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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ten principal disciples</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="দশ মুখ্য শিষ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দশ মুখ্য শিষ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B" title="ཉན་ཐོས་ཉེ་འཁོར་བཅུ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉན་ཐོས་ཉེ་འཁོར་བཅུ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diez_disc%C3%ADpulos_principales_de_Buda_Gautama" title="Diez discípulos principales de Buda Gautama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diez discípulos principales de Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dek_%C4%89efaj_dis%C4%89iploj" title="Dek ĉefaj disĉiploj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dek ĉefaj disĉiploj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AD%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%90" title="십대제자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="십대제자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="महात्मा बुद्ध के दस प्रमुख शिष्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महात्मा बुद्ध के दस प्रमुख शिष्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepuluh_murid_utama_Buddha" title="Sepuluh murid utama Buddha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sepuluh murid utama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieci_discepoli_principali_del_Buddha" title="Dieci discepoli principali del Buddha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dieci discepoli principali del Buddha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_t%C3%ADz_legf%C5%91bb_tan%C3%ADtv%C3%A1nya" title="Gautama Buddha tíz legfőbb tanítványa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gautama Buddha tíz legfőbb tanítványa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tien_belangrijkste_discipelen_van_Boeddha" title="Tien belangrijkste discipelen van Boeddha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tien belangrijkste discipelen van Boeddha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="十大弟子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Десять главных учеников Будды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Десять главных учеников Будды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="புத்தரின் சீடர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புத்தரின் சீடர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The ten principal disciples were the main disciples of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambiah198422-1">[1]</a> Depending on the scripture, the disciples included in this group vary. In many <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> discourses, these ten disciples are mentioned, but in differing order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishijimaCross200832_note_119-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004298-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambiah198422-1">[1]</a> The ten disciples can be found as an iconographic group in notable places in the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>. They are mentioned in Chinese texts from the fourth century BCE until the twelfth century CE, and are the most honored of the groups of disciples, especially so in China and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambiah198422-1">[1]</a> The ten disciples are mentioned in the Mahāyāna text <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakīrti-nideśa</a>, among others. In this text, they are called the "Ten Wise Ones" (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: shih-che), a term which is normally used for the <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius" title="Disciples of Confucius">disciples of Confucius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather196872_note_34-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Śāriputra">Śāriputra</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Śāriputra">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Śāriputra</a></div> Śāriputra (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: शारिपुत्र, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: Śāriputra; Tibetan: ཤཱ་རིའི་བུ་, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: Sāriputta, Khmer: សិរីបុត្រ) (lit. "the son of Śāri"); born Upatiṣya (Pali: Upatissa); was one of the top disciples of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019410-5">[5]</a> He is considered the first of the Buddha's two chief disciples, together with <a href="/wiki/Maudgaly%C4%81yana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudgalyāyana">Maudgalyāyana</a> (Pali: Moggallāna).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerNyanaponika_Thera2003376-377-6">[6]</a> Śāriputra had a key leadership role in the ministry of the Buddha and is considered in many Buddhist schools to have been important in the development of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019413-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019416-8">[8]</a> He appears in several <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a>, and in some sutras, is used as a counterpoint to represent the <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> school of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019416-417-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez20131904-10">[10]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a>, widely considered to be of utmost centrality to the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> worldview and practice, is framed as an extended discourse delivered to Śāriputra. The sutra consists of radical reinterpretation of early Buddhist thought in the light of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a>. Buddhist texts relate that Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana were childhood friends who became spiritual wanderers in their youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019411-11">[11]</a> After having searched for spiritual truth for a while, they came into contact with the teachings of the Buddha and ordained as monks under him, after which the Buddha declared the friends his two chief disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerNyanaponika_Thera200331-32,57-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaulton1999104-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez20131903-14">[14]</a> Śāriputra was said to have attained enlightenment as an <a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">arhat</a> two weeks after ordaining.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerNyanaponika_Thera200356-57-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez20131903-14">[14]</a> As chief disciple Śāriputra assumed a leadership role in the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>, doing tasks like looking after monks, giving them objects of meditation, and clarifying points of doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954407,462-463-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019413-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerNyanaponika_Thera200368-69-17">[17]</a> He was the first disciple the Buddha allowed to ordain other monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954471-18">[18]</a> Śāriputra died shortly before the Buddha in his hometown and was cremated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019414-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954473-474-20">[20]</a> According to Buddhist texts, his relics were then enshrined at <a href="/wiki/Jetavana" title="Jetavana">Jetavana</a> Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019414-415-21">[21]</a> Archaeological findings from the 1800s suggest his relics may have been redistributed across the Indian subcontinent by subsequent kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrekke2007275-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaulton1999105-106-23">[23]</a> Śāriputra is regarded as an important and wise disciple of the Buddha, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism where he is given a status close to a second Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994131-133-24">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>, he is often depicted alongside the Buddha, usually to his right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019410-5">[5]</a> He was known for his strict adherence to the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic rules</a>, as well as for his wisdom and teaching ability, giving him the title "General of the Dharma" (Sanskrit: Dharmasenapati; Pali: Dhammasenāpati).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2019413-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez20131903-14">[14]</a> Śāriputra is considered the disciple of the Buddha who was foremost in <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">wisdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerNyanaponika_Thera200365-26">[26]</a> His female counterpart was <a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrey201019-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maudgalyāyana">Maudgalyāyana</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Maudgalyāyana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maudgaly%C4%81yana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maudgalyāyana">Maudgalyāyana</a></div> Maudgalyāyana (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: Moggallāna), also known as Mahāmaudgalyāyana or by his birth name Kolita, was one of the Buddha's closest disciples. He is considered the second of the Buddha's two foremost male disciples, together with <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Śāriputra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937-25">[25]</a> Traditional accounts relate that Maudgalyāyana and Śāriputra become spiritual wanderers in their youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954426-28">[28]</a> After having searched for spiritual truth for a while, they come into contact with the Buddhist teaching through verses that have become widely known in the Buddhist world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201377-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling2003273-30">[30]</a> Eventually they meet the Buddha himself and <a href="/wiki/Upasampada" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasampada">ordain as monks</a> under him. Maudgalyāyana attains <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> shortly after that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013499-31">[31]</a> Maudgalyayana and Śāriputra have a deep spiritual friendship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954433,_475-32">[32]</a> They are depicted in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> as the two disciples that accompany the Buddha,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954407,_416–417-33">[33]</a> and they have complementing roles as teachers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937-25">[25]</a> As a teacher, Maudgalyayana is known for his psychic powers, and he is often depicted using these in his teaching methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin2011222-34">[34]</a> In many early Buddhist canons, Maudgalyāyana is instrumental in re-uniting the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">monastic community</a> after <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a> causes a schism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrozik2004487Mahāmaudgalyāyana-35">[35]</a> Furthermore, Maudgalyāyana is connected with accounts about the making of the first Buddha image.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013371-36">[36]</a> Maudgalyāyana dies at the age of eighty-four, killed through the efforts of a rival sect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937-25">[25]</a> This violent death is described in Buddhist scriptures as a result of Maudgalyāyana's <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a> of having killed his own parents in a previous life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013499-31">[31]</a> Through post-canonical texts, Maudgalyāyana became known for his <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety_in_Buddhism" title="Filial piety in Buddhism">filial piety</a> through a popular account of him transferring his <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merits</a> to his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrozik2004487Mahāmaudgalyāyana-35">[35]</a> This led to a tradition in many Buddhist countries known as the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">ghost festival</a>, during which people <a href="/wiki/Merit_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Merit transfer">dedicate their merits</a> to their ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013262–263-37">[37]</a> Maudgalyāyana has also traditionally been associated with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1994-38">[38]</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> texts, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez20137,_245,_252-39">[39]</a> In the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Sariputta_and_Moggallana" title="Relics of Sariputta and Moggallana">relics</a> were found attributed to him, which have been widely venerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954416-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mahākāśyapa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa</a></div> Mahā Kāśyapa or Mahākāśyapa (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: Mahākassapa) is regarded in Buddhism as an <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">enlightened disciple</a>, being <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka#Foremost_disciples" title="Śrāvaka">foremost</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhutanga" title="Dhutanga">ascetic practice</a>. Mahākāśyapa assumed leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">monastic community</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Paranirvana" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranirvana">paranirvāṇa</a> (death) of the Buddha, presiding over the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist council">First Buddhist Council</a>. He was considered to be the first <a href="/wiki/Hibutsu" title="Hibutsu">patriarch</a> in a number of <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist schools</a> and continued to have an important role as patriarch in the <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> tradition. In Buddhist texts, he assumed many identities, that of a renunciant saint, a lawgiver, an anti-establishment figure, but also a "guarantor of future justice" in the time of Maitreya<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994117-41">[41]</a>—he has been described as "both the anchorite and the friend of mankind, even of the outcast".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhys_Davids1914160-42">[42]</a> In canonical Buddhist texts in several traditions, Mahākāśyapa was born as Pippali in a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmin</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaraluvinna2002435-43">[43]</a> and entered an arranged marriage with a woman named <a href="/wiki/Bhadda_Kapilani" title="Bhadda Kapilani">Bhadda Kapilani</a>. Both of them aspired to lead a celibate life, however, and they decided not to consummate their marriage. Having grown weary of the agricultural profession and the damage it did, they both left the lay life behind to become mendicants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2014110–112-44">[44]</a> Pippali later met the Buddha, under whom he was <a href="/wiki/Upasampada" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasampada">ordained as a monk</a>, named Kāśyapa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Bhadra-Kapilānī-45">[45]</a> but later called Mahākāśyapa to distinguish him from other disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2014112-46">[46]</a> Mahākāśyapa became an important disciple of the Buddha, to the extent that the Buddha exchanged his <a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">robe</a> with him, which was a symbol of the transmittance of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Dispensation" title="Buddha's Dispensation">Buddhist teaching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanvido2017343-47">[47]</a> He became foremost in <a href="/wiki/Dhutanga" title="Dhutanga">ascetic practices</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2014107-48">[48]</a> and attained <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> shortly after meeting the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994106-49">[49]</a> He often had disputes with <a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a>, the attendant of the Buddha, due to their different dispositions and views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma201351,_57,_59-50">[50]</a> Despite his ascetic, strict and stern reputation, he paid an interest in community matters and teaching,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnalayo201017–19-51">[51]</a> and was known for his compassion for the poor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200357-52">[52]</a> which sometimes caused him to be depicted as an anti-establishment figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994110-53">[53]</a> He had a prominent role in the cremation of the Buddha, acting as a sort of eldest son of the Buddha, as well as being the leader in the subsequent First Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong199462,_115-54">[54]</a> He is depicted as hesitatingly allowing Ānanda to participate in the council,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahākāśyapa-55">[55]</a> and chastising him afterwards for a number of offenses the latter was regarded to have committed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Council,_1st-56">[56]</a> Mahākāśyapa's life as described in the early Buddhist texts has been considerably studied by scholars, who have been skeptical about his role in the cremation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareau197974–75-57">[57]</a> his role toward Ānanda<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992254-58">[58]</a> and the historical validity of the council itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005226-59">[59]</a> A number of scholars have hypothesized that the accounts have later been embellished to emphasize the values of the Buddhist establishment Mahākāśyapa stood for, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic discipline</a>, brahmin and ascetic values, as opposed to the values of Ānanda and other disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954540–541-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly1992253-61">[61]</a> Regardless, it is clear that Mahākāśyapa had an important role in the early days of the Buddhist community after the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, to help establish a stable monastic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994114,_117–118,_396-62">[62]</a> He effectively became the leader for the first twenty years after the Buddha,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim2004468-63">[63]</a> as he had become the most influential figure in the monastic community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199384–85-64">[64]</a> For this reason, he was regarded by many early Buddhist schools as a sort of first patriarch, and was seen to have started a <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">lineage</a> of patriarchs of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison201023-65">[65]</a> This further amplified the idea of him being the primary heir and elder son of the Buddha, which came to be symbolized by the robe Mahākāśyapa had received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamek2011Bodhidharma's_Robe-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournier201417–18,_note_62,_20–22,_note_78-67">[67]</a> In many post-canonical texts, Mahākāśyapa decided at the end of his life to enter a state of <a href="/wiki/Nirodha-sam%C4%81patti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirodha-samāpatti">meditation and suspended animation</a>, which was believed to cause his physical remains to stay intact in a cave under a mountain called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukku%E1%B9%ADap%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukkuṭapāda (page does not exist)">Kukkuṭapāda</a>, until the coming of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitreya Buddha">Maitreya Buddha</a> in a next age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200745–46-68">[68]</a> This story has led to several <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cults</a> and practices,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994114–115-69">[69]</a> and affected some Buddhist countries up until early modern times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeeg1999168-70">[70]</a> It has been interpreted by scholars as a narrative to physically connect Gautama Buddha with the next Buddha Maitreya, through the body of Mahākāśyapa and Gautama Buddha's robe, which covered Mahākāśyapa's remains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilk2003200,_207-71">[71]</a> In Chan Buddhism, this account was less emphasized,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1995339–340-72">[72]</a> but Mahākāśyapa was seen to have received a special mind-to-mind transmission from Gautama Buddha outside of orthodox scripture, which became essential to the identity of Chan.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Again, the robe was an important symbol in this transmission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1995339–340-72">[72]</a> Apart from having a role in texts and lineage, Mahākāśyapa has often been depicted in Buddhist art as a symbol of reassurance and hope for the future of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2011137-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subhuti">Subhuti</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subhuti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subhuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhuti">Subhuti</a></div>Subhūti (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: Subhūti; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 須菩提/须菩提; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Xūpútí) was one of the ten principal disciples of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a>. In Theravada Buddhism he is considered the disciple who was foremost in being "<a href="/wiki/Sangha#Qualities_of_the_Sangha" title="Sangha">worthy of gifts</a>" (Pali: dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ) and "living remote and in peace" (Pali: araṇavihārīnaṃ aggo).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera19381235-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangharakshita2006121-77">[77]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism, he is considered foremost in understanding <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a> (Sanskrit: Śūnyatā).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackPatton2015126-127-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine200958-79">[79]</a> Subhūti was born into a wealthy family and was a relative of <a href="/wiki/Anathapindika" title="Anathapindika">Anāthapiṇḍika</a>, the Buddha's chief patron. In the Theravada tradition he is Anāthapiṇḍika's younger brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackPatton2015126-127-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine200958-79">[79]</a> In the northern Buddhist tradition he is Anāthapiṇḍika's nephew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavids19134-5-80">[80]</a> Subhūti became a monk after hearing the Buddha teach at the dedication ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Jetavana" title="Jetavana">Jetavana Monastery</a>. After being ordained Subhūti went into the forest and became an <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arahant</a> meditating on <a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">loving-kindness</a> (Pali: mettā). It is said that due to his mastery of loving-kindness meditation, any gift offered to him bore the greatest <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit</a> for the donor, thus earning him the title of foremost in being "worthy of gifts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera19381235-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavids19134-5-80">[80]</a> Subhūti is a major figure in Mahayana Buddhism and is one of the central figures in <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajñāpāramitā">Prajñāpāramitā</a> sutras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackPatton2015126-127-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine200958-79">[79]</a> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> is framed as a question-and-answer between the Buddha and Subhūti, resulting in the latter's deepened insight into <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a>, a core philosophical component underlying the entire <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> worldview. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purna_Maitrayaniputra">Purna Maitrayaniputra</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Purna Maitrayaniputra">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></div> Pūrṇa Maitrāyaniputra (Sk.) or Puṇṇa Mantānīputta (Pl.). He was also called Purna for short. He was the greatest teacher of the Law out of all the disciples. He was the top master of preaching. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Katyayana">Katyayana</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Katyayana">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Kātyāyana</a> or Mahākātyāyana (Sk.) or Mahākaccāna (Pl.). He understood Shakyamuni Buddha's lecture the best. Although he had only five master in the rural areas, he was permitted to learn <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> by the Buddha. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anuruddha">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></div> Anuruddha (Pl.) or Aniruddha (Sk.) was a top master of clairvoyance and the practice of the four foundations of mindfulness (<a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">satipatthana</a>). Aniruddha was a cousin of Shakyamuni Buddha. He and Ananda became monks at the same time. He was foremost in divine insight. He lost his sight because he swore not to sleep after getting criticized by Lord Buddha. And later he got another pair of eyes that is believed to have the power to see the truth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upāli">Upāli</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Upāli">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></div> Upāli (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>) was, according to <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">early Buddhist texts</a>, mainly responsible for the reciting and reviewing <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic discipline</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: vinaya) on the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1982210–211-81">[81]</a> Upāli was born as a low-caste barber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1995357-82">[82]</a> He met the Buddha when still a child,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareau1962262-83">[83]</a> and later, when the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Sakya</a> princes received <a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">ordination</a>, he did so as well. He was, in fact, ordained before the princes, putting humility before caste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937Upāli-84">[84]</a> Having been ordained, Upāli learnt both Buddhist doctrine (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: Dhamma; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Dharma) and vinaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937Upāli;_Upāli_Sutta_(3)-85">[85]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Upadhyay#In_Buddhism" title="Upadhyay">preceptor</a> was Kappitaka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman197758-86">[86]</a> Upāli became known for his mastery and strictness of vinaya, and was consulted often about vinaya matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrozik2004Upāli-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002365-88">[88]</a> A notable case he decided about was that of the monk Ajjuka, who was accused of partisanship in a conflict about real estate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley2010278-89">[89]</a> During the First Council, Upāli received the important role of reciting the vinaya, for which he is mostly known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1982210–211-81">[81]</a> Scholars have analyzed Upāli's role and that of other disciples in the early texts, and it has been suggested that his role in the texts was emphasized during a period of compiling that stressed monastic discipline, during which <a href="/wiki/Mahakassapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakassapa">Mahākassapa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Mahākāśyapa) and Upāli became the most important disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrzyluski193222–23-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954540–541-60">[60]</a> Later, Upāli and his pupils became known as vinayadharas (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>; 'custodians of the vinaya'), who preserved the monastic discipline after the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinibbāna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: parinirvāṇa; passing into final Nirvana). This lineage became an important part of the identity of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylonese</a> and Burmese Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrasch19962–4,_12,_14-91">[91]</a> In China, the 7th-century Vinaya school referred to Upāli as their patriarch and it was believed that one of their founders was a reincarnation of him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiang-Kuang1956207-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBapat1956126–127-93">[93]</a> The technical conversations about vinaya between the Buddha and Upāli were recorded in the Pāli and <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> traditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198329-94">[94]</a> and have been suggested as an important subject of study for modern-day ethics in <a href="/wiki/American_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Buddhism">American Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish200056–57-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rāhula">Rāhula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rāhula">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></div> Rāhula (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> and Sanskrit) was the only son of Siddhārtha Gautama, and his wife, princess Yaśodharā. He is mentioned in numerous Buddhist texts, from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">early period</a> onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139-96">[96]</a> Accounts about Rāhula indicate a mutual impact between Prince Siddhārtha's life and those of his family members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997122–4-97">[97]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli tradition</a>, Rāhula is born on the day of Prince Siddhārta's <a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">renunciation</a>, and is therefore named Rāhula, meaning a fetter on the path to <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-99">[99]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Mūlasarvāstivāda">Mūlasarvāstivāda</a> tradition, and numerous other <a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">later sources</a>, however, Rāhula is only conceived on the day of Prince Siddhārtha, and is born six years later, when Prince Siddhārtha becomes enlightened as the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997119-100">[100]</a> This long gestation period is explained by bad <a href="/wiki/Karma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma (Buddhism)">karma</a> from previous lives of both Yaśodharā and of Rāhula himself, although more <a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">naturalistic</a> reasons are also given.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139–40-101">[101]</a> As a result of the late birth, Yaśodharā needs to prove that Rāhula is really Prince Siddhārtha's son, which she eventually does successfully by an <a href="/wiki/Sacca-kiriya" title="Sacca-kiriya">act of truth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997120-102">[102]</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Schumann (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Schumann</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schumann_(Historiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Schumann (Historiker)">de</a>] has argued that Prince Siddhārtha conceived Rāhula and waited for his birth, to be able to leave the palace with the king and queen's permission,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200446-103">[103]</a> but Orientalist <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_P%C3%A9ri" title="Noël Péri">Noël Péri</a> considered it more likely that Rāhula was born after Prince Siddhārtha left his palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri191834–5-104">[104]</a> Between seven<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-99">[99]</a> and fifteen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013110-105">[105]</a> years after Rāhula is born, the Buddha returns to Kapilavastu, where Yaśodharā has Rāhula ask the Buddha for the throne of the Śākya clan. The Buddha responds by having Rāhula <a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">ordain</a> as the first Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">novice monk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-98">[98]</a> He teaches the young novice about <a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">truth</a>, self-reflection,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003481-99">[99]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">not-self</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013115-106">[106]</a> eventually leading to Rāhula's enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482–3-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013116-108">[108]</a> Although early accounts state that Rāhula dies before the Buddha does,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Rāhula-98">[98]</a> later tradition has it that Rāhula is one of the disciples that outlives the Buddha, guarding the <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Dispensation" title="Buddha's Dispensation">Buddha's Dispensation</a> until the rising of the <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">next Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121-109">[109]</a> Rāhula is known in Buddhist texts for his eagerness for learning,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-110">[110]</a> and was honored by novice monks and <a href="/wiki/Samaneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaneri">nuns</a> throughout Buddhist history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016passim.-111">[111]</a> His accounts have led to a perspective in Buddhism of seeing children as hindrances to the spiritual life on the one hand, and as people with potential for enlightenment on the other hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200541-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ānanda">Ānanda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ānanda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></div> Ānanda was the primary attendant of the Buddha and one of his <a href="/wiki/The_ten_principal_disciples" class="mw-redirect" title="The ten principal disciples">ten principal disciples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishijimaCross32_n.119-113">[113]</a> Among the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda stood out for having the best memory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMun-keat2000142-114">[114]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">texts</a> of the early Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta-Piṭaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Sūtra-Piṭaka) are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Ānanda-115">[115]</a> For that reason, he is known as the "Treasurer of the Dhamma", with <a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: Dharma) referring to the Buddha's teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao200449Ānanda-116">[116]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a>, Ānanda is the first cousin of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Ānanda-115">[115]</a> Although the texts do not agree on most things about Ānanda's early life, they do agree that Ānanda is ordained as a monk and that <a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a> (Sanskrit: Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra) becomes his teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965530-117">[117]</a> Twenty years in the Buddha's ministry, Ānanda becomes the attendant of the Buddha, when the Buddha selects him for this job.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200412-118">[118]</a> Ānanda performs his duties with great devotion and care, and acts as an intermediary between the Buddha and the laypeople, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85gha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṅgha">Saṅgha</a> (monastic community).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesaaaanandahtm_Ānanda]-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-120">[120]</a> He accompanies the Buddha for the rest of his life, acting not only as an assistant, but also a secretary and a mouthpiece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003377-121">[121]</a> Scholars are skeptical about the historicity of many events in Ānanda's life, especially the First Council, and consensus about this has yet to be established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005226,_231-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1994457-123">[123]</a> A traditional account can be drawn from early texts, <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">commentaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">post-canonical chronicles</a>. Ānanda has an important role in establishing the order of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhunis</a>, when he requests the Buddha on behalf of the latter's foster-mother <a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati">Mahāpajāpati Gotamī</a> (Sanskrit: Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī) to allow her to be ordained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862,_872-124">[124]</a> Ānanda also accompanies the Buddha in the last year of his life, and therefore is witness to many tenets and principles that the Buddha conveys and establishes before his death, including the well-known principle that the Buddhist community should take his teaching and discipline as their refuge, and that the Buddha will not appoint a new leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere2017The_Death_of_the_Buddha:_A_Restorative_Interpretation-126">[126]</a> The final period of the Buddha's life also shows that Ānanda is still very much attached to the Buddha's person, and he witnesses the Buddha's passing with great sorrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1977398–399-127">[127]</a> Shortly after the Buddha's death, the First Council is convened, and Ānanda manages to attain <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a> just before the council starts, which is a requirement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda;_Īryāpatha-128">[128]</a> He has a historical role during the council as the living memory of the Buddha, reciting many of the Buddha's discourses and checking them for accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004164-129">[129]</a> During the same council, however, he is chastised by <a href="/wiki/Mahakassapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakassapa">Mahākassapa</a> (Sanskrit: Mahākāśyapa) and the rest of the Saṅgha for allowing women to be ordained and failing to understand or respect the Buddha at several crucial moments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2007235–236-130">[130]</a> Ānanda continues to teach until the end of his life, passing on his spiritual heritage to his pupils <a href="/wiki/Shanavasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanavasa">Sāṇavāsī</a> (Sanskrit: Śāṇakavāsī) and Majjhantika (Sanskrit: Madhyāntika),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965534–5-131">[131]</a> among others, who later assume a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Buddhist Council">Second</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa1993-132">[132]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Buddhist Council">Third Councils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechert200569-133">[133]</a> Ānanda dies in 463 BCE, and <a href="/wiki/St%C5%ABpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stūpa">stūpas</a> (monuments) are erected at the river where he dies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte198893,_210-134">[134]</a> Ānanda is one of the most loved figures in Buddhism. Ānanda is known for his memory, erudition and compassion, and is often praised by the Buddha for these matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao2004Ānanda-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> He functions as a <a href="/wiki/Foil_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil (literature)">foil</a> to the Buddha, however, in that he still has worldly attachments and is not yet enlightened, as opposed to the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2006115-137">[137]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama (Buddhism)">Sanskrit textual traditions</a>, Ānanda is widely considered the patriarch of the Dhamma, who stands in a spiritual lineage, receiving the teaching from Mahākassapa and passing them on to his own pupils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Damoduoluo_chan_jing;_Madhyāntika-138">[138]</a> Ānanda has been honored by bhikkhunis since early medieval times for his merits in establishing the nun's order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016209–212,_214,_216–218,_245–246-139">[139]</a> In recent times, the composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> wrote a draft for a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> about Ānanda, which was made into the opera <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Dream" title="Wagner Dream">Wagner Dream</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201142–43-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_lists">Similar lists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Similar lists">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> text <a href="/wiki/Udana" class="mw-redirect" title="Udana">Udāna</a>, a similar list is mentioned, but these are eleven not ten disciples, and five in the list are different.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994162-141">[141]</a> Although in the early Sanskrit and Chinese texts, there are only four enlightened disciples, in later tradition there are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_arahants_(Burma)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight arahants (Burma) (page does not exist)">eight enlightened disciples</a> (found in the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994205_note_2b-142">[142]</a> there still are in the Burmese tradition<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121–122-143">[143]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">sixteen</a> (in Chinese and Tibetan texts) and then <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Arhats" title="Eighteen Arhats">eighteen</a> disciples (in Chinese texts).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> There is also a Chinese tradition with five hundred disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121–122-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994179-145">[145]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994205_note_2b-142">[142]</a> </th> <th>Mahāyāna discourses<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishijimaCross200832_note_119-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambiah198422-1">[1]</a> </th> <th>Pāli discourses<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994162-141">[141]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td>Śāriputra </td> <td>Śāriputra </td> <td>Śāriputra </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td>Maudgalyāyana </td> <td>Maudgalyāyana </td> <td>Maudgalyāyana </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. </td> <td>Mahākāśyapa/<a href="/wiki/Gavampati_(Buddha%27s_disciple)" title="Gavampati (Buddha's disciple)">Gavāṃpati</a> </td> <td>Mahākāśyapa </td> <td>Mahākāśyapa </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. </td> <td>Subhūti/<a href="/wiki/Pindola_Bharadvaja" title="Pindola Bharadvaja">Piṇḍolabhāradvāja</a> </td> <td>Subhūti </td> <td>Mahākātyāyana </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. </td> <td>Rāhula/Pilindavatsa </td> <td>Pūrṇa Maitrāyaniputra </td> <td>Mahākoṭṭhita </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a>/Rāhula </td> <td>Aniruddha </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maha_Kapphina" title="Maha Kapphina">Kaphiṇa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. </td> <td>Bhadrika/Mahākāśyapa </td> <td>Mahākātyāyana </td> <td>Mahācunda </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. </td> <td>Kaphiṇa/Ānanda </td> <td>Upāli </td> <td>Aniruddha </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Rāhula </td> <td>Revata </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Ānanda </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11. </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Ānanda </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1937">Malalasekera 1937</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckerNyanaponika_Thera200365-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckerNyanaponika_Thera200365_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeckerNyanaponika_Thera2003">Hecker & Nyanaponika Thera 2003</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrey201019-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrey201019_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrey2010">Krey 2010</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigot1954426-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigot1954426_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMigot1954">Migot 1954</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201377-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201377_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilling2003273-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkilling2003273_30-0">^</a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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1997</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200446-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200446_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann2004">Schumann 2004</a>, p. 46. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchumann2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPéri191834–5-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPéri191834–5_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPéri1918">Péri 1918</a>, pp. 34–5. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPéri1918 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013110-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013110_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 110. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrosby2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013115-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013115_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 115. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrosby2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482–3-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaddhasena2003482–3_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaddhasena2003">Saddhasena 2003</a>, pp. 482–3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSaddhasena2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2013116-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2013116_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2013">Crosby 2013</a>, p. 116. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrosby2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1937[httpwwwpalikanoncomenglishpali_namesrraahulahtm_Rāhula]_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalalasekera1937">Malalasekera 1937</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm">Rāhula</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016passim.-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016passim._111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeks2016">Meeks 2016</a>, passim.. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeeks2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawa200541-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawa200541_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakagawa2005">Nakagawa 2005</a>, p. 41. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNakagawa2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENishijimaCross32_n.119-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishijimaCross32_n.119_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNishijimaCross">Nishijima & Cross</a>, p. 32 n.119. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNishijimaCross (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMun-keat2000142-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMun-keat2000142_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMun-keat2000">Mun-keat 2000</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Ānanda-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Ānanda_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2013Ānanda_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowers2013">Powers 2013</a>, Ānanda. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao200449Ānanda-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarao200449Ānanda_116-0">^</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Ānanda. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindly2003377-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindly2003377_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFindly2003">Findly 2003</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005226,_231-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish2005226,_231_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrebish2005">Prebish 2005</a>, pp. 226, 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1994457-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1994457_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMukherjee1994">Mukherjee 1994</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862,_872-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhnuma2006862,_872_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhnuma2006">Ohnuma 2006</a>, pp. 862, 872. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Mahāparinibbānasuttanta_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Mahāparinibbānasuttanta. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere2017The_Death_of_the_Buddha:_A_Restorative_Interpretation-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere2017The_Death_of_the_Buddha:_A_Restorative_Interpretation_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObeyesekere2017">Obeyesekere 2017</a>, The Death of the Buddha: A Restorative Interpretation. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1977398–399-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1977398–399_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1977">Strong 1977</a>, pp. 398–399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda;_Īryāpatha-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Ānanda;_Īryāpatha_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Ānanda; Īryāpatha. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004164-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004164_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2007235–236-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2007235–236_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Hinüber2007">von Hinüber 2007</a>, p. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965534–5-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitanachchi1965534–5_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitanachchi1965">Witanachchi 1965</a>, pp. 534–5. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWitanachchi1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa1993-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirakawa1993_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirakawa1993">Hirakawa 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechert200569-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechert200569_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBechert2005">Bechert 2005</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte198893,_210-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamotte198893,_210_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamotte1988">Lamotte 1988</a>, pp. 93, 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarao2004Ānanda-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarao2004Ānanda_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarao2004">Sarao 2004</a>, Ānanda. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys_Davids1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, Thomas William</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/%C4%80nanda" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ānanda">Ānanda</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80nanda&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=913&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rhys+Davids&rft.aufirst=Thomas+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2006115-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2006115_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2006">Shaw 2006</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Damoduoluo_chan_jing;_Madhyāntika-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013Damoduoluo_chan_jing;_Madhyāntika_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, Damoduoluo chan jing; Madhyāntika. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016209–212,_214,_216–218,_245–246-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbros2016209–212,_214,_216–218,_245–246_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbros2016">Ambros 2016</a>, pp. 209–212, 214, 216–218, 245–246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApp201142–43-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApp201142–43_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApp2011">App 2011</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994162-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994162_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994162_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay1994">Ray 1994</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994205_note_2b-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994205_note_2b_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994205_note_2b_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay1994">Ray 1994</a>, pp. 205 note 2b. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121–122-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121–122_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong1997121–122_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong1997">Strong 1997</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTambiah1984">Tambiah (1984</a>, p. 23) and <a href="#CITEREFLamotte1988">Lamotte (1988)</a>, the latter cited in <a href="#CITEREFRay1994">Ray (1994</a>, pp. 205–206 note 2a–d). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994179-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994179_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay1994">Ray 1994</a>, p. 179. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_principal_disciples&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamek2011" class="citation cs2">Adamek, W.L. (2011), The Teachings of Master Wuzhu: Zen and Religion of No-Religion, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52792-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52792-7"><bdi>978-0-231-52792-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+Master+Wuzhu%3A+Zen+and+Religion+of+No-Religion&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52792-7&rft.aulast=Adamek&rft.aufirst=W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbros2016" class="citation cs2">Ambros, B.R. (27 June 2016), "A Rite of Their Own: Japanese Buddhist Nuns and the Anan kōshiki", Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 43 (1): 207–250, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.43.1.2016.207-250">10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.207-250</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Rite+of+Their+Own%3A+Japanese+Buddhist+Nuns+and+the+Anan+k%C5%8Dshiki&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=207-250&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.43.1.2016.207-250&rft.aulast=Ambros&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnalayo2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Analayo" title="Bhikkhu Analayo">Analayo, B.</a> (2010), "Once Again on Bakkula", The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies, 11: 1–28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+International+Journal+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Once+Again+on+Bakkula&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Analayo&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApp2011" class="citation cs2">App, U. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nm0Q5F85PSAC">Richard Wagner and Buddhism</a>, UniversityMedia, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906000-00-8"><bdi>978-3-906000-00-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner+and+Buddhism&rft.pub=UniversityMedia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-906000-00-8&rft.aulast=App&rft.aufirst=U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnm0Q5F85PSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBapat1956" class="citation cs2">Bapat, P. (1956), 2500 Years of Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851201287">851201287</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2500+Years+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting+%28India%29&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851201287&rft.aulast=Bapat&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBareau1962" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Bareau" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Bareau">Bareau, A.</a> (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/befeo_0336-1519_1962_num_50_2_1534.pdf">"La construction et le culte des stūpa d'après les Vinayapiṭaka"</a> [The Construction and Cult of the Stūpa after the Vinayapiṭaka] (PDF), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</a> (in French), 50 (2): 229–274, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1962.1534">10.3406/befeo.1962.1534</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=La+construction+et+le+culte+des+st%C5%ABpa+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+Vinayapi%E1%B9%ADaka&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-274&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1962.1534&rft.aulast=Bareau&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FdocAsPDF%2Fbefeo_0336-1519_1962_num_50_2_1534.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBareau1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bareau" title="André Bareau">Bareau, A.</a> (1979), "III. La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahàparinirvânasûtra ancien" [3. 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href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1342-7377">1342-7377</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo-lab.ddo.jp/Libraries/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%20No.%2012%20(2008)/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%20No.%2012%20(2008)%20007O.%20v%20Hinuber%E3%80%8C%20The%20Advent%20of%20the%20First%20Nuns%20in%20Early%20Buddhism%E3%80%8D.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 September 2018, retrieved 23 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogaku+Chibettogaku+Kenky%C5%AB+%5BJournal+of+Indian+and+Tibetan+Studies%5D&rft.atitle=The+Advent+of+the+First+Nuns+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=222-237&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft.issn=1342-7377&rft.aulast=von+Hin%C3%BCber&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho-lab.ddo.jp%2FLibraries%2F%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%2F%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%2520No.%252012%2520%282008%29%2F%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%25A0%2594%25E7%25A9%25B6%2520No.%252012%2520%282008%29%2520007O.%2520v%2520Hinuber%25E3%2580%258C%2520The%2520Advent%2520of%2520the%2520First%2520Nuns%2520in%2520Early%2520Buddhism%25E3%2580%258D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" 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(2003), "Traces of the Dharma", <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École Française d'Extrême-Orient">Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient</a>, 90–91: 273–287, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2003.3615">10.3406/befeo.2003.3615</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Traces+of+the+Dharma&rft.volume=90%E2%80%9391&rft.pages=273-287&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.2003.3615&rft.aulast=Skilling&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, J.S.</a> (1977), ""Gandhakuṭī": The Perfumed Chamber of the Buddha", <a href="/wiki/History_of_Religions_(journal)" title="History of Religions (journal)">History of Religions</a>, 16 (4): 390–406, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462775">10.1086/462775</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062638">1062638</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161597822">161597822</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=%22Gandhaku%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB%22%3A+The+Perfumed+Chamber+of+the+Buddha&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=390-406&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161597822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062638%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462775&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, J.S.</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKq7k2DegjcC">The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120811546" title="Special:BookSources/9788120811546"><bdi>9788120811546</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+and+Cult+of+Upagupta%3A+Sanskrit+Buddhism+in+North+India+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788120811546&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKq7k2DegjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, J.S.</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2JBVKRXveQC">"A Family Quest: The Buddha, Yaśodharā, and Rāhula in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya"</a>, in Schober, Juliane (ed.), Sacred Biography in the Buddhist Traditions of South and Southeast Asia, pp. 113–28, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1699-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-1699-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Family+Quest%3A+The+Buddha%2C+Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81%2C+and+R%C4%81hula+in+the+M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da+Vinaya&rft.btitle=Sacred+Biography+in+the+Buddhist+Traditions+of+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=113-28&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1699-5&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2JBVKRXveQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, J.S.</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC">Relics of the Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11764-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11764-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relics+of+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11764-5&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KLAxmR8PZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Tambiah, S.J.</a> (1984), The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets: A Study in Charisma, Hagiography, Sectarianism, and Millennial Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27787-7"><bdi>978-0-521-27787-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Saints+of+the+Forest+and+the+Cult+of+Amulets%3A+A+Study+in+Charisma%2C+Hagiography%2C+Sectarianism%2C+and+Millennial+Buddhism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27787-7&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournier2014" class="citation cs2">Tournier, V. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18263/1/Tournier%20Mahanaman%20IIJ%202014.pdf">"Mahākāśyapa, His Lineage, and the Wish for Buddhahood: Reading Anew the Bodhgayā Inscriptions of Mahānāman"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_Journal" title="Indo-Iranian Journal">Indo-Iranian Journal</a>, 57 (1–2): 1–60, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15728536-05701001">10.1163/15728536-05701001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921230648/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18263/1/Tournier%20Mahanaman%20IIJ%202014.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa%2C+His+Lineage%2C+and+the+Wish+for+Buddhahood%3A+Reading+Anew+the+Bodhgay%C4%81+Inscriptions+of+Mah%C4%81n%C4%81man&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-60&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15728536-05701001&rft.aulast=Tournier&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F18263%2F1%2FTournier%2520Mahanaman%2520IIJ%25202014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation cs2">Wilson, L. (2003), "Beggars Can Be Choosers: Mahākassapa as a Selective Eater of Offerings", in Holt, J.; Kinnard, J.N.; Walters, J.S. (eds.), Constituting Communities, Theravāda Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia, State University of New York Press, pp. 57–70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8705-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-8705-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beggars+Can+Be+Choosers%3A+Mah%C4%81kassapa+as+a+Selective+Eater+of+Offerings&rft.btitle=Constituting+Communities%2C+Therav%C4%81da+Buddhism+and+the+Religious+Cultures+of+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=57-70&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8705-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+principal+disciples" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Buddha_(Gautama_Buddha)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template talk:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Buddha_(Gautama_Buddha)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Core teachings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Sayings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Disciples</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modak" title="Modak">Modak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">footprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">life in art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Gautama Buddha in world religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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