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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="-AOCitKHD1xNMNtEAOTz4zb4Ys1IFmBMnbzhxPKHPnf2dRVh6YxwttXpCu1qV5pYj2pBfj1uUQF9hE4WhZ0G2A" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Eric Cezne" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/11586384/Evolution_and_challenges_of_Latin_American_regionalism" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The central purpose of the paper is to describe the historical driving forces of regional processes in Latin American and, thereafter, analyze what characterizes such processes up to 2013 and what are the challenges faced by Latin American regional" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/10585831/3197169/93102842/s200_eric.cezne.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/11586384/Evolution_and_challenges_of_Latin_American_regionalism" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The central purpose of the paper is to describe the historical driving forces of regional processes in Latin American and, thereafter, analyze what characterizes such processes up to 2013 and what are the challenges faced by Latin American regional" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uu.academia.edu/EricCezne" /> <meta name="description" content="The central purpose of the paper is to describe the historical driving forces of regional processes in Latin American and, thereafter, analyze what characterizes such processes up to 2013 and what are the challenges faced by Latin American regional" /> <title>Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/11586384/Evolution_and_challenges_of_Latin_American_regionalism" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '107520bac59918e2ceae62eaadd15bff3d1e7904'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740955096000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740955096000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The central purpose of the paper is to describe the historical driving forces of regional processes in Latin American and, thereafter, analyze what characterizes such processes up to 2013 and what are the challenges faced by Latin American regional arrangements. In order to do so, the paper will be based upon the following research question: how has Latin American regionalism evolved over time and what are its current challenges?","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Eric Cezne","url":"https://uu.academia.edu/EricCezne","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10585831/3197169/93102842/s200_eric.cezne.jpg","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/eric.cezne"]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-03-22","dateModified":"2015-03-22","headline":"Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37070586/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Latin American Studies","International Relations","International organizations","Regional 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{"work":{"id":11586384,"created_at":"2015-03-22T08:56:51.024-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-06-27T01:53:22.447-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"The central purpose of the paper is to describe the historical driving forces of regional processes in Latin American and, thereafter, analyze what characterizes such processes up to 2013 and what are the challenges faced by Latin American regional arrangements. In order to do so, the paper will be based upon the following research question: how has Latin American regionalism evolved over time and what are its current challenges?"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [10585831]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":37070586,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37070586/mini_magick20190305-11533-d892ek.png?1551781890" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Evolution and challenges of Latin American regionalism</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10585831" href="https://uu.academia.edu/EricCezne"><img alt="Profile image of Eric Cezne" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/10585831/3197169/93102842/s65_eric.cezne.jpg" />Eric Cezne</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">17 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 11586384; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=11586384"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The central purpose of the paper is to describe the historical driving forces of regional processes in Latin American and, thereafter, analyze what characterizes such processes up to 2013 and what are the challenges faced by Latin American regional arrangements. In order to do so, the paper will be based upon the following research question: how has Latin American regionalism evolved over time and what are its current challenges?</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons "><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":37070586,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11586384/Evolution_and_challenges_of_Latin_American_regionalism"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":37070586,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11586384/Evolution_and_challenges_of_Latin_American_regionalism"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="11586384" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Politics, Economics, Culture, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Latin–American regionalism has occupied an important, if still under-recognized, place in the history of regionalism, multilateralism, and international organization. Regional organizations have proliferated at the sub-regional and continental levels, while Latin–American states have been active participants in multilateral institutions. The geographical proximity of the United States has been a constant factor conditioning and influencing regional behavior. Sometimes Latin–Americans have chosen similar, even complementary ways to position themselves and their region in the wider world, displaying a strong sense of common purpose. At other times, different states and non-state actors have moved down alternative, sometimes competitive pathways, thereby generating interregional tensions and rivalries. This chapter tracks the development of various regionalisms in the Americas since independence and their relationships with wider global processes. It argues that while Latin–American regionalism has had a complex and often controversial trajectory over the longue durée, there are also identifiable patterns that highlight continuities from the early post-independence days until the present. The findings show that Latin America has much to offer to contemporary debates about regionalism and multilateralism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of competitive Latin American regionalism","attachmentId":76168083,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63239500/The_evolution_of_competitive_Latin_American_regionalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63239500/The_evolution_of_competitive_Latin_American_regionalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="31005837" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31005837/Theorizing_Latin_American_Regionalism_in_the_21st_Century">Theorizing Latin American Regionalism in the 21st Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8327164" href="https://neoma-bs.academia.edu/PhilippeDeLombaerde">Philippe De Lombaerde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This short article takes the new developments in Latin American regionalism in the 21 st century and the academic production which is derived from them as a starting point. The article reflects on some methodological aspects of this recent literature and explores possible pathways that could guide the research agenda in this area. It is argued that (i) the debate on Latin American regionalism could be better connected to the debates on the future of IR, (ii) a pragmatic and nuanced approach is needed with respect to the comparability of cases and to the location of Latin America and the EU in comparative regionalism, and (iii) the rich empirical material that is generated (or could be generated) by Latin American regionalisms is underutilized in analytical work that speaks to the global community of comparative regionalists.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Theorizing Latin American Regionalism in the 21st Century","attachmentId":51438711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31005837/Theorizing_Latin_American_Regionalism_in_the_21st_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31005837/Theorizing_Latin_American_Regionalism_in_the_21st_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="35901920" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35901920/Regionalism_in_Latin_America_Navigating_in_the_Fog">Regionalism in Latin America. Navigating in the Fog</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="766845" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/AlbertoVanKlaveren">Alberto Van Klaveren</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The more recent waves of regionalism in Latin America have been associated, respectively, with structuralist, neoliberal and post-liberal economic and political experiments in the region. Structuralist regionalism was inaugurated in the 1950s and somehow survived until the 1970s; open regionalism followed in the 1980s and 1990s, and was replaced, to a certain extent, during the next decade by post-liberal regionalism. However, the limits, if not demise, of post-liberal experiments in the most important economies of Latin America pose the question of the future of regionalism. In this changing situation, this paper explores several questions that rise about the future of regionalism in Latin America. Will regionalism hold sway in Latin America? Will present integration schemes continue in the region? Will new entities arise? Will there be a convergence in diversity between integration projects in Latin America? Will the new context of global uncertainties lead to a revival of regionalism?</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Regionalism in Latin America. Navigating in the Fog","attachmentId":55781779,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35901920/Regionalism_in_Latin_America_Navigating_in_the_Fog","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35901920/Regionalism_in_Latin_America_Navigating_in_the_Fog"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="85695541" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85695541/The_Shifting_Landscape_of_Latin_American_Regionalism">The Shifting Landscape of Latin American Regionalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49656590" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelShifter">Michael Shifter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current History, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Brazil&#39;s rise, coupled with the diminished influence of the United States and the increasingly salient global role of China, has reshuffled the kaleidoscope of regional organizations.…</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Shifting Landscape of Latin American Regionalism","attachmentId":90315882,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85695541/The_Shifting_Landscape_of_Latin_American_Regionalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85695541/The_Shifting_Landscape_of_Latin_American_Regionalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="12013938" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12013938/Latin_American_Regionalism_in_a_Multipolar_World">Latin American Regionalism in a Multipolar World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8563509" href="https://utdt.academia.edu/JorgeGarzon">Jorge Garzon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The landscape of Latin American regionalism has experienced profound transformations in a relatively short period of time. Regional organizations have proliferated; the open regionalism of the 1990s has gone into decay; new organizations, often referred to as belonging to a new wave of a more political “posthegemonic regionalism,” took center stage; only to be displaced in the attention of observers by newer trade-oriented organizations such as the Pacific Alliance. These developments have been puzzling scholars and policy makers, who for their most part have tended to converge on the view that a fragmented regional configuration with diverging or even incompatible models of regional integration is on the rise. This article challenges this interpretation by arguing that many of the trends we observe are rather the result of Latin American states’ practical adaptation of their foreign policy strategies to the emergence of a multipolar political economy in the international system. One important consequence of this process of adaptation, I argue, is a “decoupling” of the economic function of regionalism from its other dimensions – a process that I show is facilitating the emergence of a regional architecture characterized by a finer division of labor among organizations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Latin American Regionalism in a Multipolar World","attachmentId":37351090,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12013938/Latin_American_Regionalism_in_a_Multipolar_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12013938/Latin_American_Regionalism_in_a_Multipolar_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="5339621" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5339621/Has_Regionalism_Peaked_The_Latin_American_Quagmire_and_its_Lessons">Has Regionalism Peaked? The Latin American Quagmire and its Lessons</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7306129" href="https://lisboa.academia.edu/Andr%C3%A9sMalamud">Andrés Malamud</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The International Spectator, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since 1960, Latin American attempts at regionalism have undergone distinct phases. More notably, they have tended to diverge across space, gradually giving birth to separate blocs that seem to be tearing South, Central and North America apart. Additionally, within and across these regions several overlapping projects coexist. This article focuses on the dynamics of segmented and overlapping regionalism in order to describe what they look like, analyse how they articulate with one another, and explain why member states have pushed for such a messy outcome. This situation, linked to the evolution of the global context, might be indicating that regionalism in Latin America has reached its peak, beyond which it may be difficult to achieve further progress. Two conclusions are elicited: first, economic integration is becoming a geographically diffused phenomenon rather than a regional one; second, regionalism is still a compelling foreign policy but its causes, goals and outcomes are no longer what they used to be.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Has Regionalism Peaked? The Latin American Quagmire and its Lessons","attachmentId":32527578,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5339621/Has_Regionalism_Peaked_The_Latin_American_Quagmire_and_its_Lessons","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5339621/Has_Regionalism_Peaked_The_Latin_American_Quagmire_and_its_Lessons"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="44222296" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44222296/_Stranger_Things_the_future_of_Latin_American_regionalism">“Stranger Things”: the future of Latin American regionalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32363316" href="https://ufrgs.academia.edu/ConjunturaAustral">Conjuntura Austral</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">María Victoria Alvarez, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Latin American attempts at regionalism have been pursued through different waves. The last wave, post-liberal or post-hegemonic regionalism, is fading. Building on contributions from International Political Economy, European Studies and International Relations, the paper aims at answering two main questions: how can we characterize the current paths of regional integration in Latin America considering the trends of the last ten years? What can we expect of Latin American regionalism over the next decade? Grounded on a qualitative content analysis, we address three premises based on the past trajectory of Latin American regionalism in order to grasp some of the present and (possible) futures trends: membership of regional organizations, institutional design of regional organizations and the role of the United States. After contrasting these elements with recent Latin American regionalist developments, the paper engages in a creative exercise of forecasting. The purpose is not to pretend to know the future nor to predict it but to present two imaginable scenarios: a short-term scenario and a longer-term scenario. Maybe we are about to witness some “stranger things” in the future of Latin American regionalism, opening up to different realities, different explanations and alternatives.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Stranger Things”: the future of Latin American regionalism","attachmentId":64594813,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44222296/_Stranger_Things_the_future_of_Latin_American_regionalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44222296/_Stranger_Things_the_future_of_Latin_American_regionalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="2488162" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2488162/Region_regionness_and_regionalism_in_Latin_America_Towards_a_new_Synthesis_New_Political_Economy_17_4_2012">Region, regionness and regionalism in Latin America: Towards a new Synthesis, New Political Economy, 17:4, 2012</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2633308" href="https://soton.academia.edu/PiaRiggirozzi">Pia Riggirozzi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Latin American regional governance today represents a conglomerate of commercial, political and trans-societal welfarist integration projects. In this overlapping and sometimes conflicting scenario what Latin Americanness should mean, and how integration projects should respond to current challenges of global political economy are being redefined. The focus of the paper is twofold: to better understand current regional transformations and to discuss what new developments mean for how we theorise non-European regionalism. Looking at the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas and the Union of South American Nations we ask: How are we to understand regional agreements that are grounded in different systems of rules, alternative ideas and motivations that contest ‘open regionalism’? We argue that Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) represent different pathways to regional building, creating foundations for post-hegemonic and post-trade regional governance. We thus challenge New Regionalist approaches that assume regionalism as taking place within and modelled by neoliberal economics, establishing the debate around ‘old’ vs. ‘new’ regionalism. As these categories are limited in grasping the full meaning and implications of post-hegemonic regional orders, we discuss UNASUR and ALBA as ‘arenas for action’ to understand divergent practices, outcomes and types of regionness emerging in alternative regional spaces in South America.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Region, regionness and regionalism in Latin America: Towards a new Synthesis, New Political Economy, 17:4, 2012","attachmentId":38468717,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2488162/Region_regionness_and_regionalism_in_Latin_America_Towards_a_new_Synthesis_New_Political_Economy_17_4_2012","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2488162/Region_regionness_and_regionalism_in_Latin_America_Towards_a_new_Synthesis_New_Political_Economy_17_4_2012"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="2016522" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2016522/Region_regionness_and_regionalism_in_Latin_America_Towards_a_new_synthesis_NPE_">Region, regionness and regionalism in Latin America: Towards a new synthesis (NPE)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2633308" href="https://soton.academia.edu/PiaRiggirozzi">Pia Riggirozzi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Political Economy, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">regional governance today represents a conglomerate of commercial, political and trans-societal welfarist integration projects. In this overlapping and sometimes conflicting scenario what Latin Americanness should mean, and how integration projects should respond to current challenges of global political economy are being redefined. The focus of the paper is twofold: to better understand current regional transformations and to discuss what new developments mean for how we theorise non-European regionalism. Looking at the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas and the Union of South American Nations we ask: How are we to understand regional agreements that are grounded in different systems of rules, alternative ideas and motivations that contest 'open regionalism'? We argue that Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) represent different pathways to regional building, creating foundations for post-hegemonic and post-trade regional governance. We thus challenge New Regionalist approaches that assume regionalism as taking place within and modelled by neoliberal economics, establishing the debate around 'old' vs. 'new' regionalism. As these categories are limited in grasping the full meaning and implications of post-hegemonic regional orders, we discuss UNASUR and ALBA as 'arenas for action' to understand divergent practices, outcomes and types of regionness emerging in alternative regional spaces in South America.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Region, regionness and regionalism in Latin America: Towards a new synthesis (NPE)","attachmentId":38468716,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2016522/Region_regionness_and_regionalism_in_Latin_America_Towards_a_new_synthesis_NPE_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2016522/Region_regionness_and_regionalism_in_Latin_America_Towards_a_new_synthesis_NPE_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="79195306" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79195306/Explaining_Latin_American_Regionalism_in_a_Changing_Worldi">Explaining Latin American Regionalism in a Changing Worldi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117733" href="https://ibei.academia.edu/andreabianculli">Andrea C. 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