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class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Latin_script" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Latin+script" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_script&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span> <span>View source</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Latin script originally used by the ancient Romans to write Latin, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Latin script</b>, also known as the <b>Roman script</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> based on the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">classical Latin alphabet</a>, derived from a form of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> which was in use in the ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. The Greek alphabet was altered by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Ancient Romans</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabets</a> exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet. </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Latin<br><div style="font-weight:normal">Roman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abecedarium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abecedarium.svg/260px-Abecedarium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abecedarium.svg/390px-Abecedarium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abecedarium.svg/520px-Abecedarium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="352"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700 BC</span> – present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8229?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">List of Latin-script alphabets</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Latin</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser alphabet">Fraser alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage script</a></li><li>(partially) several <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic alphabets</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, which have been used to write languages with no native script</li><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret alphabet</a></li><li>(partially) <a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Pollard script</a> (Miao)</li><li>(partially) <a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Caroline Island script (Woleaian)</a></li><li>(indirectly) <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a></li><li>(indirectly, partially) <a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun script</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Latn</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(215)</span>, Latin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Latin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Latin_characters_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin characters in Unicode">Latin characters in Unicode</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Latin script is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>, which are the same letters as the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. </p><p>Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems_by_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of writing systems by adoption">most widely adopted</a> writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing the languages of Western and Central Europe, most of sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, as well as many languages in other parts of the world. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">ISO basic Latin alphabet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Spread"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Spread</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Since_the_16th_century"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Since the 16th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Since_the_19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Since the 19th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Since_20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Since 20th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">21st century</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#International_standards"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">International standards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#National_standards"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">National standards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#As_used_by_various_languages"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">As used by various languages</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Letters"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Letters</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Multigraphs"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Multigraphs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ligatures"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ligatures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Diacritics"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Diacritics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Collation"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Collation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Capitalization"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Capitalization</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Romanization"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Romanization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The script is either called Latin script or Roman script, in reference to its origin in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> (though some of the capital letters are Greek in origin). In the context of <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, the term "<a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a>" (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: "romanisation") is often found.<sup id="cite_ref-bsigroup_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsigroup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcgn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcgn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> uses the term "Latin"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO).<sup id="cite_ref-iso_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system, and the collection of the elements is known as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. The numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are Latin/Roman script numbers for the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">Uppercase</a> Latin alphabet </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lowercase</a> Latin alphabet </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> originated as a doubled <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> (VV) used to represent the Voiced labial–velar approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> found in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the letter <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩</span>, which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded <i>u</i>; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in the 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule <i>v</i> was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final <a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">swash</a> form, <i>j</i>, came to be used for the consonant, with the un-swashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (it had been rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered a distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century. </p><p>By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> industries in the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a>) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published <i>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</i>, better known as <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, which included in the <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character set</a> the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode Latin</a>), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Spread">Spread</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/450px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/450px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" data-width="450" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/675px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/900px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The distribution of the Latin script. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Latin script is the sole official (or <i>de facto</i> official) national script.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00fc00; color:black;"> </span> Latin script is a co-official script at the national level.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dae0da; color:black;"> </span> Latin script is not officially used.</div> <br>Latin-script alphabets are sometimes extensively used in areas coloured grey due to the use of unofficial second languages, such as French in Algeria and English in Egypt, and to Latin transliteration of the official script, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> in China.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread of the Latin script</a></div> <p>The Latin alphabet spread, along with <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> to the lands surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The eastern half of the Empire, including Greece, Turkey, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and Egypt, continued to use <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half, and as the western <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <p>With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Latin alphabet was gradually adopted by the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> (displacing the <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> alphabet) or <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (displacing earlier <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic alphabets</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, as well as by the speakers of several <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>. </p><p>The Latin script also came into use for writing the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> and several <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a>, as the people who spoke them adopted <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. The speakers of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> generally adopted <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian language</a> uses both scripts, with Cyrillic predominating in official communication and Latin elsewhere, as determined by the Law on Official Use of the Language and Alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-ombudsman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ombudsman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_16th_century">Since the 16th century</h3></div> <p>As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The Orthodox Christian Slavs of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> mostly used <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, and the Greek alphabet was in use by Greek speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> was widespread within Islam, both among <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and non-Arab nations like the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic alphabets</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese script">Chinese script</a>. </p><p>Through <a href="/wiki/European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">European colonization</a> the Latin script has spread to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, parts of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, in forms based on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a> alphabets. </p><p>It is used for many <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian languages</a>, replacing earlier Arabic and indigenous Brahmic alphabets. Latin letters served as the basis for the forms of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a>; however, the sound values are completely different.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under Portuguese missionary influence, a Latin alphabet was devised for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a>, which had previously used <a href="/wiki/Chu_nom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu nom">Chinese characters</a>. The Latin-based alphabet replaced the Chinese characters in administration in the 19th century with French rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_19th_century">Since the 19th century</h3></div> <p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> switched to using the Latin alphabet, dropping the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_20th_century">Since 20th century</h3></div> <p>In 1928, as part of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s reforms, the new <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> adopted a Latin alphabet for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, replacing a modified Arabic alphabet. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking peoples of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and others, had their writing systems replaced by the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Turkic alphabet">Uniform Turkic alphabet</a> in the 1930s; but, in the 1940s, all were replaced by Cyrillic. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, three of the newly independent Turkic-speaking republics, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, as well as Romanian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, officially adopted Latin alphabets for their languages. <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and the breakaway region of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia. </p><p>In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets. Although only the official <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdish government</a> uses an Arabic alphabet for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>-speakers. </p><p>In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> introduced a script reform to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang language</a>, changing its orthography from <a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a>, a writing system based on Chinese, to a Latin script alphabet that used a mixture of Latin, Cyrillic, and IPA letters to represent both the phonemes and tones of the Zhuang language, without the use of diacritics. In 1982 this was further standardised to use only Latin script letters. </p><p>With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> and subsequent end of decades of <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> assimilation in 1991, various ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> dropped the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a>, which was deemed unsuitable for languages outside of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years the <a href="/wiki/Kafa_language" title="Kafa language">Kafa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sidama_language" title="Sidama language">Sidama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mekonnen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekonnen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mekonnen_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekonnen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wolaitta_language" title="Wolaitta language">Wolaitta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mekonnen_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekonnen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> languages switched to Latin while there is continued debate on whether to follow suit for the <a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kambaata_language" title="Kambaata language">Kambaata</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <p>On 15 September 1999 the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, Russia, passed a law to make the Latin script a co-official writing system alongside Cyrillic for the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a> by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, however, the Russian government overruled the law and banned Latinization on its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">government of Kazakhstan</a> announced that a <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets#Latin_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh Latin alphabet</a> would replace the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets#Cyrillic_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet</a> as the official writing system for the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also talks about switching from the Cyrillic script to Latin in Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia, however, has since opted to revive the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> instead of switching to Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2019, the organization <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Tapiriit_Kanatami" title="Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami">National Representational Organization for Inuit</a> in Canada (ITK) announced that they will introduce a unified writing system for the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a> in the country. The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet and is modeled after the one used in the <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 February 2021 the government of Uzbekistan announced it will finalize the transition from Cyrillic to Latin for the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> by 2023. Plans to switch to Latin originally began in 1993 but subsequently stalled and Cyrillic remained in widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At present the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a> uses both Cyrillic and Latin. The use of Latin was originally approved by Crimean Tatar representatives after the Soviet Union's collapse<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was never implemented by the regional government. After Russia's <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> of Crimea in 2014 the Latin script was dropped entirely. Nevertheless, Crimean Tatars outside of Crimea continue to use Latin and on 22 October 2021 the government of Ukraine approved a proposal endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a> to switch the Crimean Tatar language to Latin by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020, 2.6 billion people (36% of the world population) use the Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="International_standards">International standards</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin script in Unicode</a></div> <p>By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> industries in the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a>) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. </p><p>As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published <i>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</i>, better known as <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, which included in the <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character set</a> the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_characters_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin characters in Unicode">Unicode Latin</a>), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="National_standards">National standards</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The DIN standard <a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a> specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow the correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This specification supports all official languages of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> countries (thus also the Greek and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> scripts), plus the <a href="/wiki/Germany#Languages" title="Germany">German minority languages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts are being made to further develop it into a European <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-stringlatin12_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stringlatin12-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="As_used_by_various_languages">As used by various languages</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabet</a></div> <p>In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters. To represent these new sounds, extensions were therefore created, be it by adding <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to existing <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, by joining multiple letters together to make <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a>, by creating completely new forms, or by assigning a special function to pairs or triplets of letters. These new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining an <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">alphabetical order</a> or collation sequence, which can vary with the particular language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">List of Latin-script letters</a>.</div> <p>Some examples of new letters to the standard Latin alphabet are the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a> letters <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩</span> and <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ þ⟩</span>, and the letter <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ð/ð⟩</span>, which were added to the alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>. Another Irish letter, the <a href="/wiki/Insular_G" title="Insular G">insular <i>g</i></a>, developed into <a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">yogh</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ȝ ȝ⟩</span>, used in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. Wynn was later replaced with the new letter <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>, eth and thorn with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_th" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronunciation of English th">th</a>⟩</span>, and yogh with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">gh</a>⟩</span>. Although the four are no longer part of the English or Irish alphabets, eth and thorn are still used in the modern <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic alphabet</a>, while eth is also used by the <a href="/wiki/Faroese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese alphabet">Faroese alphabet</a>. </p><p>Some West, Central and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern African</a> languages use a few additional letters that have sound values similar to those of their equivalents in the IPA. For example, <a href="/wiki/Adangme_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adangme language">Adangme</a> uses the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a> uses <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩</span>. <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> uses <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɓ ɓ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɗ ɗ⟩</span> for <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</a>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƙ ƙ⟩</span> for an <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_studies" title="African studies">Africanists</a> have standardized these into the <a href="/wiki/African_reference_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="African reference alphabet">African reference alphabet</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0" title="İ">Dotted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dotless_I" title="Dotless I">dotless I</a> — <span class="nowrap">⟨İ i⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨I ı⟩</span> — are two forms of the letter I used by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a> alphabets.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Azerbaijani language also has <span class="nowrap">⟨Ə ə⟩</span>, which represents the <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multigraphs">Multigraphs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Latin-script multigraph</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. Examples are <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">ng</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">rh</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">ph</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_th" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronunciation of English th">th</a>⟩</span> in English, and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ij</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)#German" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ei⟩</span> in Dutch. In Dutch the <span class="nowrap">⟨ij⟩</span> is capitalized as <span class="nowrap">⟨IJ⟩</span> or the <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ĳ⟩</span>, but never as <span class="nowrap">⟨Ij⟩</span>, and it often takes the appearance of a ligature <span class="nowrap">⟨ĳ⟩</span> very similar to the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ÿ⟩</span> in <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a> is made up of three letters, like the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Sch_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sch (trigraph)">sch</a>⟩</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/C%27h_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="C'h (trigraph)">c'h</a>⟩</span> or the <a href="/wiki/Milanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Milanese">Milanese</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨oeu⟩</span>. In the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographies</a> of some languages, digraphs and trigraphs are regarded as independent letters of the alphabet in their own right. The capitalization of digraphs and trigraphs is language-dependent, as only the first letter may be capitalized, or all component letters simultaneously (even for words written in title case, where letters after the digraph or trigraph are left in lowercase). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">Ligature (typography)</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a> is a fusion of two or more ordinary letters into a new <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> or character. Examples are <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a> æ⟩</span> (from <span class="nowrap">⟨AE⟩</span>, called <i>ash</i>), <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ</a> œ⟩</span> (from <span class="nowrap">⟨OE⟩</span>, sometimes called <i>oethel</i> or <i>eðel</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%26" class="mw-redirect" title="&">&</a>⟩</span> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">et</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'and', called <i>ampersand</i>), and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ẞ">ẞ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>⟩</span> (from <span class="nowrap">⟨ſʒ⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ſs⟩</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">archaic medial form of <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span></a>, followed by an <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C6%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʒ">ʒ</a>⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, called <i>sharp S</i> or <i>eszett</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_a_with_acute.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Small_a_with_acute.svg/60px-Small_a_with_acute.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Small_a_with_acute.svg/60px-Small_a_with_acute.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Small_a_with_acute.svg/90px-Small_a_with_acute.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Small_a_with_acute.svg/120px-Small_a_with_acute.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>⟩</span> with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritic</a></div> <p>A diacritic, in some cases also called an accent, is a small symbol that can appear above or below a letter, or in some other position, such as the <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut sign</a> used in the German characters <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> or the Romanian characters <a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">ă</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">â</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="S-comma">ș</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">ț</a>. Its main function is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added, but it may also modify the pronunciation of a whole syllable or word, indicate the start of a new syllable, or distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homographs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> words <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/een" class="extiw" title="wikt:een">een</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ən]</a></span>) meaning "a" or "an", and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9%C3%A9n" class="extiw" title="wikt:één">één</a></i>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[e:n]</a></span>) meaning "one". As with the pronunciation of letters, the effect of diacritics is language-dependent. </p><p>English is the only major modern <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a> that requires no diacritics for its native vocabulary<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Historically, in formal writing, a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> was sometimes used to indicate the start of a new syllable within a sequence of letters that could otherwise be misinterpreted as being a single vowel (e.g., "coöperative", "reëlect"), but modern writing styles either omit such marks or use a hyphen to indicate a syllable break (e.g. "co-operative", "re-elect"). <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collation">Collation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collating_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Collating sequence">Collating sequence</a></div> <p>Some modified letters, such as the symbols <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, may be regarded as new individual letters in themselves, and assigned a specific place in the alphabet for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> purposes, separate from that of the letter on which they are based, as is done in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish</a>. In other cases, such as with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> in German, this is not done; letter-diacritic combinations being identified with their base letter. The same applies to digraphs and trigraphs. Different diacritics may be treated differently in collation within a single language. For example, in Spanish, the character <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩</span> is considered a letter, and sorted between <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a>⟩</span> in dictionaries, but the accented vowels <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">á</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> are not separated from the unaccented vowels <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a>⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalization">Capitalization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></div> <p>The languages that use the Latin script today generally use <a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital letters</a> to begin paragraphs and sentences and <a href="/wiki/Noun#Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns" title="Noun">proper nouns</a>. The rules for <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalization</a> have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized; whereas <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> of the 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalized, in the same way that Modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is written today, e.g. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Alle Schwestern der alten Stadt hatten die Vögel gesehen</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'All of the Sisters of the old City had seen the Birds'. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div> <p>Words from languages natively written with other <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">scripts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a>, are usually <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcribed</a> when embedded in Latin-script text or in <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> international communication, a process termed <i>romanization</i>. </p><p>Whilst the romanization of such languages is used mostly at unofficial levels, it has been especially prominent in computer messaging where only the limited seven-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> code is available on older systems. However, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, romanization is now becoming less necessary. Keyboards used to enter such text may still restrict users to romanized text, as only ASCII or Latin-alphabet characters may be available. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">European Latin Unicode subset (DIN 91379)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_with_left_hook" title="H with left hook">H with left hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Latin letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_omega" title="Latin omega">Latin omega</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In formal English writing, however, diacritics are often preserved on many loanwords, such as "café", "<a href="/wiki/Naivety" title="Naivety">naïve</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a>" or the German prefix "<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cber" title="Über">über</a>-".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As an example, an article containing a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> in "coöperate" and a <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> in "façade" as well as a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> in the word "crêpe": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrafton2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Grafton, Anthony (23 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/23/061023crbo_books?currentPage=all">"Books: The Nutty Professors, The history of academic charisma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Books%3A+The+Nutty+Professors%2C+The+history+of+academic+charisma&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2006%2F10%2F23%2F061023crbo_books%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2004">Haarmann 2004</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsigroup-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bsigroup_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en/DualSearch/?q=romanization">"Search results | BSI Group"</a>. Bsigroup.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+results+%26%23124%3B+BSI+Group&rft.pub=Bsigroup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsigroup.com%2Fen%2FDualSearch%2F%3Fq%3Dromanization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcgn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcgn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Romanisation_systems.htm">"Romanisation_systems"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurasianet&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan%3A+Latin+%28alphabet%29+fever+takes+hold&rft.date=2019-09-13&rft.aulast=Rickleton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fkyrgyzstan-latin-alphabet-fever-takes-hold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikovic2019" class="citation web cs1">Mikovic, Nikola (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalsecurityreview.com/decline-russian-influence-mongolia/">"Russian Influence in Mongolia is Declining"</a>. <i>Global Security Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224235429/https://globalsecurityreview.com/decline-russian-influence-mongolia/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Security+Review&rft.atitle=Russian+Influence+in+Mongolia+is+Declining&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Mikovic&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalsecurityreview.com%2Fdecline-russian-influence-mongolia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2020" class="citation news cs1">Tang, Didi (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mongolia-abandons-soviet-past-by-restoring-alphabet-rsvcgqmxd">"Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422213426/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mongolia-abandons-soviet-past-by-restoring-alphabet-rsvcgqmxd">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Mongolia+abandons+Soviet+past+by+restoring+alphabet&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Didi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmongolia-abandons-soviet-past-by-restoring-alphabet-rsvcgqmxd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/canadian-inuit-get-common-written-language">"Canadian Inuit Get Common Written Language"</a>. <i>High North News (8 October 2019)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817224216/https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/canadian-inuit-get-common-written-language">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+North+News+%288+October+2019%29&rft.atitle=Canadian+Inuit+Get+Common+Written+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highnorthnews.com%2Fen%2Fcanadian-inuit-get-common-written-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands2021" class="citation web cs1">Sands, David (12 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/feb/12/latin-lives-uzbeks-prepare-latest-switch-western-b/">"Latin lives! Uzbeks prepare latest switch to Western-based alphabet"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215070537/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/feb/12/latin-lives-uzbeks-prepare-latest-switch-western-b/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Latin+lives%21+Uzbeks+prepare+latest+switch+to+Western-based+alphabet&rft.date=2021-02-12&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F12%2Flatin-lives-uzbeks-prepare-latest-switch-western-b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html">"Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 12 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231190936/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+Aims+For+Full+Transition+To+Latin-Based+Alphabet+By+2023&rft.date=2021-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fuzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023%2F31099723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2007" class="citation book cs1">Kuzio, Taras (2007). <i>Ukraine - Crimea - Russia: Triangle of Conflict</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-5761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-5761-7"><bdi>978-3-8382-5761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+-+Crimea+-+Russia%3A+Triangle+of+Conflict&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-5761-7&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3320261-cabinet-approves-crimean-tatar-alphabet-based-on-latin-letters.html">"Cabinet approves Crimean Tatar alphabet based on Latin letters"</a>. <i>Ukrinform</i>. 22 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007222002/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3320261-cabinet-approves-crimean-tatar-alphabet-based-on-latin-letters.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Cabinet+approves+Crimean+Tatar+alphabet+based+on+Latin+letters&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F3320261-cabinet-approves-crimean-tatar-alphabet-based-on-latin-letters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstandards.eu/other/alphabets/">"The world's scripts and alphabets"</a>. <i>WorldStandards</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809025745/https://www.worldstandards.eu/other/alphabets/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldStandards&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+scripts+and+alphabets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstandards.eu%2Fother%2Falphabets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din-91379/353496133">"DIN 91379:2022-08: Characters and defined character sequences in Unicode for the electronic processing of names and data exchange in Europe, with CD-ROM"</a>. Beuth Verlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819115132/https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din-91379/353496133">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIN+91379%3A2022-08%3A+Characters+and+defined+character+sequences+in+Unicode+for+the+electronic+processing+of+names+and+data+exchange+in+Europe%2C+with+CD-ROM&rft.pub=Beuth+Verlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beuth.de%2Fde%2Fnorm%2Fdin-91379%2F353496133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stringlatin12-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stringlatin12_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoordinierungsstelle_für_IT-Standards_(KoSIT)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koordinierungsstelle für IT-Standards (KoSIT). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xoev.de/downloads-2316#StringLatin">"String.Latin+ 1.2: eine kommentierte und erweiterte Fassung der DIN SPEC 91379. Inklusive einer umfangreichen Liste häufig gestellter Fragen. Herausgegeben von der Fachgruppe String.Latin. (zip, 1.7 MB)"</a> [String.Latin+ 1.2: Commented and extended version of DIN SPEC 91379.] (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119123532/https://www.xoev.de/downloads-2316#StringLatin">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=String.Latin%2B+1.2%3A+eine+kommentierte+und+erweiterte+Fassung+der+DIN+SPEC+91379.+Inklusive+einer+umfangreichen+Liste+h%C3%A4ufig+gestellter+Fragen.+Herausgegeben+von+der+Fachgruppe+String.Latin.+%28zip%2C+1.7+MB%29&rft.au=Koordinierungsstelle+f%C3%BCr+IT-Standards+%28KoSIT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xoev.de%2Fdownloads-2316%23StringLatin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glyphsapp.com/learn/localize-your-font-turkish">"Localize Your Font: Turkish i"</a>. <i>Glyphs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128030405/https://glyphsapp.com/learn/localize-your-font-turkish">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glyphs&rft.atitle=Localize+Your+Font%3A+Turkish+i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglyphsapp.com%2Flearn%2Flocalize-your-font-turkish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216160024/http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis">"The New Yorker's odd mark — the diaeresis"</a>. 16 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis">the original</a> on 16 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Yorker%27s+odd+mark+%E2%80%94+the+diaeresis&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdscriber.com%2Fnews%2F121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haarmann, Harald (2004). <i>Geschichte der Schrift</i> [<i>History of Writing</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-47998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-47998-4"><bdi>978-3-406-47998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Schrift&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-406-47998-4&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Boyle, Leonard E. 1976. "Optimist and recensionist: 'Common errors' or 'common variations.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" In <i>Latin script and letters A.D. 400–900: Festschrift presented to Ludwig Bieler on the occasion of his 70th birthday.</i> Edited by John J. O'Meara and Bernd Naumann, 264–74. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</li> <li>Morison, Stanley. 1972. <i>Politics and script: Aspects of authority and freedom in the development of Graeco-Latin script from the sixth century B.C. to the twentieth century A.D.</i> Oxford: Clarendon.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latin_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br> <b>Latin script</b> <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Latin+script&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Latin+script">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Latin+script&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/">Unicode collation chart</a>—Latin letters sorted by shape</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diacritics.typo.cz/">Diacritics Project – All you need to design a font with correct accents</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_script&oldid=1259323525">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_script&oldid=1259323525</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_script&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Ohnoitsjamie" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732460773"> <span>Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 15:06</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Латин тхыпкъылъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Латин тхыпкъылъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latynse_alfabet" title="Latynse alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Latynse alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinisches_Alphabet" title="Lateinisches Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lateinisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5" title="ላቲን ጽሕፈት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላቲን ጽሕፈት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C7%A3den_st%C3%A6fr%C5%8Df" title="Lǣden stæfrōf – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lǣden stæfrōf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%AD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Алаҭын алфавит – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Алаҭын алфавит" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتابة لاتينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتابة لاتينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="লেটিন লিপি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লেটিন লিপি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_llat%C3%ADn" title="Alfabetu llatín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu llatín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD_achegety" title="Latinañe'ẽ achegety – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Latinañe'ẽ achegety" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8" title="Латин хъвай-хъвагӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Латин хъвай-хъвагӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%B1n_qrafikas%C4%B1" title="Latın qrafikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Latın qrafikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لاتین الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لاتین الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_latin" title="Aksara latin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aksara latin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="লাতিন লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাতিন লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB" title="Lô-má-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Latin" title="Alfabet Latin – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Alfabet Latin" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Латин алфавиты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Латин алфавиты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Лацінскі алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лацінскі алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Лацінскі альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лацінскі альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="लैटिन लिखाई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लैटिन लिखाई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskriturang_Latin" title="Iskriturang Latin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iskriturang Latin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Латиница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латиница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinischs_Oiphabet" title="Lateinischs Oiphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lateinischs Oiphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Latinica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_latin" title="Lizherenneg latin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg latin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Лата үзэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лата үзэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_llat%C3%AD" title="Alfabet llatí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet llatí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetong_Latin" title="Alpabetong Latin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alpabetong Latin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinka" title="Latinka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latinka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_latinu" title="Alfabetu latinu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alfabetu latinu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_wyddor_Ladin" title="Yr wyddor Ladin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr wyddor Ladin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_latinske_alfabet" title="Det latinske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det latinske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألفبائية لاتينية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألفبائية لاتينية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiinnala%C5%A1_alfabehta" title="Latiinnalaš alfabehta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Latiinnalaš alfabehta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinisches_Schriftsystem" title="Lateinisches Schriftsystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lateinisches Schriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladina_kiri" title="Ladina kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ladina kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Λατινική γραφή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατινική γραφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_alfabeto" title="Latina alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latina alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latindar_alfabetoa" title="Latindar alfabetoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latindar alfabetoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خط لاتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط لاتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_akchhar" title="Roman akchhar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roman akchhar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADnska_stavra%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Latínska stavraðið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Latínska stavraðið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet latin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latynsk_alfabet" title="Latynsk alfabet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Latynsk alfabet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_latin" title="Alfabet latin – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alfabet latin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtir_Laidineach" title="Aibítir Laidineach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aibítir Laidineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Romanagh" title="Abbyrlhit Romanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Romanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibidil_Laidinneach" title="Aibidil Laidinneach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aibidil Laidinneach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Латиний алапат – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Латиний алапат" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="拉丁字母" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi_Lipiecho_Fuddar" title="Romi Lipiecho Fuddar – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Romi Lipiecho Fuddar" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2-t%C3%AAn_s%E1%B9%B3-m%C3%BB" title="Lâ-tên sṳ-mû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lâ-tên sṳ-mû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Латин бичиг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Латин бичиг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90" title="로마자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լատիներենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լատիներենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="रोमन लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमन लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Latinica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_alfabeto" title="Latina alfabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latina alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinuratan_a_Latin" title="Sinuratan a Latin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sinuratan a Latin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Latin" title="Alfabet Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_latin" title="Alphabeto latin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto latin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%95%E1%93%B4%E1%90%85%E1%91%8E%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᓕᓴᐅᑎᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓕᓴᐅᑎᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latneskt_stafr%C3%B3f" title="Latneskt stafróf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Latneskt stafróf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אלפבית לטיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית לטיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Latin" title="Aksara Latin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Latin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Латин алфавит – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Латин алфавит" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ლათინური დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლათინური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81acy%C5%84sczi_alfab%C3%A9t" title="Łacyńsczi alfabét – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Łacyńsczi alfabét" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%96" title="Латын әліпбиі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Латын әліпбиі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrypt_Latin" title="Skrypt Latin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Skrypt Latin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_ya_Kilatini" title="Alfabeti ya Kilatini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfabeti ya Kilatini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalfab%C3%A9_laten" title="Lalfabé laten – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lalfabé laten" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeya_lat%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Alfabeya latînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabeya latînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Латын алфавити – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Латын алфавити" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritura_latina" title="Scritura latina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scritura latina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alefbet_latino" title="Alefbet latino – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Alefbet latino" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ອັກສອນລາຕິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັກສອນລາຕິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Latinum" title="Abecedarium Latinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedarium Latinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_raksts" title="Latīņu raksts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Latīņu raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9ngescht_Alphabet" title="Laténgescht Alphabet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Laténgescht Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97" title="Lotynų abėcėlė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lotynų abėcėlė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiens_sjrif" title="Latiens sjrif – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Latiens sjrif" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afab%C9%9B%CC%81_ya_lat%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Afabɛ́ ya latɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afabɛ́ ya latɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_latina" title="Alfabeta latina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta latina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/latmo_lerfu" title="latmo lerfu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="latmo lerfu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecee_latin" title="Abecee latin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abecee latin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Latin ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Latin ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Латиница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латиница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarehin-tsoratra_latina" title="Tarehin-tsoratra latina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tarehin-tsoratra latina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="ലത്തീൻ അക്ഷരമാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലത്തീൻ അക്ഷരമാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="लॅटिन लिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लॅटिन लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ლათინური ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლათინური ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="لاتین خط – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاتین خط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Rumi" title="Abjad Rumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Rumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1-d%C4%ADng_c%C3%AA-m%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Lá-dĭng cê-mō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lá-dĭng cê-mō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Латин үсэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Латин үсэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="လက်တင်အက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်တင်အက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinmachiy%C5%8Dtlaht%C5%8Dltecpantiliztli" title="Latinmachiyōtlahtōltecpantiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Latinmachiyōtlahtōltecpantiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijns_schrift" title="Latijns schrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latijns schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latainse_alfabet" title="Latainse alfabet – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Latainse alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="रोमन लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमन लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ラテン文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Латинан абат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Латинан абат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiinsk_alfabeet" title="Latiinsk alfabeet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Latiinsk alfabeet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_latinske_alfabetet" title="Det latinske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det latinske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_latinske_alfabetet" title="Det latinske alfabetet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det latinske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Alphabet latin" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_latin" title="Alfabet latin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet latin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotin_alifbosi" title="Lotin alifbosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lotin alifbosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="لاطینی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاطینی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_latin" title="Alfabet latin – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alfabet latin" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="لاتين ليکدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاتين ليکدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="អក្សរឡាតាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរឡាតាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_latin" title="Alfabet latin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alfabet latin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_latin" title="Alfabet latin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabet latin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/rumazi" title="rumazi – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="rumazi" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alpabet" title="Latin alpabet – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Latin alpabet" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinsche_Schrift" title="Latinsche Schrift – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Latinsche Schrift" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_%C5%82aci%C5%84ski" title="Alfabet łaciński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet łaciński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_elifbesi" title="Latin elifbesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Latin elifbesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_latin" title="Alfabetul latin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul latin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinikano_lekhipen" title="Latinikano lekhipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Latinikano lekhipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_siq%27i_llumpa" title="Latin siq'i llumpa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Latin siq'i llumpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Латиньскый алфавіт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Латиньскый алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Латиница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латиница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Латыын алпабыыта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Латыын алпабыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF" title="ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_latinu" title="Alfabetu latinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alfabetu latinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laitin_script" title="Laitin script – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laitin script" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiensk_Alphabet" title="Latiensk Alphabet – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Latiensk Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrimi_latin" title="Shkrimi latin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrimi latin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latin script" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="رومن اسڪرپٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رومن اسڪرپٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Latinské písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Latinské písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latinica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA%EA%99%91" title="Латиньска аꙁъбоукꙑ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Латиньска аꙁъбоукꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farta_laatiinka" title="Farta laatiinka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Farta laatiinka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەلفوبێی لاتین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێی لاتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Латиница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Латиница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Latinica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A9t_Latin" title="Alfabét Latin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alfabét Latin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinalaiset_aakkoset" title="Latinalaiset aakkoset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latinalaiset aakkoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinska_alfabetet" title="Latinska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latinska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Latin" title="Sulat Latin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat Latin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இலத்தீன் எழுத்துகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலத்தீன் எழுத்துகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agemmay_alatini" title="Agemmay alatini – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agemmay alatini" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_%C3%A4lifbas%C4%B1" title="Latin älifbası – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Latin älifbası" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรละติน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรละติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Хати лотинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хати лотинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_harfleri" title="Latin harfleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latin harfleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Латинське письмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латинське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="لاطینی رسم الخط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاطینی رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%89%DA%A7%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="لاتىن ئەلىڧبەسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لاتىن ئەلىڧبەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinan_kirjami%C5%A1t" title="Latinan kirjamišt – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Latinan kirjamišt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Latinh" title="Chữ Latinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Latinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_lat%C3%A9n" title="Alfabet latén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alfabet latén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="拉丁字母" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linatin_nga_abakadahan" title="Linatin nga abakadahan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linatin nga abakadahan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉丁字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98" title="לאטיינישער אלפאבעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאטיינישער אלפאבעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉丁字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Latinki" title="Alfabey Latinki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Latinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luot%C4%ABn%C4%97%C5%A1ks_ra%C5%A1ts" title="Luotīnėšks rašts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luotīnėšks rašts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉丁字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Latin" title="Surat Latin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Surat Latin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urup_Latin" title="Urup Latin – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Urup Latin" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Latin" title="Alfabet Latin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Alfabet Latin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89" title="ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 15:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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