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id="toc-Early_Indian_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pali_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pali_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Pali Canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pali_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Theravāda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prajnāptivāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prajnāptivāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Prajnāptivāda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prajnāptivāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Mahayana_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Mahayana_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indian Mahayana Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Madhyamaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madhyamaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Madhyamaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madhyamaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_Idealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_Idealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Buddhist Idealism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_Idealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yogacara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yogacara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Yogacara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yogacara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lankavatara_Sutra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lankavatara_Sutra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Lankavatara Sutra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lankavatara_Sutra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>East Asian Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Huayan_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huayan_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Huayan Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huayan_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute_and_relative_in_Zen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_and_relative_in_Zen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Absolute and relative in Zen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_and_relative_in_Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essence-function_in_Korean_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essence-function_in_Korean_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Essence-function in Korean Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essence-function_in_Korean_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tibetan Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nyingma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyingma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Nyingma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyingma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Understanding_in_other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Understanding_in_other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Understanding in other traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Understanding_in_other_traditions-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mīmāṃsā_refutation_of_Two_Truths_Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mīmāṃsā refutation of Two Truths Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mīmāṃsā_refutation_of_Two_Truths_Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence_with_Pyrrhonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_with_Pyrrhonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Correspondence with Pyrrhonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_with_Pyrrhonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Published sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvereco" title="Duvereco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duvereco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9s_(bouddhisme)" title="Deux vérités (bouddhisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deux vérités (bouddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%86%8D%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="진속이제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진속이제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF" title="सत्यद्वय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सत्यद्वय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9t_igazs%C3%A1g_tana" title="Két igazság tana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Két igazság tana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6" title="二諦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="二諦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_to_sannheter" title="De to sannheter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De to sannheter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Два уровня истины (буддизм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Два уровня истины (буддизм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="ทวสัตยะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทวสัตยะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6" title="二諦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二諦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3232061#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist doctrine</a> of <b>the two truths</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dvasatya</i></span><i>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bden pa gnyis</i>) differentiates between two levels of <i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a></i> (Sanskrit; Pali: <i>sacca</i>; word meaning "<a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>") in the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Śākyamuni Buddha</a>: the "conventional" or "provisional" (<i>saṁvṛti</i>) truth, and the "ultimate" (<i>paramārtha</i>) truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact meaning varies between the various <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">traditions</a>. The best known interpretation is from the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a>, whose founder was the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhist</a> monk and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Nāgārjuna, the two truths are <i>epistemological truths</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenal world is accorded a provisional existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character of the phenomenal world is declared to be neither real nor unreal, but logically indeterminable.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">all phenomena are empty</a> (<i>śūnyatā</i>) of an inherent self or essence due to the <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">non-existence of the self</a> (<i>anattā</i>), but temporarily exist <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">depending on other phenomena</a> (<i>pratītyasamutpāda</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a> thought is accepted, and the two truths doctrine is understood as referring to two <i>ontological</i> truths. Reality exists of two levels, a relative level and an absolute level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200311_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200311-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on their understanding of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></i>, the Chinese Buddhist monks and philosophers supposed that the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> was, as stated by that sutra, the final Buddhist teaching, and that there is an essential truth above <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a> (<i>śūnyatā</i>) and the two truths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of emptiness (<i>śūnyatā</i>) is an attempt to show that it is neither proper nor strictly justifiable to regard any <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical system</a> as absolutely valid. It doesn't lead to <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> but strikes a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">middle course</a> (<i>madhyamāpratipada</i>) between excessive naïveté and excessive <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i> is usually taken to mean "truth", but also refers to "a reality", "a genuinely real existent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201250_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Satya</i> (<i>Sat-yá</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-aam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Sat_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sat (Sanskrit)"><i>Sat</i></a> and <i>ya</i>. <i>Sat</i> means being, reality, and is the <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a> of the root <i>as</i>, "to be" (<a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%81es-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁es-">*h₁es-</a></span></span></i>; cognate to English <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/is" class="extiw" title="wikt:is">is</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-aam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ya</i> and <i>yam</i> means "advancing, supporting, hold up, sustain, one that moves".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a composite word, <i>Satya</i> and <i>Satyam</i> imply that "which supports, sustains and advances reality, being"; it literally means, "that which is true, actual, real, genuine, trustworthy, valid".<sup id="cite_ref-aam_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two truths doctrine states that there is: </p> <ul><li><i>Provisional </i>or conventional truth (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>saṁvṛti</i></i></span><i>-satya</i>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> <i>sammuti sacca</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a> <i>kun-rdzob bden-pa</i>), which describes our daily experience of a concrete world, and</li> <li><i>Ultimate</i> truth (Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">paramārtha-satya</i></span>, Pāli <i>paramattha sacca</i>, Tibetan: <i>don-dam bden-pa</i>), which describes the ultimate reality as <i><a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a></i>, empty of concrete and inherent characteristics.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Chandrakīrti</a> suggests three possible meanings of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>saṁvṛti</i></i></span>: <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>complete covering or the 'screen' of ignorance which hides truth;</li> <li>existence or origination through dependence, mutual conditioning;</li> <li>worldly behavior or speech behavior involving designation and designatum, cognition and cognitum.</li></ol> <p>The conventional truth may be interpreted as "obscurative truth" or "that which obscures the true nature" as a result. It is constituted by the appearances of mistaken awareness. Conventional truth would be the appearance that includes a duality of apprehender and apprehended, and objects perceived within that. Ultimate truths are phenomena free from the duality of apprehender and apprehended.<sup id="cite_ref-LevinsonAug06_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinsonAug06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddha's teaching of Dharma may be viewed as a path (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>mārga</i></i></span>) of release from suffering or <i><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha#Buddhism" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></i>. The first Noble Truth equates life-experiences with pain and suffering. Buddha's language was simple and colloquial. Naturally, various statements of Buddha at times appear contradictory to each other. Later Buddhist teachers were faced with the problem of resolving these contradictions. Nagarjuna and other teachers introduced an exegetical technique of distinguishing between two levels of truth, the conventional and the ultimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar method is reflected in the Brahmanical exegesis of the Vedic scriptures, which combine the ritualistic injunctions of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanas">Brahmana</a> and speculative philosophical questions of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> as one whole 'revealed' body of work thereby contrasting the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>jñāna kāņḍa</i></i></span> with <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>karmakāņḍa</i></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="color: var(--color-base), #202122 ; background-color: var(--background-colour-base), #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/25px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/38px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/50px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_philosophy" title="Category:Buddhist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeatedBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/120px-SeatedBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/180px-SeatedBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SeatedBuddha.jpg/240px-SeatedBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajyavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Abhidhamma_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Abhidhamma Tradition">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Vaibhāṣika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology#The_Dignāga-Dharmakīrti_tradition" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Pramāṇavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana#Philosophical_background" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiāntāi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen/Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Buddhist logico-epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahimsa in Buddhism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Interdependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two truths doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma#The_dharma_theory" title="Abhidharma">Dharma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">Svabhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Buddhist atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma_Mah%C4%81vibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3a_%C5%9A%C4%81stra#Abhidharma_Mahāvibhāṣa_Śāstra,_by_Katyāyāniputra" title="Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra">Katyāyāniputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Aryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi">Harivarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ghabhadra" title="Saṃghabhadra">Saṃghabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Nalanda" title="Dharmapala of Nalanda">Dharmapala of Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Chandrakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81nagarbha" title="Jñānagarbha">Jñānagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra_(Buddhist_philosopher)" title="Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1anasrimitra" title="Jñanasrimitra">Jñanasrimitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnak%C4%ABrti" title="Ratnakīrti">Ratnakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongzom_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Zangpo" title="Rongzom Chökyi Zangpo">Rongzom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhammattha-sangaha" title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Acariya Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Kitaro Nishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nishitani" title="Keiji Nishitani">Keiji Nishitani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Tanabe" title="Hajime Tanabe">Hajime Tanabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">K. N. Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukurunde_Nyanananda_Thera" title="Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera">Ñāṇananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadasa" title="Buddhadasa">Buddhadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Payutto" title="P. A. Payutto">P. A. Payutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Ju Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendün Chöphel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the concept of the two truths is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> school, its history goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">earliest years of Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Indian_Buddhism">Early Indian Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Indian Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pali_Canon">Pali Canon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pali Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Pali canon, the distinction is not made between a <i>lower</i> truth and a <i>higher</i> truth, but rather between two kinds of expressions of the same truth, which must be interpreted differently. Thus a phrase or passage, or a whole sutta, might be classed as <i>neyyattha</i> or <i>samuti</i> or <i>vohāra</i>, but it is not regarded at this stage as expressing or conveying a different <i>level</i> of truth. </p><p><i>Nītattha</i> (Pāli; Sanskrit: <i>nītārtha</i>), "of plain or clear meaning"<sup id="cite_ref-Monier-Williams_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>neyyattha</i> (Pāli; Sanskrit: <i>neyartha</i>), "[a word or sentence] having a sense that can only be guessed".<sup id="cite_ref-Monier-Williams_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms were used to identify texts or statements that either did or did not require additional interpretation. A <i>nītattha</i> text required no explanation, while a <i>neyyattha</i> one might mislead some people unless properly explained:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are these two who misrepresent the <a href="/wiki/Tathagata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagata">Tathagata</a>. Which two? He who represents a <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūtra">Sutta</a> of indirect meaning as a Sutta of direct meaning and he who represents a Sutta of direct meaning as a Sutta of indirect meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃmuti</i></span></i> or <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">samuti</i></span></i> (Pāli; Sanskrit: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃvṛti</i></span></i>), meaning "common consent, general opinion, convention",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>paramattha</i> (Pāli; Sanskrit: <i>paramārtha</i>), meaning "ultimate", are used to distinguish conventional or common-sense language, as used in metaphors or for the sake of convenience, from language used to express higher truths directly. The term <i>vohāra</i> (Pāli; Sanskrit: <i>vyavahāra</i>, "common practice, convention, custom" is also used in more or less the same sense as <i>samuti</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theravāda"><span id="Therav.C4.81da"></span>Theravāda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theravāda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravādin</a> commentators expanded on these categories and began applying them not only to expressions but to the truth then expressed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Awakened One, the best of teachers, spoke of two truths, conventional and higher; no third is ascertained; a conventional statement is true because of convention and a higher statement is true as disclosing the true characteristics of events.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prajnāptivāda"><span id="Prajn.C4.81ptiv.C4.81da"></span>Prajnāptivāda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prajnāptivāda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivāda</a> school took up the distinction between the conventional (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃvṛti</i></span>) and ultimate (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paramārtha</i></span>) truths, and extended the concept to <a href="/wiki/Dharma#Dharmas_in_Buddhist_phenomenology" title="Dharma">metaphysical-phenomenological constituents</a> (<i>dharma</i>), distinguishing those that are real (<i>tattva</i>) from those that are purely conceptual, i.e., ultimately nonexistent (<i>prajñāpti</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Mahayana_Buddhism">Indian Mahayana Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indian Mahayana Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Madhyamaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between the two truths (<i>satyadvayavibhāga</i>) was fully developed by <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 CE</span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200291_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield200291-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Madhyamikas distinguish between <i>loka-samvriti-satya</i>, "world speech truth" c.q. "relative truth"<sup id="cite_ref-urbandharma_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbandharma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c.q. "truth that keeps the ultimate truth concealed",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>paramarthika satya</i>, ultimate truth.<sup id="cite_ref-urbandharma_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbandharma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Loka-samvriti-satya</i> can be further divided in <i>tathya-samvrti</i> or <i>loka-samvrti</i>, and <i>mithya-samvrti</i> or <i>aloka-samvrti</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamure1980285_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamure1980285-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1930_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1930-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "true samvrti" and "false samvrti".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urbandharma_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbandharma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tathya-samvrti</i> or "true samvrti" refers to "things" which concretely exist and can be perceived as such by the senses, while <i>mithya-samvrti</i> or "false samvrti" refers to false cognitions of "things" which do not exist as they are perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1930_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1930-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Nagarjuna's <i><a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81" title="Mūlamadhyamakakārikā">Mūlamadhyamakakārikā</a></i> provides a logical defense for the claim that all things are empty (<a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a>) of an inherently-existing self-nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200291_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield200291-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunyata, however, is also shown to be "empty", and Nagarjuna's assertion of "the emptiness of emptiness" prevents sunyata from constituting a higher or ultimate reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200238–39_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield200238–39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagarjuna's view is that "the ultimate truth is that there is no ultimate truth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Siderits, Nagarjuna is a "semantic anti-dualist" who posits that there are only conventional truths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jay_L._Garfield" title="Jay L. Garfield">Jay L. Garfield</a> explains: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Suppose that we take a conventional entity, such as a table. We analyze it to demonstrate its emptiness, finding that there is no table apart from its parts [...] So we conclude that it is empty. But now let us analyze that emptiness […]. What do we find? Nothing at all but the table’s lack of inherent existence [...] To see the table as empty [...] is to see the table as conventional, as dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200238–39_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield200238–39-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81" title="Mūlamadhyamakakārikā">Mūlamadhyamakakārikā</a></i> the two truths doctrine is used to defend the identification of dependent origination (<i>pratītyasamutpāda</i>) with emptiness (<i>śūnyatā</i>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Buddha's teaching of the Dharma is based on two truths: a truth of worldly convention and an ultimate truth. Those who do not understand the distinction drawn between these two truths do not understand the Buddha's profound truth. Without a foundation in the conventional truth the significance of the ultimate cannot be taught. Without understanding the significance of the ultimate, liberation is not achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In Nagarjuna's own words: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>8. The teaching by the Buddhas of the dharma has recourse to two truths:<br /> </p><p>The world-ensconced truth and the truth which is the highest sense.<br /> 9. Those who do not know the distribution (vibhagam) of the two kinds of truth<br /> Do not know the profound "point" (tattva) in the teaching of the Buddha.<br /> 10. The highest sense of the truth is not taught apart from practical behavior,<br /> </p><p> And without having understood the highest sense one cannot understand nirvana.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a> based his statement of the two truths on the Kaccāyanagotta Sutta. In the Kaccāyanagotta Sutta, the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, speaking to the monk Kaccayana Gotta on the topic of right view, describes the middle Way between nihilism and eternalism: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By and large, Kaccayana, this world is supported by a polarity, that of existence and non-existence. But when one sees the origination of the world as it actually is with right discernment, "non-existence" with reference to the world does not occur to one. When one sees the cessation of the world as it actually is with right discernment, "existence" with reference to the world does not occur to one.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Chattopadhyaya, although Nagarjuna presents his understanding of the two truths as a clarification of the teachings of the Buddha, the two truths doctrine as such is not part of the earliest Buddhist tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya200121-3,94,104_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya200121-3,94,104-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhist_Idealism">Buddhist Idealism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhist Idealism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Yogacara">Yogacara</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Yogacara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> school of Buddhism distinguishes the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara#The_Three_Natures" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Three Natures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikaya</a>. The Three Natures are:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Paramarthika</i> (transcendental reality), also referred to as <i>Parinispanna</i> in Yogacara literature:<i>The level of a storehouse of consciousness that is responsible for the appearance of the world of external objects. It is the only ultimate reality.</i></li> <li><i>Paratantrika</i> (dependent or empirical reality): <i>The level of the empirical world experienced in ordinary life</i>. For example, the snake-seen-in-the-snake.</li> <li><i>Parikalpita</i> (imaginary). For example, the snake-seen-in-a-dream.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lankavatara_Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lankavatara Sutra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Lankavatara Sutra took an idealistic turn in apprehending reality. <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a> writes the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i>Lanka</i> is quite explicit in assuming two forms of knowledge: the one for grasping the absolute or entering into the realm of Mind-only, and the other for understanding existence in its dual aspect in which logic prevails and the Vijnanas are active. The latter is designated Discrimination (<i>vikalpa</i>) in the <i>Lanka</i> and the former transcendental wisdom or knowledge (<i>prajna</i>). To distinguish these two forms of knowledge is most essential in Buddhist philosophy.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian_Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: East Asian Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks#Interplay_of_Absolute_and_Relative" title="Five Ranks">Interplay of Absolute and Relative</a></div> <p>When Buddhism came to China from <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism#Gandharan_proselytism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Gandhara</a> (now Afghanistan) and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the first/second century CE, the two truths teaching was initially understood and interpreted through various ideas in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ideas which influenced the vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Chinese Buddhist translations and treatises made use of native Chinese terminology, such as <a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">"T’i -yung"</a> (體用, "Essence and Function") and "<a href="/wiki/Li-Shih" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Li-Shih">Li-Shih</a>" (理事, Noumenon and Phenomenon) to refer to the two truths. These concepts were later developed in the Chinese Buddhist traditions like the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrines of these schools also influenced the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chán (Zen) Buddhism</a>, as can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a> and other Chan texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45-49_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45-49-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese thinking often took the two truths to refer to two <i><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> truths</i> (two ways of being, or levels of <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>): a relative level and an <a href="/wiki/The_Absolute" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Absolute">absolute</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200311_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200311-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Taoists at first misunderstood <a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a> (emptiness) to be akin to the Taoist non-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai20038_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai20038-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> the two truths are two <i>epistemological truths</i>: two different ways to look at reality. Chinese Madhyamaka (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sanlun</a>) thus rejected the ontological reading of the two truths. However, drawing on <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a> thought (such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra"><i>Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</i></a>) and on <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a> sources, other Chinese Buddhist thinkers defended the view that the two truths did refer to two levels of reality (which were nevertheless <a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">non-dual</a> and inferfused), one which was conventional, illusory and impermanent, and another which was eternal, unchanging and pure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huayan_Buddhism">Huayan Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Huayan Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan school</a></div> <p>The Huayan school or Flower Garland is a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> that flourished in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang period">Tang period</a>. It is based on the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Flower Garland Sutra</a> (S. <i>Avataṃsaka Sūtra</i>, C. <i>Huayan Jing</i>) and on a lengthy Chinese interpretation of it, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huayan_Lun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huayan Lun (page does not exist)">Huayan Lun</a>. The name Flower Garland is meant to suggest the crowning glory of profound understanding. </p><p>The most important philosophical contributions of the Huayan school were in the area of its metaphysics. It taught the doctrine of the mutual containment and interpenetration of all phenomena, as expressed in <a href="/wiki/Indra%27s_net" title="Indra's net">Indra's net</a>. One thing contains all other existing things, and all existing things contain that one thing. </p><p>Distinctive features of this approach to Buddhist philosophy include: </p> <ul><li>Truth (or reality) is understood as encompassing and interpenetrating falsehood (or illusion), and vice versa</li> <li>Good is understood as encompassing and interpenetrating evil</li> <li>Similarly, all mind-made distinctions are understood as "collapsing" in the enlightened understanding of emptiness (a tradition traced back to the Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>)</li></ul> <p>Huayan teaches the <a href="/wiki/Four_Dharmadhatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Dharmadhatu">Four Dharmadhatu</a>, four ways to view reality: </p> <ol><li>All dharmas are seen as particular separate events;</li> <li>All events are an expression of the absolute;</li> <li>Events and essence interpenetrate;</li> <li>All events interpenetrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfieldEdelglass201176_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfieldEdelglass201176-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolute_and_relative_in_Zen">Absolute and relative in Zen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Absolute and relative in Zen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DogenP2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DogenP2.JPG/220px-DogenP2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/DogenP2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogen">Dogen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The teachings of Zen are expressed by a set of polarities: Buddha-nature - sunyata,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> absolute-relative,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang-Chieh19869_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang-Chieh19869-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sudden and gradual enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita Sutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> emphasized the non-duality of form and emptiness: form is emptiness, emptiness is form, as the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a> says.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang-Chieh19869_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang-Chieh19869-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that the ultimate reality is present in the daily world of relative reality fitted into the Chinese culture which emphasized the mundane world and society. But this does not tell how the absolute is present in the relative world. This question is answered in such schemata as <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">the Five Ranks of Tozan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200329_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200329-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Oxherding Pictures</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Essence-function_in_Korean_Buddhism">Essence-function in Korean Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Essence-function in Korean Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Essence-Function</a></div> <p>The polarity of absolute and relative is also expressed as "essence-function". The absolute is essence, the relative is function. They can't be seen as separate realities, but interpenetrate each other. The distinction does not "exclude any other frameworks such as <i>neng-so</i> or "subject-object" constructions", though the two "are completely different from each other in terms of their way of thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In Korean Buddhism, essence-function is also expressed as "body" and "the body's functions": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[A] more accurate definition (and the one the Korean populace is more familiar with) is "body" and "the body's functions". The implications of "essence/function" and "body/its functions" are similar, that is, both paradigms are used to point to a nondual relationship between the two concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A metaphor for essence-function is "A lamp and its light", a phrase from the <i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></i>, where Essence is lamp and Function is light.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nyingma">Nyingma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nyingma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Nyingma</b> tradition is the oldest of the four major schools of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. It is founded on the first translations of Buddhist scriptures from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, in the eighth century. <a href="/wiki/Ju_Mipham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ju Mipham">Ju Mipham</a> (1846–1912) in his commentary to the <i><a href="/wiki/Madhyam%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamālaṃkāra">Madhyamālaṃkāra</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a> (725–788) says:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If one trains for a long time in the union of the two truths, the stage of acceptance (on the path of joining), which is attuned to primordial wisdom, will arise. By thus acquiring a certain conviction in that which surpasses intellectual knowledge, and by training in it, one will eventually actualize it. This is precisely how the Buddhas and the Bodhisattvas have said that liberation is to be gained.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The following sentence from <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a>'s exegesis of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a>'s<i> <a href="/wiki/Madhyam%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamālaṃkāra">Madhyamālaṃkāra</a></i> highlights the relationship between the absence of <i><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi#Four_Extremes" title="Catuṣkoṭi">the four extremes</a></i> (<i>mtha'-bzhi</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Nondual" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondual">nondual</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Truths" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Truths">indivisible two truths</a></i> (<i>bden-pa dbyer-med</i>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The learned and accomplished [masters] of the Early Translations considered this simplicity beyond the four extremes, this abiding way in which the two truths are indivisible, as their own immaculate way.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Understanding_in_other_traditions">Understanding in other traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Understanding in other traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Anekāntavāda">Anekāntavāda</a></div> <p>Anekāntavāda (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अनेकान्तवाद</span>, "many-sidedness") refers to the Jain doctrine about metaphysical truths that emerged in ancient India.[1] It states that the ultimate truth and reality is complex and has multiple aspects.[2] Anekantavada has also been interpreted to mean non-absolutism, "intellectual Ahimsa",[3] religious pluralism,[4] as well as a rejection of fanaticism that leads to terror attacks and mass violence. </p><p>The origins of anekāntavāda can be traced back to the teachings of Mahāvīra (599–527 BCE), the 24th Jain Tīrthankara.[10] The dialectical concepts of syādvāda "conditioned viewpoints" and nayavāda "partial viewpoints" arose from anekāntavāda in the medieval era, providing Jainism with more detailed logical structure and expression. </p><p>The Jain philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a> distinguishes between two perspectives of truth: </p> <ul><li><i>vyavahāranaya</i> or 'mundane perspective'</li> <li><i>niścayanaya</i> or 'ultimate perspective', also called "supreme" (<i>paramārtha</i>) and "pure" (<i>śuddha</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For Kundakunda, the mundane realm of truth is also the relative perspective of normal folk, where the workings of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> operate and where things emerge, last for a certain duration and perish. The ultimate perspective meanwhile, is that of the liberated <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a>, which is "blissful, energetic, perceptive, and omniscient".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita_Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Advaita Vedanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advaita took over from the Madhyamika the idea of levels of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2004130_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2004130-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually two levels are being mentioned,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2004131_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2004131-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Shankara uses <a href="/wiki/Advaita_vedanta#Criterion_of_Sublation" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita vedanta">sublation</a> as the criterion to postulate an ontological hierarchy of three levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997232_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997232-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Discrimination_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discrimination-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pāramārthika</i></span> (paramartha, absolute), the absolute level, "which is absolutely real and into which both other reality levels can be resolved".<sup id="cite_ref-Discrimination_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discrimination-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This experience can't be sublated by any other experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997232_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997232-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vyāvahārika</i></span> (vyavahara), or samvriti-satya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2004131_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2004131-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (empirical or pragmatical), "our world of experience, the phenomenal world that we handle every day when we are awake".<sup id="cite_ref-Discrimination_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discrimination-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the level in which both <i><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a></i> (living creatures or individual souls) and <i><a href="/wiki/Iswara" class="mw-redirect" title="Iswara">Iswara</a></i> are true; here, the material world is also true.</li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prāthibhāsika</i></span> (pratibhasika, apparent reality, unreality), "reality based on imagination alone".<sup id="cite_ref-Discrimination_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discrimination-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the level in which appearances are actually false, like the illusion of a snake over a rope, or a dream.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mīmāṃsā_refutation_of_Two_Truths_Doctrine"><span id="M.C4.ABm.C4.81.E1.B9.83s.C4.81_refutation_of_Two_Truths_Doctrine"></span>Mīmāṃsā refutation of Two Truths Doctrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mīmāṃsā refutation of Two Truths Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Chattopadhyaya notes that the eighth-century <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a> rejected the <i>Two Truths Doctrine</i> in his <i>Shlokavartika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhaṭṭa_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhaṭṭa-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhaṭṭa was highly influential with his defence of the Vedic rituals against medieval <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> rejections of these rituals. Some believe that his influence contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">decline of Buddhism in India</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan1995198-201_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan1995198-201-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since his lifetime coincides with the period in which Buddhism began to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma19805-6_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma19805-6-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kumarila, the two truths doctrine is an idealist doctrine, which conceals the fact that "the theory of the nothingness of the objective world" is absurd: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[O]ne should admit that what does not exist, exists not; and what does exist, exists in the full sense. The latter alone is true, and the former false. But the idealist just cannot afford to do this. He is obliged instead to talk of 'two truths', senseless though this be.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhaṭṭa_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhaṭṭa-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence_with_Pyrrhonism">Correspondence with Pyrrhonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Correspondence with Pyrrhonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrrhonism" title="Category:Pyrrhonism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png/100px-Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png/150px-Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png/200px-Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Pyrrhonists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">Acatalepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">Aporia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9" title="Epoché">Epoché</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Similar philosophies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiric_school" title="Empiric school">Empiric school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilogism" title="Epilogism">Epilogism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skepticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Similarities_between_Pyrrhonism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism">Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">McEvilley</a> notes a correspondence between Greek <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> doctrines: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sextus says <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that there are two criteria: </p><ol><li>[T]hat by which we judge reality and unreality, and</li> <li>[T]hat which we use as a guide in everyday life.</li></ol> <p>According to the first criterion, nothing is either true or false[.] [I]nductive statements based on direct observation of phenomena may be treated as either true or false for the purpose of making everyday practical decisions.<br /> </p><p> The distinction, as Conze<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has noted, is equivalent to the Madhyamaka distinction between "Absolute truth" (<i>paramārthasatya</i>), "the knowledge of the real as it is without any distortion,"<sup id="cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conze_1959:_p._244-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Truth so-called" (<i>saṃvṛti satya</i>), "truth as conventionally believed in common parlance.<sup id="cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conze_1959:_p._244-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus in Pyrrhonism "absolute truth" corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">acatalepsy</a> and "conventional truth" to <a href="/wiki/Phantasiai" title="Phantasiai">phantasiai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran_(Sanskrit_word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simran (Sanskrit word)">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetralemma" title="Tetralemma">Tetralemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Upaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a> – View that religion and philosophy might arrive at contradictory truths</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Lal Mani Joshi, <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāviveka</a> (6th century CE), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81tantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svātantrika">Svātantrikasubschool</a> of the Mādhyamaka, classified <i>samvrti</i> into <i>tathya-samvrti</i> and <i>mithya-samvrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Candrak%C4%ABrti" class="mw-redirect" title="Candrakīrti">Candrakīrti</a> (7th century CE), one of the main proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Prasa%E1%B9%85gika" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasaṅgika">Prasaṅgika</a> subschool of Madhyamaka, divided <i>samvrti</i> into <i>loka-samvrti</i> and <i>aloka-samvrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamure1980285_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamure1980285-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a> (8th century CE) and his commentator Prajñakaramati (950-1030<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) both use the terms <i>tathya-samvrti</i> and <i>mithya-samvrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1930_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1930-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a>, an influential 8th-century Mimamsa-philosopher, in commenting on Madhyamaka philosophy, also uses the terms <i>loka-samvrti</i> and <i>aloka-samvrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murti, in his <i>The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</i>, uses the term <i>aloka</i>, and refers to the synonym <i>mithya samvrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurti2013245_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurti2013245-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Murti: "In calling it 'loka samvrti,' it is implied that there is some appearance which is 'aloka' - non-empirical, i.e. false for the emprical consciousness even."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurti2013245_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurti2013245-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />David Seyfort Ruegg further comments: "The <i>samvrti</i> in worldly usage is termed <i>lokasamvrti</i>; and while it can serve no real purpose to distinguish an <i>alokasamvrti</i> opposed to it (from the point of view of ultimate reality both are unreal, though in different degrees from the relative standpoint), one may nevertheless speak of an <i>alokasamvrti</i> as distinct from it when considering that there exist persons who can be described as 'not of the world' (<i>alokah</i>) since they have experiences which are falsified because their sense-faculties are impaired (and which, therefore, do not belong to the general worldly consensus."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyfort_Ruegg198174-75_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyfort_Ruegg198174-75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An often-used explanation in Madhyamaka literature is the perception of a snake. The perception of a real snake is <i>tathya-samvrti</i>, concretely existing. In contrast, a rope which is mistakenly perceived as a snake is <i>mithya-samvrti</i>. Ultimately both are false, but "the snake-seen-in-the-rope" is less true than the "snake-seen-in-the-snake." This gives an epistemological hierarchy in which <i>tathya-samvrti</i> stands above <i>mithya-samvrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-urbandharma_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbandharma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example given in Madhyamaka literature to distinguish between <i>tathya-samvrti</i> and <i>mithya-samvrti</i> is "water-seen-in-the-pool" (<i>loka samvriti</i>) as contrasted with "water-seen-in-the-mirage" (<i>aloka samvriti</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mithya-samvrti</i> or "false samvrti" cam also be given as <i>asatya</i>, "untruth."<sup id="cite_ref-urbandharma_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbandharma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compare Peter Harvey, noting that in <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> 6.15.3 <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> is <i>satya</i>, and Richard Gombrich, commenting on the Upanishadic identity of microcosm and macrocosm, c.q. Atman and Brahman, which according to the Buddha is <i>asat</i>, "something that does not exist."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich199015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich199015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compare also <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a>: "One may wonder, "From where did all this come in the first place, and to where does it depart now?" Once examined in this way, [one sees that] it neither comes from anywhere nor departs to anywhere. All inner and outer phenomena are <a href="/wiki/Tathat%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathatā">just like that</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunholzl2004295_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunholzl2004295-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emptinessteachings.com/2014/09/11/the-two-truths-of-buddhism-and-the-emptiness-of-emptiness/">Susan Kahn, <i>The Two Truths of Buddhism and The Emptiness of Emptiness</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some have interpreted <i>paramarthika satya</i> or "ultimate truth" as constituting a metaphysical 'Absolute' or <a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">noumenon</a>, an "ineffable ultimate that transcends the capacities of discursive reason."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example T.R.V. Murti (1955), <i>The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</i>, who gave a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantian</a> interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterhoff20099_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterhoff20099-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Primordial wisdom" is a rendering of <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Jñāna">jñāna</a></i> and "that which surpasses intellectual knowledge" may be understood as the direct perception (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Pratyak%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyakṣa">pratyakṣa</a></i>) of(<i><a href="/wiki/Dharmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmata">dharmatā</a></i>). "Conviction" may be understood as a gloss of <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> (<i>śraddhā</i>). An effective analogue for "union", a rendering of the relationship held by the two truths, is <i><a href="/wiki/Interpenetration_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpenetration (Buddhism)">interpenetration</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena_Blankleder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helena Blankleder (page does not exist)">Blankleder</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulstan_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulstan Fletcher (page does not exist)">Fletcher</a> of the Padmakara Translation Group give a somewhat different translation:<br /> "The learned and accomplished masters of the Old Translation school take as their stainless view the freedom from all conceptual constructs of the four extremes, the ultimate reality of the two truths inseparably united."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Chattopadhyaya, the Advaita Vedantists retain the term paramartha-satya or parmarthika-satya for the ultimate truth, and for the <i>loka samvriti</i> of the Madhyamakas they use the term <i>vyahvarika satya</i> and for <i>aloka samvriti</i> they use the term <i>pratibhasika</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa: "The idealist talks of some 'apparent truth' or 'provisional truth of practical life', i.e. in his terminology, of <i>samvriti satya</i>. However, since in his own view, there is really no truth in this 'apparent truth', what is the sense of asking us to look at it as some special brand of truth as it were? If there is truth in it, why call it false at all? And, if it is really false, why call it a kind of truth? Truth and falsehood, being mutually exclusive, there cannot be any factor called 'truth' as belonging in common to both--no more than there can by any common factor called 'treeness' belonging to both the tree and the lion, which are mutually exclusive. On the idealist's own assumption, this 'apparent truth' is nothing but a synonym for the 'false'. Why, then, does he use this expression? Because it serves for him a very important purpose. It is the purpose of a verbal hoax. It means falsity, though with such a pedantic air about it as to suggest something apparently different, as it were. This is in fact a well known trick. Thus, to create a pedantic air, one can use the word <i>vaktrasava</i> [literally mouth-wine] instead of the simpler word <i>lala</i>, meaning saliva [<i>vancanartha upanyaso lala-vaktrasavadivat</i>]. But why is this pedantic air? Why, instead of simply talking of falsity, is the verbal hoax of an 'apparent truth' or samvriti? The purpose of conceiving this samvriti is only to conceal the absurdity of the theory of the nothingness of the objective world, so that it can somehow be explained why things are imagined as actually existing when they are not so. Instead of playing such verbal tricks, therefore, one should speak honestly. This means: one should admit that what does not exist, exists not; and what does exist, exists in the full sense. The latter alone is true, and the former false. But the idealist just cannot afford to do this. He is obliged instead to talk of 'two truths', senseless though this be."<sup id="cite_ref-Bhaṭṭa_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhaṭṭa-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal2002203–208_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatilal2002">Matilal 2002</a>, pp. 203–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_2022_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThakchoe2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thakchoe, Sonam (Summer 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twotruths-tibet/">"The Theory of Two Truths in Tibet"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. The Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643092515">643092515</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528014845/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twotruths-tibet/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Two+Truths+in+Tibet&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=The+Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643092515&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Thakchoe&rft.aufirst=Sonam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftwotruths-tibet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200311-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200311_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200311_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201250-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201250_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2012">Harvey 2012</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aam-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aam_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aam_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aam_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell" title="Arthur Anthony Macdonell">A. A. Macdonell</a>, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Asian Educational Services, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120617797" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120617797">978-8120617797</a>, pp 330-331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=yA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">yA</a> Sanskrit English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html"><i>yam</i></a> Monier Williams' Sanskrit English Dictionary, Univ of Koeln, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LevinsonAug06-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LevinsonAug06_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson, Jules (August 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berotsana.org/pdf/lotsawa_timesII_sc.pdf">Lotsawa Times Volume II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724083326/http://www.berotsana.org/pdf/lotsawa_timesII_sc.pdf">Archived</a> July 24, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-Williams-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier-Williams</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCagney: 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a></i> I:60 (Jayatilleke: 361, in McCagney: 82)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PED</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Khathāvatthu Aṭṭha kathǎ</i></span></i> (Jayatilleke: 363, in McCagney: 84)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield200291-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200291_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200291_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarfield2002">Garfield 2002</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2001103–106_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya2001">Chattopadhyaya 2001</a>, pp. 103–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1977174_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoshi1977">Joshi 1977</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamure1980285-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamure1980285_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamure1980285_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamure1980">Nakamure 1980</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1930-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1930_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1930_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1930_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1930">Dutt 1930</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStcherbatsky198954_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStcherbatsky1989">Stcherbatsky 1989</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurti2013245-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurti2013245_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurti2013245_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurti2013">Murti 2013</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeyfort_Ruegg198174-75-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeyfort_Ruegg198174-75_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeyfort_Ruegg1981">Seyfort Ruegg 1981</a>, p. 74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich199015-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich199015_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGombrich1990">Gombrich 1990</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunholzl2004295-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunholzl2004295_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunholzl2004">Brunholzl 2004</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield200238–39-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200238–39_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield200238–39_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarfield2002">Garfield 2002</a>, p. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2003-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiderits2003_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiderits2003">Siderits 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterhoff20099-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterhoff20099_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterhoff2009">Westerhoff 2009</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagarjuna, Mūlamadhyamakakārika 24:8–10. Jay L. Garfield|<i>Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way</i>: pp. 296, 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalia.org/article492.html">Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Verse 24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208100348/http://www.orientalia.org/article492.html">Archived</a> February 8, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.015.than.html">Kaccāyanagotta Sutta on Access to Insight</a> (accessed: Sept 14th 2023) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya200121-3,94,104-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya200121-3,94,104_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya2001">Chattopadhyaya 2001</a>, p. 21-3,94,104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Bhatt_&_Anu_Meherotra1967" class="citation book cs1">S.R. Bhatt & Anu Meherotra (1967). <i>Buddhist Epistemology</i>. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Epistemology&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1967&rft.au=S.R.+Bhatt+%26+Anu+Meherotra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebiprasad_Chattopadhyaya2001" class="citation book cs1">Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (2001). <i><span></span></i>What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy<i> 5th edition</i>. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Living+and+What+is+Dead+in+Indian+Philosophy+5th+edition&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Debiprasad+Chattopadhyaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown_Holt1995">Brown Holt 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoddard2007">Goddard 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerstappen2004">Verstappen 2004</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2005">Fowler 2005</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOh2000">Oh 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45-49-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45-49_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 45-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai20038-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai20038_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfieldEdelglass201176-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfieldEdelglass201176_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarfieldEdelglass2011">Garfield & Edelglass 2011</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200326–29_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003138–142_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, pp. 138–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiang-Chieh19869-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang-Chieh19869_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiang-Chieh19869_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiang-Chieh1986">Liang-Chieh 1986</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003123–138_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, pp. 123–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200329-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200329_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, Sung-bae (1983). <i>Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment.</i> SUNY series in religious studies. SUNY Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-673-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-673-7">0-87395-673-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-673-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-673-4">978-0-87395-673-4</a>. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_A2QS03MP5EC&q=Sung-bae+Park">[1]</a> (accessed: Friday April 9, 2010), p.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, Sung-bae (2009). <i>One Korean's approach to Buddhism: the mom/momjit paradigm</i>. SUNY series in Korean studies: SUNY Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-7697-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-7697-9">0-7914-7697-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7697-0">978-0-7914-7697-0</a>. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEAq0ldHjVYC&dq=essence-function+nondual&pg=PA11">[2]</a> (accessed: Saturday May 8, 2010), p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lai, Whalen (1979). "Ch'an Metaphors: waves, water, mirror, lamp". <i>Philosophy East & West</i>; Vol. 29, no.3, July, 1979, pp.245–253. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/ChanMetaphors.htm">[3]</a> (accessed: Saturday May 8, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary to the first <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrain</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Śloka">śloka</a> 72 of the root text, (725–788) — Blumenthal, James (2008). "Śāntarakṣita", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/saantarak-sita/">[4]</a> (accessed: February 28, 2009), as rendered into English by the Padmakara Translation Group (2005: p. 304)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shantarakshita" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantarakshita">Shantarakshita</a> (author); <a href="/wiki/Ju_Mipham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ju Mipham">Ju Mipham</a> (commentator); Padmakara Translation Group (translators)(2005). <i>The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.</i> Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59030-241-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59030-241-9">1-59030-241-9</a> (alk. paper), p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doctor, Thomas H. (trans.) Mipham, Jamgon Ju.(author)(2004). <i> Speech of Delight: Mipham's Commentary of Shantarakshita's Ornament of the Middle Way</i>. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-217-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-217-7">1-55939-217-7</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shantarakshita" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantarakshita">Shantarakshita</a> (author); <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a> (commentator); Padmakara Translation Group (translators)(2005). <i>The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.</i> Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59030-241-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59030-241-9">1-59030-241-9</a> (alk. paper), p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long, Jeffery; Jainism: An Introduction, page 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long, Jeffery; Jainism: An Introduction, page 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2004130-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2004130_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenard2004">Renard 2004</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2004131-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2004131_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2004131_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenard2004">Renard 2004</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997232-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997232_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuligandla1997232_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuligandla1997">Puligandla 1997</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebiprasad_Chattopadhyaya2001" class="citation book cs1">Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (2001). <i><span></span></i>What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy<i> 5th edition</i>. pp. 107, 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Living+and+What+is+Dead+in+Indian+Philosophy+5th+edition&rft.pages=107%2C+104&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Debiprasad+Chattopadhyaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhaṭṭa-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhaṭṭa_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhaṭṭa_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhaṭṭa_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebiprasad_Chattopadhyaya2001" class="citation book cs1">Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (2001). <i><span></span></i>What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy<i> 5th edition</i>. pp. 370–1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Living+and+What+is+Dead+in+Indian+Philosophy+5th+edition&rft.pages=370-1&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Debiprasad+Chattopadhyaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan1995198-201-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan1995198-201_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan1995">Sheridan 1995</a>, p. 198-201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma19805-6-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma19805-6_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1980">Sharma 1980</a>, p. 5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empericus, <i>Outlines of Pyrrhonism</i>, II.14–18; <i>Anthologia Palatina</i> (Palatine Anthology), VII. 29–35, and elsewhere</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conze 1959, pp. 140–141)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conze_1959:_p._244-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conze_1959:_p._244_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conze (1959: p. 244)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002" class="citation book cs1">McEvilley, Thomas (2002). <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought</i>. Allworth Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5"><bdi>1-58115-203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought&rft.pub=Allworth+Communications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58115-203-5&rft.aulast=McEvilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 474</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_sources">Published sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown_Holt1995" class="citation cs2">Brown Holt, Linda (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/FromIndiatoChina.htm">"From India to China: Transformations in Buddhist Philosophy"</a>, <i>Qi: The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qi%3A+The+Journal+of+Traditional+Eastern+Health+%26+Fitness&rft.atitle=From+India+to+China%3A+Transformations+in+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Brown+Holt&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FFromIndiatoChina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunholzl2004" class="citation cs2">Brunholzl, Karl (2004), <i>Center of the Sunlit Sky</i>, Snowlion</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Center+of+the+Sunlit+Sky&rft.pub=Snowlion&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brunholzl&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya2001" class="citation cs2">Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (2001), <i>What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy</i> (5th ed.), People's Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Living+and+What+is+Dead+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Debiprasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Conze, Edward (1959). <i>Buddhism: Its Essence and Development</i>. New York, US: Harper and Row.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin2005a" class="citation cs2">Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005a), <i>Zen Buddhism: A History. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-02946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-02946-3"><bdi>978-1-135-02946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism%3A+A+Study+of+the+Madhyamika+System&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-02946-3&rft.aulast=Murti&rft.aufirst=T+R+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmmvzSw2igPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamure1980" class="citation cs2">Nakamure, Hajime (1980), <i>Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism%3A+A+Survey+with+Bibliographical+Notes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Nakamure&rft.aufirst=Hajime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Newland, Guy (1992). <i>The Two Truths: in the Mādhyamika Philosophy of the Ge-luk-ba Order of Tibetan Buddhism</i>. 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(2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bARGlc-fmFwC&q=chan+buddhism+taoism&pg=PA5"><i>Blind Zen</i></a>, Red Mansion Pub, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891688034" title="Special:BookSources/9781891688034"><bdi>9781891688034</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blind+Zen&rft.pub=Red+Mansion+Pub&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781891688034&rft.aulast=Verstappen&rft.aufirst=Stefan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbARGlc-fmFwC%26q%3Dchan%2Bbuddhism%2Btaoism%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterhoff2009" class="citation cs2">Westerhoff, Jan (2009), <i>Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagarjuna%27s+Madhyamaka%3A+A+Philosophical+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Westerhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilber2000" class="citation cs2">Wilber, Ken (2000), <i>Integral Psychology</i>, Shambhala Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integral+Psychology&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+truths+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_truths_doctrine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Web-sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-urbandharma-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urbandharma_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbandharma_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbandharma_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbandharma_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbandharma_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/udnl2/nl031604.html"><i>The Urban Dharma Newsletter. 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data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on 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[\"IAST\"] = 14,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"PIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Pyrrhonism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 12,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 9,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 65,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bxzm6","timestamp":"20241124053551","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Two truths 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