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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_and_genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Structure and genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tropism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replication_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replication_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Replication cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replication_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_to_the_cell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_to_the_cell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Entry to the cell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_to_the_cell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lytic_replication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lytic_replication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Lytic replication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lytic_replication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Latency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Reactivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation_of_B_lymphocytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_of_B_lymphocytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Transformation of B lymphocytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_of_B_lymphocytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latent_antigens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latent_antigens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Latent antigens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latent_antigens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein/genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein/genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Protein/genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein/genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtypes_of_EBV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes_of_EBV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Subtypes of EBV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtypes_of_EBV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epstein–Barr virus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فيروس إبشتاين-بار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس إبشتاين-بار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%E2%80%93_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вирус на Епщайн – Бар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вирус на Епщайн – Бар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_d%27Epstein-Barr" title="Virus d'Epstein-Barr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virus d'Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Epsteina%E2%80%93Barrov%C3%A9" title="Virus Epsteina–Barrové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virus Epsteina–Barrové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virus" title="Epstein-Barr virus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Epstein-Barr virus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr-Virus" title="Epstein-Barr-Virus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epstein-Barr-Virus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%88%CF%80%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD-%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Ιός Έπσταϊν-Μπαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιός Έπσταϊν-Μπαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_Epstein-Barr" title="Virus de Epstein-Barr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus de Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruso_Epstein-Barr" title="Viruso Epstein-Barr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viruso Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_birus" title="Epstein-Barr birus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epstein-Barr birus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%93%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ویروس اپشتین–بار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویروس اپشتین–بار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_d%27Epstein-Barr" title="Virus d'Epstein-Barr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus d'Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADreas_Epstein-Barr" title="Víreas Epstein-Barr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Víreas Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_Epstein-Barr" title="Virus de Epstein-Barr – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virus de Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%A1%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8-%EB%B0%94_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="엡스타인-바 바이러스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엡스타인-바 바이러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6-%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Էպշտեյն-Բարի վիրուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էպշտեյն-Բարի վիրուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="इप्स्टिन-बार्र वाइरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इप्स्टिन-बार्र वाइरस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Epstein-Barr" title="Virus Epstein-Barr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Virus Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesvirus_umano_4" title="Herpesvirus umano 4 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Herpesvirus umano 4" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virus" title="Epstein-Barr virus – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Epstein-Barr virus" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstaina%E2%80%94B%C4%81ras_v%C4%ABruss" title="Epstaina—Bāras vīruss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Epstaina—Bāras vīruss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C5%A1teino%E2%80%93Bar_virusas" title="Epšteino–Bar virusas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Epšteino–Bar virusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_Epstein%E2%80%93Barr" title="Virus de Epstein–Barr – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Virus de Epstein–Barr" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr-v%C3%ADrus" title="Epstein–Barr-vírus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epstein–Barr-vírus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فيروس ابشتاين-بار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس ابشتاين-بار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-barrvirus" title="Epstein-barrvirus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epstein-barrvirus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="エプスタイン・バール・ウイルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エプスタイン・バール・ウイルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr-virus" title="Epstein-Barr-virus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Epstein-Barr-virus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virusi" title="Epstein–Barr virusi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Epstein–Barr virusi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirus_Epsteina-Barr" title="Wirus Epsteina-Barr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirus Epsteina-Barr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus_Epstein%E2%80%93Barr" title="Vírus Epstein–Barr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírus Epstein–Barr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Epstein-Barr" title="Virus Epstein-Barr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virus Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80" title="Вирус Эпштейна — Барр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирус Эпштейна — Барр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epstein–Barr virus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_Epstein-Barr" title="Virus Epstein-Barr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virus Epstein-Barr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C5%A1tajn-Barov_virus" title="Epštajn-Barov virus – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Epštajn-Barov virus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barrov_virus" title="Epstein-Barrov virus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epstein-Barrov virus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barrin_virus" title="Epstein–Barrin virus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epstein–Barrin virus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr-virus" title="Epstein-Barr-virus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epstein-Barr-virus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไวรัสเอ็ปสไตน์-บาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวรัสเอ็ปสไตน์-บาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_vir%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Epstein-Barr virüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Epstein-Barr virüsü" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"EBV" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EBV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="EBV (disambiguation)">EBV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Human gammaherpesvirus 4</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030430.g001-L.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electron microscopic image of two Epstein–Barr virus virions (viral particles) showing round capsids (protein-encased genetic material) loosely surrounded by the membrane envelope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030430.g001-L.JPG/220px-Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030430.g001-L.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030430.g001-L.JPG/330px-Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030430.g001-L.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030430.g001-L.JPG/440px-Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030430.g001-L.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="976" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron micrograph">Electron micrograph</a> of two Epstein–Barr virions (viral particles) showing round <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsids</a> loosely surrounded by the membrane <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">envelope</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lymphocryptovirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria"><i>Duplodnaviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria"><i>Heunggongvirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirales" title="Herpesvirales"><i>Peploviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirales" title="Herpesvirales"><i>Herviviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirales" title="Herpesvirales"><i>Herpesvirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthoherpesviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthoherpesviridae"><i>Orthoherpesviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lymphocryptovirus" title="Lymphocryptovirus"><i>Lymphocryptovirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Human gammaherpesvirus 4</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Epstein–Barr virus</i></li> <li><i>Human herpesvirus 4</i></li> <li><i>HHV-4</i></li> <li><i>EBV</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Epstein–Barr virus</b> (<b>EBV</b>), formally called <i><b>Human gammaherpesvirus 4</b></i>, is one of the nine known <a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae#Human_herpesvirus_types" title="Herpesviridae">human herpesvirus types</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">herpes family</a>, and is one of the most common <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> in humans. EBV is a <a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Double-stranded_DNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">double-stranded DNA virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-32847820_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-32847820-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified <a href="/wiki/Oncogenic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncogenic virus">oncogenic virus</a>, or a virus that can cause <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. EBV establishes permanent infection in humans. It causes <a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">infectious mononucleosis</a> and is also tightly linked to many <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignant</a> diseases (cancers). Various <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> formulations underwent testing in different animals or in humans. However, none of them were able to prevent EBV infection and no vaccine has been approved to date.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a> ("mono" or "glandular fever"), a disease caused by the virus, is characterized by extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. The virus is also associated with various non-malignant, <a href="/wiki/Premalignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Premalignant">premalignant</a>, and malignant <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus-associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases">Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Burkitt_lymphoma" title="Burkitt lymphoma">Burkitt lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemophagocytic_lymphohistiocytosis" title="Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis">hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-29885408_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-29885408-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin's lymphoma</a>; non-lymphoid malignancies such as <a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">gastric cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a>; and conditions associated with <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hairy_leukoplakia" title="Hairy leukoplakia">hairy leukoplakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-19373526_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-19373526-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus is also associated with the childhood disorders of <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-28116304_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-28116304-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_cerebellar_ataxia_of_childhood" title="Acute cerebellar ataxia of childhood">acute cerebellar ataxia</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-14552515_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-14552515-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by some evidence, higher risks of developing certain <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-19028369_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-19028369-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially <a href="/wiki/Dermatomyositis" title="Dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21871974_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21871974-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-22312480_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-22312480-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 200,000 cancer cases globally per year are thought to be attributable to EBV.<sup id="cite_ref-Cancer-Research-UK-200000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cancer-Research-UK-200000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, a large study (population of 10 million over 20 years) suggested EBV as the leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, with a recent EBV infection causing a <span class="nowrap">32-fold</span> increase in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-35025605_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-35025605-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-20369303_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-20369303-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-29892607_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-29892607-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infection with EBV occurs by the oral transfer of <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and genital secretions. Most people become infected with EBV and gain <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive immunity">adaptive immunity</a>. In the United States, about half of all five-year-old children and about 90% of adults have evidence of previous infection.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC–2020-09-28-mono_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC–2020-09-28-mono-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as <a href="/wiki/Passive_immunity#Naturally_acquired" title="Passive immunity">maternal antibody protection</a> disappears. Many children who become infected with EBV display no symptoms or the symptoms are indistinguishable from the other mild, brief illnesses of childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When infection occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35 to 50% of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EBV infects <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></span> of the immune system and <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a>. Once EBV's initial <a href="/wiki/Lytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lytic">lytic</a> infection is brought under control, EBV <a href="/wiki/Virus_latency" title="Virus latency">latency</a> persists in the individual's <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memory_B_cell" title="Memory B cell">memory B cells</a></span> for the rest of their life.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-34239514_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-34239514-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virology">Virology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Virology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viral_Tegument.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Viral_Tegument.svg/300px-Viral_Tegument.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Viral_Tegument.svg/450px-Viral_Tegument.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Viral_Tegument.svg/600px-Viral_Tegument.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Simplified diagram of the structure of EBV</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_genome">Structure and genome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Virion" class="mw-redirect" title="Virion">virus</a> is about 122–180 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a> in diameter and is composed of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_double_helix" title="Nucleic acid double helix">a double helix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleic acid">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA) which contains about 172,000 <a href="/wiki/Base_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Base pairs">base pairs</a> encoding 85 <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNA is surrounded by a protein <a href="/wiki/Nucleocapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleocapsid">nucleocapsid</a>, which is surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Viral_tegument" title="Viral tegument">tegument</a> made of protein, which in turn is surrounded by an <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">envelope</a> containing both <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> and surface projections of <a href="/wiki/Glycoproteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoproteins">glycoproteins</a>, which are essential to <a href="#Entry_to_the_cell">infection of the host cell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, a team of researchers reported the first complete atomic model of the nucleocapsid of the virus. This "first complete atomic model [includes] the icosahedral capsid, the capsid-associated tegument complex (CATC) and the dodecameric portal—the viral genome translocation apparatus."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropism">Tropism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tropism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Viral_tropism" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral tropism">viral tropism</a> refers to which cell types that EBV infects. EBV can infect different cell types, including <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The viral three-part glycoprotein complexes of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHgL_gp42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHgL gp42 (page does not exist)">gHgL gp42</a></span> mediate B cell membrane fusion; although the two-part complexes of gHgL mediate epithelial cell membrane fusion. EBV that are made in the B cells have low numbers of gHgLgp42 complexes, because these three-part complexes interact with <a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">Human-leukocyte-antigen</a> <a href="/wiki/MHC_Class_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MHC Class II">class II</a> molecules present in B cells in the endoplasmic reticulum and are degraded. In contrast, EBV from epithelial cells are rich in the three-part complexes because these cells do not normally contain <span class="nowrap">HLA class II</span> molecules. As a consequence, EBV made from B cells are more infectious to epithelial cells, and EBV made from epithelial cells are more infectious to B cells. Viruses lacking the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gp42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gp42 (page does not exist)">gp42</a> portion are able to bind to human B cells, but unable to infect.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replication_cycle">Replication cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Replication cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBV_infection_cycle_in_healthy_humans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EBV_infection_cycle_in_healthy_humans.png/350px-EBV_infection_cycle_in_healthy_humans.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EBV_infection_cycle_in_healthy_humans.png/525px-EBV_infection_cycle_in_healthy_humans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EBV_infection_cycle_in_healthy_humans.png/700px-EBV_infection_cycle_in_healthy_humans.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>The EBV replication cycle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entry_to_the_cell">Entry to the cell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Entry to the cell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EBV can infect both B cells and epithelial cells. The mechanisms for entering these two cells are different. </p><p>To enter B cells, viral <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gp350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gp350 (page does not exist)">gp350</a> binds to cellular receptor <a href="/wiki/CD21" class="mw-redirect" title="CD21">CD21</a> (also known as CR2).<sup id="cite_ref-Entrez-CR2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entrez-CR2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, viral glycoprotein gp42 interacts with cellular <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_II" title="MHC class II">MHC class II</a> molecules. This triggers <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_fusion" title="Lipid bilayer fusion">fusion</a> of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, allowing EBV to enter the B cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human CD35, also known as <a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_1" title="Complement receptor 1">complement receptor 1</a> (CR1), is an additional attachment factor for gp350 / 220, and can provide a route for entry of EBV into CD21-negative cells, including immature B-cells. EBV infection downregulates expression of CD35.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enter epithelial cells, viral protein BMRF-2 interacts with cellular β1 <a href="/wiki/Integrins" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrins">integrins</a>. Then, viral protein gH/gL interacts with cellular <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91v%CE%B26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Αvβ6 (page does not exist)">αvβ6</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91v%CE%B28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Αvβ8 (page does not exist)">αvβ8</a> integrins. This triggers <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_fusion" title="Lipid bilayer fusion">fusion</a> of the viral envelope with the epithelial cell membrane, allowing EBV to enter the epithelial cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike B-cell entry, epithelial-cell entry is actually impeded by viral glycoprotein gp42.<sup id="cite_ref-Entrez-CR2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entrez-CR2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once EBV enters the cell, the viral capsid dissolves and the viral genome is transported to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lytic_replication">Lytic replication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lytic replication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lytic_cycle" title="Lytic cycle">lytic cycle</a>, or productive infection, results in the production of infectious <a href="/wiki/Virions" class="mw-redirect" title="Virions">virions</a>. EBV can undergo lytic replication in both B cells and epithelial cells. In B cells, lytic replication normally only takes place after reactivation from <a href="#Latency">latency</a>. In epithelial cells, lytic replication often directly follows <a href="#Entry_to_the_cell">viral entry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For lytic replication to occur, the viral genome must be linear. The latent EBV genome is circular, so it must linearize in the process of lytic reactivation. During lytic replication, viral <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerase</a> is responsible for copying the viral genome. This contrasts with latency, in which host-cell DNA polymerase copies the viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lytic gene products are produced in three consecutive stages: immediate-early, early, and late.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediate-early lytic gene products act as <a href="/wiki/Transactivators" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactivators">transactivators</a>, enhancing the <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of later lytic genes. Immediate-early lytic gene products include <a href="/wiki/BZLF1" title="BZLF1">BZLF1</a> (also known as Zta, EB1, associated with its product gene <i>ZEBRA</i>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=BRLF1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRLF1 (page does not exist)">BRLF1</a> (associated with its product gene <i>Rta</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early lytic gene products have many more functions, such as replication, metabolism, and blockade of <a href="/wiki/Antigen_processing" title="Antigen processing">antigen processing</a>. Early lytic gene products include <a href="/w/index.php?title=BNLF2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BNLF2 (page does not exist)">BNLF2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, late lytic gene products tend to be proteins with structural roles, such as <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_viral_capsid_antigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus viral capsid antigen">VCA</a>, which forms the viral <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a>. Other late lytic gene products, such as BCRF1, help EBV evade the immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/EGCG" class="mw-redirect" title="EGCG">EGCG</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>, has shown in a study to inhibit EBV spontaneous lytic infection at the DNA, gene transcription, and protein levels in a time- and <a href="/wiki/Dose-dependent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose-dependent">dose-dependent</a> manner; the expression of EBV lytic genes<i> Zta, Rta</i>, and early antigen complex EA-D (induced by <i>Rta</i>), however, the highly stable <i><a href="/wiki/EBNA-1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA-1">EBNA-1</a></i> gene found across all stages of EBV infection is unaffected.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-23180656_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-23180656-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific inhibitors (to the pathways) suggest that <a href="/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway" title="MAPK/ERK pathway">Ras/MEK/MAPK pathway</a> contributes to EBV lytic infection though BZLF1 and <a href="/wiki/PI3-K" class="mw-redirect" title="PI3-K">PI3-K</a> pathway through BRLF1, the latter completely abrogating the ability of a BRLF1 <a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae#Use_in_treatment_of_unrelated_diseases" title="Adenoviridae">adenovirus vector</a> to induce the lytic form of EBV infection.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-23180656_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-23180656-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the activation of some genes but not others is being studied to determine just how to induce immune destruction of latently infected B cells by use of either <a href="/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">TPA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_butyrate" title="Sodium butyrate">sodium butyrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-23180656_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-23180656-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latency">Latency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Latency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBV-cycle-in-immunodeficiency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EBV-cycle-in-immunodeficiency.jpg/385px-EBV-cycle-in-immunodeficiency.jpg" decoding="async" width="385" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EBV-cycle-in-immunodeficiency.jpg/578px-EBV-cycle-in-immunodeficiency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EBV-cycle-in-immunodeficiency.jpg/770px-EBV-cycle-in-immunodeficiency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Development of Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)-induced acquired immunodeficiency in patients with genetic susceptibility</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike lytic replication, <a href="/wiki/Virus_latency" title="Virus latency">latency</a> does not result in production of virions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the EBV genome circular DNA resides in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Episome" title="Episome">episome</a> and is copied by host-cell <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It persists in the individual's <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memory_B_cell" title="Memory B cell">memory B cells</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-34239514_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-34239514-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epigenetic changes such as DNA <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> and cellular <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> constituents, suppress the majority of the viral genes in latently infected cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-32232535_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-32232535-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a portion of EBV's genes are <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expressed</a>, which support the latent state of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-32232535_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-32232535-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latent EBV expresses its genes in one of three patterns, known as latency programs. EBV can latently persist within <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a>, but different latency programs are possible in the two types of cell.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EBV can exhibit one of three latency programs: Latency I, Latency II, or Latency III. Each latency program leads to the production of a limited, distinct set of viral <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> and viral <a href="/wiki/RNAs" class="mw-redirect" title="RNAs">RNAs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-17446270_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-17446270-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-19680535_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-19680535-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gene Expressed</th> <th><a href="/wiki/EBNA-1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA-1">EBNA-1</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/EBNA-2" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA-2">EBNA-2</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/EBNA-3" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA-3">EBNA-3</a>A</th> <th><a href="/wiki/EBNA-3" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA-3">EBNA-3</a>B</th> <th><a href="/wiki/EBNA-3" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA-3">EBNA-3</a>C</th> <th>EBNA-LP</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_latent_membrane_protein_1" title="Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1">LMP1</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/LMP-2" class="mw-redirect" title="LMP-2">LMP-2</a>A</th> <th><a href="/wiki/LMP-2" class="mw-redirect" title="LMP-2">LMP-2</a>B</th> <th><a href="/wiki/EBER" class="mw-redirect" title="EBER">EBER</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Product</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td>Protein</td> <td><a href="/wiki/NcRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="NcRNA">ncRNAs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Latency I</b></td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Latency II</b></td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Latency III</b></td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+</td> <td align="center">+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Also, a program is postulated in which all viral protein expression is shut off (Latency 0).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within B cells, all three latency programs are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EBV latency within B cells usually progresses from Latency III to Latency II to Latency I. Each stage of latency uniquely influences B cell behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon infecting a resting <a href="/wiki/Naive_B_cell" title="Naive B cell">naïve B cell</a>, EBV enters Latency III. The set of proteins and RNAs produced in Latency III transforms the B cell into a proliferating blast (also known as B cell activation).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the virus restricts its gene expression and enters Latency II. The more limited set of proteins and RNAs produced in Latency II induces the B cell to differentiate into a <a href="/wiki/Memory_B_cell" title="Memory B cell">memory B cell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, EBV restricts gene expression even further and enters Latency I. Expression of EBNA-1 allows the EBV genome to replicate when the memory B cell divides.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-15546128_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-15546128-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within epithelial cells, only Latency II is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In primary infection, EBV replicates in oropharyngeal epithelial cells and establishes Latency III, II, and I infections in B lymphocytes. EBV latent infection of B lymphocytes is necessary for virus persistence, subsequent replication in epithelial cells, and release of infectious virus into saliva. EBV Latency III and II infections of B lymphocytes, Latency II infection of oral epithelial cells, and Latency II infection of NK- or T-cell can result in malignancies, marked by uniform EBV genome presence and gene expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertsones_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertsones-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactivation">Reactivation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latent EBV in B cells can be reactivated to switch to <a href="#Lytic_replication">lytic replication</a>. This is known to happen <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i>, but what triggers it is not known precisely. <i>In vitro</i>, latent EBV in B cells can be reactivated by stimulating the B cell receptor, so it is likely reactivation <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> takes place after latently infected B cells respond to unrelated infections.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformation_of_B_lymphocytes">Transformation of B lymphocytes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transformation of B lymphocytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EBV infection of B lymphocytes leads to "<a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">immortalization</a>" of these cells, meaning that the virus causes them to continue dividing indefinitely. Normally, cells have a limited lifespan and eventually die, but when EBV infects B lymphocytes, it alters their behavior, making them "immortal" in the sense that they can keep dividing and surviving much longer than usual. This allows the virus to persist in the body for the individual's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31315893_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31315893-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When EBV infects B cells <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoblastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoblastoid">lymphoblastoid</a> cell lines eventually emerge that are capable of indefinite growth. The growth transformation of these cell lines is the consequence of viral protein expression.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EBNA-2, EBNA-3C, and LMP-1, are essential for transformation, whereas EBNA-LP and the EBERs are not.<sup id="cite_ref-Yates1985_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates1985-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following natural infection with EBV, the virus is thought to execute some or all of its repertoire of gene expression programs to establish a persistent infection. Given the initial absence of host <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>, the lytic cycle produces large numbers of virions to infect other (presumably) B-lymphocytes within the host. </p><p>The latent programs reprogram and subvert infected B-lymphocytes to proliferate and bring infected cells to the sites at which the virus presumably persists. Eventually, when host immunity develops, the virus persists by turning off most (or possibly all) of its genes and only occasionally reactivates and produces progeny virions. A balance is eventually struck between occasional viral reactivation and host immune surveillance removing cells that activate viral gene expression. The manipulation of the human body's epigenetics by EBV can alter the genome of the cell to leave oncogenic phenotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-19740997_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-19740997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the modification by the EBV increases the hosts likelihood of developing EBV related cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-27933614_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-27933614-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EBV related cancers are unique in that they are frequent to making epigenetic changes but are less likely to mutate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-28780440_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-28780440-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site of persistence of EBV may be <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>. EBV-positive patients who have had their own bone marrow replaced with bone marrow from an EBV-negative donor are found to be EBV-negative after <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">transplantation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratama1988_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratama1988-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latent_antigens">Latent antigens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latent antigens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All EBV nuclear proteins are produced by alternative splicing of a transcript starting at either the Cp or Wp promoters at the left end of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> (in the conventional nomenclature). The genes are ordered <i>EBNA-LP/EBNA-2/EBNA-3A/EBNA-3B/EBNA-3C/EBNA-1</i> within the genome. </p><p>The initiation <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a> of the EBNA-LP coding region is created by an alternate splice of the nuclear protein transcript. In the absence of this initiation codon,<i> EBNA-2/EBNA-3A/EBNA-3B/EBNA-3C/EBNA-1</i> will be expressed depending on which of these genes is alternatively spliced into the transcript. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protein/genes"><span id="Protein.2Fgenes"></span>Protein/genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protein/genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Protein/gene/antigen </th> <th>Stage </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_nuclear_antigen_1" title="Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1">EBNA-1</a></b> </td> <td>latent+lytic </td> <td>EBNA-1 protein binds to a replication origin (oriP) within the viral genome and mediates replication and partitioning of the episome during division of the host cell. It is the only viral protein expressed during group I latency. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_nuclear_antigen_2" title="Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 2">EBNA-2</a></b> </td> <td>latent+lytic </td> <td>EBNA-2 is the main viral <a href="/wiki/Transactivator" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactivator">transactivator</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_nuclear_antigen_3" title="Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 3">EBNA-3</a></b> </td> <td>latent+lytic </td> <td>These genes also bind the host <a href="/wiki/RBPJ" title="RBPJ">RBP-Jκ</a> protein. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_latent_membrane_protein_1" title="Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1">LMP-1</a></b> </td> <td>latent </td> <td>LMP-1 is a six-span <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmembrane">transmembrane</a> protein that is also essential for EBV-mediated growth transformation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_latent_membrane_protein_2" title="Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 2">LMP-2</a></b> </td> <td>latent </td> <td>LMP-2A/LMP-2B are transmembrane proteins that act to block <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase" title="Tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinase</a> signaling. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus-encoded_small_RNAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNAs">EBER</a></b> </td> <td>latent </td> <td>EBER-1/EBER-2 are small nuclear RNAs, which bind to certain nucleoprotein particles, enabling binding to PKR (dsRNA-dependent serin/threonin protein kinase), thus inhibiting its function. EBERs are by far the most abundant EBV products transcribed in EBV-infected cells. They are commonly used as targets for the detection of EBV in histological tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ER-particles also induce the production of IL-10, which enhances growth and inhibits cytotoxic T cells. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_small_nucleolar_RNA_1" title="Epstein–Barr virus small nucleolar RNA 1">v-snoRNA1</a></b> </td> <td>latent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_small_nucleolar_RNA_1" title="Epstein–Barr virus small nucleolar RNA 1">Epstein–Barr virus snoRNA1</a> is a box CD-snoRNA generated by the virus during latency. V-snoRNA1 may act as a miRNA-like precursor that is processed into 24 nucleotide sized RNA fragments that target the 3'UTR of viral DNA polymerase mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-19680535_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-19680535-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_stable_intronic-sequence_RNAs" title="Epstein–Barr virus stable intronic-sequence RNAs">ebv-sisRNA</a></b> </td> <td>latent </td> <td>Ebv-sisRNA-1 is a stable intronic sequence RNA generated during latency program III. After the <a href="/wiki/EBER" class="mw-redirect" title="EBER">EBERs</a>, it is the third-most abundant small RNA produced by the virus during this program.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>miRNAs</b> </td> <td>latent </td> <td>EBV microRNAs are encoded by two transcripts, one set in the <i>BART</i> gene and one set near the<i> BHRF1</i> cluster. The three <i>BHRF1</i> pri-miRNAS (generating four miRNAs) are expressed during type III latency, whereas the large cluster of <i>BART</i> miRNAs (up to 20 miRNAs) are expressed highly during type II latency and only modestly during type I and II latency.<sup id="cite_ref-Forte2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forte2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous reference also gives an account of the known functions of these miRNAs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=EBV-EA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EBV-EA (page does not exist)">EBV-EA</a> </td> <td>lytic </td> <td>early antigen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=EBV-MA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EBV-MA (page does not exist)">EBV-MA</a> </td> <td>lytic </td> <td>membrane antigen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_viral-capsid_antigen" title="Epstein–Barr virus viral-capsid antigen">EBV-VCA</a> </td> <td>lytic </td> <td>viral capsid antigen </td></tr> <tr> <td>EBV-AN </td> <td>lytic </td> <td>alkaline nuclease<sup id="cite_ref-Buisson2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buisson2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtypes_of_EBV">Subtypes of EBV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subtypes of EBV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EBV can be divided into two major types, EBV type 1 and EBV type 2. These two subtypes have different <a href="/wiki/EBNA-3" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA-3">EBNA-3</a> genes. As a result, the two subtypes differ in their transforming capabilities and reactivation ability. Type 1 is dominant throughout most of the world, but the two types are equally prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. One can distinguish EBV type 1 from EBV type 2 by cutting the viral genome with a <a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">restriction enzyme</a> and comparing the resulting digestion patterns by <a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">gel electrophoresis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-21233512_25-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-21233512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Interpretation of specific EBV antibodies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Typical interpretation </th> <th>VCA-IgG </th> <th>VCA-IgM </th> <th>EA </th> <th>EBNA </th></tr> <tr> <td>Never infected </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acute infection (IM) </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+/− </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acute or recent infection </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+/− </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+/− </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recent past infection </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>+/− </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Distant past infection </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chronic infection/reactivation </td> <td>+ </td> <td>– </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+/− </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) are by far the most abundant EBV products transcribed in cells infected by EBV. They are commonly used as targets for the detection of EBV in histological tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinically, the most common way to detect the presence of EBV is <a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay</a> (ELISA). <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibodies</a> (IgM and IgG) to <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> encoded by the EBV DNA are detected.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct detection of EBV genome presence via <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) is seldom done, as this method says nothing about the immune system's reaction to the virus. EBV viral load does not correlate well with clinical symptoms of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_disease">Role in disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Role in disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a> and the other diseases listed in this section</i></dd></dl> <p>EBV causes infectious mononucleosis.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children infected with EBV have few symptoms or can appear asymptomatic, but when infection is delayed to adolescence or adulthood, it can cause <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">inflamed throat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">swollen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> in the neck, <a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">enlarged spleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">swollen liver</a>, or rash.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC–2020-09-28-mono_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC–2020-09-28-mono-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-infectious <a href="/wiki/ME/CFS" class="mw-redirect" title="ME/CFS">chronic fatigue syndrome</a> has also been associated with EBV infection.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-2855828_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-2855828-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EBV has also been implicated in several other diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hemophagocytic_lymphohistiocytosis" title="Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis">hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-29358936_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-29358936-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodgkin's lymphoma">Hodgkin's lymphoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cancer-Research-UK-200000_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cancer-Research-UK-200000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-35025605_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-35025605-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-20369303_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-20369303-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-25740864_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-25740864-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-29892607_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-29892607-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphomatoid_granulomatosis" title="Lymphomatoid granulomatosis">lymphomatoid granulomatosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically, EBV infected B cells have been shown to reside within the brain lesions of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> patients,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-29892607_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-29892607-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2022 study of 10 million soldiers' historical blood samples showed that "Individuals who were not infected with the Epstein–Barr virus virtually never get multiple sclerosis. It's only after Epstein–Barr virus infection that the risk of multiple sclerosis jumps up by over 30 fold", and that only EBV of many infections had such a clear connection with the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional diseases that have been linked to EBV include <a href="/wiki/Gianotti%E2%80%93Crosti_syndrome" title="Gianotti–Crosti syndrome">Gianotti–Crosti syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">erythema multiforme</a>, acute genital ulcers, and <a href="/wiki/Oral_hairy_leukoplakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral hairy leukoplakia">oral hairy leukoplakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viral infection is also associated with, and often contributes to the development of, a wide range of non-malignant <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus-associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases">lymphoproliferative diseases</a> such as severe hypersensitivity <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_bite_allergy" title="Mosquito bite allergy">mosquito bite allergy</a> reactions,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-27900557_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-27900557-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus-associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases#Epstein–Barr_virus-positive_mucocutaneous_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases">Epstein–Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus-associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases#Hydroa_vacciniforme-like_lymphoproliferative_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases">hydroa vacciniforme</a> as well as malignant lymphoproliferative diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus-associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases#Epstein–Barr_virus-positive_Burkitt_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases">Epstein–Barr virus-positive Burkitt lymphoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-26113842_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-26113842-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus-associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases#Epstein–Barr_virus-positive_Hodgkin_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases">Epstein–Barr virus-positive Hodgkin lymphoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-28893938_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-28893938-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphoma" title="Primary effusion lymphoma">primary effusion lymphoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-28399009_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-28399009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Epstein–Barr virus has been implicated in disorders related to <a href="/wiki/Alpha-synuclein" title="Alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a> aggregation (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">dementia with Lewy bodies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">multiple system atrophy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been found that <a href="/wiki/EBNA1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBNA1">EBNA1</a> may induce chromosomal breakage in the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11" title="Chromosome 11">11th chromosome</a>, specifically in the 11q23 region between the FAM55D gene and FAM55B, which EBNA-1 appears to have a high affinity for due to its <a href="/wiki/DNA-binding_domain" title="DNA-binding domain">DNA-binding domain</a> having an interest in a specific <a href="/wiki/Palindromic_sequence" title="Palindromic sequence">palindromic repeat</a> in this section of the genome.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the cause and exact mechanism for this is unknown, the byproduct results in errors and breakage of the chromosomal structure as cells stemming from the line of the tainted genome undergo <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>. Since genes in this area have been implicated in <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> and is home to a <a href="/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_mutated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataxia telangiectasia mutated">tumor suppressor gene</a> that is modified or not present in most tumor gene expression, it's been hypothesized that breakage in this area is the main culprit behind the cancers that EBV increases the chance of. The breakage is also dose-dependent, a person with a latent infection will have less breakage than a person with a novel or reactivated infection since EBNA1 levels in the nucleus and nucleolus are higher during active attack of the body because of the constant replication and take-over of cells in the body. </p><p>The complexities of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistence and its integration into host genomes have been explored. Research involving tissue samples from individuals with various conditions revealed that viral sequences were highly conserved, indicating long-term persistence from dominant strains. Notably, EBV was found to integrate into the host genome in cases of malignancies, including mantle cell lymphoma, where a significant integration event was observed involving the EBV LMP-1 gene and chromosome 17. This integration likely occurred via microhomology-mediated end joining, suggesting a potential mechanism through which EBV may influence tumorigenesis. Moreover, instances of high viral loads and accompanying genetic diversity were noted in patients with active disease, underscoring the virus's dynamic nature within the host and its possible contribution to the progression of EBV-associated cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyoria2024_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyoria2024-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Epstein–Barr virus was named after <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael A. Epstein">M.A. Epstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Barr" title="Yvonne Barr">Yvonne Barr</a>, who discovered the virus together with <a href="/wiki/Bert_Achong" title="Bert Achong">Bert Achong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid-14107961_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-14107961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, Epstein, a <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a> and expert <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopist</a>, attended a lecture on "The commonest children's cancer in tropical Africa—a hitherto unrecognised syndrome" by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Parsons_Burkitt" title="Denis Parsons Burkitt">D. P. Burkitt</a>, a surgeon practicing in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, in which Burkitt described the "endemic variant" (pediatric form) of the disease that <a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">now bears his name</a>. In 1963, a specimen was sent from Uganda to <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital" title="Middlesex Hospital">Middlesex Hospital</a> to be cultured. Virus particles were identified in the cultured cells, and the results were published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> in 1964 by Epstein, Achong, and Barr.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-14107961_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-14107961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Epstein-2005_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein-2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cell lines were sent to <a href="/wiki/Werner_and_Gertrude_Henle" title="Werner and Gertrude Henle">Werner and Gertrude Henle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia" title="Children's Hospital of Philadelphia">Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</a> who developed <a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">serological</a> markers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-6261650_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-6261650-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, a technician in their laboratory developed mononucleosis and they were able to compare a stored serum sample, showing that <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> to the virus developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein-2005_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein-2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, they discovered that EBV can directly <a href="/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line" title="Immortalised cell line">immortalize</a> B cells after infection,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31315893_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31315893-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mimicking some forms of EBV-related infections,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-6261650_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-6261650-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confirmed the link between the virus and infectious mononucleosis.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a relatively complex virus, EBV is not yet fully understood. Laboratories around the world continue to study the virus and develop new ways to treat the diseases it causes. One popular way of studying EBV <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> is to use <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome" title="Bacterial artificial chromosome">bacterial artificial chromosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-18938248_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-18938248-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epstein–Barr virus can be maintained and manipulated in the laboratory in continual latency (a property shared with <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus</a>, another of the eight human herpesviruses). Although many viruses are assumed to have this property during infection of their natural hosts, there is not an easily managed system for studying this part of the viral lifecycle. Genomic studies of EBV have been able to explore lytic reactivation and regulation of the latent viral episome.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-22901543_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-22901543-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although under active research, an <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus vaccine</a> is not yet available. The development of an effective vaccine could prevent up to 200,000 cancers globally per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Cancer-Research-UK-200000_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cancer-Research-UK-200000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of effective animal models is an obstacle to development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against EBV.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-34239514_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-34239514-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Human_herpesvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human herpesvirus">human herpesviruses</a> Epstein–Barr might allow its own eradication via a course of the drug <a href="/wiki/Valaciclovir" title="Valaciclovir">valaciclovir</a>, but further research is needed to determine if eradication is actually achievable.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-19740997_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-19740997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antiviral agents act by inhibiting viral DNA replication, but there is little evidence that they are effective against Epstein–Barr virus. Moreover, they are expensive, risk causing resistance to antiviral agents, and (in 1% to 10% of cases) can cause unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-27933614_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-27933614-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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"Epidemiologic aspects of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated diseases". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>354</b>: 326–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1980.tb27975.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb27975.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6261650">6261650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30025994">30025994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Epidemiologic+aspects+of+Epstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus+%28EBV%29-associated+diseases&rft.volume=354&rft.pages=326-331&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30025994%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6261650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1980.tb27975.x&rft.aulast=Henle&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Henle%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2005" class="citation book cs1">Robertson ES (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRO-wXto8hcC"><i>Epstein–Barr Virus</i></a>. Horizon Scientific Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-03-5"><bdi>978-1-904455-03-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110010611/https://books.google.com/books?id=TRO-wXto8hcC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<i>Epstein–Barr Virus</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a></i> (book review). <b>355</b> (25): 2708–2709. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMbkrev39523">10.1056/NEJMbkrev39523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr+Virus&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2708-2709&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMbkrev39523&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2009" class="citation book cs1">Young LS (2009). <i>Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology</i>. Boston, MA: Academic Press. pp. 532–533.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desk+Encyclopedia+of+Human+and+Medical+Virology&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=532-533&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=LS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid-18938248-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid-18938248_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelecluseFeederleBehrendsMautner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Delecluse HJ, Feederle R, Behrends U, Mautner J (December 2008). "Contribution of viral recombinants to the study of the immune response against the Epstein–Barr virus". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminars_in_Cancer_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seminars in Cancer Biology (page does not exist)">Seminars in Cancer Biology</a></i>. <b>18</b> (6): 409–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.semcancer.2008.09.001">10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18938248">18938248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Cancer+Biology&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+viral+recombinants+to+the+study+of+the+immune+response+against+the+Epstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=409-415&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.semcancer.2008.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18938248&rft.aulast=Delecluse&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft.au=Feederle%2C+R&rft.au=Behrends%2C+U&rft.au=Mautner%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid-22901543-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid-22901543_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArveyTemperaTsaiChen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arvey A, Tempera I, Tsai K, Chen HS, Tikhmyanova N, Klichinsky M, et al. (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424516">"An atlas of the Epstein–Barr virus transcriptome and epigenome reveals host-virus regulatory interactions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_Host_%26_Microbe" title="Cell Host & Microbe">Cell Host & Microbe</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2): 233–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2012.06.008">10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3424516">3424516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22901543">22901543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Host+%26+Microbe&rft.atitle=An+atlas+of+the+Epstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus+transcriptome+and+epigenome+reveals+host-virus+regulatory+interactions&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-245&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3424516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22901543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chom.2012.06.008&rft.aulast=Arvey&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Tempera%2C+I&rft.au=Tsai%2C+K&rft.au=Chen%2C+HS&rft.au=Tikhmyanova%2C+N&rft.au=Klichinsky%2C+M&rft.au=Leslie%2C+C&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3424516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Zhang S (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/03/epstein-barr-virus-mono-cancer-research/623881/">"The puzzling virus that infects almost everyone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic (magazine)">The Atlantic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+puzzling+virus+that+infects+almost+everyone&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2022%2F03%2Fepstein-barr-virus-mono-cancer-research%2F623881%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpstein%E2%80%93Barr+virus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxonomy_of_the_Herpesvirales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Herpesvirales" title="Template:Herpesvirales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Herpesvirales" title="Template talk:Herpesvirales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Herpesvirales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Herpesvirales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taxonomy_of_the_Herpesvirales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxonomy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Herpesvirales" title="Herpesvirales">Herpesvirales</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Higher taxonomy: <i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Heunggongvirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heunggongvirae">Heunggongvirae</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Peploviricota" class="mw-redirect" title="Peploviricota">Peploviricota</a></i> > <i><a href="/wiki/Herviviricetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Herviviricetes">Herviviricetes</a></i> > <i>Herpesvirales</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Malacoherpesviridae" title="Malacoherpesviridae">Malacoherpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Aurivirus" title="Aurivirus">Aurivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>AbHV-1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ostreavirus" title="Ostreavirus">Ostreavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>OsHV-1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alloherpesviridae" title="Alloherpesviridae">Alloherpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Batrachovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Batrachovirus">Batrachovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranid herpesvirus 1">RaHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranid herpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranid herpesvirus 3">3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cyprinivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinivirus">Cyprinivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillid_herpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguillid herpesvirus 1">AngHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinid_herpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid herpesvirus 1">CyHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinid_herpesvirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid herpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinid_herpesvirus_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid herpesvirus 3">3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictalurivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictalurivirus">Ictalurivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipenserid_herpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Acipenserid herpesvirus 1">AciHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictalurid_herpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictalurid herpesvirus 1">IcHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictalurid_herpesvirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictalurid herpesvirus 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonivirus">Salmonivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmonid_herpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonid herpesvirus 1">SalHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonid_herpesvirus_2" title="Salmonid herpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonid_herpesvirus_3" title="Salmonid herpesvirus 3">3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i><br /><br /><small><small><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Iguanid_herpesvirus_2" title="Iguanid herpesvirus 2">IgHV-2</a></span></small></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Alphaherpesvirinae" title="Alphaherpesvirinae">α</a></i><br /><br /><small><small><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Chelonid_alphaherpesvirus_6" title="Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 6">ChHV-6</a></span></small></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Iltovirus" title="Iltovirus">Iltovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1">GaHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacid_alphaherpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1">PsHV-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mardivirus" title="Mardivirus">Mardivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatid_alphaherpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1">AnHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1">CoHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallid_alphaherpesvirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2">GaHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallid_alphaherpesvirus_3" title="Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleagrid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Meleagrid alphaherpesvirus 1">MeHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheniscid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Spheniscid alphaherpesvirus 1">SpAHV-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Scutavirus" title="Scutavirus">Scutavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelonid_alphaherpesvirus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5">ChHV-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testudinid_alphaherpesvirus_3" title="Testudinid alphaherpesvirus 3">TeHV-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Simplexvirus" title="Simplexvirus">Simplexvirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateline_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Ateline alphaherpesvirus 1">AtHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_alphaherpesvirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2">BoHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecine_alphaherpesvirus_2" title="Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2">CeHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Human alphaherpesvirus 1">HHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_alphaherpesvirus_2" title="Human alphaherpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leporid_alphaherpesvirus_4" title="Leporid alphaherpesvirus 4">LeHV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">McHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_alphaherpesvirus_2" title="Macacine alphaherpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_alphaherpesvirus_3" title="Macacine alphaherpesvirus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macropodid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Macropodid alphaherpesvirus 1">MaHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macropodid_alphaherpesvirus_2" title="Macropodid alphaherpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panine_alphaherpesvirus_3" title="Panine alphaherpesvirus 3">PnHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiine_alphaherpesvirus_2" title="Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2">PaHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteropodid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Pteropodid alphaherpesvirus 1">PtHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saimiriine_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Saimiriine alphaherpesvirus 1">SaHV-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Varicellovirus" title="Varicellovirus">Varicellovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1">BoHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_alphaherpesvirus_5" title="Bovine alphaherpesvirus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubaline_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Bubaline alphaherpesvirus 1">BuHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Canid alphaherpesvirus 1">CaHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprine_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1">CpHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecine_alphaherpesvirus_9" title="Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 9">CeHV-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Cervid alphaherpesvirus 1">CvHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervid_alphaherpesvirus_2" title="Cervid alphaherpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervid_alphaherpesvirus_3" title="Cervid alphaherpesvirus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Equid alphaherpesvirus 1">EHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equid_alphaherpesvirus_3" title="Equid alphaherpesvirus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equid_alphaherpesvirus_4" title="Equid alphaherpesvirus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equid_alphaherpesvirus_8" title="Equid alphaherpesvirus 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equid_alphaherpesvirus_9" title="Equid alphaherpesvirus 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felid_alphaherpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Felid alphaherpesvirus 1">FeHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_alphaherpesvirus_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Human alphaherpesvirus 3">HHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monodontid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Monodontid alphaherpesvirus 1">MoHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocid_alphaherpesvirus_1" title="Phocid alphaherpesvirus 1">PhHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid_alphaherpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Suid alphaherpesvirus 1">SuHV-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Betaherpesvirinae" title="Betaherpesvirinae">β</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aotine_betaherpesvirus_1" title="Aotine betaherpesvirus 1">AoHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebine_betaherpesvirus_1" title="Cebine betaherpesvirus 1">CbHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecine_betaherpesvirus_5" title="Cercopithecine betaherpesvirus 5">CeHV-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_betaherpesvirus_5" title="Human betaherpesvirus 5">HHV-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_betaherpesvirus_3" title="Macacine betaherpesvirus 3">McHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_betaherpesvirus_8" title="Macacine betaherpesvirus 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrilline_betaherpesvirus_1" title="Mandrilline betaherpesvirus 1">MnHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panine_betaherpesvirus_2" title="Panine betaherpesvirus 2">PnHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiine_betaherpesvirus_3" title="Papiine betaherpesvirus 3">PaHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiine_betaherpesvirus_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Papiine betaherpesvirus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saimiriine_betaherpesvirus_4" title="Saimiriine betaherpesvirus 4">SaHV-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muromegalovirus" title="Muromegalovirus">Muromegalovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murid_betaherpesvirus_1" title="Murid betaherpesvirus 1">MuHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_betaherpesvirus_2" title="Murid betaherpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_betaherpesvirus_8" title="Murid betaherpesvirus 8">8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Proboscivirus" title="Proboscivirus">Proboscivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephantid_betaherpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantid betaherpesvirus 1">ElHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantid_betaherpesvirus_4" title="Elephantid betaherpesvirus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantid_betaherpesvirus_5" title="Elephantid betaherpesvirus 5">5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Quwivirus" title="Quwivirus">Quwivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviid_betaherpesvirus_2" title="Caviid betaherpesvirus 2">CaHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniopterid_betaherpesvirus_1" title="Miniopterid betaherpesvirus 1">MschBHV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupaiid_bethaverpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupaiid bethaverpesvirus 1">TuHV-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Roseolovirus" title="Roseolovirus">Roseolovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_betaherpesvirus_6A" title="Human betaherpesvirus 6A">HHV-6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_betaherpesvirus_6B" title="Human betaherpesvirus 6B">6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_betaherpesvirus_7" title="Human betaherpesvirus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_betaherpesvirus_9" title="Macacine betaherpesvirus 9">McHV-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_betaherpesvirus_3" title="Murid betaherpesvirus 3">MuHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid_betaherpesvirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Suid betaherpesvirus 2">SuHV-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gammaherpesvirinae" title="Gammaherpesvirinae">γ</a></i><br /><br /><small><small><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Equid_gammaherpesvirus_7" title="Equid gammaherpesvirus 7">EHV-7</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Phocid_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Phocid gammaherpesvirus 2">PhHV-2</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Saguinine_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Saguinine gammaherpesvirus 1">SgHV-1</a></span></small></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bossavirus" title="Bossavirus">Bossavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>DeHV-1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocryptovirus" title="Lymphocryptovirus">Lymphocryptovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callitrichine_gammaherpesvirus_3" title="Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3">CalHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecine_gammaherpesvirus_14" title="Cercopithecine gammaherpesvirus 14">CeHV-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilline_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Gorilline gammaherpesvirus 1">GoHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_gammaherpesvirus_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gammaherpesvirus 4">HHV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Macacine gammaherpesvirus 4">McHV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_gammaherpesvirus_10" title="Macacine gammaherpesvirus 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panine_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Panine gammaherpesvirus 1">PnHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiine_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Papiine gammaherpesvirus 1">PaHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongine_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Pongine gammaherpesvirus 2">PoHV-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Macavirus" title="Macavirus">Macavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphine_gammaherpesvirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1">AlHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphine_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_gammaherpesvirus_6" title="Bovine gammaherpesvirus 6">BoHV-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprine_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Caprine gammaherpesvirus 2">CpHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippotragine_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Hippotragine gammaherpesvirus 1">HiHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovine_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2">OvHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid_gammaherpesvirus_3" title="Suid gammaherpesvirus 3">SuHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Suid gammaherpesvirus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid_gammaherpesvirus_5" title="Suid gammaherpesvirus 5">5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Manticavirus" title="Manticavirus">Manticavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phascolarctid_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Phascolarctid gammaherpesvirus 1">PhaHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vombatid_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Vombatid gammaherpesvirus 1">VoHV-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Percavirus" title="Percavirus">Percavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equid_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Equid gammaherpesvirus 2">EHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equid_gammaherpesvirus_5" title="Equid gammaherpesvirus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felid_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Felid gammaherpesvirus 1">FeHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustelid_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1">MusHV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocid_gammaherpesvirus_3" title="Phocid gammaherpesvirus 3">PhHV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespertilionid_gammaherpesvirus_1" title="Vespertilionid gammaherpesvirus 1">VeHV-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Patagivirus" title="Patagivirus">Patagivirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>VeHV-3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadinovirus" title="Rhadinovirus">Rhadinovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateline_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Ateline gammaherpesvirus 2">AtHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateline_gammaherpesvirus_3" title="Ateline gammaherpesvirus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4">BoHV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricetid_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Cricetid gammaherpesvirus 2">CrHV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_gammaherpesvirus_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gammaherpesvirus 8">HHV-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_gammaherpesvirus_5" title="Macacine gammaherpesvirus 5">McHV-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_gammaherpesvirus_8" title="Macacine gammaherpesvirus 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_gammaherpesvirus_11" title="Macacine gammaherpesvirus 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macacine_gammaherpesvirus_12" title="Macacine gammaherpesvirus 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Murid gammaherpesvirus 4">MuHV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_gammaherpesvirus_7" title="Murid gammaherpesvirus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saimiriine_gammaherpesvirus_2" title="Saimiriine gammaherpesvirus 2">SaHV-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Unassigned</a> species listed below parent taxon –– Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">ICTV</a> –– <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikispecies page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Herpesvirales" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Herpesvirales">Wikispecies</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template talk:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">KSHV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">EBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br /> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral<br />nasopharyngitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epstein–Barr virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br /> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Human gammaherpesvirus 4</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24808752" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q24808752">Q24808752</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3MT82">3MT82</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Human herpesvirus 4</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6900" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q6900">Q6900</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_gammaherpesvirus_4" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Human gammaherpesvirus 4">Human gammaherpesvirus 4</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46699929">46699929</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a 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