieses </td> <td>dormí </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. </td></tr></tbody></table> In Chilean voseo, almost all vos forms are distinct from the corresponding standard tú-forms. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Chilean voseo </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">Indicative </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Subjunctive </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <th>Simple past </th> <th>Imperfect past </th> <th>Future<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> </th> <th>Conditional </th> <th>Present </th> <th>Past </th></tr> <tr> <td>pensái(s) </td> <td>pensaste </td> <td>pensabais </td> <td>pensarí(s) pensaráis </td> <td>pensaríai(s) </td> <td>pensí(s) </td> <td>pensarai(s) pensases </td> <td>piensa </td></tr> <tr> <td>volví(s) </td> <td>volviste </td> <td>volvíai(s) </td> <td>volverí(s) volveráis </td> <td>volveríai(s) </td> <td>volvái(s) </td> <td>volvierai(s) volvieses </td> <td>vuelve </td></tr> <tr> <td>dormís </td> <td>dormiste </td> <td>dormíais </td> <td>dormirís dormiráis </td> <td>dormiríais </td> <td>durmáis </td> <td>durmierais durmieses </td> <td>duerme </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. </td></tr></tbody></table> The use of the pronoun vos with the verb forms of tú (vos piensas) is called "pronominal voseo". Conversely, the use of the verb forms of vos with the pronoun tú (tú pensás or tú pensái) is called "verbal voseo". In Chile, for example, verbal voseo is much more common than the actual use of the pronoun vos, which is usually reserved for highly informal situations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Distribution_in_Spanish-speaking_regions_of_the_Americas">Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although vos is not used in Spain, it occurs in many Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, with wide differences in social consideration.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of tuteo (the use of tú) in the following areas: almost all of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. Tuteo as a cultured form alternates with voseo as a popular or rural form in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes (and most notably in the Venezuelan state of <a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a>), and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers maintain that voseo can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, and others assert that it is absent from the island.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Tuteo exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar voseo in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, in the Venezuelan state of <a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a>, on the Caribbean coast of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Azuero_Peninsula" title="Azuero Peninsula">Azuero Peninsula</a> in Panama, in the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, and in parts of Guatemala. Areas of generalized voseo include <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and the Colombian departments of <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldas_Department" title="Caldas Department">Caldas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risaralda_Department" title="Risaralda Department">Risaralda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quindio" class="mw-redirect" title="Quindio">Quindio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle del Cauca">Valle del Cauca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rae.es_site-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ustedes">Ustedes</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ustedes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ustedes functions as formal and informal second-person plural in all of Hispanic America, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. It agrees with verbs in the 3rd person plural. Most of Spain maintains the <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">formal/familiar distinction</a> with ustedes and vosotros respectively. The use of ustedes with the second person plural is sometimes heard in Andalusia, but it is non-standard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usted">Usted</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Usted" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Usted is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, but it is used jointly with the third-person singular voice of the verb. It is used to convey respect toward someone who is a generation older or is of higher authority ("you, sir"/"you, ma'am"). It is also used in a familiar context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of tú or vos. This usage is sometimes called <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustedeo" class="extiw" title="es:Ustedeo">ustedeo</a> in Spanish. In Central America, especially in Honduras, usted is often used as a formal pronoun to convey respect between the members of a romantic couple. Usted is also used that way between parents and children in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third-person_object_pronouns">Third-person object pronouns</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Third-person object pronouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most speakers use (and the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> prefers) the pronouns lo and la for <a href="/wiki/Direct_object#The_object_in_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct objects</a> (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a>, meaning "him", "her", or "it"), and le for <a href="/wiki/Direct_object#The_object_in_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">indirect objects</a> (regardless of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a>, meaning "to him", "to her", or "to it"). The usage is sometimes called "etymological", as these direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> pronouns of Latin, the ancestor language of Spanish. Deviations from this norm (more common in Spain than in the Americas) are called "<a href="/wiki/Le%C3%ADsmo" title="Leísmo">leísmo</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADsmo" title="Loísmo">loísmo</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/La%C3%ADsmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Laísmo">laísmo</a>", according to which respective pronoun, le, lo, or la, has expanded beyond the etymological usage (le as a direct object, or lo or la as an indirect object). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some words can be significantly different in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to manteca (word used for <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a>), palta, and damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except manteca), Paraguay, Peru (except manteca and damasco), and Uruguay. In the healthcare context, an assessment of the Spanish translation of the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_well-being_scale" title="Quality of well-being scale">QWB-SA</a> identified some regional vocabulary choices and US-specific concepts, which cannot be successfully implemented in Spain without adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Vocabulary_2">Vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Around 85% of everyday Spanish vocabulary is of <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin origin</a>. Most of the core vocabulary and the most common words in Spanish comes from Latin. The Spanish words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly words of Latin origin. These words of Latin origin can be classified as heritage words, cultisms and semi-cultisms. Most of the Spanish lexicon is made up of heritage lexicon. Heritage or directly inherited words are those whose presence in the spoken language has been continued since before the differentiation of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. Heritage words are characterized by having undergone all the phonetic changes experienced by the language. This differentiates it from the cultisms and semi-cultisms that were no longer used in the spoken language and were later reintroduced for restricted uses. Because of this, cultisms generally have not experienced some of the phonetic changes and present a different form than they would have if they had been transmitted with heritage words. In the philological tradition of Spanish, cultism is called a word whose morphology very strictly follows its Greek or Latin etymological origin, without undergoing the changes that the evolution of the Spanish language followed from its origin in <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. The same concept also exists in other Romance languages. Reintroduced into the language for cultural, literary or scientific considerations, cultism only adapts its form to the orthographic and phonological conventions derived from linguistic evolution, but ignores the transformations that the roots and morphemes underwent in the development of the Romance language. In some cases, cultisms are used to introduce technical or specialized terminology that, present in the classical language, did not appear in the Romance language due to lack of use; This is the case of many of the literary, legal and philosophical terms of classical culture, such as ataraxia (from the Greek ἀταραξία, "dispassion") or legislar (built from the Latin legislator). In other cases, they construct neologisms, such as the name of most scientific disciplines. A semi-cultism is a word that did not evolve in the expected way, in the vernacular language (Romance language), unlike heritage words; its evolution is incomplete. Many times interrupted by cultural influences (ecclesiastical, legal, administrative, etc.). For the same reason, they maintain some features of the language of origin. Dios is a clear example of semi-cultism, where it came from the Latin Deus. It is a semi-cultism, because it maintains (without fully adapting to Castilianization, in this case) some characteristics of the Latin language—the ending in -s—, but, at the same time, it undergoes slight phonetic modifications (change of eu for io). Deus > Dios (instead of remaining cultist: Deus > *Deus, or becoming a heritage word: Deus > *Dío). The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> influenced by stopping the natural evolution of this word, and, in this way, converted this word into a semi-cultism and unconsciously prevented it from becoming a heritage word. Spanish vocabulary has been influenced by several languages. As in other European languages, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a> words (Hellenisms) are abundant in the terminologies of several fields, including <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Its vocabulary has also been <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Arabic language influence on the Spanish language">influenced by Arabic</a>, having developed during the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> era in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, with around 8% of its vocabulary having <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> lexical roots.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dworkin83-239">[239]</a> It has also been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Visigothic</a>, and other neighboring Ibero-Romance languages.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dworkin83-239">[239]</a> Additionally, it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages, particularly other Romance languages such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Indigenous_American_Indian_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin">other indigenous languages of the Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> In the 18th century, words taken from French referring above all to fashion, cooking and bureaucracy were added to the Spanish lexicon. In the 19th century, new loanwords were incorporated, especially from English and German, but also from Italian in areas related to music, particularly opera and cooking. In the 20th century, the pressure of English in the fields of technology, computing, science and sports was greatly accentuated. In general, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> is more susceptible to loanwords from English or Anglicisms. For example: <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> (computer mouse) is used in Latin America, in Spain ratón is used. This happens largely due to closer contact with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. For its part, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> is known by the use of Gallicisms or words taken from neighboring <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (such as the Gallicism ordenador in European Spanish, in contrast to the Anglicism computador or computadora in American Spanish). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_languages">Relation to other languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Relation to other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Portuguese_and_Spanish" title="Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish">Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish</a></div> Spanish is closely related to the other <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian Romance languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. It is somewhat less similar, to varying degrees, from other members of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> family. It is generally acknowledged that Portuguese and Spanish speakers can communicate in written form, with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</a> of the written Spanish and Portuguese languages is high, lexically and grammatically. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> gives estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> between related languages in terms of precise percentages. For Spanish and Portuguese, that figure is 89%, although phonologically the two languages are quite dissimilar. Italian on the other hand, is phonologically similar to Spanish, while sharing lower lexical and grammatical similarity of 82%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> or between Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> is lower still, given lexical similarity ratings of 75% and 71% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is much lower, at an estimated 45%. In general, thanks to the common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages, interlingual comprehension of the written word is greater than that of oral communication. The following table compares the forms of some common words in several Romance languages: <div style="overflow:auto;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </th> <th>Spanish </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese linguistic group">Astur-Leonese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nōs (alterōs)1,2 "we (others)" </td> <td>nosotros </td> <td>nós, nosoutros3 </td> <td>nós, nós outros3 </td> <td>nós, nosotros </td> <td>nusatros </td> <td>nosaltres (arch. nós) </td> <td>nous4 </td> <td>noi, noialtri5 </td> <td>noi </td> <td>'we' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">frātre(m) germānu(m) "true brother" </td> <td>hermano </td> <td>irmán </td> <td>irmão </td> <td>hermanu </td> <td>chirmán </td> <td>germà (arch. frare)6 </td> <td>frère </td> <td>fratello </td> <td>frate </td> <td>'brother' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">die(m) mārtis (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a>) "day of Mars" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">tertia(m) fēria(m) (<a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a>) "third (holi)day" </td> <td>martes </td> <td>Martes, Terza Feira </td> <td>Terça-Feira </td> <td>Martes </td> <td>Martes </td> <td>Dimarts </td> <td>Mardi </td> <td>Martedì </td> <td>Marți </td> <td>'Tuesday' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">cantiōne(m) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">canticu(m) </td> <td>canción7 (arch. cançón) </td> <td>canción, cançom8 </td> <td>canção </td> <td>canción (also canciu) </td> <td>canta </td> <td>cançó </td> <td>chanson </td> <td>canzone </td> <td>cântec </td> <td>'song' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">magis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">plūs </td> <td>más (arch. plus) </td> <td>máis </td> <td>mais </td> <td>más </td> <td>más (also més) </td> <td>més (arch. pus or plus) </td> <td>plus </td> <td>più </td> <td>mai </td> <td>'more' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">manu(m) sinistra(m) </td> <td>mano izquierda9 (arch. mano siniestra) </td> <td>man esquerda9 </td> <td>mão esquerda9 (arch. mão sẽestra) </td> <td>manu izquierda9 (or esquierda; also manzorga) </td> <td>man cucha </td> <td>mà esquerra9 (arch. mà sinistra) </td> <td>main gauche </td> <td>mano sinistra </td> <td>mâna stângă </td> <td>'left hand' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">rēs, rĕm "thing" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nūlla(m) rem nāta(m) "no born thing" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">mīca(m) "crumb" </td> <td>nada </td> <td>nada (also ren and res) </td> <td>nada (arch. rés) </td> <td>nada (also un res) </td> <td>cosa </td> <td>res </td> <td>rien, nul </td> <td>niente, nulla mica (negative particle) </td> <td>nimic, nul </td> <td>'nothing' </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">cāseu(m) fōrmāticu(m) "form-cheese" </td> <td>queso </td> <td>queixo </td> <td>queijo </td> <td>quesu </td> <td>queso </td> <td>formatge </td> <td>fromage </td> <td>formaggio/cacio </td> <td>caș10 </td> <td>'cheese' </td></tr></tbody></table></div> 1. In Romance etymology, Latin terms are given in the Accusative since most forms derive from this case. 2. As in "us very selves", an emphatic expression. 3. Also nós outros in early modern Portuguese (e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Lusiads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lusiads">The Lusiads</a>), and nosoutros in Galician. 4. Alternatively nous autres in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. 5. noialtri in many Southern <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages of Italy">Italian dialects and languages</a>. 6. Medieval Catalan (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Llibre_dels_fets" title="Llibre dels fets">Llibre dels fets</a>). 7. Modified with the learned suffix -ción. 8. Depending on the written norm used (see <a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a>). 9. From <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> esku, "hand" + erdi, "half, incomplete". This negative meaning also applies for Latin sinistra(m) ("dark, unfortunate"). 10. Romanian caș (from Latin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">cāsevs) means a type of cheese. The universal term for cheese in Romanian is brânză (from unknown etymology).<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Spanish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashiscript.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG/220px-Rashiscript.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="87"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 56px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG/220px-Rashiscript.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG/330px-Rashiscript.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a>, originally used to print Judaeo-Spanish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delacroix_letter.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delacroix_letter.png/190px-Delacroix_letter.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="618"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delacroix_letter.png/190px-Delacroix_letter.png" data-width="190" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delacroix_letter.png/285px-Delacroix_letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Delacroix_letter.png/380px-Delacroix_letter.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An original letter in Haketia, written in 1832</figcaption></figure> Judaeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino,<a href="#cite_note-Ladino-249">[249]</a> is a variety of Spanish which preserves many features of medieval Spanish and some old Portuguese and is spoken by descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhambra decree">expelled from Spain in the 15th century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ladino-249">[249]</a> While in Portugal the conversion of Jews occurred earlier and the assimilation of <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a> was overwhelming, in Spain the Jews kept their language and identity. The relationship of Ladino and Spanish is therefore comparable with that of the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish language</a> to <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. Ladino speakers today are almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardi</a> Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece, or the Balkans, and living mostly in Israel, Turkey, and the United States, with a few communities in Hispanic America.<a href="#cite_note-Ladino-249">[249]</a> Judaeo-Spanish lacks the <a href="/wiki/Amerindian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian languages">Native American vocabulary</a> which was acquired by standard Spanish during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonial period</a>, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Spanish, including vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, French, Greek and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled. Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim (immigrants to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to assimilation by modern Spanish. A related dialect is <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a>, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. This too, tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Spanish is written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, with the addition of the character ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩ (eñe, representing the phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/, a letter distinct from ⟨n⟩, although typographically composed of an ⟨n⟩ with a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>). Formerly the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> ⟨ch⟩ (che, representing the phoneme /t͡ʃ/) and ⟨ll⟩ (elle, representing the phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/ or /ʝ/), were also considered single letters. However, the digraph ⟨rr⟩ (erre fuerte, 'strong r', erre doble, 'double r', or simply erre), which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, was not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ll⟩ have been treated as letter pairs for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> purposes, though they remained a part of the alphabet until 2010. Words with ⟨ch⟩ are now alphabetically sorted between those with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨ci⟩, instead of following ⟨cz⟩ as they used to. The situation is similar for ⟨ll⟩.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters: <dl><dd>A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.</dd></dl> Since 2010, none of the digraphs (ch, ll, rr, gu, qu) are considered letters by the Royal Spanish Academy.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The letters k and w are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages (kilo, folklore, whisky, kiwi, etc.). With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="México">México</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Toponymy_of_Mexico#Phonetic_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponymy of Mexico">Toponymy of Mexico</a>), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions, a typical Spanish word is stressed on the <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including ⟨y⟩) or with a vowel followed by ⟨n⟩ or an ⟨s⟩; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed vowel</a>. The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a>, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a>: compare el ('the', masculine singular definite article) with él ('he' or 'it'), or te ('you', object pronoun) with té ('tea'), de (preposition 'of') versus dé ('give' [formal imperative/third-person present subjunctive]), and se (reflexive pronoun) versus sé ('I know' or imperative 'be'). The interrogative pronouns (qué, cuál, dónde, quién, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives (ése, éste, aquél, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. Accent marks used to be omitted on capital letters (a widespread practice in the days of <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the Real Academia Española advises against this and the orthographic conventions taught at schools enforce the use of the accent. When u is written between g and a front vowel e or i, it indicates a "<a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G" title="Hard and soft G">hard g</a>" pronunciation. A <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> ü indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., cigüeña, 'stork', is pronounced [θiˈɣweɲa]; if it were written *cigueña, it would be pronounced *[θiˈɣeɲa]). Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with <a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted question and exclamation marks</a> (¿ and ¡, respectively) and closed by the usual question and exclamation marks. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Spanish_Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Royal Spanish Academy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a></div> The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española), founded in 1713,<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> together with the 21 other national ones (see <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a>), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard Spanish</a>) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Association of Spanish Language Academies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/220px-Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/220px-Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/330px-Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/440px-Pa%C3%ADses_con_Academia_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Member states of the ASALE<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></figcaption></figure> The Association of Spanish Language Academies (Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, or ASALE) is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It was created in Mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world. It comprises the academies of 23 countries, ordered by date of academy foundation: <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Spain</a> (1713),<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Colombiana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Colombiana de la Lengua">Colombia</a> (1871),<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Ecuatoriana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua">Ecuador</a> (1874),<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Mexicana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Mexicana de la Lengua">Mexico</a> (1875),<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Salvadore%C3%B1a_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua">El Salvador</a> (1876),<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Venezolana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Venezolana de la Lengua">Venezuela</a> (1883),<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Chilena_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Chilena de la Lengua">Chile</a> (1885),<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Peruana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Peruana de la Lengua">Peru</a> (1887),<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Guatemalteca_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua">Guatemala</a> (1887),<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Costarricense_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Costarricense de la Lengua">Costa Rica</a> (1923),<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Filipina_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española">Philippines</a> (1924),<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Paname%C3%B1a_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Panameña de la Lengua">Panama</a> (1926),<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Cubana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Cubana de la Lengua">Cuba</a> (1926),<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Paraguaya_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española">Paraguay</a> (1927),<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Dominicana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Dominicana de la Lengua">Dominican Republic</a> (1927),<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Boliviana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Boliviana de la Lengua">Bolivia</a> (1927),<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Nicarag%C3%BCense_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua">Nicaragua</a> (1928),<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Argentina_de_Letras" title="Academia Argentina de Letras">Argentina</a> (1931),<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Letras,_del_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Nacional de Letras, del Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (1943),<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Hondure%C3%B1a_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Hondureña de la Lengua">Honduras</a> (1949),<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Puertorrique%C3%B1a_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española">Puerto Rico</a> (1955),<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Academy_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="North American Academy of the Spanish Language">United States</a> (1973)<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academia_Ecuatoguineana_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española">Equatorial Guinea</a> (2016).<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cervantes_Institute">Cervantes Institute</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cervantes Institute" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></div> The Instituto Cervantes ('Cervantes Institute') is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. This organization has branches in 45 countries, with 88 centers devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures and Spanish language.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> The goals of the Institute are to promote universally the education, the study, and the use of Spanish as a second language, to support methods and activities that help the process of Spanish-language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures in non-Spanish-speaking countries. The institute's 2015 report "El español, una lengua viva" (Spanish, a living language) estimated that there were 559 million Spanish speakers worldwide. Its latest annual report "El español en el mundo 2018" (Spanish in the world 2018) counts 577 million Spanish speakers worldwide. Among the sources cited in the report is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, which estimates that the U.S. will have 138 million Spanish speakers by 2050, making it the biggest Spanish-speaking nation on earth, with Spanish the mother tongue of almost a third of its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_use_by_international_organizations">Official use by international organizations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Official use by international organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language#International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">List of countries where Spanish is an official language § International organizations</a>.</div> Spanish is one of the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty Secretariat">Antarctic Treaty Secretariat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caricom" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricom">Caricom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a>, and numerous other international organizations. <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sample text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Spanish: <dl><dd>Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></dd></dl> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_words_and_phrases">Spanish words and phrases</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Spanish words and phrases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuento" title="Cuento">Cuento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English%E2%80%93Spanish_interlingual_homographs" title="List of English–Spanish interlingual homographs">List of English–Spanish interlingual homographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Spanish" title="Longest word in Spanish">Longest word in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_common_words_in_Spanish" title="Most common words in Spanish">Most common words in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_profanity" title="Spanish profanity">Spanish profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_proverbs" title="Spanish proverbs">Spanish proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_un_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale un Perú">Vale un Perú</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish-speaking_world">Spanish-speaking world</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Spanish-speaking world" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">Countries where Spanish is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic culture">Hispanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fund%C3%A9u_BBVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundéu BBVA">Fundéu BBVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="International Conference of the Spanish Language">International Conference of the Spanish Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_poets" title="List of Spanish-language poets">List of Spanish-language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-language_literature" title="Spanish-language literature">Spanish-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-language_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-language music">Spanish-language music</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_on_the_Spanish_language">Influences on the Spanish language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Influences on the Spanish language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_influence_on_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic influence on the Spanish language">Arabic influence on the Spanish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Germanic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Germanic origin">List of Spanish words of Germanic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Philippine_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish words of Philippine origin">List of Spanish words of Philippine origin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects_and_languages_influenced_by_Spanish">Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frespa%C3%B1ol" title="Frespañol">Frespañol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Spanish_origin" title="List of English words of Spanish origin">List of English words of Spanish origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_dialects_and_varieties">Spanish dialects and varieties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Spanish dialects and varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Spanish dialects and varieties</a></li> <li>European Spanish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement" title="Andalusian language movement">Andalusian language movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a> (Galician Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a> (Extremaduran Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Spanish language in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North American Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central American Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South American Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish in Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish in Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish in the Philippines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viva18_1-59">bh</a> <a 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.id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Vítores2023" class="citation report cs1">Fernández Vítores, David (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_23/el_espanol_en_el_mundo_anuario_instituto_cervantes_2023.pdf">El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2023</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a>. pp. 23–142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208152538/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_23/el_espanol_en_el_mundo_anuario_instituto_cervantes_2023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2023. 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University of California Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24496-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24496-2"><bdi>978-0-520-24496-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817150949/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2NKy8QCxw4C&q=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&pg=PA151">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+the+root+and+the+flower&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24496-2&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2NKy8QCxw4C%26q%3DNebrija%2Bfirst%2Bspanish%2Bgrammar%2BIsabel%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b38f7b1WmOwC&q=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&pg=PA78">Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish empire, from Columbus to Magellan</a>. Random House Inc. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7055-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7055-5"><bdi>978-0-8129-7055-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816174720/https://books.google.com/books?id=b38f7b1WmOwC&q=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+Gold%3A+the+rise+of+the+Spanish+empire%2C+from+Columbus+to+Magellan&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Random+House+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7055-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db38f7b1WmOwC%26q%3DNebrija%2Bfirst%2Bspanish%2Bgrammar%2BIsabel%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003083955/http://www.cepc.es/rap/Publicaciones/Revistas/2/REP_031-032_288.pdf">"La lengua de Cervantes"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Presidencia de España. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepc.es/rap/Publicaciones/Revistas/2/REP_031-032_288.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+lengua+de+Cervantes&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+la+Presidencia+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepc.es%2Frap%2FPublicaciones%2FRevistas%2F2%2FREP_031-032_288.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_23/">"Anuario instituto Cervantes 2023"</a>. Centro Virtual Cervantes (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222190339/https://www.bergesinstitutespanish.com/spanish-native-speakers">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centro+Virtual+Cervantes&rft.atitle=Anuario+instituto+Cervantes+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fanuario%2Fanuario_23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> Estimate. Corrected as Equatorial Guinea is mistakenly included (no native speakers there) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size">"Summary by language size"</a>. Ethnologue. 3 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040016/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Summary+by+language+size&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fstatistics%2Fsize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm">"Internet World Users by Language"</a>. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426122721/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+World+Users+by+Language&rft.pub=Miniwatts+Marketing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetworldstats.com%2Fstats7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMar-Molinero2000" class="citation book cs1">Mar-Molinero, Clara (2000). The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-44372-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-44372-1"><bdi>0-203-44372-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+in+the+Spanish-Speaking+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-203-44372-1&rft.aulast=Mar-Molinero&rft.aufirst=Clara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMar-Molinero200021-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMar-Molinero200021_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMar-Molinero2000">Mar-Molinero 2000</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm">"Background Note: Andorra"</a>. U.S. Department of State: Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194318/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Andorra&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%3A+Bureau+of+European+and+Eurasian+Affairs&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3164.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml">"BBC Education — Languages Across Europe — Spanish"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929052158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Education+%E2%80%94+Languages+Across+Europe+%E2%80%94+Spanish&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flanguages%2Feuropean_languages%2Flanguages%2Fspanish.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/cons/paraguay.htm">Constitución de la República del Paraguay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908185557/http://www.constitution.org/cons/paraguay.htm">Archived</a> 8 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitucionpoliticadelperu.com/">Constitución Política del Perú</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517192115/http://constitucionpoliticadelperu.com/">Archived</a> 17 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fE%2fEnglish%20Language">"Puerto Rico Elevates English"</a>. the New York Times. 29 January 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122011853/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FE%2FEnglish%20Language">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+Elevates+English&rft.date=1993-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260%26n%3DTop%252fReference%252fTimes%2520Topics%252fSubjects%252fE%252fEnglish%2520Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboySalgado-Robles20201-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamboySalgado-Robles20201_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamboySalgado-Robles20201_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamboySalgado-Robles2020">Lamboy & Salgado-Robles 2020</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamboySalgado-Robles2020" class="citation book cs1">Lamboy, Edwin M.; Salgado-Robles, Francisco (2020). "Introduction: Spanish in the United States and across Domains". In Salgado-Robles, Francisco; Lamboy, Edwin M. (eds.). Spanish across Domains in the United States. Education, Public Space, and Social Media. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill (publisher)">Brill</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43322-9"><bdi>978-90-04-43322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Spanish+in+the+United+States+and+across+Domains&rft.btitle=Spanish+across+Domains+in+the+United+States.+Education%2C+Public+Space%2C+and+Social+Media&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43322-9&rft.aulast=Lamboy&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rft.au=Salgado-Robles%2C+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">"Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. 12 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racial+and+Ethnic+Diversity+in+the+United+States%3A+2010+Census+and+2020+Census&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2Frace-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601">"American Community Survey Explore Census Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017182821/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Community+Survey+Explore+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3DLanguage%2520Spoken%2520at%2520Home%26tid%3DACSST1Y2019.S1601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes">"Más 'speak spanish' que en España"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111353/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1s+%27speak+spanish%27+que+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com%2Farticulo%2Fcultura%2Fspeak%2Fspanish%2FEspana%2Felpepucul%2F20081006elpepicul_1%2FTes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1992" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wLoJ31HXl40C&pg=PA62">Language loyalties: a source book on the official English controversy</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226120164" title="Special:BookSources/9780226120164"><bdi>9780226120164</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130015012/https://books.google.com/books?id=wLoJ31HXl40C&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. 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Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sociolinguistics+of+the+Spanish-Speaking+World&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=369&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210443649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2333-9683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030547&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz-Campos&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Escalona+Torres%2C+Juan+M.&rft.au=Filimonova%2C+Valentyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicente201167-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicente201167_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicente201167_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVicente201167_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVicente2011">Vicente 2011</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Vítores2018" class="citation book cs1">Fernández Vítores, David (2018). "The endurance of Spanish in the Maghreb". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.ceu.es/pdocs/710471_10353835.pdf">The economic and commercial influence of Spanish-based languages</a> (PDF). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Economy (Spain)">Ministerio de Economía y Empresa</a>. pp. 32–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113155342/https://catalogo.ceu.es/pdocs/710471_10353835.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+endurance+of+Spanish+in+the+Maghreb&rft.btitle=The+economic+and+commercial+influence+of+Spanish-based+languages&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=32-46&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Econom%C3%ADa+y+Empresa&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+V%C3%ADtores&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogo.ceu.es%2Fpdocs%2F710471_10353835.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_Vítores201832–46-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFern%C3%A1ndez_V%C3%ADtores201832%E2%80%9346_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFern%C3%A1ndez_V%C3%ADtores2018">Fernández Vítores 2018</a>, pp. 32–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.spsrasd.info/ar/articles/2018/11/29/18612.html">"الوفد الصحراوي سيحضر لقاء جنيف بإرادة صادقة للتقدم نحو الحل الذي يضمن حق الشعب الصحراوي في تقرير المصير والاستقلال"</a> [The Sahrawi delegation will attend the Geneva meeting with a sincere will to move towards a solution that guarantees the right of the Sahrawi people to self-determination and independence]. <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Press_Service" title="Sahara Press Service">Sahara Press Service</a> (in Arabic). 29 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125125903/https://archive.spsrasd.info/ar/articles/2018/11/29/18612.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahara+Press+Service&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%A8%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85+%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.spsrasd.info%2Far%2Farticles%2F2018%2F11%2F29%2F18612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrión2021" class="citation web cs1">Carrión, Francisco (20 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/10/20/espana-se-desentiende-de-la-preservacion-del-castellano-en-los-campamentos-saharauis/">"España se desentiende de la preservación del castellano en los campamentos saharauis"</a>. El Independiente. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124020916/https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/10/20/espana-se-desentiende-de-la-preservacion-del-castellano-en-los-campamentos-saharauis/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Independiente&rft.atitle=Espa%C3%B1a+se+desentiende+de+la+preservaci%C3%B3n+del+castellano+en+los+campamentos+saharauis&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft.aulast=Carri%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elindependiente.com%2Fespana%2F2021%2F10%2F20%2Fespana-se-desentiende-de-la-preservacion-del-castellano-en-los-campamentos-saharauis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartos" class="citation web cs1">Martos, Isabel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273993698">"Linguistic Policy in the Camps of Sahrawi Refugees"</a>. Universidad de Alcalá. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522172107/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273993698_Linguistic_Policy_in_the_Camps_of_Sahrawi_Refugees_2014">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2018 – via researchgate.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Policy+in+the+Camps+of+Sahrawi+Refugees&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Alcal%C3%A1&rft.aulast=Martos&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273993698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf">"El Español en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis (Tinduf, Algeria)"</a> (PDF). Cvc.cervantes.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226150735/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Espa%C3%B1ol+en+los+Campamentos+de+Refugiados+Saharauis+%28Tinduf%2C+Algeria%29&rft.pub=Cvc.cervantes.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fanuario%2Fanuario_06-07%2Fpdf%2Fpaises_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm">"Como saharauis queremos conservar el español"</a> (in Spanish). 3 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309115802/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Como+saharauis+queremos+conservar+el+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.date=2008-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavozdegalicia.es%2Fsantiago%2F2008%2F03%2F04%2F0003_6622703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2">"Historia de un país"</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103544/http://www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+un+pa%C3%ADs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saharalibre.es%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D50%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.int/en/about/languages">"AU languages"</a>. African Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407001442/https://au.int/en/about/languages">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Union&rft.atitle=AU+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.int%2Fen%2Fabout%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887">"Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)"</a>. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 30 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130181828/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Mundo&rft.atitle=Por+qu%C3%A9+Filipinas+no+es+un+pa%C3%ADs+hispanoparlante+si+fue+una+colonia+de+Espa%C3%B1a+durante+300+a%C3%B1os+%28y+qu%C3%A9+huellas+quedan+de+la+lengua+de+Cervantes%29&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-54724887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (4 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311211640/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish">"The loss of Spanish"</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net). Makati City, Philippines. Opinion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish">the original</a> on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer+%28INQUIRER.net%29&rft.atitle=The+loss+of+Spanish&rft.pages=Opinion&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2Finquireropinion%2Fcolumns%2Fview%2F20071204-104897%2FThe_loss_of_Spanish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html">"Presidential Decree No. 155 : PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES and CODES : CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY"</a>. Chanrobles.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003012548/http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Decree+No.+155+%3A+PHILIPPINE+LAWS%2C+STATUTES+and+CODES+%3A+CHAN+ROBLES+VIRTUAL+LAW+LIBRARY&rft.pub=Chanrobles.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Fpresidentialdecrees%2Fpresidentialdecreeno155.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Article XIV, Sec 7: "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Article XIV, Sec 8: "This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish." </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-Ponga" class="citation web cs1">Rodríguez-Ponga, Rafael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/spanish+language+culture/ari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8">"New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171759/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fspanish+language+culture%2Fari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. 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cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210015237/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem/index_2.html">2024 population estimate</a> (in Spanish), MX: CONAPO estimate, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2018, retrieved 30 January 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2024+population+estimate&rft.place=MX&rft.pub=CONAPO+estimate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conapo.gob.mx%2Fwork%2Fmodels%2FCONAPO%2FMapa_Ind_Dem18%2Findex_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAMexico-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAMexico_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAMexico_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"MX", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/#people-and-society">The World Factbook</a>, USA: CIA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021, retrieved 1 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MX&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988">: Spanish only 92.7% </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/population-trends-return-to-pre-pandemic-norms.html">(1 July, 2023)</a>, US: Census Bureau, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304225837/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=hispanics&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05">archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%281+July%2C+2023%29&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2023%2Fpopulation-trends-return-to-pre-pandemic-norms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Spanish speakers older than 5 years old (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=LANGUAGE%20SPOKEN%20AT%20HOME%20%20&tid=ACSST1Y2023.S1601&t=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home">Table</a>, US: Census Bureau, 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918010418/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=LANGUAGE%20SPOKEN%20AT%20HOME%20%20&tid=ACSST1Y2022.S1601&t=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home">archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Table&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3DLANGUAGE%2520SPOKEN%2520AT%2520HOME%2520%2520%26tid%3DACSST1Y2023.S1601%26t%3DLanguage%2520Spoken%2520at%2520Home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Paul (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/iv-language-use-among-latinos/">"IV. Language Use among Latinos"</a>. pewhispanic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409061050/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/iv-language-use-among-latinos/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IV.+Language+Use+among+Latinos&rft.pub=pewhispanic.org&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewhispanic.org%2F2012%2F04%2F04%2Fiv-language-use-among-latinos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=race&tid=ACSDP1Y2023.DP05">"Census Bureau (01/July/2023)"</a>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918010418/https://data.census.gov/table?q=race&tid=ACSDP1Y2022.DP05">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Bureau+%2801%2FJuly%2F2023%29&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3Drace%26tid%3DACSDP1Y2023.DP05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2013" class="citation web cs1">Gonzalez, Ana (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/13/spanish-is-the-most-spoken-non-english-language-in-u-s-homes-even-among-non-hispanics/">"Spanish is the most spoken non-English language in U.S. homes, even among non-Hispanics"</a>. pewresearch.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327153855/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/13/spanish-is-the-most-spoken-non-english-language-in-u-s-homes-even-among-non-hispanics/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2014. 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CO: DANE. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235136/https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/proyecciones-de-poblacion">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PROYECCIONES+DE+POBLACI%C3%93N&rft.place=CO&rft.pub=DANE&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.officeapps.live.com%2Fop%2Fview.aspx%3Fsrc%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.dane.gov.co%252Ffiles%252Fcenso2018%252Fproyecciones-de-poblacion%252FNacional%252FDCD-area-proypoblacion-Nac-2020-2070.xlsx%26wdOrigin%3DBROWSELINK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datosmundial.com/america/colombia/index.php">"datosmundial.com (Colombia)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212202410/https://www.datosmundial.com/america/colombia/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=datosmundial.com+%28Colombia%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datosmundial.com%2Famerica%2Fcolombia%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177095&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981">"Census INE estimate for 1 July 2024"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113005818/https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=36643">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+INE+estimate+for+1+July+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fdyngs%2FINEbase%2Fes%2Foperacion.htm%3Fc%3DEstadistica_C%26cid%3D1254736177095%26menu%3DultiDatos%26idp%3D1254735572981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-INEespañol-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INEespa%C3%B1ol_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INEespa%C3%B1ol_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INEespa%C3%B1ol_106-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.es/prensa/ecepov_2021.pdf">INE (2021)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102180735/https://www.ine.es/prensa/ecepov_2021.pdf">Archived</a> 2 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: In Spain, 85.6% speak Spanish always or frequently in family (77.1% always and 8.5% frequently), 96% speak Spanish well, and 99.5% understand and speak, albeit with difficulty . </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226000745/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls">"Argentinian census INDEC estimate for 2024"</a>. INDEC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/c1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls">the original</a> on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argentinian+census+INDEC+estimate+for+2024&rft.pub=INDEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indec.gov.ar%2Fnuevaweb%2Fcuadros%2F2%2Fc1_proyecciones_nac_2010_2040.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001080738/https://www.indec.gov.ar/bajarPublicacion.asp?idc=3D2BFB85B73CA5EE01EF7C16425C4F61164ABA15860CC2C245A368C60365FEE807EA9BDED4FEDB76">Estimaciones y proyecciones de población 2010–2040: Total del país</a>, INDEC, 2013, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indec.gov.ar/bajarPublicacion.asp?idc=3D2BFB85B73CA5EE01EF7C16425C4F61164ABA15860CC2C245A368C60365FEE807EA9BDED4FEDB76">the original</a> on 1 October 2018, retrieved 22 February 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estimaciones+y+proyecciones+de+poblaci%C3%B3n+2010%E2%80%932040%3A+Total+del+pa%C3%ADs&rft.pub=INDEC&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indec.gov.ar%2FbajarPublicacion.asp%3Fidc%3D3D2BFB85B73CA5EE01EF7C16425C4F61164ABA15860CC2C245A368C60365FEE807EA9BDED4FEDB76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> 40,872,286 people is the census population result for 2010<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datosmundial.com/america/argentina/index.php">"datosmundial.com (Argentina)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417002409/https://www.datosmundial.com/america/argentina/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=datosmundial.com+%28Argentina%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datosmundial.com%2Famerica%2Fargentina%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=98&Itemid=51">"Proyecciones de Población"</a>. ine.gov.ve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151113143228/http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=98&Itemid=51">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ine.gov.ve&rft.atitle=Proyecciones+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gov.ve%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26id%3D98%26Itemid%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> (2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/VE/languages">"Languages"</a>, VE, Ethnologue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310032805/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ve/languages">archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2013, retrieved 30 May 2013, <q>There are 1,098,244 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main languages: Chinese 400,000, Portuguese 254,000, Wayuu 199,000, Arabic 110,000)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages&rft.btitle=VE&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FVE%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuispe_Fernández2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quispe Fernández, Ezio (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010220428/http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro.pdf">"Cifras"</a> [Numbers] (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">PE</a>: INEI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/libro.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cifras&rft.place=PE&rft.pub=INEI&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Quispe+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Ezio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2Fprincipales_indicadores%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Census", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/">The World factbook</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>: CIA, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119135020/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/">archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021, retrieved 4 October 2011, <q>Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Census&rft.btitle=The+World+factbook&rft.place=US&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fperu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=pe">"PE"</a>, Country, Ethnologue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202105534/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=pe">archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2011, retrieved 21 September 2011, <q>There are 5,782,260 people who speak other language as mother tongue (main languages: Quechua (among 32 Quechua's varieties) 4,773,900, Aymara (2 varieties) 661,000, Chinese 100,000).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PE&rft.btitle=Country&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censo2017.cl%2Fdescargas%2Fproyecciones%2Festimaciones-y-proyecciones-chile-1992-2050-base-2017-poblacion-e-indicacores.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK">"Informes"</a> [Reports]. Census estimate for 2024 (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">CL</a>: INE. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113010958/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censo2017.cl%2Fdescargas%2Fproyecciones%2Festimaciones-y-proyecciones-chile-1992-2050-base-2017-poblacion-e-indicacores.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+estimate+for+2024&rft.atitle=Informes&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.officeapps.live.com%2Fop%2Fview.aspx%3Fsrc%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.censo2017.cl%252Fdescargas%252Fproyecciones%252Festimaciones-y-proyecciones-chile-1992-2050-base-2017-poblacion-e-indicacores.xlsx%26wdOrigin%3DBROWSELINK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL">"CL"</a>, Country, Ethnologue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203004338/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CL">archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2013, retrieved 12 October 2011, <q>There are 281,600 people who speak another language, mainly Mapudungun (250.000)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CL&rft.btitle=Country&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DCL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Estimate", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/">Pop. clock</a> (<a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">EC</a>: INEC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151205221709/http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/">archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2015, retrieved 5 January 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estimate&rft.btitle=Pop.+clock&rft.place=EC&rft.pub=INEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_Factbook1999" class="citation web cs1">CIA Factbook (19 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/">"(2019)"</a>. CIA Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%282019%29&rft.pub=CIA+Factbook&rft.date=1999-02-19&rft.au=CIA+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fecuador%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censopoblacion.gt%2Farchivos%2Festimaciones_y_proyecciones_de_poblacion_a_largo_plazo_1950-2050.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK">"Guatemala: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población a largo plazo 1950–2050"</a>. www.oj.gob.gt (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003849/http://www.oj.gob.gt/estadisticaj/reportes/poblacion-total-por-municipio(1).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oj.gob.gt&rft.atitle=Guatemala%3A+Estimaciones+y+proyecciones+de+poblaci%C3%B3n+a+largo+plazo+1950%E2%80%932050.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.officeapps.live.com%2Fop%2Fview.aspx%3Fsrc%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.censopoblacion.gt%252Farchivos%252Festimaciones_y_proyecciones_de_poblacion_a_largo_plazo_1950-2050.xlsx%26wdOrigin%3DBROWSELINK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala/">"GT"</a>, The World factbook, CIA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala/">archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021, retrieved 27 January 2021, <q>Spanish (official) 69.9%, Amerindian languages 40%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GT&rft.btitle=The+World+factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fguatemala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314034430/http://www.onei.gob.cu/">"31 December 2020 estimation"</a>. ONEI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onei.gob.cu/node/13815">the original</a> on 14 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ONEI&rft.atitle=31+December+2020+estimation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onei.gob.cu%2Fnode%2F13815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011115006/http://www.ine.gob.bo/indice/indice.aspx?d1=0301&d2=6">"Census INE estimate for 2022"</a>. INE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/censos-y-proyecciones-de-poblacion-sociales/">the original</a> on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+INE+estimate+for+2022&rft.pub=INE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gob.bo%2Findex.php%2Fcensos-y-proyecciones-de-poblacion-sociales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/">"South America :: Bolivia — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. www.cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041747/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=South+America+%3A%3A+Bolivia+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbolivia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114004418/https://www.one.gob.do/demograficas/proyecciones-de-poblacion/poblacion-estimada-y-proyectada">"Census ONE estimate for 2022"</a> (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadística. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.one.gob.do%2Fmedia%2Fc2bh3ckv%2Fcuadro-estimaciones-y-proyecciones-poblaci%25C3%25B3n-total-por-a%25C3%25B1o-seg%25C3%25BAn-sexo-edad-2000-2030.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK">the original</a> on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+ONE+estimate+for+2022&rft.pub=Oficina+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.officeapps.live.com%2Fop%2Fview.aspx%3Fsrc%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.one.gob.do%252Fmedia%252Fc2bh3ckv%252Fcuadro-estimaciones-y-proyecciones-poblaci%2525C3%2525B3n-total-por-a%2525C3%2525B1o-seg%2525C3%2525BAn-sexo-edad-2000-2030.xlsx%26wdOrigin%3DBROWSELINK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519232641/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls">"INE (Pop clock)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.gob.hn/V3/">the original</a> on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INE+%28Pop+clock%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gob.hn%2FV3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> There are 207,750 people who speak another language, mainly Garifuna (98,000).: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=HN">Ethnologue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013214744/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=HN">Archived</a> 13 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/5015919?sommaire=5015923&action=edit&redlink=1">"INSEE estimate to 2021"</a>. Insee.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105124237/http://www.insee.fr/en/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INSEE+estimate+to+2021&rft.pub=Insee.fr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Fstatistiques%2F5015919%3Fsommaire%3D5015923%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_nativespeakers-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_nativespeakers_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_nativespeakers_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_nativespeakers_129-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Eurobarometr 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (page T40): Native speakers. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_population-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_population_130-40">ao</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Eurobarometr 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (page TS2): Population older than 15. (age scale used for the Eurobarometer survey) </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_goodspeakers_131-14">o</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Eurobarometr 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (page T74): Non native people who speak Spanish very well. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_2012_speakers_132-22">w</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Eurobarometr 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (page T64): Non native people who speak Spanish well enough in order to be able to have a conversation. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.gov.py/default.php?publicacion=2">"Census estimate for 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422222151/https://www.dgeec.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/proyeccion%20nacional/Estimacion%20y%20proyeccion%20Nacional.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+estimate+for+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gov.py%2Fdefault.php%3Fpublicacion%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/paraguay/">"South America :: Paraguay — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. www.cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231111825/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=South+America+%3A%3A+Paraguay+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fparaguay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.ripleybelieves.com/what-languages-are-spoken-in-paraguay-1238">"es.ripleybelieves.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062719/https://es.ripleybelieves.com/what-languages-are-spoken-in-paraguay-1238">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=es.ripleybelieves.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.ripleybelieves.com%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-paraguay-1238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/economia/la-cobertura-del-censo-de-poblacion-ya-rondaria-90-a-nivel-pais-segun-dgeec-493535.html">www.abc.com.py</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113033837/https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/economia/la-cobertura-del-censo-de-poblacion-ya-rondaria-90-a-nivel-pais-segun-dgeec-493535.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> According to DGEEC Census 2012, 7.93% is monolingual of Guarani. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inide.gob.ni/docs/Anuarios/Anuario19/Anuario_2019.pdf">"Census estimate for 2020"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114000733/https://www.inide.gob.ni/docs/Anuarios/Anuario19/Anuario_2019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+estimate+for+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inide.gob.ni%2Fdocs%2FAnuarios%2FAnuario19%2FAnuario_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> There are 490,124 people who speak another language, mainly Mískito (154,000).: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NI">Ethnologue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100732/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NI">Archived</a> 15 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/index.php/novedades/avisos/1022-proyecciones-y-estimaciones-de-poblacion-nacional-y-departamental.html">"Census estimate for 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102131415/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/index.php/novedades/avisos/1022-proyecciones-y-estimaciones-de-poblacion-nacional-y-departamental.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+estimate+for+2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digestyc.gob.sv%2Findex.php%2Fnovedades%2Favisos%2F1022-proyecciones-y-estimaciones-de-poblacion-nacional-y-departamental.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> There are 14,100 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main language, Kekchí with 12,300 speakers): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/SV">Ethnologue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207044049/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/SV">Archived</a> 7 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/index.html">IBGE population estimations</a> [The IBGE publishes the population estimates for municipalities in 2011] (in Portuguese), BR, 2022, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116063907/http://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/index.html">archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2015, retrieved 7 January 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBGE+population+estimations&rft.place=BR&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fapps%2Fpopulacao%2Fprojecao%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2021.pdf">"El español: una lengua viva. Informe 2021 (Pág. 11 y 13)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015113031/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol%3A+una+lengua+viva.+Informe+2021+%28P%C3%A1g.+11+y+13%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fespanol_lengua_viva%2Fpdf%2Fespanol_lengua_viva_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/en/population-and-households">"Census 2021 estimate"</a>. Istat.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807053109/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2021+estimate&rft.pub=Istat.it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fen%2Fpopulation-and-households&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327062704/http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx">"INEC estimate for 2022"</a>. INEC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documetos-biblioteca-virtual/repoblacev2011-2050-04.xlsx">the original</a> on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INEC+estimate+for+2022&rft.pub=INEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inec.go.cr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocumetos-biblioteca-virtual%2Frepoblacev2011-2050-04.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CR">"Costa Rica"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325140401/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CR">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Costa+Rica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FCR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.contraloria.gob.pa/INEC/archivos/P5561Cuadro%2077.pdf">Census INEC estimate for 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193855/http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm">Archived</a> 7 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (véase "Proyección de Población por municipio 2008–2020") </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> There are 501,043 people who speak another language as mother tongue: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PA">PA</a>, Ethnologue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021142552/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PA">archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2011, retrieved 17 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PA&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322200708/http://www.ine.gub.uy/web/guest/estimaciones-y-proyecciones">"2016 INE estimate for 2022"</a>. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.gub.uy/documents/10181/697245/Anuario+Estad%C3%ADstico+2020/5e981c54-2a50-47f8-a62e-78516edcad69">the original</a> on 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+INE+estimate+for+2022&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gub.uy%2Fdocuments%2F10181%2F697245%2FAnuario%2BEstad%25C3%25ADstico%2B2020%2F5e981c54-2a50-47f8-a62e-78516edcad69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> There are 150,200 people who speak another language as mother tongue, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=UY">UY</a>, Ethnologue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116095609/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=UY">archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2011, retrieved 17 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UY&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DUY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223044815/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html">"2020 US. census Bureau"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+US.+census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fapportionment-2020-table02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popest/data/municipios/totals/2011/tables/PRM-EST2011-01.xls">US. Census Bureau 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081747/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/municipios/totals/2011/tables/PRM-EST2011-01.xls">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/">"Annual Mid year Population Estimates: 2020"</a>. U.K. Gov. Census. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515170501/http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/2014-06-26">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Mid+year+Population+Estimates%3A+2020&rft.pub=U.K.+Gov.+Census&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2020.html">German census</a>, DE: Destatis, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628112855/https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables/Census_SexAndCitizenship.html">archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+census&rft.place=DE&rft.pub=Destatis&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FGesellschaft-Umwelt%2FBevoelkerung%2FBevoelkerungsstand%2FTabellen%2Fzensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Native command group (GDL): 266,955 non-nationalized Spanish-speaking immigrants, 63,752 nationalized Spanish-speaking immigrants, 44,500 Spanish speakers of children of immigrants (second generation). 375,207 total native speakers, but there are another 37,047 non-mother-tongue speakers with native-level skills. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2020.pdf">Anuario del Instituto Cervantes 2020 (page 325). "Germany and their Spanish speakers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134448/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf">Archived</a> 18 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html">Statcan</a>, CA: GC, February 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704083932/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html">archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2016, retrieved 7 August 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statcan&rft.place=CA&rft.pub=GC&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fstart-debut-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html">"Mother tongue by geography, 2021 Census"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114071602/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mother+tongue+by+geography%2C+2021+Census&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fdv-vd%2Flanguage-langue%2Findex-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=4.1">"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225258/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=4.1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knowledge+of+languages+by+age+and+gender%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+divisions+and+census+subdivisions&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810021601%26pickMembers%255B0%255D%3D1.1%26pickMembers%255B1%255D%3D2.1%26pickMembers%255B2%255D%3D3.1%26pickMembers%255B3%255D%3D4.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/#people-and-society">cia.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922212931/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/#people-and-society">Archived</a> 22 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (3.2% speak Spanish in Canada) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tln.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/spanish-speaking-canada-population_2.pdf">"tln.ca"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207190552/https://www.tln.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/spanish-speaking-canada-population_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tln.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tln.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F10%2Fspanish-speaking-canada-population_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allontario.ca/the-importance-of-spanish-in-canada/">"allontario.ca"</a>. 14 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927175639/https://allontario.ca/the-importance-of-spanish-in-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=allontario.ca&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallontario.ca%2Fthe-importance-of-spanish-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm">"Census estimate for 2020"</a>. HCP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcp.ma/Projections-de-la-population-totale-par-groupe-d-age-et-sexe-en-milliers-et-au-milieu-de-l-annee-1960-2050_a676.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+estimate+for+2020&rft.pub=HCP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcp.ma%2FProjections-de-la-population-totale-par-groupe-d-age-et-sexe-en-milliers-et-au-milieu-de-l-annee-1960-2050_a676.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eldiae6-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eldiae6_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eldiae6_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017230300/http://eldiae.es/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2012_el_espanol_en_el_mundo.pdf">El español en el mundo</a> [Spanish in the world] (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ES</a>: Instituto Cervantes, 2012, p. 6, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eldiae.es/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2012_el_espanol_en_el_mundo.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+en+el+mundo&rft.place=ES&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Instituto+Cervantes&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feldiae.es%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2F2012_el_espanol_en_el_mundo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/magdarol/el-espaol-en-el-contexto-sociolingstico-marroqui-evolucin-y-perspectivas-i">El español en el contexto Sociolingüístico marroquí: Evolución y perspectivas (page 39)</a>: Between 4 and 7 million people have Spanish knowledge (M. Ammadi, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106191132/http://www.slideshare.net/magdarol/el-espaol-en-el-contexto-sociolingstico-marroqui-evolucin-y-perspectivas-i">Archived</a> 6 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/RABAT/es/Noticias/Documents/LENGESPMARR.pdf">"Euromonitor, 2012"</a> (PDF). exteriores.gob.es. p. 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425134251/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/RABAT/es/Noticias/Documents/LENGESPMARR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exteriores.gob.es&rft.atitle=Euromonitor%2C+2012&rft.pages=32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exteriores.gob.es%2FEmbajadas%2FRABAT%2Fes%2FNoticias%2FDocuments%2FLENGESPMARR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inege.gq/">"Equatorial Guinea census estimate"</a>. Population statistics. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806160229/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equatorial+Guinea+census+estimate&rft.pub=Population+statistics&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finege.gq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf">cvc.cervantes.es</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227153232/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf">Archived</a> 27 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 13.7% of the country's Spanish speakers are proficient; the remaining 74% are limited-competence speakers. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008273&selTab=tab0">"INE, 2019"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105115121/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008273&selTab=tab0">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INE%2C+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.pt%2Fxportal%2Fxmain%3Fxpid%3DINE%26xpgid%3Dine_indicadores%26contecto%3Dpi%26indOcorrCod%3D0008273%26selTab%3Dtab0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_europa/espanol_portugal/demolinguistica_espanol_portugal.pdf">"cvc.cervantes.es"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222110248/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_europa/espanol_portugal/demolinguistica_espanol_portugal.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cvc.cervantes.es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fespanol_europa%2Fespanol_portugal%2Fdemolinguistica_espanol_portugal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1">"Eurostat (1/1/2012 estimate)"</a>. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 17 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161751/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurostat+%281%2F1%2F2012+estimate%29&rft.pub=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtps00001%26tableSelection%3D1%26footnotes%3Dyes%26labeling%3Dlabels%26plugin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm">"Netherland Census ClockPop"</a>. Cbs.nl. 31 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617194723/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherland+Census+ClockPop&rft.pub=Cbs.nl&rft.date=2005-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fen-GB%2Fmenu%2Fthemas%2Fbevolking%2Fcijfers%2Fextra%2Fbevolkingsteller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113022857/http://www.ins.ci/stats/Tableaux/Tab06.htm">"ins.ci Census, 2009"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ins.ci/stats/Tableaux/Tab06.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ins.ci+Census%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ins.ci%2Fstats%2FTableaux%2FTab06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0?opendocument&navpos=220">"2011 Census"</a>. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403010101/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0?opendocument&navpos=220">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census&rft.pub=Censusdata.abs.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fquickstat%2F0%3Fopendocument%26navpos%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popcom.gov.ph/">Medium projection</a>, PH: National Statistics Office, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403061418/http://www.popcom.gov.ph/">archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019, retrieved 8 June 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medium+projection&rft.place=PH&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popcom.gov.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684016/Filipinas_mundo20.pdf">gob.mx</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326020302/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684016/Filipinas_mundo20.pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (363 Mexican Spanish speakers) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_18/madrid/p01.htm">"cvc.cervantes.es"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816002359/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_18/madrid/p01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cvc.cervantes.es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fanuario%2Fanuario_18%2Fmadrid%2Fp01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25799.aspx">2012 census</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105201119/http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25799.aspx">Archived</a> 5 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1">"Eurostat estimate to 1/1/2011"</a>. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 2 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161751/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurostat+estimate+to+1%2F1%2F2011&rft.pub=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtps00001%26tableSelection%3D1%26footnotes%3Dyes%26labeling%3Dlabels%26plugin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insae-bj.org/">"Accueil – INSAE"</a>. www.insae-bj.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151217002938/http://www.insae-bj.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insae-bj.org&rft.atitle=Accueil+%E2%80%93+INSAE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insae-bj.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sib.org.bz/">Spanish in belize</a> (Report) (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204235026/http://www.sib.org.bz/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Spanish+in+belize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sib.org.bz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_in_Belize-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_in_Belize_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_in_Belize_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_42.pdf">Spanish in Belize. 52.1% speak Spanish with very well level. 10.7% speak Spanish with intermediate level</a> (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203033222/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_42.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Spanish+in+Belize.+52.1%25+speak+Spanish+with+very+well+level.+10.7%25+speak+Spanish+with+intermediate+level.&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fanuario%2Fanuario_06-07%2Fpdf%2Fpaises_42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.gnpdetail.2019-0447.html">"bfs.admin.ch"</a>. 19 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920062824/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.gnpdetail.2019-0447.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bfs.admin.ch&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fbevoelkerung.gnpdetail.2019-0447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistik" class="citation web cs1">Statistik, Bundesamt für. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114180444/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html">"Bevölkerung"</a>. www.bfs.admin.ch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bfs.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung&rft.aulast=Statistik&rft.aufirst=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F05%2Fblank%2Fkey%2Fsprachen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exteriores.gob.es/documents/fichaspais/suiza_ficha%20pais.pdf">exteriores.gob.es</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124220134/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/SUIZA_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf">Archived</a> 24 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2.3% Spanish speakers as a native language according to 2018 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf">"cvc.cervantes.es (annuary 2006–07)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106014858/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cvc.cervantes.es+%28annuary+2006%E2%80%9307%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fanuario%2Fanuario_06-07%2Fpdf%2Fcifras.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/annuaire2010/chap4.pdf">Evolution de la population par sexe de 1976 à 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100619/http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/annuaire2010/chap4.pdf">Archived</a> 15 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> en: Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun 2010. Consultado el 23 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2020.pdf">"El español: Una lengua Viva. Informe 2020"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134448/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol%3A+Una+lengua+Viva.+Informe+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fespanol_lengua_viva%2Fpdf%2Fespanol_lengua_viva_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2826.htm">www.state.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604184355/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2826.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2015 estimate </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedro.org/docs/default-source/otros/informe_cervantes.pdf?sfvrsn=2">"Cifras"</a> (PDF), El español: una lengua viva (in Spanish), ES: Instituto Cervantes, p. 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224003013/http://www.cedro.org/docs/default-source/otros/informe_cervantes.pdf?sfvrsn=2">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2016, retrieved 14 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cifras&rft.btitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol%3A+una+lengua+viva&rft.place=ES&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Instituto+Cervantes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cedro.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fotros%2Finforme_cervantes.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> Students across the World. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Prelim%20complete.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130161432/http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Prelim%20complete.pdf">Archived</a> 30 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331091537/http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/population">"czso.cz"</a> (in Czech). czso.cz. 31 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/population">the original</a> on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=czso.cz&rft.pub=czso.cz&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Feng%2Fredakce.nsf%2Fi%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/">"Census estimate for 2021"</a>. rosstat.gov.ru. 1 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114054447/https://rosstat.gov.ru/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+estimate+for+2021&rft.pub=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html">"(2012)"</a>. ksh.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116130759/https://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%282012%29&rft.pub=ksh.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Feng%2Fxstadat%2Fxstadat_annual%2Fi_wdsd003b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181117/http://www.censo2010.aw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=48&lang=pa">"Resultado 2010 – Persona"</a>. Censo2010.aw. 6 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censo2010.aw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=112&Itemid=48&lang=pa">the original</a> on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resultado+2010+%E2%80%93+Persona&rft.pub=Censo2010.aw&rft.date=2010-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censo2010.aw%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D112%26Itemid%3D48%26lang%3Dpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.gov.tt/statistics/Pages/details.aspx?category=Population%20Statistics">CSO – Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107040217/http://www.cso.gov.tt/statistics/Pages/details.aspx?category=Population%20Statistics">Archived</a> 7 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html">"Census estimate for 2020"</a>. Stats.gov.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511031334/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+estimate+for+2020&rft.pub=Stats.gov.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202105%2Ft20210510_1817185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.gov.in/">"Census of India, 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105204953/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/faqs">"Statistics – FAQ's"</a>. Gibraltar.gov.gi. 12 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/faqs">the original</a> on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+%E2%80%93+FAQ%27s&rft.pub=Gibraltar.gov.gi&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibraltar.gov.gi%2Fstatistics%2Ffaqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.um.es/tonosdigital/znum19/secciones/estudios-23-Gibraltar.htm">www.um.es</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626004221/http://www.um.es/tonosdigital/znum19/secciones/estudios-23-Gibraltar.htm">Archived</a> 26 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (5.2. Datos descriptivos de los usos de español e inglés, Gráfico 2). 77.3% of the Gibraltar population speak Spanish with their mother more, or equal than English. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=">"(2013)"</a>. db1.stat.gov.lt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=">the original</a> on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%282013%29&rft.pub=db1.stat.gov.lt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb1.stat.gov.lt%2Fstatbank%2Fselectvarval%2Fsaveselections.asp%3FMainTable%3DM3010101%26PLanguage%3D1%26TableStyle%3D%26Buttons%3D%26PXSId%3D7743%26IQY%3D%26TC%3D%26ST%3DST%26rvar0%3D%26rvar1%3D%26rvar2%3D%26rvar3%3D%26rvar4%3D%26rvar5%3D%26rvar6%3D%26rvar7%3D%26rvar8%3D%26rvar9%3D%26rvar10%3D%26rvar11%3D%26rvar12%3D%26rvar13%3D%26rvar14%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf">"2009 estimate"</a> (PDF). UN. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+estimate&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwpp2008%2Fwpp2008_text_tables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> The 1970 Spanish census claims there were 16,648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara at the time (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7">[2]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7">Archived</a> 17 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), but most of them were probably people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf">"EL ESPAÑOL EN CIFRAS"</a> (PDF). cvc.cervantes.es (in Spanish). pp. 25–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706025728/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cvc.cervantes.es&rft.atitle=EL+ESPA%C3%91OL+EN+CIFRAS&rft.pages=25-32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fanuario%2Fanuario_06-07%2Fpdf%2Fcifras.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html">"Population – Key Indicators | Latvijas statistika"</a>. Csb.gov.lv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html">the original</a> on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+%E2%80%93+Key+Indicators+%26%23124%3B+Latvijas+statistika&rft.pub=Csb.gov.lv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csb.gov.lv%2Fen%2Fstatistikas-temas%2Fpopulation-key-indicators-30624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx">"Jamaican Population"</a>. Statinja.gov.jm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125038/http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Population&rft.pub=Statinja.gov.jm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatinja.gov.jm%2FDemo_SocialStats%2Fpopulation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_12.pdf">El español en Namibia, 2005.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302153728/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_12.pdf">Archived</a> 2 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf">"cvc.cervantes.es"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106014858/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2012. 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Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Programs+%E2%80%93+People+and+Households+%E2%80%93+U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Finternational%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society">"The World Factbook World"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA (US). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. 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Learn Spanish with Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032144/https://howlearnspanish.com/forms-of-address-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Spanish+with+Andrew&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Regional+Variation+of+the+Forms+of+Address+%28T%C3%BA%2C+Vos%2C+Usted%29+in+Spanish&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.au=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhowlearnspanish.com%2Fforms-of-address-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Katia Salamanca de Abreu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf">review of Humberto López Morales, Estudios sobre el español de Cuba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221132209/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (New York: Editorial Las Américas, 1970), in Thesaurus, 28 (1973), 138–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongost-Maestre2020" class="citation book cs1">Congost-Maestre, Nereida (30 April 2020). Sha, Mandy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research">Sociocultural issues in adapting Spanish health survey translation: The case of the QWB-SA (Chapter 10) in The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research</a>. RTI Press. pp. 203–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3768%2Frtipress.bk.0023.2004">10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934831-24-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934831-24-3"><bdi>978-1-934831-24-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211122733/https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociocultural+issues+in+adapting+Spanish+health+survey+translation%3A+The+case+of+the+QWB-SA+%28Chapter+10%29+in+The+Essential+Role+of+Language+in+Survey+Research&rft.pages=203-220&rft.pub=RTI+Press&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3768%2Frtipress.bk.0023.2004&rft.isbn=978-1-934831-24-3&rft.aulast=Congost-Maestre&rft.aufirst=Nereida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rti.org%2Frti-press-publication%2Flanguage-survey-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Bergua Cavero, J., Los helenismos del español : historia y sistema, Madrid (Gredos) 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788424927103" title="Special:BookSources/9788424927103">9788424927103</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2003" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228">The Arabic language</a> (Repr. ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1436-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1436-2"><bdi>0-7486-1436-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183745/http://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+language&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=228&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7486-1436-2&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHfse3YY6NAC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapesa1960" class="citation book cs1">Lapesa, Raphael (1960). Historia de la lengua española. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Lapesa&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> —OR— <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro1985" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Américo (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255">The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History</a>. Translated by Willard F. King; Selma Margaretten. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05469-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05469-1"><bdi>978-0-520-05469-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124185157/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spaniards%3A+An+Introduction+to+Their+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05469-1&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJdbJK_sl2oC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintanaMora2002" class="citation journal cs1">Quintana, Lucía; Mora, Juan Pablo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf">"Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española"</a> (PDF). ASELE. Actas XIII: 705. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528020256/http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASELE.+Actas+XIII&rft.atitle=Ense%C3%B1anza+del+acervo+l%C3%A9xico+%C3%A1rabe+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pages=705&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Quintana&rft.aufirst=Luc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Mora%2C+Juan+Pablo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Fensenanza%2Fbiblioteca_ele%2Fasele%2Fpdf%2F13%2F13_0697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988">: "El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total" </li> <li id="cite_note-Dworkin83-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dworkin83_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dworkin83_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkin2012" class="citation book cs1">Dworkin, Steven N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83">A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954114-0"><bdi>978-0-19-954114-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915153824/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Spanish+Lexicon%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954114-0&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Steven+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4f8ZpJAhgIC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988">,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson1980" class="citation book cs1">Macpherson, I. R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93">Spanish phonology</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0788-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0788-7"><bdi>0-7190-0788-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223094503/https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+phonology&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7190-0788-7&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9VrpAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988">,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Egido2007" class="citation book cs1">Martínez Egido, José Joaquín (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15">Constitución del léxico español</a>. Liceus, Servicios de Gestió. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9822-653-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9822-653-9"><bdi>978-84-9822-653-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183748/http://books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constituci%C3%B3n+del+l%C3%A9xico+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Liceus%2C+Servicios+de+Gesti%C3%B3&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-9822-653-9&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Egido&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbVIY4qAA9cC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html">"La época visigoda / Susana Rodríguez Rosique"</a>. www.cervantesvirtual.com (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208133217/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cervantesvirtual.com&rft.atitle=La+%C3%A9poca+visigoda+%2F+Susana+Rodr%C3%ADguez+Rosique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fobra-visor%2Fla-poca-visigoda-0%2Fhtml%2F00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenny1991">Penny (1991</a>:224–236) </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJensen1989">Jensen (1989)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenny2000">Penny (2000</a>:14) </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalby1998">Dalby (1998</a>:501) </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinsburghWeber2011">Ginsburgh & Weber (2011</a>:90) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa">"Spanish"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100707/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Spanish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dspa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa">"Similar languages to Spanish"</a>. EZGlot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621191245/http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EZGlot&rft.atitle=Similar+languages+to+Spanish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezglot.com%2Fmost-similar-languages.php%3Fl%3Dspa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Often considered to be a substratum word. Other theories suggest, on the basis of what is used to make cheese, a derivation from Latin brandeum (originally meaning a linen covering, later a thin cloth for relic storage) through an intermediate root *brandea. For the development of the meaning, cf. Spanish manteca, Portuguese manteiga, probably from Latin mantica ('sack'), Italian formaggio and French fromage from formaticus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro./definitie/br%C3%A2nz%C4%83">Romanian Explanatory Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134722/https://dexonline.ro/definitie/br%C3%A2nz%C4%83">Archived</a> 18 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ladino-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ladino_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladino_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ladino_249-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfassa1999" class="citation web cs1">Alfassa, Shelomo (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html">"Ladinokomunita"</a>. Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402055529/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ladinokomunita&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Sephardic+Studies+and+Culture&rft.date=1999-12&rft.aulast=Alfassa&rft.aufirst=Shelomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sephardicstudies.org%2Fquickladino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch">Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416180544/http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch">Archived</a> 16 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1st ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rae.es/">Real Academia Española</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012019/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&LEMA=cedilla">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishpronto.com/spanishpronto/spanishalphabet.html">Explanation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906105503/https://www.spanishpronto.com/spanishpronto/spanishalphabet.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishpronto.com/">Spanish Pronto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914002335/https://www.spanishpronto.com/">Archived</a> 14 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish and English) </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/consultas/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario">"Exclusión de ch y ll del abecedario | Real Academia Española"</a>. www.rae.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428205219/https://www.rae.es/consultas/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rae.es&rft.atitle=Exclusi%C3%B3n+de+ch+y+ll+del+abecedario+%26%23124%3B+Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fconsultas%2Fexclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923234545/http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html">"Scholarly Societies Project"</a>. Lib.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholarly+Societies+Project&rft.pub=Lib.uwaterloo.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uwaterloo.ca%2Fsociety%2Fhistory%2F1713rae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor1992" class="citation book cs1">Batchelor, Ronald Ernest (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEWZL1j9ig8C&q=real+academia+espa%C3%B1ola+recognized&pg=PA4">Using Spanish: a guide to contemporary usage</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26987-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26987-3"><bdi>0-521-26987-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815154930/https://books.google.com/books?id=eEWZL1j9ig8C&q=real+academia+espa%C3%B1ola+recognized&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+Spanish%3A+a+guide+to+contemporary+usage&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-26987-3&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEWZL1j9ig8C%26q%3Dreal%2Bacademia%2Bespa%25C3%25B1ola%2Brecognized%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923155313/http://asale.org/ASALE/asale.html">"Association of Spanish Language Academies"</a> (in Spanish). Asale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/asale.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Spanish+Language+Academies&rft.pub=Asale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2Fasale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929155935/http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0">"Real Academia Española"</a>. Spain: RAE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0">the original</a> on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Spain&rft.pub=RAE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Frae%2Fgestores%2Fgespub000001.nsf%2FvoTodosporId%2FCEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94%3FOpenDocument%26i%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219034313/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2">"Presentación de la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). Colombia: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2">the original</a> on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Academia+Colombiana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Colombia&rft.pub=Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Academias+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2FConAALEBD%3FIDDOC%3D30202%26menu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527091026/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2">"Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). Ecuador. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Ecuatoriana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Ecuador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2FConAALEBD%3FIDDOC%3D30302%26menu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100915092057/http://academia.org.mx/historia.php">"Esbozo Histórico de la Academia Mexicana de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico: Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. 22 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.org.mx/historia.php">the original</a> on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esbozo+Hist%C3%B3rico+de+la+Academia+Mexicana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Academia+Mexicana+de+la+Lengua&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.org.mx%2Fhistoria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904125413/http://www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm">"Informacion institucional"</a> (in Spanish). El Salvador: Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informacion+institucional&rft.place=El+Salvador&rft.pub=Academia+Salvadore%C3%B1a+de+la+Lengua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asl.org.sv%2FInformacion%2520institucional.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090728/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2">"Academia Venezolana de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). Venezuela. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Venezolana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2FConAALEBD%3FIDDOC%3D30602%26menu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905085434/http://www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm">"Academia Chilena de la Lengua"</a>. Chile. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm">the original</a> on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Chilena+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutodechile.cl%2Flengua%2Fresena.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012010318/http://academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia">"Academia Peruana de la Lengua"</a>. Peru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia">the original</a> on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Peruana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academiaperuanadelalengua.org%2Facademia%2Fhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804011930/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2">"Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2">the original</a> on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Guatemalteca+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Guatemala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2FConAALEBD%3FIDDOC%3D30902%26menu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php">"Academia Costarricense de la Lengua"</a>. Costa Rica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323194028/http://www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Costarricense+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Costa+Rica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acl.ac.cr%2Fi_q.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090616/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2">"Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española"</a> (in Spanish). Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Filipina+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pub=Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2FConAALEBD%3FIDDOC%3D31102%26menu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129171943/http://apalengua.apalengua.org/historia">"Academia Panameña de la Lengua"</a>. Panama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apalengua.apalengua.org/historia">the original</a> on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Paname%C3%B1a+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Panama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapalengua.apalengua.org%2Fhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acul.ohc.cu/">"Academia Cubana de la Lengua"</a>. Cuba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219083212/http://www.acul.ohc.cu/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Cubana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Cuba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acul.ohc.cu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728150336/http://www.aparle.org/origenes.asp">"Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española"</a>. Paraguay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aparle.org/origenes.asp">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Paraguaya+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Paraguay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aparle.org%2Forigenes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222161225/http://www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/">"Academia Dominicana de la Lengua"</a>. República Dominicana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/">the original</a> on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Dominicana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.org.do%2Fcontent%2Fblogsection%2F12%2F46%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129201058/http://www.abolen.org/Historia.html">"Academia Boliviana de la Lengua"</a>. Bolivia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abolen.org/Historia.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Boliviana+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Bolivia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abolen.org%2FHistoria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090719/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2">"Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). Nicaragua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Nicarag%C3%BCense+de+la+Lengua&rft.pub=Nicaragua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2FConAALEBD%3FIDDOC%3D31702%26menu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letras.edu.ar/">"Academia Argentina de Letras"</a>. Argentina. 25 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728121808/http://www.letras.edu.ar/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Argentina+de+Letras&rft.place=Argentina&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letras.edu.ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319235222/http://www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm">"Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay"</a>. Uruguay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Nacional+de+Letras+del+Uruguay&rft.place=Uruguay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mec.gub.uy%2Facademiadeletras%2FMarcoPrincipal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527085850/http://asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2">"Academia Hondureña de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). Honduras. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Hondure%C3%B1a+de+la+Lengua&rft.place=Honduras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2FASALE%2FConAALEBD%3FIDDOC%3D32002%26menu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61">"Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española"</a>. Puerto Rico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824060727/http://www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Puertorrique%C3%B1a+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academiapr.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D35%26Itemid%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anle.us/">"Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española"</a>. United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212025419/http://anle.us/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Norteamericana+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anle.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola">"Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española"</a>. Equatorial Guinea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331073309/http://www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academia+Ecuatoguineana+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Equatorial+Guinea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2Facademias%2Facademia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/informacion.htm">"Información sobre el Instituto Cervantes. Quiénes somos: qué es el Instituto Cervantes"</a>. www.cervantes.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410222035/https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/informacion.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cervantes.es&rft.atitle=Informaci%C3%B3n+sobre+el+Instituto+Cervantes.+Qui%C3%A9nes+somos%3A+qu%C3%A9+es+el+Instituto+Cervantes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantes.es%2Fsobre_instituto_cervantes%2Finformacion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Stephen Burgen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country">US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123045244/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country">Archived</a> 23 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US News, 29 June 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=spn">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. ohchr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108155322/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=spn">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fudhr%2Fpages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dspn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbercrombie1967" class="citation book cs1">Abercrombie, David (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-451-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-451-7"><bdi>978-0-85224-451-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+General+Phonetics&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-451-7&rft.aulast=Abercrombie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2020" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com">Ethnologue: Languages of the World</a> (23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060406012854/http://www.ethnologue.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Fennig%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtBenjamin2011" class="citation book cs1">Butt, John; Benjamin, Carmen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreferencegram0000butt">A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish</a> (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-3769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-3769-9"><bdi>978-1-4441-3769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Reference+Grammar+of+Modern+Spanish&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-3769-9&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewreferencegram0000butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressey1978" class="citation book cs1">Cressey, William Whitney (1978). Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87840-045-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87840-045-1"><bdi>0-87840-045-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Phonology+and+Morphology%3A+A+Generative+View&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87840-045-1&rft.aulast=Cressey&rft.aufirst=William+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1998" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKSeVLghcfQC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA501">Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11568-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11568-7"><bdi>0-231-11568-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817044903/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKSeVLghcfQC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA501">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+Definitive+Reference+to+More+Than+400+Languages&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-231-11568-7&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKSeVLghcfQC%26q%3Dhow%2Bwell%2Bdo%2Bspanish%2Bspeakers%2Bunderstand%2Bportuguese%253F%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddington2000" class="citation journal cs1">Eddington, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708183631/http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf">"Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language"</a> (PDF). Language. 76 (1): 92–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F417394">10.2307/417394</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/417394">417394</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Spanish+Stress+Assignment+within+the+Analogical+Modeling+of+Language&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-109&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F417394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F417394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eddington&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.byu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Feddingtond%2FSTRESS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburghWeber2011" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburgh, Victor; Weber, Shlomo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90">How Many Languages Do We Need?: The Economics of Linguistic Diversity</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13689-9"><bdi>978-0-691-13689-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816181041/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Many+Languages+Do+We+Need%3F%3A+The+Economics+of+Linguistic+Diversity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13689-9&rft.aulast=Ginsburgh&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Weber%2C+Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4QX8ri2o1TUC%26q%3Dhow%2Bwell%2Bdo%2Bspanish%2Bspeakers%2Bunderstand%2Bportuguese%253F%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1967" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, James (1967). "Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness". Language. 45 (3): 538–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411438">10.2307/411438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411438">411438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Sound+Change+in+Spanish+and+the+Theory+of+Markedness&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=538-52&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411438%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde2014" class="citation book cs1">Hualde, José Ignacio (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3CAQAAQBAJ&q=%22fonemas+conson%C3%A1nticos%22&pg=PR14">Los sonidos del español</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16823-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16823-6"><bdi>978-0-521-16823-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210143921/https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3CAQAAQBAJ&q=%22fonemas+conson%C3%A1nticos%22&pg=PR14">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+sonidos+del+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-16823-6&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1a3CAQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522fonemas%2Bconson%25C3%25A1nticos%2522%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1989" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, John B. (1989). "On the Mutual Intelligibility of Spanish and Portuguese". Hispania. 72 (4): 848–852. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F343562">10.2307/343562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/343562">343562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=On+the+Mutual+Intelligibility+of+Spanish+and+Portuguese&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=848-852&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F343562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F343562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedJohnson2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; Johnson, Keith (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC">A Course in Phonetics</a> (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4282-3126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4282-3126-9"><bdi>978-1-4282-3126-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324222411/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjLc1XtqJUUC">archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019, retrieved 17 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Phonetics&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4282-3126-9&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjLc1XtqJUUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). 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Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (2): 255–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001373">10.1017/S0025100303001373</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Castilian+Spanish&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-59&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001373&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Celdr%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Planas%2C+Ana+Ma.&rft.au=Carrera-Sabat%C3%A9%2C+Josefina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_FernándezOtero_Roth2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moreno_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Francisco Moreno Fernández">Moreno Fernández, Francisco</a>; Otero Roth, Jaime (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrUSulWCJxUC">Atlas de la lengua española en el mundo</a>, Barcelona: Ariel, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788408084358" title="Special:BookSources/9788408084358"><bdi>9788408084358</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225405/https://books.google.com/books?id=yrUSulWCJxUC">archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024, retrieved 4 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+en+el+mundo&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788408084358&rft.aulast=Moreno+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Otero+Roth%2C+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrUSulWCJxUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny1991" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&q=four+spheres">A History of the Spanish Language</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39784-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39784-7"><bdi>0-521-39784-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814152615/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C&q=four+spheres">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Spanish+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-39784-7&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjcrhyQlFa0C%26q%3Dfour%2Bspheres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2000" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000penn">Variation and Change in Spanish</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78045-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78045-4"><bdi>0-521-78045-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+and+Change+in+Spanish&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-78045-4&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariationchangei0000penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN2011" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100615/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS">Population by age, both sexes, annual; estimate for 2012</a>, UN, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS">the original</a> (XLS) on 15 January 2013, retrieved 11 March 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+by+age%2C+both+sexes%2C+annual%3B+estimate+for+2012&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2FExcel-Data%2FDB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual%2FWPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubino2008" class="citation cs2">Rubino, Carl (2008), "Zamboangueño Chavacano and the Potentive Mode.", in Michaelis, Susanne (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&q=rubino">Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates</a>, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 279–299, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5"><bdi>978-90-272-5255-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219223029/https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&q=rubino">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2020, retrieved 28 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zamboangue%C3%B1o+Chavacano+and+the+Potentive+Mode.&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Creole+Structures%3A+Weighing+the+Contribution+of+Substrates+and+Superstrates&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=279-299&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5255-5&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPUeQLcGMOMC%26q%3Drubino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicente2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vicente, Ángeles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2535550">"La presencia de la lengua española en el Norte de África y su interacción con el árabe marroquí"</a>. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana. 9 (2): 62. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41678471">41678471</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225403/https://www.academia.edu/2535550">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Internacional+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Iberoamericana&rft.atitle=La+presencia+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+en+el+Norte+de+%C3%81frica+y+su+interacci%C3%B3n+con+el+%C3%A1rabe+marroqu%C3%AD&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41678471%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vicente&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2535550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora_Vicente1967" class="citation cs2">Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dialectologiaesp0000alon/mode/2up">Dialectología española</a>, Madrid: Gredos, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-424-91115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-424-91115-7"><bdi>978-8-424-91115-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectolog%C3%ADa+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-8-424-91115-7&rft.aulast=Zamora+Vicente&rft.aufirst=Alonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdialectologiaesp0000alon%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <dl><dt>Organizations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/">Real Academia Española (RAE)</a>, Royal Spanish Academy. Spain's official institution, with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cervantes.es/default.htm">Instituto Cervantes</a>, Cervantes Institute. A Spanish government agency, responsible for promoting the study and the teaching of the Spanish language and culture.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fundeu.es/">FundéuRAE</a>, Foundation of Emerging Spanish. A non-profit organization with collaboration of the RAE which mission is to clarify doubts and ambiguities of Spanish.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Educational websites</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profedeele.es">ProfeDeEle</a>, Exercises targeted toward Spanish language teachers (ELE)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aprenderespanol.org">AprenderEspanol</a>, Spanish activities and material</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Spanish language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Spanish language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Spanish language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Spanish_language" class="extiw" title="q:Spanish language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Spanish" class="extiw" title="b:Spanish">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Spanish_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Spanish phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="es:">Spanish edition</a> of Wikipedia</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321" class="extiw" title="d:Q1321">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&oldid=1258201458">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&oldid=1258201458</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 18:06 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Seupanyo" title="Bahsa Seupanyo – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Seupanyo" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Испаныбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Испаныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Испаныбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Испаныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans" title="Spaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Sprache" title="Spanische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="እስፓንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እስፓንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjakiel%C3%A2" title="Espanjakielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Espanjakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेनिश भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्पेनिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%93onisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Spēonisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Spēonisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аиспан бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аиспан бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_castellano" title="Idioma castellano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma castellano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ispa%C5%84ol%C3%A2" title="Limba ispańolâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba ispańolâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilyan" title="Castilyan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Castilyan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_castellanu" title="Idioma castellanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma castellanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epa%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Epañañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Epañañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Испан мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Испан мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilla_aru" title="Kastilla aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kastilla aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0span_dili" title="İspan dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İspan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایسپانیا دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپانیا دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Spanyol" title="Basa Spanyol – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espankan" title="Espankan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Espankan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="স্পেনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Spanyul" title="Basa Spanyul – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Spanyul" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-pan-g%C3%A2-g%C3%AD" title="Se-pan-gâ-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-pan-gâ-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Испан теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Испан теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Іспанская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іспанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гішпанская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гішпанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेनिश भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्पेनिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Espanyol" title="Tataramon na Espanyol – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Espanyol" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Испански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Испански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Sproch" title="Spanische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spanische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སེ་པན་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེ་པན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panski_jezik" title="Španski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Španski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagnoleg" title="Spagnoleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spagnoleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Испан хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Испан хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell%C3%A0" title="Castellà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Castellà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Испан чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Испан чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinatsila" title="Kinatsila – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinatsila" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Bl%C5%A1tina" title="Španělština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1%C3%B3t" title="Españót – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Españót" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Lengua Español – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Lengua Español" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chispanezi" title="Chispanezi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chispanezi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChiSpanish" title="ChiSpanish – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="ChiSpanish" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChiSpanish" title="ChiSpanish – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="ChiSpanish" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_spagnola" title="Lingua spagnola – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua spagnola" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbaeneg" title="Sbaeneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbaeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_(sprog)" title="Spansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صبليونية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صبليونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1nskkagiella" title="Spánskkagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Spánskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schpaanisch" title="Schpaanisch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schpaanisch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Sprache" title="Spanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0" title="އިސްޕެނިޝް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިސްޕެނިޝް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_bizaad" title="Naakaii bizaad – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pa%C5%84%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Špańšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Špańšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_keel" title="Hispaania keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ισπανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagn%C3%B4l" title="Spagnôl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Spagnôl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Испанонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Испанонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Idioma español – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma español" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_lingvo" title="Hispana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_castellana" title="Lengua castellana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua castellana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaztelania" title="Gaztelania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaztelania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spangbe" title="Spangbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Spangbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان اسپانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اسپانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_bhasa" title="Spanish bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Spanish bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Spanskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Spanskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagnol" title="Espagnol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espagnol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaansk" title="Spaansk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_spagnole" title="Lenghe spagnole – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe spagnole" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sp%C3%A1innis" title="An Spáinnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Spáinnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaainish" title="Spaainish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Spaainish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0span_dili" title="İspan dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İspan dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A0inntis" title="Spàinntis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Spàinntis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1" title="Lingua castelá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua castelá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ХӀиспаной мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиспаной мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="西班牙語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="西班牙語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="ايسپانيايي زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايسپانيايي زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="સ્પેનિશ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્પેનિશ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-p%C3%A2n-ng%C3%A0-ng%C3%AE" title="Sî-pân-ngà-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî-pân-ngà-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Эспанмудин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Эспанмудин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%EC%96%B4" title="스페인어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Sifen" title="Yaren Sifen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Sifen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kepania" title="ʻŌlelo Kepania – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kepania" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Իսպաներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेनी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pani%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Španišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Španišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolski_jezik" title="Španjolski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastiliana_linguo" title="Kastiliana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kastiliana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Espaniol" title="Pagsasao nga Espaniol – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Espaniol" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Spanyol" title="Bahasa Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_espaniol" title="Lingua espaniol – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua espaniol" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispan" title="Hispan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hispan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%AF%E1%90%B8%E1%90%83%E1%93%82%E1%91%8E%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᓯᐸᐃᓂᑎᑐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓯᐸᐃᓂᑎᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipa%C3%B1atun_uqautchiq" title="Sipañatun uqautchiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Sipañatun uqautchiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Испайнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Испайнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiSpain" title="IsiSpain – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiSpain" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiSpeyini" title="IsiSpeyini – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiSpeyini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6nska" title="Spænska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spænska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_spagnola" title="Lingua spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ספרדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Spanyol" title="Basa Spanyol – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%A9paa%C3%B1%C9%94l%C9%A9_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanyol_(amanu)" title="Espanyol (amanu) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Espanyol (amanu)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Испан тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Испан тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ესპანური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہِسپٲنوی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِسپٲنوی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpa%C5%84sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Szpańsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szpańsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Испан тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Испан тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaynek" title="Spaynek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Spaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyesipanyole" title="Icyesipanyole – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyesipanyole" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihispania" title="Kihispania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihispania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Испан кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Испан кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kispanya" title="Kispanya – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kispanya" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_pany%C3%B2l" title="Lang panyòl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang panyòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panny%C3%B2l" title="Pannyòl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pannyòl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_span%C3%AE" title="Zimanê spanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê spanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Испан тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Испан тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Испани йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Испани йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_spanuel" title="Lingaz spanuel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz spanuel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kastilyana" title="Lingua kastilyana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua kastilyana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Спанс маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Спанс маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ພາສາແອັດສະປາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາແອັດສະປາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Span%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Spanīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Spanīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hispanica" title="Lingua Hispanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hispanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Spāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuenesch" title="Spuenesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spuenesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Испан чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Испан чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispan%C5%B3_kalba" title="Ispanų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ispanų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_spagn%C3%B2lla" title="Lengua spagnòlla – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua spagnòlla" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiliaans" title="Castiliaans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Castiliaans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lispanyoli" title="Lispanyoli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lispanyoli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espaniol_(lingua)" title="Espaniol (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Espaniol (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanien_kieli" title="Ispanien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ispanien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sanbau" title="sanbau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sanbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_spagn%C3%B6la" title="Lengua spagnöla – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua spagnöla" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol_nyelv" title="Spanyol nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेनी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्पेनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шпански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шпански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_espani%C3%B4la" title="Fiteny espaniôla – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny espaniôla" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സ്പാനിഷ്‌ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പാനിഷ്‌ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Spanjola" title="Lingwa Spanjola – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Spanjola" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_P%C4%81niora" title="Reo Pāniora – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Pāniora" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पॅनिश भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पॅनिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ესპანური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესპანური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه اسبانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه اسبانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایسپانیولی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایسپانیولی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sepanyol" title="Bahasa Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Spanyol" title="Bahaso Spanyol – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83%CC%A4-b%C4%83ng-ng%C3%A0-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Să̤-băng-ngà-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să̤-băng-ngà-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_spanhola" title="Lhéngua spanhola – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua spanhola" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Испаниянь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Испаниянь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Испани хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Испани хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စပိန်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပိန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxtilahtlahtolli" title="Caxtilahtlahtolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Caxtilahtlahtolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans" title="Spaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans" title="Spaans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Spaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेनी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्पेनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेनी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्पेनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="スペイン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_spagnuola" title="Lengua spagnuola – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua spagnuola" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Испанхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Испанхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonsk_spriak" title="Spoonsk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spoonsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish" title="Spanish – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Spanish" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk" title="Spansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk" title="Spansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espangn%C3%B4" title="Espangnô – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Espangnô" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanum" title="Spanum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Spanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanh%C3%B2u" title="Espanhòu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espanhòu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Испан йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Испан йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispan_tili" title="Ispan tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ispan tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਪੇਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਪੇਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्पन्योलषा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एस्पन्योलषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Sprache" title="Spanische Sprache – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Spanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Espanyol" title="Salitan Espanyol – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Espanyol" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ہسپانوی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپانوی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa%C3%B1o" title="Spaño – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Spaño" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اسپانيايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسپانيايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panish" title="Panish – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Panish" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Эспаннёл кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эспаннёл кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%89" title="ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89spaingnol" title="Éspaingnol – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Éspaingnol" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_spagneula" title="Lenga spagneula – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga spagneula" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Spen" title="Tok Spen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Spen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaansche_Spraak" title="Spaansche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hiszpa%C5%84ski" title="Język hiszpański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hiszpański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_castelhana" title="Língua castelhana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua castelhana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispan_tili" title="Ispan tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ispan tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0span_tili" title="İspan tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İspan tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Paniora" title="Reo Paniora – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Paniora" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schpanische_Sproch" title="Schpanische Sproch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schpanische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_spaniol%C4%83" title="Limba spaniolă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba spaniolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_spagnola" title="Lingua spagnola – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua spagnola" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilla_simi" title="Kastilla simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kastilla simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шпанєльскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шпанєльскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Испанский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Испаан тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Испаан тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Sipaniolo" title="Faʻa Sipaniolo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Sipaniolo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पैनिशभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्पैनिशभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espany%C3%B6l" title="Espanyöl – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Espanyöl" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ہسپانوی ٻولی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہسپانوی ٻولی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ispagnola" title="Limba ispagnola – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba ispagnola" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainish_leid" title="Spainish leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spainish leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Si-pan-ya" title="Kari Si-pan-ya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Si-pan-ya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoanske_Sproake" title="Spoanske Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Spoanske Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepanishe" title="Sepanishe – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sepanishe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sespan" title="Sespan – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sespan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sespan" title="Sespan – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sespan" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_spanjolle" title="Gjuha spanjolle – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha spanjolle" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_spagnola" title="Lingua spagnola – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua spagnola" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A4_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اسپيني ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسپيني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipanishi" title="Sipanishi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Sipanishi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0paniel%C4%8Dina" title="Španielčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Španielčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Španščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Španščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Їспанїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їспанїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpanielsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Szpanielskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szpanielskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Isbaanish" title="Af-Isbaanish – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Isbaanish" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئیسپانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئیسپانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyorotongo" title="Spanyorotongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Spanyorotongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шпански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шпански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panski_jezik" title="Španski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Španski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Spanyol" title="Basa Spanyol – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan_kieli" title="Espanjan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanska" title="Spanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kastila" title="Wikang Kastila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Kastila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எசுப்பானியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுப்பானியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Ta%E1%B9%A3bnyult" title="Tutlayt Taṣbnyult – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Taṣbnyult" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_taspenyult" title="Tutlayt taspenyult – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt taspenyult" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_spagnole" title="Lènga spagnole – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga spagnole" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Испан теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Испан теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="స్పానిష్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్పానిష్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-espa%C3%B1ol" title="Lia-español – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-español" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาสเปน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ቋንቋ ስጳንኛ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቋንቋ ስጳንኛ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Забони испониёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони испониёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_faka-Sipeini" title="Lea faka-Sipeini – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lea faka-Sipeini" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%82_%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9%27%C5%A1ees%C3%A9ve%27ho%27%C3%A9nestse" title="Mé'šeeséve'ho'énestse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mé'šeeséve'ho'énestse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish" title="Spanish – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Spanish" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A" title="ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ಪಾತೆರೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ಪಾತೆರೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanyolca" title="İspanyolca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanyolca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispan_dili" title="Ispan dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ispan dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish" title="Spanish – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Spanish" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Испан дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Испан дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Испан кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Испан кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%94_%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%8E%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92" title="ᨅᨔ ᨔᨄᨎᨚᨒ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨅᨔ ᨔᨄᨎᨚᨒ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Іспанська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہسپانوی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانوی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئىسپان تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسپان تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Sihbanhyaz" title="Vah Sihbanhyaz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Sihbanhyaz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_spagno%C5%82a" title="Łéngua spagnoła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua spagnoła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanijan_kel%27" title="Ispanijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ispanijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spany%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Spanyänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Spanyänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_kiil" title="Hispaania kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hispaania kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagnol_(lingaedje)" title="Espagnol (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Espagnol (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alijunaiki" title="Alijunaiki – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Alijunaiki" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="西班牙語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西班牙語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoans" title="Spoans – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Spoans" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinatsila" title="Kinatsila – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kinatsila" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-ispaa%C3%B1" title="Wu-ispaañ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wu-ispaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西班牙语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xipaniya" title="Xipaniya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xipaniya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="שפאניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שפאניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Sp%C3%A9%C3%ACn" title="Èdè Spéìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Spéìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%96%87" title="西班牙文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西班牙文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanyolki" title="İspanyolki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İspanyolki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaons" title="Spaons – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Spaons" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanu_kalba" title="Ispanu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ispanu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班牙语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Spanyol" title="Saro Spanyol – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Sepanyol" title="Boros Sepanyol – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Sepanyol" title="Jaku Sepanyol – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Spanyol" title="Bahasa Spanyol – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispani_zyvon" title="Ispani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ispani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9A%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 18:06 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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<div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zrkgv","wgBackendResponseTime":421,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"6.607","walltime":"7.084","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30395,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":896377,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27413,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":976665,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5861.393 1 -total"," 35.75% 2095.470 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.33% 1191.474 593 Template:Lang"," 17.03% 998.230 147 Template:Cite_web"," 10.04% 588.555 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 9.46% 554.298 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.28% 309.623 8 Template:Sfn"," 4.29% 251.745 30 Template:Cite_book"," 3.61% 211.851 1 Template:Hlist"," 3.60% 210.792 31 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.974","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23274643,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbercrombie1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlfassa1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrés_Barrenechea2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaquero_VelásquezWestphal_Montt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatchelor1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBituga-NchamaNvé-Ndumu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtBenjamin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA_Factbook1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCano_Aguilar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrión2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComparán_Rizo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongost-Maestre2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCressey1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalby1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevlin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDworkin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDíaz-CamposEscalona_TorresFilimonova2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddington2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández_Vítores2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández_Vítores2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinsburghWeber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlottolog2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeriberto_RoblesCamacho_BecerraJuan_José_Comparán_RizoFelipe_Castillo1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández_CampoyVillena_Ponsoda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHualde2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_B._Dabor1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadefogedJohnson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamboySalgado-Robles2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapesa1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegaspi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipski1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipski2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLope_Blanch,_Juan_M.1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacpherson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMar-Molinero2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez_Egido2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedina_López1992–1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojarro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno_FernándezOtero_Roth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOcampo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenny1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenny2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuilis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuintanaMora2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuispe_Fernández2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez-Ponga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubino2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvador2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValleVilla2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVergaz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersteegh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVicente2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeedon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamora_Vicente1967\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 40,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Br\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 147,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear right\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-start\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 5,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Spanish Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1000\"] = 4,\n [\"Formatnum:10008749\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:101484\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:101562305\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:10352042\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:10367011\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:1037248\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:10473231\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:10513209\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:10553301\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:10621938\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:108000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:1089995\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:10918405\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1114135\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:11159232\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:11181595\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1171450\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:117498\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:120000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:12006031\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1201\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:12133162\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:124073402\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:127288419\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:128041635\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:12853259\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:13000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:130000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:130750\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:131216221\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1317714\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1320401\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:132274416\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:133200\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:133719\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:13591225\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:13710\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1386745000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:13943\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:140880\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1411778724\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:146171015\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:14997214\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1505588\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1545255\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1664823\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:16665900\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:167410\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:16788\"] = 3,\n [\"Formatnum:168000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:17065500\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:17357886\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:175000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:17579300\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1775000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:18001350\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:182450\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:182467\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:18350000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:19015592\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1910258\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:19262836\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:193018\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:197113\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:19945772\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:20086377\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:20346\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:211533\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:21355849\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:21359000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:214100000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:21599100\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:22000\"] = 3,\n [\"Formatnum:2209000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:223000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:224130\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:22758\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:24294\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:255459\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:2576366\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:2711476\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:280393\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:28271112\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:28297\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:29441\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:29532910\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:2972949\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:30414\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:3095293\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3110880\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:31507179\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:31725077\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:32214158\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:323237\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:324137\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:3253015\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3285874\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:334914895\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3354\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:33769669\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3392826\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:34102668\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:34605346\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3486338\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3500\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:35194\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:35220\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3543026\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:356000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:35601000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:375207\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3777457\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:38092000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3866\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:3931942\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:4000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:4049\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:412515\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:41770981\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:4278500\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:430191\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:43369734\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:446977\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:45500\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:45561476\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:45613\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:4581269\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:460018\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:46173356\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:467474\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:46785235\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:46845960\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:47067641\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:47271\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:477564\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:4803\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:48553886\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:48797875\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5000\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:500092\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:50264\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5083420\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:513000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5165800\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5176956\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:518480\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:52168992\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5225537\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5244749\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:524853\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5262374\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:52695952\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:52791\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5455407\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:547397\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5484723\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:566178\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5704863\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:58373\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:58869734\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:59499\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:600795\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:60542215\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6056018\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:60582\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6285677\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6311954\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6316847\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6330947\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6404399\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:644091\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6484714\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6586\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:6595674\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6596520\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:666\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6685901\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:668599\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:67081000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:67407241\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:70098\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:70401\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7112359\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7262675\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7287661\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7453695\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:75402\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7626000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:77912\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:8000\"] = 3,\n [\"Formatnum:8098\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:8205533\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:83064\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:83190556\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:83206\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:83614362\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:84484\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:8570146\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:87313\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:89395\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:90124\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:912337\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:9318690\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:9402596\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:9457\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:9526440\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:9555893\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:9957731\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:9965006\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr: 125954569 + 42032538 + 51196598 + 46406518 + 45356368 + 31725077 + 30123512 + 19015592 + 17125687 + 13591225 + 11159232 + 10367011 + 9965006 + 9402596 + 1910258 + 460018 + 6404399 + 6311954 + 1037248 + 5225537 + 5083420 + 3931942 + 3486338 + 3253015 + 518480 + 438882 + 644091 + 11342 + 1114135 + 182467 + 553495 + 323237 + 133719 + 117498 + 101472 + 89395 + 324137 + 70098 + 224130 + 175422 + 200714 + 1377 + 45613 + 95000 + 108179 + 35220 + 125534 + 6474 + 130750 + 25084 + 2495 + 75402 + 18454 + 4100 + 1201 + 22000 + 51106 + 35194 + 47300 + 5872 + 22758 + 8098 + 5235 + 16788 + 1000 + 8000 + 3870 + 227 round 0\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr: 49847451800 / 7626000000 round 1\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 17,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 67,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 20,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 592,\n [\"Lcons\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Romance languages\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 27,\n [\"Spanish language\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish variants by continent\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vn\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 38,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","11.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","400","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","8.9"],["recursiveClone 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language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1321","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1321","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-30T19:47:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b5\/Map-Hispanophone_World.svg","headline":"Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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