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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ro.wikipedia.org&uselang=ro" class=""><span>Donații</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&returnto=Ambalaj" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu" class=""><span>Creare cont</span></a> 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cuprins" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istoricul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoricul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoricul</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoricul-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoricul subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoricul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epoca_antică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epoca_antică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Epoca antică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epoca_antică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_moderna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_moderna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Era moderna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_moderna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservarea_alimentelor_în_cutii_metalice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservarea_alimentelor_în_cutii_metalice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Conservarea alimentelor în cutii metalice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservarea_alimentelor_în_cutii_metalice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Păstrarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Păstrarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Păstrarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Păstrarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambalaje_pe_bază_de_hârtie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambalaje_pe_bază_de_hârtie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Ambalaje pe bază de hârtie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambalaje_pe_bază_de_hârtie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secolul_al_XX-lea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secolul_al_XX-lea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Secolul al XX-lea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secolul_al_XX-lea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clasificare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ambalaj</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 50 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpackung" title="Verpackung – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Verpackung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="تغليف – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغليف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قابلاشدیرما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قابلاشدیرما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halung" title="Halung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Halung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="মোড়কজাত ও লেবেল যুক্তকরণ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোড়কজাত ও লেবেল যুক্তকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalatge" title="Embalatge – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Embalatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obal" title="Obal – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чĕркем – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕркем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballage" title="Emballage – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emballage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpackung" title="Verpackung – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verpackung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Packaging" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalaje" title="Embalaje – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Embalaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakend" title="Pakend – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pakend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgarri" title="Bilgarri – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bilgarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بسته‌بندی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بسته‌بندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakkaus" title="Pakkaus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pakkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakete" title="Pakete – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pakete" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballage" title="Emballage – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emballage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="אריזה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="संवेष्टन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवेष्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakiranje" title="Pakiranje – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pakiranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csomagol%C3%A1s" title="Csomagolás – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csomagolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengemasan" title="Pengemasan – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengemasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umb%C3%BA%C3%B0ir" title="Umbúðir – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umbúðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imballaggio" title="Imballaggio – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imballaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%85" title="包装 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="包装" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಪೊಟ್ಟಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಭರ್ತಿಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೊಟ್ಟಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಭರ್ತಿಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%A5" title="포장 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ലേബലിങ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലേബലിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembungkusan" title="Pembungkusan – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembungkusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verpakking" title="Verpakking – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verpakking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballasje" title="Emballasje – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Emballasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballasje" title="Emballasje – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emballasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਡੱਬਾਬੰਦੀ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੱਬਾਬੰਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opakowanie" title="Opakowanie – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opakowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalagem" title="Embalagem – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Embalagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Упаковка – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упаковка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambala%C5%BEa" title="Ambalaža – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ambalaža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obal" title="Obal – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embala%C5%BEa" title="Embalaža – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Embalaža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalazhi" title="Ambalazhi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ambalazhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Амбалажа – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амбалажа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rpackning" title="Förpackning – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förpackning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சிப்பமிடுதல் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிப்பமிடுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalaj" title="Ambalaj – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ambalaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Тара (пакування) – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тара (пакування)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B3ng_g%C3%B3i" title="Đóng gói – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đóng gói" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%9D" title="包裝 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="包裝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%9D" title="包裝 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="包裝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207822#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ambalaj" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Ambalaj&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ambalaj"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ambalaj"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Ambalaj" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Ambalaj" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&oldid=15505930" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Ambalaj&id=15505930&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmbalaj"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmbalaj"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ambalaj"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ambalaj&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Packaging" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207822" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Individually_wrapped_strawberries,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Individually_wrapped_strawberries%2C_Japan.jpg/300px-Individually_wrapped_strawberries%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Individually_wrapped_strawberries%2C_Japan.jpg/450px-Individually_wrapped_strawberries%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Individually_wrapped_strawberries%2C_Japan.jpg/600px-Individually_wrapped_strawberries%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Ambalaje din materiale plastice pentru produse alimentare</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ambalajul</b> este un material (hârtie, carton, masă plastică etc.) în care se împachetează ceva pentru a fi păstrat sau transportat. Ambalajul conține, protejează, conservă, transportă, informează și vinde.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etichetarea (în <a href="/wiki/Engleza_britanic%C4%83" title="Engleza britanică">engleza britanică</a> <i>labelling</i>) sau etichetarea ambalajului (în <a href="/wiki/Engleza_american%C4%83" title="Engleza americană">engleza americană</a> <i>package labeling</i>) este orice comunicare scrisă, electronică sau grafică pe ambalaj sau pe o etichetă separată, dar asociată. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoricul">Istoricul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoricul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoricul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoca_antică"><span id="Epoca_antic.C4.83"></span>Epoca antică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Epoca antică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Epoca antică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png/178px-Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png/268px-Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png/357px-Ritual_wine_vessel_-_The_Met.png 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Container de vin din bronz din secolul al IX-lea î.en.</figcaption></figure> <p>Primele ambalaje au folosit materiale naturale disponibile la vremea respectivă: coșuri de trestie, sticle de vin, cutii din lemn, vase de ceramică, amfore de ceramică, butoaie din lemn, saci țesuți etc. Materialele prelucrate au fost utilizate pentru a forma pachete așa cum au fost dezvoltate: de exemplu, vase de sticlă timpurie și bronz. Studiul pachetelor vechi este un aspect important al arheologiei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_moderna">Era moderna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Era moderna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Era moderna"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservarea_alimentelor_în_cutii_metalice"><span id="Conservarea_alimentelor_.C3.AEn_cutii_metalice"></span>Conservarea alimentelor în cutii metalice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Conservarea alimentelor în cutii metalice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Conservarea alimentelor în cutii metalice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folosirea plăcii de tablă pentru ambalare datează din secolul al XVIII-lea. Fabricarea de tablă a fost mult timp un monopol al Boemiei; în 1667 Andrew Yarranton, un inginer englez, și Ambrose Crowley a adus metoda în Anglia, unde a fost îmbunătățită de fabricanții de fierărie, inclusiv Philip Foley.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Până în 1697, John Hanbury<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a avut o fabrică de laminare la Pontypool pentru a face "Plăci Pontypoole".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metoda pionieră acolo a laminării plăcilor de fier prin intermediul cilindrilor a permis producerea unor plăci negre mai uniforme decât a fost posibil cu practica anterioară de ciocanire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Păstrarea"><span id="P.C4.83strarea"></span>Păstrarea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Păstrarea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Păstrarea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg/138px-Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg/207px-Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg/276px-Canning_stewpan_advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>Publicitate în revista din 1914 pentru vase de copt cu instrucțiuni pentru conservarea acasă.</figcaption></figure> <p>Odată cu descoperirea importanței containerelor etanșe pentru conservarea alimentelor de către inventatorul francez Nicholas Appert, procesul de conservare în carton a fost brevetat de comerciantul britanic Peter Durand în 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ambalaje_pe_bază_de_hârtie"><span id="Ambalaje_pe_baz.C4.83_de_h.C3.A2rtie"></span>Ambalaje pe bază de hârtie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ambalaje pe bază de hârtie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ambalaje pe bază de hârtie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cutiile asamblate au fost folosite pentru prima dată în secolul al XVI-lea, iar cutiile moderne de pliere datează din 1839. Prima cutie ondulată a fost produsă comercial în 1817 în Anglia. Hârtie gofrată (numită și pliată) a primit un brevet britanic în 1856 și a fost utilizată ca o căptușeală pentru pălării înalte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secolul_al_XX-lea">Secolul al XX-lea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Secolul al XX-lea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Secolul al XX-lea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avansurile de ambalare la începutul secolului al XX-lea au inclus închiderile de bachelită pe sticle, suprapunerile de celofan transparente și panourile pe cutii de carton. Aceste inovații au sporit eficiența procesării și îmbunătățirea siguranței alimentare. Deoarece au fost dezvoltate materiale suplimentare precum aluminiu și mai multe tipuri de plastic, acestea au fost încorporate în pachete pentru a îmbunătăți performanța și funcționalitatea.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG/170px-HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG/255px-HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG/340px-HeroinHarrisonActNOLA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>Ambalajul pentru <a href="/wiki/Heroin%C4%83" title="Heroină">Heroină</a> în sticla și carton, începutul secolului al XX-lea.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificare">Clasificare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ambalajele se clasifică în funcție de mai multe criterii, care sunt utilizate frecvent în practică: </p> <ul><li>după modul de folosire: <ul><li>de unică folosință</li> <li>refolosibile (returnabile)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după materialul folosit în confecționarea ambalajelor: <ul><li>ambalaje din hârtie și carton;</li> <li>ambalaje din sticlă;</li> <li>ambalaje din metal;</li> <li>ambalaje din materiale plastice;</li> <li>ambalaje din lemn, înlocuitori din lemn și împletituri;</li> <li>ambalaje din materiale textile;</li> <li>ambalaje din materiale complexe.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după sistemul de confecționare: <ul><li>ambalaje fixe;</li> <li>ambalaje demontabile;</li> <li>ambalaje pliabile.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după tip: <ul><li>plicuri;</li> <li>pungi;</li> <li>plase;</li> <li>lăzi;</li> <li>cutii;</li> <li>flacoane;</li> <li>borcane etc.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după domeniul de utilizare: <ul><li>ambalaje de transport;</li> <li>ambalaje de desfacere și prezentare.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după specificul produsului ambalat: <ul><li>ambalaje pentru produse alimentare;</li> <li>ambalaje pentru produse nealimentare;</li> <li>ambalaje pentru produse periculoase;</li> <li>ambalaje individuale;</li> <li>ambalaje colective.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după gradul de rigiditate: <ul><li>ambalaje rigide;</li> <li>ambalaje semirigide;</li> <li>ambalaje suple.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după modul de circulație al ambalajului: <ul><li>ambalaje refolosibile;</li> <li>ambalaje nerefolosibile – tip pierdut.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după sistemul de circulație: <ul><li>sistem de restituire a ambalajelor;</li> <li>sistem de vânzare – cumpărare a ambalajelor.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după sistemul de confecționare: <ul><li>ambalaje fixe;</li> <li>ambalaje demontabile;</li> <li>ambalaje pliante.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după căile de transport: <ul><li>ambalaje pentru transport terestru;</li> <li>ambalaje pentru transport fluvial-maritim;</li> <li>ambalaje pentru transport aerian.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>după destinație: <ul><li>ambalaje pentru piața externă;</li> <li>ambalaje pentru piața internă.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Soroka (2002) <i>Fundamentals of Packaging Technology</i>, Institute of Packaging Professionals <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1-930268-25-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1-930268-25-4">ISBN: 1-930268-25-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1988" class="citation">Brown, P.J. (<time datetime="1988">1988</time>), „Andrew Yarranton and the British tinplate industry”, <i>Historical Metallurgy</i>, <b>22</b> (1), pp. 42–48</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Metallurgy&rft.atitle=Andrew+Yarranton+and+the+British+tinplate+industry&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAmbalaj" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKing1988" class="citation">King, P.W. (<time datetime="1988">1988</time>), „Wolverley Lower Mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry”, <i>Historical Metallurgy</i>, <b>22</b> (2), pp. 104–113</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Metallurgy&rft.atitle=Wolverley+Lower+Mill+and+the+beginnings+of+the+tinplate+industry&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=104-113&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAmbalaj" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1988">King 1988</a>, p. 109. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">H.R. Schubert, <i>History of the British iron and steel industry ... to 1775</i>, 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMinchinton1957" class="citation">Minchinton, W.W. (<time datetime="1957">1957</time>), <i>The British tinplate industry: a history</i>, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+tinplate+industry%3A+a+history&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Minchinton&rft.aufirst=W.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAmbalaj" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Geoghegan, Tom (<time datetime="2013-04-21">21 aprilie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21689069">„BBC News - The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't”</a>. Bbc.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-06-04">4 iunie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+-+The+story+of+how+the+tin+can+nearly+wasn%27t&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21689069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAmbalaj" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brody, A. L; Marsh, K. S (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). <i>Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-471-06397-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-471-06397-5">0-471-06397-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Packaging+Technology&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-06397-5&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=A.+L&rft.au=Marsh%2C+K.+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAmbalaj" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambalaj&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adevarul.ro/life/sanatate/alimentatie/Cum_ne_pot_imbolnavi_ambalajele_alimentelor_0_706129663.html">Cum ne pot îmbolnăvi ambalajele alimentelor</a>, 26 mai 2012, Oana Antonescu, <i>Adevărul</i></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de 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Mediu(G.N.M.)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_pentru_Protec%C8%9Bia_Mediului" title="Agenția Națională pentru Protecția Mediului">Agenția Națională pentru Protecția Mediului(ANPM))</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">județene</a> (Garda Județeană <a href="/wiki/Protec%C8%9Bia_mediului" title="Protecția mediului">Protecția Mediului</a>, Agenția Județeană <a href="/wiki/Protec%C8%9Bia_mediului" title="Protecția mediului">Protecția Mediului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consiliu_Jude%C8%9Bean" title="Consiliu Județean">Consiliul județean</a>) și locale(<a href="/wiki/Primar" title="Primar">Primărie</a>),<a href="/wiki/Poli%C8%9Bia_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Poliția Română">Poliția</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jandarmeria_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Jandarmeria Română">Jandarmeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aer</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ploaie_acid%C4%83" title="Ploaie acidă">Ploaie acidă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicele_de_calitate_a_aerului" title="Indicele de calitate a aerului">Indicele de calitate a aerului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poluarea_aerului" title="Poluarea aerului">Poluarea aerului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorofluorocarbur%C4%83" title="Clorofluorocarbură">Clorofluorocarbură</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_de_evacuare" title="Gaz de evacuare">Gazele de la eșapament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ceață">Ceață</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_cu_ardere_intern%C4%83" title="Motor cu ardere internă">Motor cu ardere internă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distilarea_global%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distilarea globală — pagină inexistentă">Distilarea globală</a></li> <li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">Ozon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenu%C8%99%C4%83_vulcanic%C4%83" title="Cenușă vulcanică">Cenușă vulcanică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiu_de_p%C4%83dure" title="Incendiu de pădure">Incendiu de pădure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De%C8%99euri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deșeuri">Deșeuri</a> solide</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>Deșeuri (<a href="/wiki/Biodegradare" title="Biodegradare">biodegradabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciclarea_electronicelor" title="Reciclarea electronicelor">electronice</a></li> <li>verzi</li> <li>biomedicale)</li> <li>Deșeuri <a href="/wiki/Substan%C8%9Be_toxice" title="Substanțe toxice">periculoase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Substan%C8%9Be_toxice" title="Substanțe toxice">substanțe toxice</a>)</li> <li>și din <a href="/wiki/Construc%C8%9Bii" title="Construcții">construcții</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trafic_de_de%C8%99euri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trafic de deșeuri — pagină inexistentă">Trafic de deșeuri</a></li> <li>Reciclarea <a href="/wiki/Baterie_electric%C4%83" title="Baterie electrică">bateriei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De%C8%99euri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deșeuri">Deșeuri</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipiu" title="Municipiu">municipale</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>Prevenire:<a href="/wiki/Gestionarea_de%C8%99eurilor" title="Gestionarea deșeurilor">Gestionarea deșeurilor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunoi_menajer" title="Gunoi menajer">Gunoi menajer</a></li> <li>Poluarea cu <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a></li> <li>Deșeuri de <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ambalaje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">Apă</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ape_uzate" title="Ape uzate">Ape uzate</a>(Canalizare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calitatea_apei" title="Calitatea apei">Calitatea apei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiu" title="Incendiu">Incendiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ape_uzate" title="Ape uzate">Ape uzate</a> (agricole și industriale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericol_biologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericol biologic">Poluarea biologică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boli — pagină inexistentă">Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apa_dulce" class="mw-redirect" title="Apa dulce">Apa dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panza_freatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panza freatica — pagină inexistentă">Panza freatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Marin">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monitorizarea_mediului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monitorizarea mediului — pagină inexistentă">Monitorizarea mediului </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitra%C8%9Bii_%C3%AEn_ap%C4%83" title="Nitrații în apă">Nitrații în apă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurgere_de_ulei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scurgere de ulei — pagină inexistentă">Scurgere de ulei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Produse_farmaceutice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produse farmaceutice — pagină inexistentă">Produse farmaceutice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fos%C4%83_septic%C4%83" title="Fosă septică">Fosă septică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalizare" title="Canalizare">Canalizare </a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toalet%C4%83_cu_groap%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toaletă cu groapă — pagină inexistentă">toaletă cu groapă</a>,<a href="/wiki/Canalizare_menajer%C4%83" title="Canalizare menajeră">menajeră</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_maritim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport maritim — pagină inexistentă">Transport maritim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stagnarea_apei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stagnarea apei — pagină inexistentă">Stagnarea apei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apa_cu_sulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apa cu sulf — pagină inexistentă">Apa cu sulf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurgere_la_suprafa%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scurgere la suprafață — pagină inexistentă">Scurgere la suprafață</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scurgerea_urban%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scurgerea urbană — pagină inexistentă">Scurgerea urbană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calitatea_apei" title="Calitatea apei">Calitatea apei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie" title="Radiație">Radiații</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De%C8%99eu_radioactiv" title="Deșeu radioactiv">Deșeu radioactiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sol_(strat_al_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului)" title="Sol (strat al Pământului)">Sol</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poluarea_agricol%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poluarea agricolă — pagină inexistentă">Poluarea agricolă</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbicid" title="Erbicid">Erbicid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=De%C8%99euri_de_gunoi_de_grajd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deșeuri de gunoi de grajd — pagină inexistentă">Deșeuri de gunoi de grajd</a> <a href="/wiki/Pesticid" title="Pesticid">Pesticid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradarea_terenurilor" title="Degradarea terenurilor">Degradarea terenurilor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediere" title="Bioremediere">Bioremediere </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Enc%C4%83lzire_cu_rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_electric%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Încălzire cu rezistență electrică — pagină inexistentă">Încălzire cu rezistență electrică</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Termeni</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protec%C8%9Bia_mediului" title="Protecția mediului">Protecția mediului </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99%C4%83_cu_date_de_securitate" title="Fișă cu date de securitate">Fișă cu date de securitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poluare_acustic%C4%83" title="Poluare acustică">Poluare acustică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralizare" title="Neutralizare">Neutralizare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradarea_mediului" title="Degradarea mediului">Degradarea mediului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De%C8%99ertificare" title="Deșertificare">Deșertificare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style 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