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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Packaging" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Packaging" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of packaging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_packaging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of packaging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tinplate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tinplate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Tinplate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tinplate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Canning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper-based_packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper-based_packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Paper-based packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-based_packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_purposes_of_packaging_and_package_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_purposes_of_packaging_and_package_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The purposes of packaging and package labels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_purposes_of_packaging_and_package_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Packaging types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labels_and_symbols_used_on_packages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labels_and_symbols_used_on_packages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Labels and symbols used on packages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labels_and_symbols_used_on_packages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Labels and symbols used on packages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Labels_and_symbols_used_on_packages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumer_package_contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_package_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consumer package contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_package_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping_container_labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_container_labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shipping container labeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_container_labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Package_development_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Package_development_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Package development considerations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Package_development_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Package development considerations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Package_development_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Environmental considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging_machinery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging_machinery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Packaging machinery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging_machinery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Packaging</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpackung" title="Verpackung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Verpackung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="تغليف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغليف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قابلاشدیرما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قابلاشدیرما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="মোড়কজাত ও লেবেল যুক্তকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোড়কজাত ও লেবেল যুক্তকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halung" title="Halung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Halung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalatge" title="Embalatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Embalatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чĕркем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕркем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obal" title="Obal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballage" title="Emballage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emballage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpackung" title="Verpackung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verpackung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakend" title="Pakend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pakend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalaje" title="Embalaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Embalaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgarri" title="Bilgarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bilgarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بسته‌بندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بسته‌بندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballage" title="Emballage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emballage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%A5" title="포장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="संवेष्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवेष्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakiranje" title="Pakiranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pakiranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengemasan" title="Pengemasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengemasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umb%C3%BA%C3%B0ir" title="Umbúðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umbúðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imballaggio" title="Imballaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imballaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="אריזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಪೊಟ್ಟಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಭರ್ತಿಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೊಟ್ಟಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಭರ್ತಿಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csomagol%C3%A1s" title="Csomagolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csomagolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ലേബലിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലേബലിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembungkusan" title="Pembungkusan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembungkusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpakking" title="Verpakking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verpakking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%85" title="包装 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="包装" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballasje" title="Emballasje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emballasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballasje" title="Emballasje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Emballasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਡੱਬਾਬੰਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੱਬਾਬੰਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opakowanie" title="Opakowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opakowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalagem" title="Embalagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Embalagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalaj" title="Ambalaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ambalaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Упаковка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упаковка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalazhi" title="Ambalazhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ambalazhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obal" title="Obal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embala%C5%BEa" title="Embalaža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Embalaža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Амбалажа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амбалажа" 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data-title="Förpackning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சிப்பமிடுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிப்பமிடுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalaj" title="Ambalaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ambalaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Enclosure or protection of products for distribution, storage, and sale</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Packaging_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Packaging (disambiguation)">Packaging (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Risperdal_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Risperdal_tablets.jpg/220px-Risperdal_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Risperdal_tablets.jpg/330px-Risperdal_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Risperdal_tablets.jpg/440px-Risperdal_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption>UK <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperdal</a> Tablets 2000 in a <a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">blister pack</a>, which was itself packaged in a folding <a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">carton</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Packaging</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and for personal use. </p><p><i>Package labeling</i> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <i>labelling</i> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is any written, electronic, or <a href="/wiki/Graphic_communication" title="Graphic communication">graphic communication</a> on the package or on a separate but associated <a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">label</a>. Many countries or regions have regulations governing the content of package labels. Merchandising, branding, and persuasive graphics are not covered in this article. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_packaging">History of packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png/220px-Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png/330px-Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png/440px-Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Bronze wine container from the 9th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first packages used the natural materials available at the time: <a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">baskets</a> of reeds, wineskins (<a href="/wiki/Bota_bag" title="Bota bag">bota bags</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">wooden boxes</a>, pottery <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vases</a>, ceramic <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a>, wooden <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrels</a>, woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed: first <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> vessels. The study of old packages is an essential aspect of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. </p><p>The first usage of paper for packaging was sheets of treated mulberry bark used by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a> to wrap foods as early as the first or second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-OSU_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usage of paper-like material in Europe was when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used low grade and recycled <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> for the packaging of <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHARM2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHARM2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> traveller visiting markets in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arab_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Arab Egypt">Arab Egypt</a>, noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-CHARM2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHARM2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tinplate">Tinplate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tinplate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">tinplate</a> for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacturing of tinplate was the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> for a long time; in 1667 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yarranton" title="Andrew Yarranton">Andrew Yarranton</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Crowley" title="Ambrose Crowley">Ambrose Crowley</a> brought the method to England where it was improved by ironmasters including <a href="/wiki/Philip_Foley" title="Philip Foley">Philip Foley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1697, <a href="/wiki/John_Hanbury_(1664%E2%80%931734)" title="John Hanbury (1664–1734)">John Hanbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had a rolling mill at <a href="/wiki/Pontypool" title="Pontypool">Pontypool</a> for making "Pontypoole Plates".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was possible with the former practice of <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammering</a>. </p><p>Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Monmouthshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport, Monmouthshire">Newport, Monmouthshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacconists</a> in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canning">Canning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg/170px-Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg/255px-Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg/340px-Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>1914 magazine advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Cookware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookware">cookware</a> with instructions for home canning.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> by French inventor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Appert" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Appert">Nicholas Appert</a>, the tin canning process was patented by British merchant <a href="/wiki/Peter_Durand" title="Peter Durand">Peter Durand</a> in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other Englishmen, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Donkin" title="Bryan Donkin">Bryan Donkin</a> and John Hall, who refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the <a href="/wiki/Can_opener" title="Can opener">can opener</a>. Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Warner_(inventor)" title="Ezra Warner (inventor)">Ezra Warner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury, Connecticut</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paper-based_packaging">Paper-based packaging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paper-based packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Packing_salt_packages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Packing_salt_packages.jpg/170px-Packing_salt_packages.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Packing_salt_packages.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Packing folding cartons of salt</figcaption></figure> <p>Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern <a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">folding cartons</a> date back to 1839. The first <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated box">corrugated box</a> was produced commercially in 1817 in England. <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated paper">Corrugated (also called pleated) paper</a> received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats. Scottish-born <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gair" title="Robert Gair">Robert Gair</a> invented the pre-cut <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a> box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as a result of an accident: as a <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, he was once printing an order of seed bags, and the metal ruler, commonly used to crease bags, shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial paper bags were first manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in 1844, and the American <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wolle" title="Francis Wolle">Francis Wolle</a> patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephemera_collection;_Paper_bag_advertising_Bile_Beans_Wellcome_L0030503.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ephemera_collection%3B_Paper_bag_advertising_Bile_Beans_Wellcome_L0030503.jpg/170px-Ephemera_collection%3B_Paper_bag_advertising_Bile_Beans_Wellcome_L0030503.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ephemera_collection%3B_Paper_bag_advertising_Bile_Beans_Wellcome_L0030503.jpg/255px-Ephemera_collection%3B_Paper_bag_advertising_Bile_Beans_Wellcome_L0030503.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ephemera_collection%3B_Paper_bag_advertising_Bile_Beans_Wellcome_L0030503.jpg/340px-Ephemera_collection%3B_Paper_bag_advertising_Bile_Beans_Wellcome_L0030503.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3558" data-file-height="4714" /></a><figcaption>A packet advertising a <a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">patent medicine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> closures on <a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">bottles</a>, transparent <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a> overwraps and panels on <a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">cartons</a>. These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a>. As additional materials such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> and several <a href="/wiki/List_of_synthetic_polymers" title="List of synthetic polymers">types of plastic</a> were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG/220px-HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG/330px-HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG/440px-HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> bottle and carton, early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> became the first university in the world to offer a degree in <a href="/wiki/Packaging_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging Engineering">Packaging Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years: since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to <a href="/wiki/Curbside_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Curbside recycling">curbside recycling</a>, consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_polythene_pillbox.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/First_polythene_pillbox.JPG/220px-First_polythene_pillbox.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/First_polythene_pillbox.JPG/330px-First_polythene_pillbox.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/First_polythene_pillbox.JPG/440px-First_polythene_pillbox.JPG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>A pill box made from <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> in 1936.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many prominent innovations in the packaging industry were developed first for military use. Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a>, supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> led to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard" title="United States Military Standard">Military Standard</a> or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to <a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">operations in Iceland</a> experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials, <a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">field rations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">antistatic bags</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Shipping_crate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping crate">shipping crates</a>) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2003<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>. About half of this market was related to <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits is expected to have a major impact on the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_purposes_of_packaging_and_package_labels">The purposes of packaging and package labels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The purposes of packaging and package labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Packaging and package labeling have several objectives<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Physical protection</b> – The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanical <a href="/wiki/Shock_(mechanics)" title="Shock (mechanics)">shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">electrostatic discharge</a>, abrasion, compression, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.</li> <li><b>Barrier protection</b> – A barrier to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, sunlight, dust, etc., is often required. <a href="/wiki/Permeation" title="Permeation">Permeation</a> is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_absorber" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen absorber">oxygen absorbers</a> to help extend shelf life. <a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmospheres</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh, <a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">sterile</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and safe for the duration of the intended <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> is a primary function. A barrier is also implemented in cases where segregation of two materials prior to end use is required, as in the case of special paints, glues, medical fluids, etc.</li> <li><b>Containment or agglomeration</b> – liquids and powders need to be contained for shipment and sale. Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of storage and selling efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 marbles requires less physical handling than 1000 single marbles. <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">powders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granular_material" title="Granular material">granular materials</a> need containment.</li> <li><b>Information transmission</b> – Packages and <a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">labels</a> communicate how to use, transport, <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycle</a>, or dispose of the package or product. With <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical</a> products, some types of information are <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_labelling" title="Mandatory labelling">required</a> by government legislation. Some packages and labels also are used for <a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">track and trace</a> purposes. Most items include their <a href="/wiki/Serial_number" title="Serial number">serial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lot_number" title="Lot number">lot numbers</a> on the packaging, and in the case of food products, medicine, and some chemicals the packaging often contains an <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">expiry/best-before date</a>, usually in a shorthand form. Packages may indicate their construction material with a symbol.</li> <li><b>Marketing</b> – Packaging and <a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">labels</a> can be used by <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketers</a> to encourage potential buyers to purchase a product. Package <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> and physical design have been important and constantly evolving phenomena for several decades. <a href="/wiki/Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">Marketing communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> are applied to the surface of the package and often to the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale_display" title="Point of sale display">point of sale display</a>. Most packaging is designed to reflect the brand's message and identity on the one hand while highlighting the respective product concept on the other hand.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dual_number_tab_on_a_tamper_evident_label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dual_number_tab_on_a_tamper_evident_label.jpg/220px-Dual_number_tab_on_a_tamper_evident_label.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dual_number_tab_on_a_tamper_evident_label.jpg/330px-Dual_number_tab_on_a_tamper_evident_label.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dual_number_tab_on_a_tamper_evident_label.jpg/440px-Dual_number_tab_on_a_tamper_evident_label.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Permanent, tamper evident voiding label with a dual number tab to help keep packaging secure with the additional benefit of being able to track and trace parcels and packages.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shampoo_packet,_single-serving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shampoo_packet%2C_single-serving.jpg/170px-Shampoo_packet%2C_single-serving.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shampoo_packet%2C_single-serving.jpg/255px-Shampoo_packet%2C_single-serving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shampoo_packet%2C_single-serving.jpg/340px-Shampoo_packet%2C_single-serving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A single-serving shampoo <a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">packet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Security</b> – Packaging can play an important role in reducing the <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved <a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">tamper resistance</a> to deter manipulation and they can also have <a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper-evident">tamper-evident</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features indicating that tampering has taken place. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of <a href="/wiki/Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">package pilferage</a> or the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage than other types, and some have pilfer-indicating seals. <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeit consumer goods">Counterfeit consumer goods</a>, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be minimized or prevented with such anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> seals and use <a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">security printing</a> to help indicate that the package and contents are not <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a>. Packages also can include anti-theft devices such as dye-packs, <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> tags, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">electronic article surveillance</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means of <a href="/wiki/Retail_loss_prevention" title="Retail loss prevention">retail loss prevention</a>.</li> <li><b>Convenience</b> – Packages can have features that add <a href="/wiki/Convenience" title="Convenience">convenience</a> in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, using, dispensing, reusing, recycling, and ease of <a href="/wiki/Waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste disposal">disposal</a></li> <li><b>Portion control</b> – Single serving or single <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">dosage</a> packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-liter bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.</li> <li><b>Branding/Positioning</b> – Packaging and labels are increasingly used to go beyond marketing to brand positioning, with the materials used and design chosen key to the storytelling element of brand development. Due to the increasingly fragmented media landscape in the digital age this aspect of packaging is of growing importance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaging_types">Packaging types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Packaging types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_packages_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Food_packages_%281%29.jpg/220px-Food_packages_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Food_packages_%281%29.jpg/330px-Food_packages_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Food_packages_%281%29.jpg/440px-Food_packages_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Various types of household packaging for foods.</figcaption></figure> <p>Packaging may be of several different types. For example, a <i>transport package</i> or <i>distribution package</i> can be the <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping container</a> used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a <i>consumer package</i> as one which is directed toward a consumer or household. </p><p>Packaging may be described in relation to the type of product being packaged: <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">medical device</a> packaging, bulk <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical</a> packaging, <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drug</a> packaging, retail <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, military <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> packaging, <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceutical</a> packaging, etc. </p><p>It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: <i>primary</i>, <i>secondary</i>, <i>tertiary</i>,etc. </p> <ul><li>Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.</li> <li>Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, and may be used to prevent pilferage or to group primary packages together.</li> <li>Tertiary or transit packaging is used for <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">bulk handling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouse</a> storage and <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> shipping. The most common form is a <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">palletized</a> <a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">unit load</a> that packs tightly into <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containers</a>.</li></ul> <p>These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on the use, a <a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">shrink wrap</a> can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when used to combine smaller packages, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate some types of distribution, such as to affix a number of cartons on a pallet. </p><p>Packaging can also have categories based on the package form. For example, <i>thermoform packaging</i> and <i>flexible packaging</i> describe broad usage areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labels_and_symbols_used_on_packages">Labels and symbols used on packages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Labels and symbols used on packages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">List of food labeling regulations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_food_drink_Longevity_brand_Sweetened_Milk_Mar-2014_barcode_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HK_food_drink_Longevity_brand_Sweetened_Milk_Mar-2014_barcode_a.jpg/170px-HK_food_drink_Longevity_brand_Sweetened_Milk_Mar-2014_barcode_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HK_food_drink_Longevity_brand_Sweetened_Milk_Mar-2014_barcode_a.jpg/255px-HK_food_drink_Longevity_brand_Sweetened_Milk_Mar-2014_barcode_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/HK_food_drink_Longevity_brand_Sweetened_Milk_Mar-2014_barcode_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>A UPC <a href="/wiki/Bar_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar code">bar code</a> on a can of condensed milk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized. For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications (such as the <a href="/wiki/FCC_Declaration_of_Conformity" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC Declaration of Conformity">FCC</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CV" class="mw-redirect" title="TÜV">TÜV</a> marks), <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_purchase" title="Proof of purchase">proof of purchase</a>, etc. Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, for example the <a href="/wiki/CE_marking" title="CE marking">CE marking</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Estimated_sign" title="Estimated sign">estimated sign</a> that notes conformance to EU weights and measures accuracy regulations. Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include the <a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">recycling symbol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">recycling code</a> (which could be a <a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">resin identification code</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)" title="Green Dot (symbol)">"Green Dot"</a>. Food packaging may show <a href="/wiki/Food_contact_materials" title="Food contact materials">food contact material</a> symbols. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, products of animal origin which are intended to be consumed by humans have to carry standard, oval-shaped <a href="/wiki/EC_identification_and_health_marks" title="EC identification and health marks">EC identification and health marks</a> for food safety and quality insurance reasons. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Bar codes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Codes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> labels are common to allow automated information management in <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">retailing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Country-of-origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Country-of-origin">Country-of-origin</a> labeling is often used. Some products might use <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR codes</a> or similar <a href="/wiki/Matrix_barcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix barcode">matrix barcodes</a>. Packaging may have visible <a href="/wiki/Printing_registration" title="Printing registration">registration marks</a> and other printing calibration and troubleshooting cues. </p><p>The labelling of <a href="/wiki/Medical_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical devices">medical devices</a> includes many symbols, many of them covered by international standards, foremost ISO 15223-1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_package_contents">Consumer package contents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consumer package contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several aspects of consumer package labeling are subject to regulation. One of the most important is to accurately state the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the package contents. Consumers expect that the label accurately reflects the actual contents. Manufacturers and packagers must have effective <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a> procedures and accurate equipment; even so, there is inherent variability in all <a href="/wiki/Process_capability" title="Process capability">processes</a>. </p><p>Regulations attempt to handle both sides of this. In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act" title="Fair Packaging and Labeling Act">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act</a> provides requirements for many types of products. Also, <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> has Handbook 133, Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a procedural guide for compliance testing of net contents and is referenced by several other regulatory agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other regions and countries have their own regulatory requirements. For example, the UK has its Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as several <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_labelling_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food labelling regulations">other regulations</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a>, products with hazardous formulas need to have a <a href="/wiki/Unique_formula_identifier" title="Unique formula identifier">UFI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping_container_labeling">Shipping container labeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shipping container labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Print_n_apply_ucc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Print_n_apply_ucc.jpg/220px-Print_n_apply_ucc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Print_n_apply_ucc.jpg/330px-Print_n_apply_ucc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Print_n_apply_ucc.jpg/440px-Print_n_apply_ucc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>"Print & Apply" corner wrap UCC (<a href="/wiki/GS1-128" class="mw-redirect" title="GS1-128">GS1-128</a>) label application to a pallet load.</figcaption></figure> <p>Technologies related to shipping containers are identification codes, <a href="/wiki/Bar_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar codes">bar codes</a>, and electronic data interchange (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Data Interchange">EDI</a>). These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel. Each has an essential function: identification codes either relate product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes allow for the automated input of identification codes and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners within the distribution channel. </p><p>Elements of these core technologies include <a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">UPC</a> and <a href="/wiki/GS1" title="GS1">EAN</a> item identification codes, the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code), the SSCC-18 (Serial Shipping Container Codes), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated <a href="/wiki/GS1-128" class="mw-redirect" title="GS1-128">GS1-128</a>) bar code <a href="/wiki/Barcode_symbology" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcode symbology">symbologies</a>, and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards. </p><p>Small parcel carriers often have their own formats. For example, <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">United Parcel Service</a> has a <a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">MaxiCode</a> 2-D code for parcel tracking. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> labels for shipping containers are also increasingly used. A <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> division, <a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Club" title="Sam's Club">Sam's Club</a>, has also moved in this direction and is putting pressure on its suppliers to comply.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shipments of <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous materials</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">dangerous goods</a> have special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. On transport packages, standardized symbols are also used to communicate handling needs. Some are defined in the <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods", <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods", and <a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">GHS hazard pictograms</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dangclass3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flammable liquid"><img alt="Flammable liquid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dangclass3.png/120px-Dangclass3.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dangclass3.png/180px-Dangclass3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dangclass3.png/240px-Dangclass3.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flammable liquid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dangclass1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Explosives"><img alt="Explosives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dangclass1.svg/120px-Dangclass1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dangclass1.svg/180px-Dangclass1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dangclass1.svg/240px-Dangclass1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Explosives</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiswayup.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="This way up"><img alt="This way up" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Thiswayup.svg/109px-Thiswayup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Thiswayup.svg/164px-Thiswayup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Thiswayup.svg/219px-Thiswayup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This way up</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragile_symbol.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragile material"><img alt="Fragile material" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fragile_symbol.gif/120px-Fragile_symbol.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fragile_symbol.gif/180px-Fragile_symbol.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fragile_symbol.gif/240px-Fragile_symbol.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragile material</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keepdry.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Keep away from water"><img alt="Keep away from water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Keepdry.svg/100px-Keepdry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Keepdry.svg/150px-Keepdry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Keepdry.svg/200px-Keepdry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Keep away from <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></div> </li> </ul><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols#Consumer_symbols" title="List of symbols">List of symbols § Consumer_symbols</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Package_development_considerations">Package development considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Package development considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Package design and development are often thought of as an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">new product development</a> process. Alternatively, the development of a package (or component) can be a separate process but must be linked closely with the product to be packaged. Package design starts with the identification of all the requirements: structural design, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, legal, regulatory, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, end-use, environmental, etc. The design criteria, performance (specified by <a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">package testing</a>), completion time targets, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and agreed upon. Package design processes often employ <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Document_automation" title="Document automation">document automation</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palletized_load.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Palletized_load.jpg/117px-Palletized_load.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Palletized_load.jpg/176px-Palletized_load.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Palletized_load.jpg/234px-Palletized_load.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_shipment_of_mixed_parcels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Air_shipment_of_mixed_parcels.jpg/187px-Air_shipment_of_mixed_parcels.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Air_shipment_of_mixed_parcels.jpg/281px-Air_shipment_of_mixed_parcels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Air_shipment_of_mixed_parcels.jpg/374px-Air_shipment_of_mixed_parcels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Transport packaging needs to be matched to its <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> system. Packages designed for controlled shipments of uniform <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">pallet</a> loads (left) may not be suited to mixed shipments with <a href="/wiki/Express_mail" title="Express mail">express</a> carriers (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>An example of how package design is affected by other factors is its relationship to <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>. When the distribution system includes individual shipments by a small parcel carrier, the sorting, handling, and mixed stacking make severe demands on the strength and protective ability of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of uniform palletized <a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">unit loads</a>, the structural design of the package can be designed to meet those specific needs, such as vertical stacking for a longer time frame. A package designed for one mode of shipment may not be suited to another. </p><p>With some types of products, the design process involves detailed regulatory requirements for the packaging. For example, any package components that may contact <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a> are designated <a href="/wiki/Food_contact_materials" title="Food contact materials">food contact materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toxicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxicologist">Toxicologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Food scientist">food scientists</a> need to verify that such packaging materials are allowed by applicable regulations. <a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging engineer">Packaging engineers</a> need to verify that the completed package will keep the product safe for its intended <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> with normal usage. Packaging processes, labeling, distribution, and sale need to be <a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">validated</a> to assure that they comply with regulations that have the well being of the consumer in mind. </p><p>Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory. For example, regulations for an <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drug</a> might require the package to be <a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper-evident">tamper-evident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">child resistant</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These intentionally make the package difficult to open.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intended consumer, however, might be disabled or elderly and unable to readily open the package. Meeting all goals is a challenge. </p><p>Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external <a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">packaging engineering</a>: <a href="/wiki/Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">independent contractors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consultants</a>, vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, total <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a>, etc. Some sort of formal <a href="/wiki/Project_planning" title="Project planning">project planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a> methodology is required for all but the simplest package design and development programs. An effective <a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">quality management</a> system and <a href="/wiki/Verification_and_Validation" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification and Validation">Verification and Validation</a> protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_considerations">Environmental considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">sustainable packaging</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kg_of_waste_generated_from_packaging_in_Europe_in_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kg_of_waste_generated_from_packaging_in_Europe_in_2021.svg/220px-Kg_of_waste_generated_from_packaging_in_Europe_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kg_of_waste_generated_from_packaging_in_Europe_in_2021.svg/330px-Kg_of_waste_generated_from_packaging_in_Europe_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kg_of_waste_generated_from_packaging_in_Europe_in_2021.svg/440px-Kg_of_waste_generated_from_packaging_in_Europe_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Kg of waste generated from packaging in Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg/220px-Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg/330px-Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg/440px-Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">waste hierarchy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Package development involves considerations of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, environmental responsibility, and applicable <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> regulations. It may involve a <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">life cycle assessment</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which considers the material and energy inputs and outputs to the package, the packaged product (contents), the packaging process, the <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>, etc. It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use. </p><p>The traditional "three R's" of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a <a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">waste hierarchy</a> which may be considered in product and package development. </p> <ul><li>Prevention – <a href="/wiki/Waste_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste prevention">Waste prevention</a> is a primary goal. Packaging should be used only where needed. Proper packaging can also help prevent waste. Packaging plays an important part in preventing loss or damage to the packaged product (contents). Usually, the energy content and material usage of the product being packaged are much greater than that of the package. A vital function of the package is to protect the product for its intended use: if the product is damaged or degraded, its entire energy and material content may be lost.</li> <li>Minimization (also "source reduction") – Eliminate <a href="/wiki/Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">overpackaging</a>. The mass and volume of packaging (per unit of contents) can be measured and used as criteria for minimizing the package in the design process. Usually "reduced" packaging also helps minimize costs. Packaging engineers continue to work toward reduced packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reuse – <a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a> is encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returnable packaging has long been useful (and economically viable) for closed-loop logistics systems. Inspection, cleaning, repair, and recouperage are often needed. Some manufacturers re-use the packaging of the incoming parts for a product, either as packaging for the outgoing product<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as part of the product itself.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recycling – <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> is the reprocessing of materials (pre- and post-consumer) into new products. Emphasis is focused on recycling the largest primary components of a package: steel, aluminum, papers, plastics, etc. Small components can be chosen which are not difficult to separate and do not contaminate recycling operations. Packages can sometimes be designed to separate components to better facilitate recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a> – <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refuse-derived_fuel" title="Refuse-derived fuel">refuse-derived fuel</a> in approved facilities make use of the heat available from incinerating the packaging components.</li> <li>Disposal – <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a>, and placement in a sanitary <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> are undertaken for some materials. Certain US states regulate packages for toxic contents, which have the potential to contaminate emissions and ash from incineration and <a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">leachate</a> from landfill. Packages should not be <a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">littered</a>.</li></ul> <p>Development of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">sustainable packaging</a> is an area of considerable interest to <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organizations</a>, governments, consumers, packagers, and retailers. </p><p>Sustainability is the fastest-growing driver for packaging development, particularly for packaging manufacturers that work with the world's leading brands, as their CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) targets often exceed those of the EU Directive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaging_machinery">Packaging machinery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Packaging machinery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budweiser_Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Budweiser_Plant.jpg/220px-Budweiser_Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Budweiser_Plant.jpg/330px-Budweiser_Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Budweiser_Plant.jpg/440px-Budweiser_Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Beer <a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">bottling lines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, <a href="/wiki/Maintainability" title="Maintainability">maintainability</a>, serviceability, <a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability</a>, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements, <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality</a> of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>, etc. </p><p>Packaging machinery can be: </p> <ol><li>purchased as standard, off-the-shelf equipment</li> <li>purchased custom-made or custom-tailored to specific operations</li> <li>manufactured or modified by in-house engineers and maintenance staff</li></ol> <p>Efforts at packaging line <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> increasingly use <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controllers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>. </p><p>Packaging machines may be of the following general types: </p> <ul><li>Accumulating and collating machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister packs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">skin packs</a> and vacuum packaging machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cap" title="Bottle cap">Bottle caps</a> equipment, over-capping, lidding, closing, seaming and sealing machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a>, case, tray, and carrier forming, packing, unpacking, closing, and sealing machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoning machines">Cartoning machines</a></li> <li>Cleaning, sterilizing, cooling and drying machines</li> <li>Coding, printing, marking, stamping, and imprinting machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a> machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">Conveyor belts</a>, accumulating and related machines</li> <li>Feeding, orienting, placing and related machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filling machines</a>: handling dry, powdered, solid, liquid, gas, or viscous products</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspection" title="Inspection">Inspecting</a>: visual, sound, metal detecting, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_dispenser" title="Label dispenser">Label dispenser</a></li> <li>Orienting, unscrambling machines</li> <li>Package filling and closing machines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Palletizing</a>, depalletizing, <a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">unit load</a> assembly</li> <li>Product identification: <a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">labeling</a>, marking, etc.</li> <li>Sealing machines: <a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">heat sealer</a> or glue units</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Slitter">Slitting machines</a></li> <li>Weighing machines: <a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">check weigher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">multihead weigher</a></li> <li>Wrapping machines: stretch wrapping, <a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">shrink wrap</a>, banding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Form, fill and seal machines</a></li> <li>Other specialty machinery: <a href="/wiki/Slitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Slitter">slitters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perforate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perforate">perforating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> cutters, parts attachment, etc.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SSF_Costco_bakery_pastry_packaging_line.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakery goods shrinkwrapped by shrink film, heat sealer and heat tunnel on roller conveyor"><img alt="Bakery goods shrinkwrapped by shrink film, heat sealer and heat tunnel on roller conveyor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SSF_Costco_bakery_pastry_packaging_line.JPG/240px-SSF_Costco_bakery_pastry_packaging_line.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SSF_Costco_bakery_pastry_packaging_line.JPG/360px-SSF_Costco_bakery_pastry_packaging_line.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SSF_Costco_bakery_pastry_packaging_line.JPG/480px-SSF_Costco_bakery_pastry_packaging_line.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bakery goods <a href="/wiki/Shrinkwrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkwrap">shrinkwrapped</a> by shrink film, <a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">heat sealer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat tunnel">heat tunnel</a> on roller <a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">conveyor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_Sorting_Packages.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High speed conveyor with stationary bar code scanner for sorting"><img alt="High speed conveyor with stationary bar code scanner for sorting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Auto_Sorting_Packages.jpg/233px-Auto_Sorting_Packages.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Auto_Sorting_Packages.jpg/350px-Auto_Sorting_Packages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Auto_Sorting_Packages.jpg/466px-Auto_Sorting_Packages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High speed conveyor with stationary <a href="/wiki/Bar_code_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar code scanner">bar code scanner</a> for sorting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4051_lpa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Label printer applicator applying a label to adjacent panels of a corrugated box."><img alt="Label printer applicator applying a label to adjacent panels of a corrugated box." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/4051_lpa.jpg/243px-4051_lpa.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/4051_lpa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Label_printer" title="Label printer">Label printer</a> applicator applying a label to adjacent panels of a <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated box">corrugated box</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robots used to palletize bread"><img alt="Robots used to palletize bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg/240px-Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg/360px-Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg/480px-Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="2563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robots</a> used to palletize bread</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enfardadora_automatica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Automatic stretch wrapping machine"><img alt="Automatic stretch wrapping machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Enfardadora_automatica.jpg/206px-Enfardadora_automatica.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Enfardadora_automatica.jpg/309px-Enfardadora_automatica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Enfardadora_automatica.jpg/412px-Enfardadora_automatica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="2064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Automatic stretch wrapping machine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molding_packaging_from_straw,_k9837-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equipment used for making molded pulp components and molding packaging from straw[40]"><img alt="Equipment used for making molded pulp components and molding packaging from straw[40]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Molding_packaging_from_straw%2C_k9837-1.jpg/276px-Molding_packaging_from_straw%2C_k9837-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Molding_packaging_from_straw%2C_k9837-1.jpg/414px-Molding_packaging_from_straw%2C_k9837-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Molding_packaging_from_straw%2C_k9837-1.jpg/551px-Molding_packaging_from_straw%2C_k9837-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Equipment used for making <a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">molded pulp</a> components and molding packaging from <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_Arm_Freedom_6500.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A semi-automatic rotary arm stretch wrapper"><img alt="A semi-automatic rotary arm stretch wrapper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Rotary_Arm_Freedom_6500.jpg/222px-Rotary_Arm_Freedom_6500.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Rotary_Arm_Freedom_6500.jpg/333px-Rotary_Arm_Freedom_6500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Rotary_Arm_Freedom_6500.jpg/444px-Rotary_Arm_Freedom_6500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A semi-automatic <a href="/wiki/Rotary_arm_stretch_wrapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary arm stretch wrapper">rotary arm stretch wrapper</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jsc2008e038873_SFSL_Lab_Pack_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equipment for thermoforming packages at NASA"><img alt="Equipment for thermoforming packages at NASA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jsc2008e038873_SFSL_Lab_Pack_Room.jpg/270px-Jsc2008e038873_SFSL_Lab_Pack_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jsc2008e038873_SFSL_Lab_Pack_Room.jpg/405px-Jsc2008e038873_SFSL_Lab_Pack_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jsc2008e038873_SFSL_Lab_Pack_Room.jpg/540px-Jsc2008e038873_SFSL_Lab_Pack_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Equipment for thermoforming packages at NASA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pol_Roger_labelling_line_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Automated labeling line for wine bottles"><img alt="Automated labeling line for wine bottles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pol_Roger_labelling_line_2.jpg/240px-Pol_Roger_labelling_line_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pol_Roger_labelling_line_2.jpg/360px-Pol_Roger_labelling_line_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pol_Roger_labelling_line_2.jpg/480px-Pol_Roger_labelling_line_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Automated labeling line for wine bottles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrink-wrapping_machine_by_OCME_S.r.L.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shrink film wrap being applied on PET bottles"><img alt="Shrink film wrap being applied on PET bottles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shrink-wrapping_machine_by_OCME_S.r.L.jpg/270px-Shrink-wrapping_machine_by_OCME_S.r.L.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shrink-wrapping_machine_by_OCME_S.r.L.jpg/405px-Shrink-wrapping_machine_by_OCME_S.r.L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shrink-wrapping_machine_by_OCME_S.r.L.jpg/540px-Shrink-wrapping_machine_by_OCME_S.r.L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shrink film wrap being applied on PET bottles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laboratoires_Arkopharma_-_Chaine_de_conditionnement_remplissage_piluliers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharmaceutical packaging line"><img alt="Pharmaceutical packaging line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laboratoires_Arkopharma_-_Chaine_de_conditionnement_remplissage_piluliers.JPG/270px-Laboratoires_Arkopharma_-_Chaine_de_conditionnement_remplissage_piluliers.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laboratoires_Arkopharma_-_Chaine_de_conditionnement_remplissage_piluliers.JPG/405px-Laboratoires_Arkopharma_-_Chaine_de_conditionnement_remplissage_piluliers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laboratoires_Arkopharma_-_Chaine_de_conditionnement_remplissage_piluliers.JPG/540px-Laboratoires_Arkopharma_-_Chaine_de_conditionnement_remplissage_piluliers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pharmaceutical packaging line</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remplisseuse_bag_in_box.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Filling machinery for bag-in-box"><img alt="Filling machinery for bag-in-box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Remplisseuse_bag_in_box.JPG/120px-Remplisseuse_bag_in_box.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Remplisseuse_bag_in_box.JPG/180px-Remplisseuse_bag_in_box.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Remplisseuse_bag_in_box.JPG/240px-Remplisseuse_bag_in_box.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filling machinery for <a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">bag-in-box</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_packaging_market" title="Brazilian packaging market">Brazilian packaging market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_automation" title="Document automation">Document automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-mould_labelling" title="In-mould labelling">In-mould labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packing_problems" title="Packing problems">Packing problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_cushioning" title="Package cushioning">Package cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_collar" title="Pallet collar">Pallet collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene_raffia" title="Polypropylene raffia">Polypropylene raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_wrapping" title="Gift wrapping">Gift wrapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero-waste lifestyle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soroka (2002) <i>Fundamentals of Packaging Technology</i>, Institute of Packaging Professionals <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930268-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-930268-25-4">1-930268-25-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanDay2005" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, James G.; Day, Brian P. F. (2005). "Packaging". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/3527607579.ch9"><i>Food Processing Handbook</i></a> (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 291–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F3527607579.ch9">10.1002/3527607579.ch9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527307197" title="Special:BookSources/9783527307197"><bdi>9783527307197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Packaging&rft.btitle=Food+Processing+Handbook&rft.pages=291-350&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F3527607579.ch9&rft.isbn=9783527307197&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Day%2C+Brian+P.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F3527607579.ch9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackaging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSU-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSU_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaula2017" class="citation web cs1">Paula, Hook (May 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-133">"A History of Packaging"</a>. Ohio State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Packaging&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft.aulast=Paula&rft.aufirst=Hook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Ffactsheet%2Fcdfs-133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackaging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHARM2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHARM2005_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHARM2005_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Twede2005" class="citation journal cs1">Diana Twede (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105826/http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/CHARM%20proceedings/CHARM%20article%20archive%20pdf%20format/Volume%2012%202005/288%20twede.pdf">"The Origins of Paper Based Packaging"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Conference on Historical Analysis & Research in Marketing Proceedings</i>. <b>12</b>: 288–300 [289]. 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"Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Recycling, Packaging". <i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.recypack.a01">10.1002/0471238961.recypack.a01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.atitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology+Recycling%2C+Packaging&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.recypack.a01&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=Michalina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackaging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Marcia (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/apr02/straw0402.htm">"Leftover Straw Gets New Life"</a>. <i>Agricultural Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Research&rft.atitle=Leftover+Straw+Gets+New+Life&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fis%2FAR%2Farchive%2Fapr02%2Fstraw0402.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackaging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Calver, G., <i>What Is Packaging Design</i>, Rotovision. 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88046-618-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-88046-618-0">2-88046-618-0</a>.</li> <li>Dean, D.A., 'Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology", 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7484-0440-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7484-0440-6">0-7484-0440-6</a></li> <li>Meisner, "Transport Packaging", Third Edition, IoPP, 2016</li> <li>Morris, S.A., "Food and Package Engineering", 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1479-7">978-0-8138-1479-7</a></li> <li>Pilchik, R., "Validating Medical Packaging" 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56676-807-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56676-807-1">1-56676-807-1</a></li> <li>Robertson, G.L., "Food Packaging: Principles and Practice", 3rd edition, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6241-4">978-1-4398-6241-4</a></li> <li>Selke, S., "Plastics Packaging", 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56990-372-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56990-372-7">1-56990-372-7</a></li> <li>Tweede, Selke, Cartons, Crates And Corrugated Board: Handbook of Paper And Wood Packaging Technology, Destech Pub ,2014, 2nd edition,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packaging&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_rage" title="Wrap rage">Wrap rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Unit dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_tank" title="Flexible tank">Flexible tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Packaging" title="Category:Packaging">Category: Packaging</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labeling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labeling" title="Template:Labeling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labeling" title="Template talk:Labeling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labeling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labeling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labeling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Labeling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a> construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting (web)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">Hologram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-mould_labelling" title="In-mould labelling">In-mould labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hologram" title="Security hologram">Security hologram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_liner" title="Release liner">Release liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_label" title="Smart label">Smart label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticker" title="Sticker">Sticker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_of_origin" title="Country of origin">Country of origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Cigarette warning label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_energy_label" title="European Union energy label">EU energy label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act" title="Fair Packaging and Labeling Act">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">List of food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_labelling" title="Mandatory labelling">Mandatory labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate" title="Nameplate">Nameplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain tobacco packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_label" title="Warning label">Warning label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_dispenser" title="Label dispenser">Label dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer" title="Label printer">Label printer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207822#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063118-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Packing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00006876">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Emballage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119761450">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Emballage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119761450">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563493">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="obaly"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123544&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292693105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10632692">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643260">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packaging&oldid=1253088056">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packaging&oldid=1253088056</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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