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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Poverty Reduction Strategies</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">44,617 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Poverty Reduction Strategies</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29989458 coauthored" data-work_id="29989458" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29989458/D%C3%BCnya_Yoksulluk_ve_E%C5%9Fitsizlik_Raporu">Dünya Yoksulluk ve Eşitsizlik Raporu</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">En zengin 62 kişinin, dünyanın %50’sine tekabül eden 3,6 milyar insan ile eşit mal varlığına sahip olduğu bir dünyada yaşıyoruz. En zengin 20 ülkenin geliri, en fakir 20 ülke gelirinin tam 46 katı daha fazla. Küresel adaletsizliğin bu... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29989458" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En zengin 62 kişinin, dünyanın<br />%50’sine tekabül eden 3,6 milyar<br />insan ile eşit mal varlığına sahip olduğu<br />bir dünyada yaşıyoruz. En zengin<br />20 ülkenin geliri, en fakir 20 ülke<br />gelirinin tam 46 katı daha fazla. Küresel<br />adaletsizliğin bu kadar rahatsız<br />edici boyutlarda olması ve servetin<br />bu kadar adaletsiz paylaşımı, yoksulluk<br />gibi ciddi sosyal problemlerin<br />ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır.<br />Bu durumun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi<br />adına bu çalışmada, eşitsizliğin<br />hangi sebeplerden kaynaklandığı, sonuçlarının<br />ne olduğu ve önümüzdeki<br />yıllarda daha vahim bir tablonun ortaya<br />çıkmaması için neler yapılması<br />gerektiği ele alınacaktır.<br />Bu bağlamda, raporun ilk kısmında<br />yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik kavramlarına<br />değinilecektir. İkinci kısmında Dünya<br />Bankası, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM)<br />gibi uluslararası resmî kurumların<br />yayınladıkları veriler incelenecektir.<br />Sonrasında yoksulluk ve eşitsizliğin<br />ortaya çıkmasının nedenleri ele alınacak<br />olup, son kısımda uluslararası<br />literatürde bu sorunların aşılması<br />için önerilen uygulamalar dikkatlere<br />sunulacaktır</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29989458" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1787c274885c1ca97d36977396e3103f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50448652,"asset_id":29989458,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50448652/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14714327" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HumanitarianandSocialResearchCenterINSAMER">Humanitarian and Social Research Center (INSAMER)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14714327" type="text/json">{"id":14714327,"first_name":"Humanitarian and Social","last_name":"Research Center (INSAMER)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HumanitarianandSocialResearchCenterINSAMER","display_name":"Humanitarian and Social Research Center (INSAMER)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HumanitarianandSocialResearchCenterINSAMER?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14714327/4033303/14353025/s65_humanitarian_and_social.research_center_insamer_.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-29989458">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-29989458"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ukim.academia.edu/EminEmin">Emin Emin</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-29989458'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-29989458').html(); 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En zengin\n20 ülkenin geliri, en fakir 20 ülke\ngelirinin tam 46 katı daha fazla. Küresel\nadaletsizliğin bu kadar rahatsız\nedici boyutlarda olması ve servetin\nbu kadar adaletsiz paylaşımı, yoksulluk\ngibi ciddi sosyal problemlerin\nortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır.\nBu durumun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi\nadına bu çalışmada, eşitsizliğin\nhangi sebeplerden kaynaklandığı, sonuçlarının\nne olduğu ve önümüzdeki\nyıllarda daha vahim bir tablonun ortaya\nçıkmaması için neler yapılması\ngerektiği ele alınacaktır.\nBu bağlamda, raporun ilk kısmında\nyoksulluk ve eşitsizlik kavramlarına\ndeğinilecektir. İkinci kısmında Dünya\nBankası, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM)\ngibi uluslararası resmî kurumların\nyayınladıkları veriler incelenecektir.\nSonrasında yoksulluk ve eşitsizliğin\nortaya çıkmasının nedenleri ele alınacak\nolup, son kısımda uluslararası\nliteratürde bu sorunların aşılması\niçin önerilen uygulamalar dikkatlere\nsunulacaktır","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50448652,"asset_id":29989458,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14714327,"first_name":"Humanitarian and Social","last_name":"Research Center (INSAMER)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HumanitarianandSocialResearchCenterINSAMER","display_name":"Humanitarian and Social Research Center 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Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=8620"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":385234,"name":"Political Economy and History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History?f_ri=8620"},{"id":967211,"name":"Poverty Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Dynamics?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1906525" data-work_id="1906525" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1906525/Navigating_Human_Service_Organizations_3rd_edition_">Navigating Human Service Organizations (3rd. edition)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Since its very inception, social work has been considered an organizationally based profession, with the majority of its workforce employed within formal organizations. Whether in nonprofit, for-profit, or governmental agencies, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1906525" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Since its very inception, social work has been considered an organizationally based profession, with the majority of its workforce employed within formal organizations. Whether in nonprofit, for-profit, or governmental agencies, the practical realities of human service organizations are a central element of professional social work. This book explores the climate and culture of these agencies and provides essential information for surviving and thriving in this setting. It prepares students for their future careers so that they will feel empowered in their work and be able to fulfill their responsibilities toward organizational, community, and social change. Using real-life examples, the authors examine the internal structures of management, financing, and supervision and discuss common conflicts between agencies and professionals. The book’s straightforward tone and practical advice make it an asset to anyone entering human service organizations. <br /> <br />This new edition contains updated examples, case studies, and references. It also contains valuable information on the effects of the recent financial crisis on human service organizations. Agencies now face increased caseloads and more complex social problems with fewer resources and less money. Understanding how these events have changed the nature of human service organizations will allow students to be better prepared for the work ahead of them. <br /> <br />Features <br /> <br />• <br />Expanded content on the practical aspects of organizational theory and suggestions for developing leadership skills <br />• <br />Updated examples, case studies, and references throughout the book <br />• <br />Key points and discussion questions following each chapter <br />• <br />Updated instructor’s manual available online as a PDF or Word document"</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1906525" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce1e109a120df90f4ebe5c7ab9c142aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32624927,"asset_id":1906525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32624927/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1808674" href="https://tacoma-washington.academia.edu/RichFurman">Rich Furman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1808674" type="text/json">{"id":1808674,"first_name":"Rich","last_name":"Furman","domain_name":"tacoma-washington","page_name":"RichFurman","display_name":"Rich Furman","profile_url":"https://tacoma-washington.academia.edu/RichFurman?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1808674/760335/7279738/s65_rich.furman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1906525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1906525"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1906525, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1906525", }); 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Whether in nonprofit, for-profit, or governmental agencies, the practical realities of human service organizations are a central element of professional social work. This book explores the climate and culture of these agencies and provides essential information for surviving and thriving in this setting. It prepares students for their future careers so that they will feel empowered in their work and be able to fulfill their responsibilities toward organizational, community, and social change. Using real-life examples, the authors examine the internal structures of management, financing, and supervision and discuss common conflicts between agencies and professionals. The book’s straightforward tone and practical advice make it an asset to anyone entering human service organizations.\r\n\r\nThis new edition contains updated examples, case studies, and references. It also contains valuable information on the effects of the recent financial crisis on human service organizations. Agencies now face increased caseloads and more complex social problems with fewer resources and less money. Understanding how these events have changed the nature of human service organizations will allow students to be better prepared for the work ahead of them.\r\n\r\nFeatures\r\n\r\n• \r\nExpanded content on the practical aspects of organizational theory and suggestions for developing leadership skills\r\n• \r\nUpdated examples, case studies, and references throughout the book\r\n• \r\nKey points and discussion questions following each chapter\r\n• \r\nUpdated instructor’s manual available online as a PDF or Word document\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32624927,"asset_id":1906525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1808674,"first_name":"Rich","last_name":"Furman","domain_name":"tacoma-washington","page_name":"RichFurman","display_name":"Rich 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type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68925" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Girls_Studies">Girls' Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="68925" type="text/json">{"id":68925,"name":"Girls' Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Girls_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="181131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation">Poverty Alleviation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="181131" type="text/json">{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38937813]'), work: 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href="https://www.academia.edu/40067515/_Race_Education_and_Poverty_Finding_Salvation_in_the_Louisiana_Delta_">"Race, Education, and Poverty: Finding Salvation in the Louisiana Delta"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Conference Presentation at the National Association of Baptist Professors of Religion</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40067515" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8528d300b97d8bee9aaae521e6d1ce02" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":3394,"name":"Southern Studies (U.S. South)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Studies_U.S._South_?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5338" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberation_Theology">Liberation Theology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5338" type="text/json">{"id":5338,"name":"Liberation Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberation_Theology?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5342" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Liberation_Theology">Black Liberation Theology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5342" type="text/json">{"id":5342,"name":"Black Liberation Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Liberation_Theology?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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Cultural Perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6130389" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f5bb23da4c7f91ebe739737a0c9d3c67" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33030659,"asset_id":6130389,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6130389"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6130389]'), work: {"id":6130389,"title":"Of Spirituality and Poverty: A Zimbabwean Cultural Perspective","created_at":"2014-02-18T23:22:11.213-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6130389/Of_Spirituality_and_Poverty_A_Zimbabwean_Cultural_Perspective?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_6130389","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33030659,"asset_id":6130389,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7548151,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Mtapuri","domain_name":"ukzn","page_name":"MtapuriOliver","display_name":"Oliver 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Violent Conflicts in Southern Africa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study aims to identify regions in the Zambezi River Basin in Southern Africa that are prone to risk of violent conflicts (collective violence, popular unrest) induced by climatic changes/variability. The Zambezi River is 575... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_631079" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study aims to identify regions in the Zambezi River Basin in Southern Africa that are prone to risk of violent conflicts (collective violence, popular unrest) induced by climatic changes/variability. The Zambezi River is 575 kilometres long and the basin covers eight coun- tries: Zambia, Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Botswana, Mo- zambique and Namibia.Besides the ecological impact, the study argues that socio-econom- ic and political problems are disproportionately multiplied by climate change/variability. Climate change/variability amplifies stresses on the socio-political fabric because it affects the governance of resources, and hence, is linked to the weakened mitigation and adaptation capac- ity of societies, that are already facing economic challenges (rising food prices, etc.). Society becomes highly vulnerable to climate induced con- flicts when it suffers from poor central leadership, weak institutions and polarized social identities. Taking all these factors into consideration, this study identifies Bulawayo/Matableleland-North in Zimbabwe and the Zambezia Province in Mozambique as the most likely regions to experience climate induced conflicts in the near future. The reasons for arriving at this conclusion are: a) Climatechange/variability will have a significant impact on these two regions; due to increasing water scarcity in Bulawayo/Matabeleland- North; and intensified flooding, sea-level rise, and costal erosion in the Zambezia Province. b) Due to climate change/variability, agricultural production in these two regions will become highly volatile, leading to severe food insecurity. c) Both regions are suffering from low quality political governance, having unscrupulous elites, weak institutions, and polarized social identities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/631079" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b0a492ed59b8e74e408f98f7251a3147" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31090096,"asset_id":631079,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31090096/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="269082" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/AshokSwain">Ashok Swain</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="269082" type="text/json">{"id":269082,"first_name":"Ashok","last_name":"Swain","domain_name":"uppsala","page_name":"AshokSwain","display_name":"Ashok Swain","profile_url":"https://uppsala.academia.edu/AshokSwain?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/269082/58993/13601989/s65_ashok.swain.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-631079">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-631079"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sipri.academia.edu/FlorianKrampe">Florian Krampe</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-631079'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-631079').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_631079 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="631079"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 631079; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=631079]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_631079").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_631079").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="631079"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=631079]'), work: {"id":631079,"title":"Climate Change and the Risk of Violent Conflicts in Southern Africa","created_at":"2011-05-30T17:59:55.994-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/631079/Climate_Change_and_the_Risk_of_Violent_Conflicts_in_Southern_Africa?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_631079","summary":"This study aims to identify regions in the Zambezi River Basin in Southern Africa that are prone to risk of violent conflicts (collective violence, popular unrest) induced by climatic changes/variability. The Zambezi River is 575 kilometres long and the basin covers eight coun- tries: Zambia, Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Botswana, Mo- zambique and Namibia.Besides the ecological impact, the study argues that socio-econom- ic and political problems are disproportionately multiplied by climate change/variability. Climate change/variability amplifies stresses on the socio-political fabric because it affects the governance of resources, and hence, is linked to the weakened mitigation and adaptation capac- ity of societies, that are already facing economic challenges (rising food prices, etc.). Society becomes highly vulnerable to climate induced con- flicts when it suffers from poor central leadership, weak institutions and polarized social identities. Taking all these factors into consideration, this study identifies Bulawayo/Matableleland-North in Zimbabwe and the Zambezia Province in Mozambique as the most likely regions to experience climate induced conflicts in the near future. The reasons for arriving at this conclusion are: a) Climatechange/variability will have a significant impact on these two regions; due to increasing water scarcity in Bulawayo/Matabeleland- North; and intensified flooding, sea-level rise, and costal erosion in the Zambezia Province. b) Due to climate change/variability, agricultural production in these two regions will become highly volatile, leading to severe food insecurity. c) Both regions are suffering from low quality political governance, having unscrupulous elites, weak institutions, and polarized social identities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31090096,"asset_id":631079,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":269082,"first_name":"Ashok","last_name":"Swain","domain_name":"uppsala","page_name":"AshokSwain","display_name":"Ashok Swain","profile_url":"https://uppsala.academia.edu/AshokSwain?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/269082/58993/13601989/s65_ashok.swain.jpg"},{"id":268824,"first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Krampe","domain_name":"sipri","page_name":"FlorianKrampe","display_name":"Florian Krampe","profile_url":"https://sipri.academia.edu/FlorianKrampe?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/268824/56055/20201221/s65_florian.krampe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=8620"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=8620"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=8620"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=8620"},{"id":13135,"name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Africa?f_ri=8620"},{"id":17424,"name":"International Economic Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economic_Relations?f_ri=8620"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=8620"},{"id":38712,"name":"Sustainable Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Peacebuilding?f_ri=8620"},{"id":45578,"name":"Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peacebuilding?f_ri=8620"},{"id":92376,"name":"Climate Change and Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_and_Conflict?f_ri=8620"},{"id":129982,"name":"Zambezi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zambezi?f_ri=8620"},{"id":939198,"name":"Governance and State Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance_and_State_Capacity?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37651617" data-work_id="37651617" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37651617/SINGLE_REDUCT_GENERATION_BASED_ON_RELATIVE_INDISCERNIBILITY_OF_ROUGH_SET_THEORY">SINGLE REDUCT GENERATION BASED ON RELATIVE INDISCERNIBILITY OF ROUGH SET THEORY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In real world everything is an object which represents particular classes. Every object can be fully described by its attributes. Any real world dataset contains large number of attributes and objects. Classifiers give poor performance... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37651617" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In real world everything is an object which represents particular classes. Every object can be fully described by its attributes. Any real world dataset contains large number of attributes and objects. Classifiers give poor performance when these huge datasets are given as input to it for proper classification. So from these huge dataset most useful attributes need to be extracted that contribute the maximum to the decision. In the paper, attribute set is reduced by generating reducts using the indiscernibility relation of Rough Set Theory (RST). The method measures similarity among the attributes using relative indiscernibility relation and computes attribute similarity set. Then the set is minimized and an attribute similarity table is constructed from which attribute similar to maximum number of attributes is selected so that the resultant minimum set of selected attributes (called reduct) cover all attributes of the attribute similarity table. The method has been applied on glass dataset collected from the UCI repository and the classification accuracy is calculated by various classifiers. The result shows the efficiency of the proposed method.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37651617" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f400adef2880091952ce2991e2f97a92" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57638405,"asset_id":37651617,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57638405/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21355559" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IJFLSJournal">International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21355559" type="text/json">{"id":21355559,"first_name":"International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems","last_name":"(IJFLS)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IJFLSJournal","display_name":"International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IJFLSJournal?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21355559/9768891/87859328/s65_international_journal_of_fuzzy_logic_systems._ijfls_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37651617 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37651617"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37651617, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37651617", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37651617 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37651617; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37651617"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37651617 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37651617"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37651617; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37651617]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37651617").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37651617").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37651617"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning">Machine Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2008" type="text/json">{"id":2008,"name":"Machine Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2009" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Mining">Data Mining</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2009" type="text/json">{"id":2009,"name":"Data Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Mining?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64225" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_reduction_policies">Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64225" type="text/json">{"id":64225,"name":"Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_reduction_policies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37651617]'), work: {"id":37651617,"title":"SINGLE REDUCT GENERATION BASED ON RELATIVE INDISCERNIBILITY OF ROUGH SET THEORY","created_at":"2018-10-26T00:23:24.366-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37651617/SINGLE_REDUCT_GENERATION_BASED_ON_RELATIVE_INDISCERNIBILITY_OF_ROUGH_SET_THEORY?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_37651617","summary":"In real world everything is an object which represents particular classes. Every object can be fully described by its attributes. Any real world dataset contains large number of attributes and objects. Classifiers give poor performance when these huge datasets are given as input to it for proper classification. So from these huge dataset most useful attributes need to be extracted that contribute the maximum to the decision. In the paper, attribute set is reduced by generating reducts using the indiscernibility relation of Rough Set Theory (RST). The method measures similarity among the attributes using relative indiscernibility relation and computes attribute similarity set. Then the set is minimized and an attribute similarity table is constructed from which attribute similar to maximum number of attributes is selected so that the resultant minimum set of selected attributes (called reduct) cover all attributes of the attribute similarity table. The method has been applied on glass dataset collected from the UCI repository and the classification accuracy is calculated by various classifiers. The result shows the efficiency of the proposed method.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57638405,"asset_id":37651617,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21355559,"first_name":"International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems","last_name":"(IJFLS)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IJFLSJournal","display_name":"International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IJFLSJournal?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21355559/9768891/87859328/s65_international_journal_of_fuzzy_logic_systems._ijfls_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2008,"name":"Machine Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2009,"name":"Data Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Mining?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":64225,"name":"Greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_reduction_policies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":82557,"name":"Disaster risk reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_risk_reduction?f_ri=8620"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=8620"},{"id":474588,"name":"Fuzzy rough set theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuzzy_rough_set_theory?f_ri=8620"},{"id":474590,"name":"Rough set theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rough_set_theory?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38098801" data-work_id="38098801" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38098801/Using_blockchain_for_poverty_alleviation">Using blockchain for poverty alleviation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Based on the failure to cut down poverty rate to 7% by 2019, I argue that the Indonesian Government needs not only planning and identifying targets, but also look for ways to realise its objectives. The State Budget spent through social... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38098801" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Based on the failure to cut down poverty rate to 7% by 2019, I argue that the Indonesian Government needs not only planning and identifying targets, but also look for ways to realise its objectives. The State Budget spent through social spending only have a minuscule impact on poverty reduction, which I strongly suspect to eventuate because the poor lacks the capability to decide on which aspects they should utilise the funds. <br /><br />I then explained two underlying aspects of blockchain technology: smart contracts and digital identity, and how these two could help the Government achieve its development objectives. <br /><br />The Government must be both a planner and a searcher. Identify what needs to be resolved and search for ways to resolve it.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38098801" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="adf02b7f9a90e9ac3d2d8db1844777de" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58127347,"asset_id":38098801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58127347/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18921816" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/namirasamir">Namira Samir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18921816" type="text/json">{"id":18921816,"first_name":"Namira","last_name":"Samir","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"namirasamir","display_name":"Namira Samir","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/namirasamir?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18921816/5255596/16292010/s65_namira.samir.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38098801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38098801"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38098801, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38098801", }); 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The State Budget spent through social spending only have a minuscule impact on poverty reduction, which I strongly suspect to eventuate because the poor lacks the capability to decide on which aspects they should utilise the funds. \n\nI then explained two underlying aspects of blockchain technology: smart contracts and digital identity, and how these two could help the Government achieve its development objectives. \n\nThe Government must be both a planner and a searcher. Identify what needs to be resolved and search for ways to resolve it.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58127347,"asset_id":38098801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18921816,"first_name":"Namira","last_name":"Samir","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"namirasamir","display_name":"Namira Samir","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/namirasamir?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18921816/5255596/16292010/s65_namira.samir.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":736,"name":"Islamic Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":5517,"name":"Poverty Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Analysis?f_ri=8620"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":21928,"name":"Islamic Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Finance?f_ri=8620"},{"id":30855,"name":"Financial Inclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Inclusion?f_ri=8620"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=8620"},{"id":83772,"name":"Multidimensional Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidimensional_Poverty?f_ri=8620"},{"id":89075,"name":"Zakat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zakat?f_ri=8620"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=8620"},{"id":104056,"name":"Social Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Business?f_ri=8620"},{"id":107824,"name":"Development Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Finance?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":281112,"name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bitcoin?f_ri=8620"},{"id":695729,"name":"Social Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Finance?f_ri=8620"},{"id":740091,"name":"Cryptocurrency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptocurrency?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1958655,"name":"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development_Goals_SDGs_?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_635980" data-work_id="635980" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/635980/Social_Harm_and_Crime_at_a_Global_Level">Social Harm and Crime at a Global Level</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dr David Roberts argues that matters normally prioritized as security issues in international politics, such as terrorism and nuclear weapons, cause very limited harm, and that preventable global infant and maternal mortality, counted in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_635980" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dr David Roberts argues that matters normally prioritized as security issues in international politics, such as terrorism and nuclear weapons, cause very limited harm, and that preventable global infant and maternal mortality, counted in the millions, is dismissed from security agendas by policy makers, who are mostly white, mostly male, and mostly secure. He will argue that the security needs of the most vulnerable do not resonate with the people who determine what security those people can have; and that international law does not apply to the public institutions which most undermine human security. Dr Roberts will propose a fast-working solution to this dilemma that will reduce the scale of deaths substantially almost overnight, and will identify the means by which this change can be effected.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/635980" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aa01539cef96151f1ea25c1834a0ad93" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5784190,"asset_id":635980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5784190/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="238613" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/DRoberts">David Roberts</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="238613" type="text/json">{"id":238613,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Roberts","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"DRoberts","display_name":"David Roberts","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/DRoberts?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/238613/97075/18816170/s65_david.roberts.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_635980 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="635980"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 635980, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_635980", }); 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He will argue that the security needs of the most vulnerable do not resonate with the people who determine what security those people can have; and that international law does not apply to the public institutions which most undermine human security. Dr Roberts will propose a fast-working solution to this dilemma that will reduce the scale of deaths substantially almost overnight, and will identify the means by which this change can be effected.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5784190,"asset_id":635980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":238613,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Roberts","domain_name":"lboro","page_name":"DRoberts","display_name":"David Roberts","profile_url":"https://lboro.academia.edu/DRoberts?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/238613/97075/18816170/s65_david.roberts.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=8620"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=8620"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=8620"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=8620"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=8620"},{"id":4850,"name":"Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration?f_ri=8620"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=8620"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=8620"},{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=8620"},{"id":17424,"name":"International Economic Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economic_Relations?f_ri=8620"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=8620"},{"id":30160,"name":"Minority Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Rights?f_ri=8620"},{"id":44570,"name":"Broad Human Security and Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Broad_Human_Security_and_Global_Governance?f_ri=8620"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=8620"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=8620"},{"id":939198,"name":"Governance and State Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance_and_State_Capacity?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2290540" data-work_id="2290540" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2290540/Seguridad_humana_Un_marco_de_an%C3%A1lisis">Seguridad humana. Un marco de análisis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El concepte de Seguretat Humana és present avui dia en la majoria d'anàlisis de les ciències socials, i es caracteritza per ser un terme amb significats molt variats i amplis. Tot i això, el concepte presenta una força que radicaria,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2290540" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El concepte de Seguretat Humana és present avui dia en la majoria d'anàlisis de les ciències socials, i es caracteritza per ser un terme amb significats molt variats i amplis. Tot i això, el concepte presenta una força que radicaria, d'una banda, en la seva capacitat per definir una nova realitat en la qual l'Estat no pot continuar el seu monopoli en les qüestions relatives a la seguretat (es passa de la Seguretat Nacional a la Humana), i de l'altra, en el seu potencial per construir sinèrgies i sumar esforços amb l'objectiu d'aconseguir el canvi social. <br /> <br />D'aquesta manera, la idea de Seguretat Humana ha estat capaç d'aglutinar moviments socials, intel·lectuals i diplomàtics a l'hora de situar les persones en el centre dels debats i també de les polítiques, i en ella conflueixen diferents perspectives com el desarmament, el desenvolupament o els drets humans. En aquesta monografia, de manera rigorosa però també molt propera a la realitat dels col·lectius afectats, s'analitza el concepte de Seguretat Humana i Construcció de Pau a Colòmbia a través d'una sèrie d'articles que tracten de forma àmplia totes les propostes i alternatives que s'estan donant avui dia al país. Així, s'analitzen, entre altres temes, la política de Seguretat Democràtica, la seguretat ciutadana i les estratègies d'intervenció policial, la militarització de la societat amb la irrupció d'actors poc visualitzats com els mercenaris, la seguretat alimentària i mediambiental, amb especial incidència en els recursos hídrics, la participació de la societat civil en els processos de pau, i les propostes dels pobles indígenes del Cauca i afrodescendents del Pacífic en Construcció de Pau i Drets Humans.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2290540" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7f8e68991975a195fd4b497bc58418a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30338686,"asset_id":2290540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30338686/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="113170" href="https://uab.academia.edu/JavierAlcalde">Javier Alcalde</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="113170" type="text/json">{"id":113170,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Alcalde","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"JavierAlcalde","display_name":"Javier Alcalde","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/JavierAlcalde?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113170/30544/28084/s65_javier.alcalde.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2290540 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2290540"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2290540, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2290540", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2290540]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2290540").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2290540").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2290540"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="898" type="text/json">{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2290540]'), work: {"id":2290540,"title":"Seguridad humana. 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Tot i això, el concepte presenta una força que radicaria, d'una banda, en la seva capacitat per definir una nova realitat en la qual l'Estat no pot continuar el seu monopoli en les qüestions relatives a la seguretat (es passa de la Seguretat Nacional a la Humana), i de l'altra, en el seu potencial per construir sinèrgies i sumar esforços amb l'objectiu d'aconseguir el canvi social.\r\n\r\nD'aquesta manera, la idea de Seguretat Humana ha estat capaç d'aglutinar moviments socials, intel·lectuals i diplomàtics a l'hora de situar les persones en el centre dels debats i també de les polítiques, i en ella conflueixen diferents perspectives com el desarmament, el desenvolupament o els drets humans. En aquesta monografia, de manera rigorosa però també molt propera a la realitat dels col·lectius afectats, s'analitza el concepte de Seguretat Humana i Construcció de Pau a Colòmbia a través d'una sèrie d'articles que tracten de forma àmplia totes les propostes i alternatives que s'estan donant avui dia al país. Així, s'analitzen, entre altres temes, la política de Seguretat Democràtica, la seguretat ciutadana i les estratègies d'intervenció policial, la militarització de la societat amb la irrupció d'actors poc visualitzats com els mercenaris, la seguretat alimentària i mediambiental, amb especial incidència en els recursos hídrics, la participació de la societat civil en els processos de pau, i les propostes dels pobles indígenes del Cauca i afrodescendents del Pacífic en Construcció de Pau i Drets Humans.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30338686,"asset_id":2290540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":113170,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Alcalde","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"JavierAlcalde","display_name":"Javier Alcalde","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/JavierAlcalde?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113170/30544/28084/s65_javier.alcalde.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International 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js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75259647/Poverty_Eradication_in_Fragile_Places_Prospects_for_Harvesting_the_Highest_Hanging_Fruit_by_2030">Poverty Eradication in Fragile Places: Prospects for Harvesting the Highest Hanging Fruit by 2030</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75259647" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="46c5ddc43640c203b0588450b91851dc" rel="nofollow" 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75259647").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75259647"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4525" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Millenium_Development_Goals">Millenium Development Goals</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4525" type="text/json">{"id":4525,"name":"Millenium Development Goals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Millenium_Development_Goals?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5517" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Analysis">Poverty Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5517" type="text/json">{"id":5517,"name":"Poverty Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Analysis?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8794809/Gli_occhi_la_voce_e_il_cuore_dei_Centri_dAscolto_Caritas_Rapporto_sul_disagio_sociale">Gli occhi, la voce e il cuore dei Centri d'Ascolto Caritas - Rapporto sul disagio sociale</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Le persone in difficoltà, che si rivolgono ai Centri di Ascolto Caritas, hanno caratteristiche, bisogni e necessità molteplici e diversificate. Si incontrano individui senza dimora, ma spesso dal grado di istruzione elevato, insieme a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8794809" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Le persone in difficoltà, che si rivolgono ai Centri di Ascolto Caritas, hanno caratteristiche, bisogni e necessità molteplici e diversificate. Si incontrano individui senza dimora, ma spesso dal grado di istruzione elevato, insieme a persone povere di relazioni, sradicate dalla famiglia, o che hanno ceduto difronte a una società esclusiva.  Comprendere, classificare e studiare le necessità di queste persone può aiutare gli operatori e i responsabili dei centri di assistenza a pianificare le loro azioni, e a gestire meglio il loro lavoro.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8794809" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ec7ee5caa47648adcb969ce8a486024f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35143671,"asset_id":8794809,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35143671/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14857178" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescoBalducci">Francesco Balducci</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14857178" type="text/json">{"id":14857178,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Balducci","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancescoBalducci","display_name":"Francesco Balducci","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescoBalducci?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14857178/5247936/6001877/s65_francesco.balducci.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8794809 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8794809"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8794809, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8794809", }); 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","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35143671,"asset_id":8794809,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14857178,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Balducci","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancescoBalducci","display_name":"Francesco Balducci","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescoBalducci?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14857178/5247936/6001877/s65_francesco.balducci.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":4421,"name":"Homelessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homelessness?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":83772,"name":"Multidimensional Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidimensional_Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":252373,"name":"Senza Fissa Dimora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Senza_Fissa_Dimora?f_ri=8620"},{"id":317231,"name":"Povertà","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverta?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1146737" data-work_id="1146737" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1146737/Problematizing_Human_Security_A_General_Contextual_Conceptual_Approach">Problematizing Human Security: A General/Contextual Conceptual Approach</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article attempts a comprehensive review of the human security concept in order to question its utility for both research and policy-making. It notes the term’s interdisciplinary and extensively normative content that have facilitated... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1146737" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article attempts a comprehensive review of the human security concept in order to question its utility for both research and policy-making. It notes the term’s interdisciplinary and extensively normative content that have facilitated its evolution into a successful security discourse. On the other hand, human security’s wide appeal has as a side-effect an extended conceptual polysemy inhibiting the cumulation of knowledge and the development of a relevant theory. Absence of conceptual clarity has also complicated its policy implementation. The article attempts to break the deadlock and move the debate forward by using the work of John Gerring and Paul A. Barresi on concept formation as an organizing device.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1146737" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="234081" href="https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis">Nikolaos Tzifakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="234081" type="text/json">{"id":234081,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Tzifakis","domain_name":"uop-gr","page_name":"NikolaosTzifakis","display_name":"Nikolaos Tzifakis","profile_url":"https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/234081/158425/45729300/s65_nikolaos.tzifakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1146737 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1146737"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1146737, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1146737", }); 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9941453/The_Dual_Generation_Approach_An_Educational_Innovation_to_End_the_Poverty_Cycle">The Dual Generation Approach: An Educational Innovation to End the Poverty Cycle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">According to the National Center for Children in Poverty, 45 percent of children in th United States live in low-income families and 22 percent live in poverty. These children are at the highest risk of academic failure and are the ones... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9941453" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">According to the National Center for Children in Poverty, 45 percent of children in th United States live in low-income <br />families and 22 percent live in poverty. These children are at the highest risk of academic failure and are the ones in <br />greatest need of additional support. Studies have shown that the most effective time to invest in a child's education is <br />during the early years before the child enters kindergarten (Heckman, et al, 2010; Yoshikawa, et. al, 2013). Yet, at the <br />same time, such at-risk students face challenges outside the classroom (e.g. family economic struggles, neighborhood <br />violence, lack of role models who have attended college, etc.) that cannot be easily disentangled from their problems in <br />school and make it difficult to stop the cycle of poverty. So while there are programs that provide early childhood education <br />interventions and programs that provide workplace assistance to help families get out of poverty, there are few programs <br />that actually take a two-pronged approach by trying to help children while they help their families as well. Career Advance <br />in Tulsa, OK is one such program.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9941453" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="453062e7d523a2fc6094557af52732c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36092057,"asset_id":9941453,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36092057/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5815826" href="https://illinois.academia.edu/AnnalisaBurke">Annalisa Burke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5815826" type="text/json">{"id":5815826,"first_name":"Annalisa","last_name":"Burke","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"AnnalisaBurke","display_name":"Annalisa Burke","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/AnnalisaBurke?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5815826/3573938/7370534/s65_annalisa.burke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9941453 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9941453"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9941453, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9941453", }); 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These children are at the highest risk of academic failure and are the ones in\r\ngreatest need of additional support. Studies have shown that the most effective time to invest in a child's education is\r\nduring the early years before the child enters kindergarten (Heckman, et al, 2010; Yoshikawa, et. al, 2013). Yet, at the\r\nsame time, such at-risk students face challenges outside the classroom (e.g. family economic struggles, neighborhood\r\nviolence, lack of role models who have attended college, etc.) that cannot be easily disentangled from their problems in\r\nschool and make it difficult to stop the cycle of poverty. So while there are programs that provide early childhood education\r\ninterventions and programs that provide workplace assistance to help families get out of poverty, there are few programs\r\nthat actually take a two-pronged approach by trying to help children while they help their families as well. Career Advance\r\nin Tulsa, OK is one such program.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36092057,"asset_id":9941453,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5815826,"first_name":"Annalisa","last_name":"Burke","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"AnnalisaBurke","display_name":"Annalisa Burke","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/AnnalisaBurke?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5815826/3573938/7370534/s65_annalisa.burke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":4620,"name":"Urban Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Education?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction 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class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1907829" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fd295678aa316155d0aaa79485b07cb5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":27214709,"asset_id":1907829,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/27214709/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1808674" href="https://tacoma-washington.academia.edu/RichFurman">Rich Furman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1808674" type="text/json">{"id":1808674,"first_name":"Rich","last_name":"Furman","domain_name":"tacoma-washington","page_name":"RichFurman","display_name":"Rich Furman","profile_url":"https://tacoma-washington.academia.edu/RichFurman?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1808674/760335/7279738/s65_rich.furman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1907829 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1907829"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong 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data-work-id="1907829"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1907829; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1907829]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1907829").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1907829").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1907829"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">114</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script 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Developing Economies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;Cooperative Finance in Developing Economies contains papers from notable members of the academia from four continents - Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Specifically, twenty nine authors from nine... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80263741" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;Cooperative Finance in Developing Economies contains papers from notable members of the academia from four continents - Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Specifically, twenty nine authors from nine countries namely Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, United Kingdom and Vietnam contributed to this work. The book covers both the theoretical and empirical research in different areas of Cooperative and Microfinance arrangement which include but not limited to the following: Capital formation and loan administration, Corporate governance, Country comparison and analysis, Financial intermediation and social capital, Financial sustainability, Impact assessment and evaluation, Integration into formal financial system, Management and members – relationship and conflict, Micro and small scale enterprise development, Poverty reduction and economic development, Products and services delivery models, Regulation, policy and control, Risk management and insurance, as well as Women empowerment and gender issues. This book makes significant contributions to current research in cooperative finance. It is also an attempt to celebrate year 2012 as the International Year of the Cooperatives as declared by the United Nations. &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80263741" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5181456" href="https://pau-edu-ng.academia.edu/DrOnafowokanOluyombo">Prof. Onafowokan Oluyombo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5181456" type="text/json">{"id":5181456,"first_name":"Prof. Onafowokan","last_name":"Oluyombo","domain_name":"pau-edu-ng","page_name":"DrOnafowokanOluyombo","display_name":"Prof. Onafowokan Oluyombo","profile_url":"https://pau-edu-ng.academia.edu/DrOnafowokanOluyombo?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80263741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80263741"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80263741, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80263741", }); 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Specifically, twenty nine authors from nine countries namely Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, United Kingdom and Vietnam contributed to this work. The book covers both the theoretical and empirical research in different areas of Cooperative and Microfinance arrangement which include but not limited to the following: Capital formation and loan administration, Corporate governance, Country comparison and analysis, Financial intermediation and social capital, Financial sustainability, Impact assessment and evaluation, Integration into formal financial system, Management and members – relationship and conflict, Micro and small scale enterprise development, Poverty reduction and economic development, Products and services delivery models, Regulation, policy and control, Risk management and insurance, as well as Women empowerment and gender issues. This book makes significant contributions to current research in cooperative finance. It is also an attempt to celebrate year 2012 as the International Year of the Cooperatives as declared by the United Nations. \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5181456,"first_name":"Prof. Onafowokan","last_name":"Oluyombo","domain_name":"pau-edu-ng","page_name":"DrOnafowokanOluyombo","display_name":"Prof. Onafowokan Oluyombo","profile_url":"https://pau-edu-ng.academia.edu/DrOnafowokanOluyombo?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":748,"name":"Financial 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href="https://www.academia.edu/12166834/Good_Riddance_to_Thatchers_Poll_Tax">Good Riddance to Thatcher's Poll Tax</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The SNP government in Scotland has acted to make historic, anti-democratic Poll Tax debts unenforceable.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12166834" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4e55fb0120312efe8e2c97b36237241" rel="nofollow" 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Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12166834]'), work: {"id":12166834,"title":"Good Riddance to Thatcher's Poll Tax","created_at":"2015-04-30T08:35:27.204-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12166834/Good_Riddance_to_Thatchers_Poll_Tax?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_12166834","summary":"The SNP government in Scotland has acted to make historic, anti-democratic Poll Tax debts unenforceable.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37468641,"asset_id":12166834,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12829549,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Dempsey","domain_name":"dundee","page_name":"BrianDempsey","display_name":"Brian Dempsey","profile_url":"https://dundee.academia.edu/BrianDempsey?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":5938,"name":"Local 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(Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Sociology_?f_ri=8620"},{"id":36289,"name":"Electoral Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electoral_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":58733,"name":"Scottish Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scottish_Politics?f_ri=8620"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=8620"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=8620"},{"id":115651,"name":"Thatcherism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thatcherism?f_ri=8620"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":136942,"name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Margaret_Thatcher?f_ri=8620"},{"id":138755,"name":"Local Tax Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Tax_Policy?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":308097,"name":"Local Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Authority?f_ri=8620"},{"id":593399,"name":"Local taxation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_taxation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":667439,"name":"Thatcher's Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thatchers_Britain?f_ri=8620"},{"id":744920,"name":"Local authorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_authorities?f_ri=8620"},{"id":962930,"name":"Economic Development and Poverty Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development_and_Poverty_Issues?f_ri=8620"},{"id":967211,"name":"Poverty Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Dynamics?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1030249,"name":"Poverty and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Policy?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1168987,"name":"Margaret Thatcher, Thatcher's legacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Margaret_Thatcher_Thatchers_legacy?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39977285 coauthored" data-work_id="39977285" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39977285/Signposting_invisibles_A_study_of_the_homeless_population_in_India">Signposting invisibles: A study of the homeless population in India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The overarching goal of this article is to sensitize the insensitive governments, institutions , and civil societies for homeless population in social sphere. Routes into home-lessness are complex, multiple and interlinked. The complex... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39977285" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The overarching goal of this article is to sensitize the insensitive governments, institutions , and civil societies for homeless population in social sphere. Routes into home-lessness are complex, multiple and interlinked. The complex triggers consist of biographical, structural and behavioural factors, when combined, increase people's vulnerability to homelessness. Despite the high economic growth and double digit GDP growth that gives opportunity to celebrate the country's achievement, the worsening condition of the homeless, underlaid by huge inequality, creates the huge contradiction for such celebrations. The problems and complexity associated with homelessness require several stages of prevention, intervention and system-based response for a solution. Thus, policy response requires the urgent need to move away from discussions on general welfare policies to context-specific policies; otherwise, the aspirations of sustainable development will be castles in the air.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39977285" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba4776304d903bfae63dbe0c95a9cfee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60168262,"asset_id":39977285,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60168262/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="120238856" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NishikantSingh6">Nishikant Singh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="120238856" type="text/json">{"id":120238856,"first_name":"Nishikant","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NishikantSingh6","display_name":"Nishikant Singh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NishikantSingh6?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-39977285">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-39977285"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://jnu.academia.edu/SudheerShukla">Sudheer Kumar Shukla</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-39977285'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-39977285').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39977285 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39977285"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39977285, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39977285", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39977285 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39977285; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39977285"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39977285 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39977285"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39977285; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39977285]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39977285").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39977285").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39977285"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4421" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homelessness">Homelessness</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4421" type="text/json">{"id":4421,"name":"Homelessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homelessness?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5518" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation_Programmes">Poverty Alleviation Programmes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5518" type="text/json">{"id":5518,"name":"Poverty Alleviation Programmes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation_Programmes?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39977285]'), work: {"id":39977285,"title":"Signposting invisibles: A study of the homeless population in India","created_at":"2019-07-31T03:02:57.713-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39977285/Signposting_invisibles_A_study_of_the_homeless_population_in_India?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_39977285","summary":"The overarching goal of this article is to sensitize the insensitive governments, institutions , and civil societies for homeless population in social sphere. Routes into home-lessness are complex, multiple and interlinked. The complex triggers consist of biographical, structural and behavioural factors, when combined, increase people's vulnerability to homelessness. Despite the high economic growth and double digit GDP growth that gives opportunity to celebrate the country's achievement, the worsening condition of the homeless, underlaid by huge inequality, creates the huge contradiction for such celebrations. The problems and complexity associated with homelessness require several stages of prevention, intervention and system-based response for a solution. Thus, policy response requires the urgent need to move away from discussions on general welfare policies to context-specific policies; otherwise, the aspirations of sustainable development will be castles in the air.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60168262,"asset_id":39977285,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":120238856,"first_name":"Nishikant","last_name":"Singh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NishikantSingh6","display_name":"Nishikant Singh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NishikantSingh6?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":821944,"first_name":"Sudheer Kumar","last_name":"Shukla","domain_name":"jnu","page_name":"SudheerShukla","display_name":"Sudheer Kumar Shukla","profile_url":"https://jnu.academia.edu/SudheerShukla?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/821944/285596/6786270/s65_sudheer.shukla.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":4421,"name":"Homelessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homelessness?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":5518,"name":"Poverty Alleviation Programmes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation_Programmes?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":19408,"name":"Urban Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Poverty?f_ri=8620"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=8620"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=8620"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":3260769,"name":"Housing for All","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Housing_for_All?f_ri=8620"},{"id":3336402,"name":"Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pradhan_Mantri_Awas_Yojana?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78597782" data-work_id="78597782" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78597782/The_Effects_of_Foreign_Aids_on_Infrastructural_Development_and_Poverty_Alleviation_in_The_Developing_Countries_A_Case_Study_of_Nigeria">The Effects of Foreign Aids on Infrastructural Development and Poverty Alleviation in The Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Concept of foreign aid was examined. Nigeria was receiving foreign aid for long time and some improvements have been done in economic development. Our investigation was on the point how deep it was impacted. Following the empirical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78597782" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Concept of foreign aid was examined. Nigeria was receiving foreign aid for long time and some improvements have been done in economic development. Our investigation was on the point how deep it was impacted. Following the empirical literature, this study adopts the model employed by Ajisafe (2017) and Chotia and Roa (2017) to examine the impact of foreign aid and infrastructural development on poverty reduction. The study makes use of annual dataset to examine the impact of foreign aid and infrastructural development on poverty reduction in Nigeria over the period of 1981 to 2016. Data on foreign aid measured by Total Official Development Assistance received (constant 2010 US$), infrastructural development (proxy by total electricity net generation. Electric power and distribution losses as a ratio of output, mobile cellular subscriptions, Internet subscribers per 100 population, improved sanitation facilities as a ratio of population with access. Improved water facilities as a rati...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78597782" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac1786b08eab177fb485f15775f26207" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85590701,"asset_id":78597782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85590701/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33560457" href="https://noun.academia.edu/GYLYCHJELILOV">GYLYCH JELILOV</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33560457" type="text/json">{"id":33560457,"first_name":"GYLYCH","last_name":"JELILOV","domain_name":"noun","page_name":"GYLYCHJELILOV","display_name":"GYLYCH JELILOV","profile_url":"https://noun.academia.edu/GYLYCHJELILOV?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33560457/9906225/11369606/s65_gylych.jelilov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78597782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78597782"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78597782, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78597782", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78597782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78597782; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78597782"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78597782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78597782"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78597782; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78597782]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78597782").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78597782").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78597782"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology">Developmental Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="252" type="text/json">{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4524" type="text/json">{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78597782]'), work: {"id":78597782,"title":"The Effects of Foreign Aids on Infrastructural Development and Poverty Alleviation in The Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria","created_at":"2022-05-06T05:30:27.291-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78597782/The_Effects_of_Foreign_Aids_on_Infrastructural_Development_and_Poverty_Alleviation_in_The_Developing_Countries_A_Case_Study_of_Nigeria?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_78597782","summary":"Concept of foreign aid was examined. Nigeria was receiving foreign aid for long time and some improvements have been done in economic development. Our investigation was on the point how deep it was impacted. Following the empirical literature, this study adopts the model employed by Ajisafe (2017) and Chotia and Roa (2017) to examine the impact of foreign aid and infrastructural development on poverty reduction. The study makes use of annual dataset to examine the impact of foreign aid and infrastructural development on poverty reduction in Nigeria over the period of 1981 to 2016. Data on foreign aid measured by Total Official Development Assistance received (constant 2010 US$), infrastructural development (proxy by total electricity net generation. Electric power and distribution losses as a ratio of output, mobile cellular subscriptions, Internet subscribers per 100 population, improved sanitation facilities as a ratio of population with access. Improved water facilities as a rati...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85590701,"asset_id":78597782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33560457,"first_name":"GYLYCH","last_name":"JELILOV","domain_name":"noun","page_name":"GYLYCHJELILOV","display_name":"GYLYCH JELILOV","profile_url":"https://noun.academia.edu/GYLYCHJELILOV?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33560457/9906225/11369606/s65_gylych.jelilov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":8129,"name":"Software Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":18911,"name":"Curriculum Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curriculum_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":21318,"name":"Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria?f_ri=8620"},{"id":40285,"name":"Africana Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africana_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":42465,"name":"Organizational Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=8620"},{"id":168121,"name":"Android Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Android_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":400226,"name":"Poverty reduction and employment generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_reduction_and_employment_generation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":493236,"name":"Role of NGOs in poverty reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Role_of_NGOs_in_poverty_reduction?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1268087,"name":"Teachers Professional Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teachers_Professional_Development-4?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1378135,"name":"The Impact of Foreign Aids In the Developing Countries In Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Impact_of_Foreign_Aids_In_the_Developing_Countries_In_Africa?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34117807" data-work_id="34117807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34117807/Participatory_Budgeting_in_Pune_My_City_My_Money_An_NGO_Perspective_on_Inclusion_and_Participation">Participatory Budgeting in Pune: “My City, My Money”? An NGO Perspective on Inclusion and Participation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since the development and implementation of Participatory Budgeting (PB) as a democratic process adhering to civic improvement demands through municipal budget allocations, it promised great potential as a governance tool. Its core... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34117807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since the development and implementation of Participatory Budgeting (PB) as a democratic process adhering to civic improvement demands through municipal budget allocations, it promised great potential as a governance tool. Its core intentions are inclusion, participation and the redistribution of wealth to serve vulnerable members of society. Since India has the second greatest unequal wealth distribution in the world, the implementation of PB seemed promising. Surprisingly, however, Pune is currently the only city with an actively utilized PB mechanism, which indicates various inefficiencies, discrepancies and intentional dualities, resulting in exclusion, low participation and the misappropriation of resources. The purpose and intentions of PB are therefore ultimately reversed, however still it is still labeled as PB due to the lack of a standardized and recognized PB definition. This study utilizes in-depth interviews and data sources provided by various members of the two Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) currently or previously active in PB in Pune. The outcome is a clear depiction of the NGO perspective upon the core intentions of PB, identifying two main hurdles to participation, which remains unattested due to a lack of governmental will. Contributions are made through the development of a definition, the expansion of existing participation theory in the unique context of governmental resistance in a developing country and practical recommendations for the city of Pune.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34117807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76a4a41b01b6001de7f5060e08dad025" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54047991,"asset_id":34117807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54047991/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46458162" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/MignonMalherbe">Mignon Malherbe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46458162" type="text/json">{"id":46458162,"first_name":"Mignon","last_name":"Malherbe","domain_name":"uppsala","page_name":"MignonMalherbe","display_name":"Mignon Malherbe","profile_url":"https://uppsala.academia.edu/MignonMalherbe?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46458162/12287603/34043785/s65_mignon.malherbe.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34117807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34117807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34117807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34117807", }); 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An NGO Perspective on Inclusion and Participation","created_at":"2017-08-03T05:07:30.091-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34117807/Participatory_Budgeting_in_Pune_My_City_My_Money_An_NGO_Perspective_on_Inclusion_and_Participation?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_34117807","summary":"Since the development and implementation of Participatory Budgeting (PB) as a democratic process adhering to civic improvement demands through municipal budget allocations, it promised great potential as a governance tool. Its core intentions are inclusion, participation and the redistribution of wealth to serve vulnerable members of society. Since India has the second greatest unequal wealth distribution in the world, the implementation of PB seemed promising. Surprisingly, however, Pune is currently the only city with an actively utilized PB mechanism, which indicates various inefficiencies, discrepancies and intentional dualities, resulting in exclusion, low participation and the misappropriation of resources. The purpose and intentions of PB are therefore ultimately reversed, however still it is still labeled as PB due to the lack of a standardized and recognized PB definition. This study utilizes in-depth interviews and data sources provided by various members of the two Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) currently or previously active in PB in Pune. The outcome is a clear depiction of the NGO perspective upon the core intentions of PB, identifying two main hurdles to participation, which remains unattested due to a lack of governmental will. Contributions are made through the development of a definition, the expansion of existing participation theory in the unique context of governmental resistance in a developing country and practical recommendations for the city of Pune. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/38944264/Does_microfinance_help_to_reduce_poverty_in_Ethiopia_Propensity_score_matching_impact_analysis_HAILAI_ABERA_WELDESLASSIE">Does microfinance help to reduce poverty in Ethiopia? Propensity score matching impact analysis HAILAI ABERA WELDESLASSIE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Microfinance has broadened rapidly since its inception in the late 1970s. However, scholars have divergent views on whether and how much it helps to lift the poor from the economic quagmire. This research investigates the assessment of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38944264" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Microfinance has broadened rapidly since its inception in the late 1970s. However, scholars have divergent views on whether and how much it helps to lift the poor from the economic quagmire. This research investigates the assessment of the impact of participation in micro-finance. It is difficult to disentangle the impact on poverty reduction of microfinance as an anti-poverty intervention scheme and establish a causal relationship between participation and poverty indicators, because of unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality problems. Using the 2009 data set, first, we estimated propensity scores for participation on several pre-treatment variables. We then matched clients and non-clients on the basis of these variables. Next, we estimated the average treatment effect, considering participation as a treatment, and participants as the treated group. Finally, we employed different matching methods to establish the robustness of the utilized methods. In addition, for the year (2007 and 2009) panel data sets, we used the fixed effect (FE) and random effect (RE) panel data analysis techniques to fully address the two major problems stated above. Although we found significant impact of microfinance on household productive assets, its impact on fixed assets and monthly expenditure is insignificant. The propensity score matching and the panel data analyses identified microfinance as having direct temporary effects on household productive assets but limited (no) effect on households' fixed assets and monthly expenditures.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38944264" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e87f2a3672fc9b41882a5baa7115998e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59046041,"asset_id":38944264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59046041/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="110651589" href="https://aksumuniverdity.academia.edu/HailaiWeldeslassie">Hailai Weldeslassie</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="110651589" type="text/json">{"id":110651589,"first_name":"Hailai","last_name":"Weldeslassie","domain_name":"aksumuniverdity","page_name":"HailaiWeldeslassie","display_name":"Hailai Weldeslassie","profile_url":"https://aksumuniverdity.academia.edu/HailaiWeldeslassie?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/110651589/26096395/24718408/s65_hailai.weldeslassie.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38944264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38944264"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38944264, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38944264", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38944264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38944264").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38944264").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38944264"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="132862" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfinace_Impact">Microfinace Impact</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="132862" type="text/json">{"id":132862,"name":"Microfinace Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfinace_Impact?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133222" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies">Poverty Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133222" type="text/json">{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="181131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation">Poverty Alleviation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="181131" type="text/json">{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38944264]'), work: {"id":38944264,"title":"Does microfinance help to reduce poverty in Ethiopia? Propensity score matching impact analysis HAILAI ABERA WELDESLASSIE","created_at":"2019-04-26T21:27:18.189-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38944264/Does_microfinance_help_to_reduce_poverty_in_Ethiopia_Propensity_score_matching_impact_analysis_HAILAI_ABERA_WELDESLASSIE?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_38944264","summary":"Microfinance has broadened rapidly since its inception in the late 1970s. However, scholars have divergent views on whether and how much it helps to lift the poor from the economic quagmire. This research investigates the assessment of the impact of participation in micro-finance. It is difficult to disentangle the impact on poverty reduction of microfinance as an anti-poverty intervention scheme and establish a causal relationship between participation and poverty indicators, because of unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality problems. Using the 2009 data set, first, we estimated propensity scores for participation on several pre-treatment variables. We then matched clients and non-clients on the basis of these variables. Next, we estimated the average treatment effect, considering participation as a treatment, and participants as the treated group. Finally, we employed different matching methods to establish the robustness of the utilized methods. In addition, for the year (2007 and 2009) panel data sets, we used the fixed effect (FE) and random effect (RE) panel data analysis techniques to fully address the two major problems stated above. Although we found significant impact of microfinance on household productive assets, its impact on fixed assets and monthly expenditure is insignificant. The propensity score matching and the panel data analyses identified microfinance as having direct temporary effects on household productive assets but limited (no) effect on households' fixed assets and monthly expenditures.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59046041,"asset_id":38944264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":110651589,"first_name":"Hailai","last_name":"Weldeslassie","domain_name":"aksumuniverdity","page_name":"HailaiWeldeslassie","display_name":"Hailai Weldeslassie","profile_url":"https://aksumuniverdity.academia.edu/HailaiWeldeslassie?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/110651589/26096395/24718408/s65_hailai.weldeslassie.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":132862,"name":"Microfinace Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfinace_Impact?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":191194,"name":"Rural Credit \u0026 Microfinance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Credit_and_Microfinance?f_ri=8620"},{"id":793920,"name":"Microfinance and women's empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfinance_and_womens_empowerment?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37267879" data-work_id="37267879" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37267879/SECURITY_AND_PEACE_BUILDING_AS_PIVOTAL_FACTORS_FOR_POVERTY_ALLEVIATION_AND_HUMAN_CAPITAL_DEVELOPMENT_IN_NORTH_EASTERN_NIGERIA">SECURITY AND PEACE BUILDING AS PIVOTAL FACTORS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH EASTERN NIGERIA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The carnage and wanton destruction of lives and property in northeastern Nigeria is one that has left an indelible mark, and no doubt affected adversely the northeastern part, leaving in its wake death, fear, hunger, illness, decreased... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37267879" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The carnage and wanton destruction of lives and property in northeastern Nigeria is one that has left an indelible mark, and no doubt affected adversely the northeastern part, leaving in its wake death, fear, hunger, illness, decreased productivity, insecurity and a further plunge into poverty, as an inestimable amount of human and capital resources have been lost to the deadly Boko Haram insurgency. This informs the need for alleviating poverty and developing the capacity of individuals through human capital development. These however are not attainable unless pivotal factors such as security and peace building are put in place. To this end, the paper seeks to establish that security and peace building are necessary ingredients in poverty alleviation and human capital development. The methodology employed is documentary analysis of literatures on the concepts of security and peacebuilding and showing how it influences poverty and human capital development. The paper was able to establish that security serves as a beacon for peace building within a society and provides a favorable environment for government and non-governmental efforts in poverty alleviation and developing human capital. To lay a solid foundation for poverty alleviation and human capital, the paper recommends that structures must be put in place to answer the questions of security.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37267879" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="22801a298c47261d508cf31f76c919be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57221929,"asset_id":37267879,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57221929/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40484424" href="https://gomsu.academia.edu/SamsonDairus">Samson Dairus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40484424" type="text/json">{"id":40484424,"first_name":"Samson","last_name":"Dairus","domain_name":"gomsu","page_name":"SamsonDairus","display_name":"Samson Dairus","profile_url":"https://gomsu.academia.edu/SamsonDairus?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37267879 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37267879"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37267879, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37267879", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37267879 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37267879; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37267879"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37267879 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37267879"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37267879; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37267879]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37267879").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37267879").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37267879"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4370" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security">Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4370" type="text/json">{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37267879]'), work: {"id":37267879,"title":"SECURITY AND PEACE BUILDING AS PIVOTAL FACTORS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH EASTERN NIGERIA","created_at":"2018-08-20T22:57:32.206-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37267879/SECURITY_AND_PEACE_BUILDING_AS_PIVOTAL_FACTORS_FOR_POVERTY_ALLEVIATION_AND_HUMAN_CAPITAL_DEVELOPMENT_IN_NORTH_EASTERN_NIGERIA?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_37267879","summary":"The carnage and wanton destruction of lives and property in northeastern Nigeria is one that has left an indelible mark, and no doubt affected adversely the northeastern part, leaving in its wake death, fear, hunger, illness, decreased productivity, insecurity and a further plunge into poverty, as an inestimable amount of human and capital resources have been lost to the deadly Boko Haram insurgency. This informs the need for alleviating poverty and developing the capacity of individuals through human capital development. These however are not attainable unless pivotal factors such as security and peace building are put in place. To this end, the paper seeks to establish that security and peace building are necessary ingredients in poverty alleviation and human capital development. The methodology employed is documentary analysis of literatures on the concepts of security and peacebuilding and showing how it influences poverty and human capital development. The paper was able to establish that security serves as a beacon for peace building within a society and provides a favorable environment for government and non-governmental efforts in poverty alleviation and developing human capital. To lay a solid foundation for poverty alleviation and human capital, the paper recommends that structures must be put in place to answer the questions of security.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57221929,"asset_id":37267879,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40484424,"first_name":"Samson","last_name":"Dairus","domain_name":"gomsu","page_name":"SamsonDairus","display_name":"Samson Dairus","profile_url":"https://gomsu.academia.edu/SamsonDairus?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":21318,"name":"Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigeria?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":351110,"name":"Insecurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insecurity?f_ri=8620"},{"id":447363,"name":"Post conflict, Reconstruction, Peace building and Transitional Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_conflict_Reconstruction_Peace_building_and_Transitional_Justice?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1275085,"name":"Peace Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_Building?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29118052" data-work_id="29118052" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29118052/Urban_Development_in_Punjab">Urban Development in Punjab</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The book highlights important urban development issues in Punjab such as urbanisation, slums, housing, poverty, urban governance, development, infrastructure/ services etc and suggests major reforms to improve quality of life in urban... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29118052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The book highlights important urban development issues in Punjab such as urbanisation, slums, housing, poverty, urban governance, development, infrastructure/ services etc and suggests major reforms to improve quality of life in urban areas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29118052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6956ebc7d675b9c331b7c21acd738777" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49564708,"asset_id":29118052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49564708/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4076545" href="https://crridres.academia.edu/manojteotia">Manoj Kumar Teotia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4076545" type="text/json">{"id":4076545,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Teotia","domain_name":"crridres","page_name":"manojteotia","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Teotia","profile_url":"https://crridres.academia.edu/manojteotia?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4076545/2125550/19766273/s65_manoj_kumar.teotia.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29118052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29118052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29118052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29118052", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29118052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29118052; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = 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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28231598" data-work_id="28231598" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28231598/The_biggest_lies">The biggest lies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Among the biggest lies of the welfare states is the notion that the government can supply the people with things they want but cannot afford. Since the government gets its resources from the people, if the people as a whole cannot afford... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28231598" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Among the biggest lies of the welfare states is the notion that the government can supply the people with things they want but cannot afford. Since the government gets its resources from the people, if the people as a whole cannot afford something, neither can the government. There is, of course, the perennial fallacy that the government can simply raise taxes on "the rich" and use that additional revenue to pay for things that most people cannot afford. What is amazing is the implicit assumption that "the rich" are all such complete fools that they will do nothing to prevent their money from being taxed away. History shows otherwise. While men are still pondering upon the causes of the rise and fall of countries, every page of history cries to us that there is but one source of progress: Individual Man in independent action. Collectivism is the ancient principle of savagery. A savage's whole existence is ruled by the leaders of his tribe. Civilization is the process of setting man free from men. We are now facing a choice: to go forward or to go back. Collectivism is not thè`New Order of Tomorrow.´´It is the order of a very dark yesterday. But there is a New Order of Tomorrow. It belongs to Individual Man —the only creator of any tomorrows humanity has ever been granted. While Easterly does not offer his own new panacea for how to move countries to a higher level of per capita GDP, where the model presented in this chapter does seem to provide some explanations of why a country's growth rate may vary over time or differ from another country's, he does argue that creating incentives for growth in poor countries is crucial. Acknowledging a role for plain luck, Easterly argues that good government policies—ones that keep low such negatives as inflation, corruption, and red tape—and quality institutions and laws—ones that, for example, honor contracts and reward merit—will help. How to actually improve such incentives might constitute the next great quest: " We have learned once and for all that there are no magical elixirs to bring a happy ending to our quest for growth. Prosperity happens when all the players in the development game have the right incentives. It happens when government incentives induce technological adaptation, high-quality investment in machines, and high-quality schooling. It happens when donors face incentives that induce them to give aid to countries with good policies where aid will have high payoffs, not to countries with poor policies where aid is wasted. It happens when the poor get good opportunities and incentives, which requires government welfare programs that reward rather than penalize earning income. It happens when politics is not polarized between antagonistic interest groups.. .. The solutions are a lot more difficult to describe than the problems. The way forward must be to create incentives for growth for the trinity of governments, donors, and individuals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28231598" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc590ec1b82f45414e0731e3f28a52e9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48548602,"asset_id":28231598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48548602/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52871249" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KwadwoAfari">Kwadwo Afari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52871249" type="text/json">{"id":52871249,"first_name":"Kwadwo","last_name":"Afari","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KwadwoAfari","display_name":"Kwadwo Afari","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KwadwoAfari?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28231598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28231598"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28231598, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28231598", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28231598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28231598; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28231598"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28231598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28231598"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28231598; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28231598]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28231598").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28231598").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28231598"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28231598]'), work: {"id":28231598,"title":"The biggest lies","created_at":"2016-09-03T16:40:21.918-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28231598/The_biggest_lies?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_28231598","summary":"Among the biggest lies of the welfare states is the notion that the government can supply the people with things they want but cannot afford. Since the government gets its resources from the people, if the people as a whole cannot afford something, neither can the government. There is, of course, the perennial fallacy that the government can simply raise taxes on \"the rich\" and use that additional revenue to pay for things that most people cannot afford. What is amazing is the implicit assumption that \"the rich\" are all such complete fools that they will do nothing to prevent their money from being taxed away. History shows otherwise. While men are still pondering upon the causes of the rise and fall of countries, every page of history cries to us that there is but one source of progress: Individual Man in independent action. Collectivism is the ancient principle of savagery. A savage's whole existence is ruled by the leaders of his tribe. Civilization is the process of setting man free from men. We are now facing a choice: to go forward or to go back. Collectivism is not thè`New Order of Tomorrow.´´It is the order of a very dark yesterday. But there is a New Order of Tomorrow. It belongs to Individual Man —the only creator of any tomorrows humanity has ever been granted. While Easterly does not offer his own new panacea for how to move countries to a higher level of per capita GDP, where the model presented in this chapter does seem to provide some explanations of why a country's growth rate may vary over time or differ from another country's, he does argue that creating incentives for growth in poor countries is crucial. Acknowledging a role for plain luck, Easterly argues that good government policies—ones that keep low such negatives as inflation, corruption, and red tape—and quality institutions and laws—ones that, for example, honor contracts and reward merit—will help. How to actually improve such incentives might constitute the next great quest: \" We have learned once and for all that there are no magical elixirs to bring a happy ending to our quest for growth. Prosperity happens when all the players in the development game have the right incentives. It happens when government incentives induce technological adaptation, high-quality investment in machines, and high-quality schooling. It happens when donors face incentives that induce them to give aid to countries with good policies where aid will have high payoffs, not to countries with poor policies where aid is wasted. It happens when the poor get good opportunities and incentives, which requires government welfare programs that reward rather than penalize earning income. It happens when politics is not polarized between antagonistic interest groups.. .. The solutions are a lot more difficult to describe than the problems. The way forward must be to create incentives for growth for the trinity of governments, donors, and individuals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48548602,"asset_id":28231598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52871249,"first_name":"Kwadwo","last_name":"Afari","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KwadwoAfari","display_name":"Kwadwo Afari","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KwadwoAfari?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79795103" data-work_id="79795103" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79795103/Strategies_against_poverty_designs_from_the_North_and_alternatives_from_the_South">Strategies against poverty : designs from the North and alternatives from the South</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book presents the contributions of African and Latin American experts on economic development to the seminar Strategies against poverty: Designs from the North and Alternatives from the South organized by the Conferencia... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79795103" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book presents the contributions of African and Latin American experts on economic development to the seminar Strategies against poverty: Designs from the North and Alternatives from the South organized by the Conferencia Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, CLACSO, the Comparative Research Programme on Poverty, CROP and the South- South Exchange Programme for Research on the History of development, SEPHIS. The purpose of the seminar was to open space for debate, from a historical perspective, alternative theoretical approaches on the causes of poverty and to explore the, sometimes diverging, strategies to its eradication as proposed by the North, donors and multilateral organizations, and by the South, governments and non-governmental organizations. The particular interest in studying poverty in the context of developing countries, often called the South, is to show the profound socio-economic inequalities existing in these countries and the problems that result when the progr...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79795103" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b75503c57e9372580c450bd2cc2778e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86389705,"asset_id":79795103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86389705/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5154906" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianoF%C3%A9liz">Mariano Féliz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5154906" type="text/json">{"id":5154906,"first_name":"Mariano","last_name":"Féliz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarianoFéliz","display_name":"Mariano Féliz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarianoF%C3%A9liz?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79795103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79795103"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79795103, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79795103", }); 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The purpose of the seminar was to open space for debate, from a historical perspective, alternative theoretical approaches on the causes of poverty and to explore the, sometimes diverging, strategies to its eradication as proposed by the North, donors and multilateral organizations, and by the South, governments and non-governmental organizations. The particular interest in studying poverty in the context of developing countries, often called the South, is to show the profound socio-economic inequalities existing in these countries and the problems that result when the progr...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86389705,"asset_id":79795103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5154906,"first_name":"Mariano","last_name":"Féliz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarianoFéliz","display_name":"Mariano Féliz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarianoF%C3%A9liz?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=8620"},{"id":12639,"name":"Development Theories And Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Theories_And_Policies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":14843,"name":"Latin American social movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_social_movements?f_ri=8620"},{"id":45953,"name":"Política Social","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ADtica_Social?f_ri=8620"},{"id":60732,"name":"Movimientos sociales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movimientos_sociales?f_ri=8620"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=8620"},{"id":108875,"name":"Macroeconomía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconom%C3%ADa?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":340005,"name":"Desarrollo Económico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desarrollo_Econ%C3%B3mico?f_ri=8620"},{"id":508148,"name":"ORGANISMOS INTERNACIONALES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ORGANISMOS_INTERNACIONALES?f_ri=8620"},{"id":545539,"name":"Gubernamentalidad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gubernamentalidad?f_ri=8620"},{"id":545541,"name":"Estudios de la Gubernamentalidad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudios_de_la_Gubernamentalidad?f_ri=8620"},{"id":715751,"name":"Social exclusion and Inclusive policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_exclusion_and_Inclusive_policies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":962930,"name":"Economic Development and Poverty Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development_and_Poverty_Issues?f_ri=8620"},{"id":963851,"name":"Representations of Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Representations_of_Poverty?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1030249,"name":"Poverty and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Policy?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67271748" data-work_id="67271748" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67271748/Ndongo_S_Sylla_2014_The_Fair_Trade_Scandal_Marketing_Poverty_to_Benefit_the_Rich_Athens_Ohio_Ohio_University_Press_179_pp">Ndongo S. Sylla. 2014. The Fair Trade Scandal: Marketing Poverty to Benefit the Rich. 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u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19013" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperatives">Cooperatives</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19013" type="text/json">{"id":19013,"name":"Cooperatives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperatives?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=928323]'), work: {"id":928323,"title":"Co-operatives' role to fight poverty in developing countries: the commitment of 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Identifying Roma Neighbourhoods in Romanian Municipalities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Drawing from the problem of typology creation in its current forms that can be found mainly in policy papers, Berescu offers a critical overview of some of the ways in which the places where impoverished Roma live are named, then labelled... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76353947" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Drawing from the problem of typology creation in its current forms that can be found mainly in policy papers, Berescu offers a critical overview of some of the ways in which the places where impoverished Roma live are named, then labelled and categorized. The delimitation and counting of extreme poverty areas is a highly contentious issue in itself, but admitting that racial segregation exists is an even more difficult one. This is why official documents tend to circumvent the problem of slums and ghettos in Romania and, to a lesser extent, in Eastern Europe. By analysing the underlying methods and the language of reports and strategies we can comprehend the ways in which new ghettos are formed and concealed, and how they will be governed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76353947" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7114651" href="https://iccv.academia.edu/CatalinBerescu">Catalin Berescu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7114651" type="text/json">{"id":7114651,"first_name":"Catalin","last_name":"Berescu","domain_name":"iccv","page_name":"CatalinBerescu","display_name":"Catalin Berescu","profile_url":"https://iccv.academia.edu/CatalinBerescu?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7114651/2769632/43574121/s65_catalin.berescu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76353947 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76353947"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76353947, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76353947", }); 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Philippines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Government_Unit_in_the_Philippines?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5732189" data-work_id="5732189" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5732189/Performance_poverty_and_urban_development_Kigali_s_motari_and_the_spectacle_city">Performance, poverty and urban development: Kigali’s motari and the spectacle city</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5732189" 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4527" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa">Africa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4527" type="text/json">{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6013" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performativity">Performativity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6013" 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Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism?f_ri=8620"},{"id":16742,"name":"Urban Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology?f_ri=8620"},{"id":19408,"name":"Urban Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Poverty?f_ri=8620"},{"id":22955,"name":"Rwanda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rwanda?f_ri=8620"},{"id":29043,"name":"Urban mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_mobility?f_ri=8620"},{"id":61835,"name":"Urban Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Design?f_ri=8620"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":271782,"name":"Kigali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kigali?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36168761" data-work_id="36168761" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36168761/On_the_Classification_of_NP_Complete_Problems_and_Their_Duality_Feature">On the Classification of NP Complete Problems and Their Duality Feature</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">NP Complete (abbreviated as NPC) problems, standing at the crux of deciding whether P=NP, are among hardest problems in computer science and other related areas. Through decades, NPC problems are treated as one class. Observing that NPC... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36168761" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">NP Complete (abbreviated as NPC) problems, standing at the crux of deciding whether P=NP, are among hardest problems in computer science and other related areas. Through decades, NPC problems are<br />treated as one class. Observing that NPC problems have different natures, it is unlikely that they will have the same complexity. Our intensive study shows that NPC problems are not all equivalent in computational complexity, and they can be further classified. We then show that the classification of NPC problems may depend on their natures, reduction methods, exact algorithms, and the boundary between P and NP. And a new perspective is provided: both P problems and NPC problems have the duality feature in terms of<br />computational complexity of asymptotic efficiency of algorithms. We also discuss about the NPC problems in real-life and shine some lights on finding better solutions to NPC problems.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36168761" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8ad44316724ed6526d870e31d0e83a60" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56066590,"asset_id":36168761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56066590/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21255813" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IjcsitJournal">International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ( IJCSIT ) INSPEC ,WJCI Indexed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21255813" type="text/json">{"id":21255813,"first_name":"International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology","last_name":"( IJCSIT ) INSPEC ,WJCI Indexed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IjcsitJournal","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ( IJCSIT ) INSPEC ,WJCI Indexed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IjcsitJournal?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21255813/5872009/139167812/s65_international_journal_of_computer_science_and_information_technology._ijcsit_inspec_wjci_indexed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36168761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36168761"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36168761, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36168761", }); 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Through decades, NPC problems are\ntreated as one class. Observing that NPC problems have different natures, it is unlikely that they will have the same complexity. Our intensive study shows that NPC problems are not all equivalent in computational complexity, and they can be further classified. We then show that the classification of NPC problems may depend on their natures, reduction methods, exact algorithms, and the boundary between P and NP. And a new perspective is provided: both P problems and NPC problems have the duality feature in terms of\ncomputational complexity of asymptotic efficiency of algorithms. We also discuss about the NPC problems in real-life and shine some lights on finding better solutions to NPC problems. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56066590,"asset_id":36168761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21255813,"first_name":"International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology","last_name":"( IJCSIT ) INSPEC ,WJCI Indexed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IjcsitJournal","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ( IJCSIT ) INSPEC ,WJCI Indexed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IjcsitJournal?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21255813/5872009/139167812/s65_international_journal_of_computer_science_and_information_technology._ijcsit_inspec_wjci_indexed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3464,"name":"Social Problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Problems?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":26241,"name":"Inverse Problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inverse_Problems?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":305155,"name":"DSM problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DSM_problems?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9495506" data-work_id="9495506" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9495506/Investor_protections_and_economic_growth">Investor protections and economic growth</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9495506" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9495506" data-share-source="work_strip" 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itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2953876" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/JamalIbrahimHaidar">Jamal Ibrahim Haidar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2953876" type="text/json">{"id":2953876,"first_name":"Jamal Ibrahim","last_name":"Haidar","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"JamalIbrahimHaidar","display_name":"Jamal Ibrahim Haidar","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/JamalIbrahimHaidar?f_ri=8620","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9495506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9495506"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9495506, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9495506", }); });</script></li><li 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description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9495506]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9495506").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9495506").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9495506"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">341</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_And_Labor_Relations">Industrial And Labor Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29" type="text/json">{"id":29,"name":"Industrial And Labor Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_And_Labor_Relations?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Bargaining_Industrial_And_Labor_Relations_">Collective Bargaining (Industrial And Labor Relations)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30" type="text/json">{"id":30,"name":"Collective Bargaining (Industrial And Labor Relations)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Bargaining_Industrial_And_Labor_Relations_?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9495506]'), work: {"id":9495506,"title":"Investor protections and economic growth","created_at":"2014-11-25T11:00:13.869-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9495506/Investor_protections_and_economic_growth?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_9495506","summary":"Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17652494" data-work_id="17652494" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17652494/Book_Review_Reaching_and_Teaching_Students_in_Poverty">Book Review: Reaching and Teaching Students in Poverty</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In his recently published book, Reaching and Teaching Students in Poverty: Strategies for Erasing the Opportunity Gap, Paul Gorski critically addresses concepts that perpetuate stereotypes of those categorized as members of the “culture... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17652494" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In his recently published book, Reaching and Teaching Students in Poverty: Strategies for Erasing the Opportunity<br />Gap, Paul Gorski critically addresses concepts that perpetuate stereotypes of those categorized as members of<br />the “culture of poverty.” This review provides a highlight of each chapter to illustrate some key concepts and<br />teaching strategies that Gorski examines in his book.<br />Keywords<br />poverty, opportunity gap, equity literacy approach, deficit model</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17652494" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="974" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education">Sociology of Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="974" type="text/json">{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curriculum_Theory?f_ri=8620"},{"id":44057,"name":"Curriculum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curriculum?f_ri=8620"},{"id":93424,"name":"Critical pedagogy and critical theory Qualitative research Ethnography, autoethnography Service-learning in teacher education and multicultural education Transnational issues affecting education for immigrant children","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_pedagogy_and_critical_theory_Qualitative_research_Ethnography_autoethnography_Service-lear?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8845144" data-work_id="8845144" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8845144/Is_Poverty_a_Global_Security_Threat">Is Poverty a Global Security Threat?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Security has always played a role in the thinking about poverty. Earlier studies of poverty among peasants focused on food security and studied the strategies employed by individuals, families, and communities to ensure food security and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8845144" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Security has always played a role in the thinking about poverty. Earlier studies of poverty among peasants focused on food security and studied the strategies employed by individuals, families, and communities to ensure food security and to minimize the risk of starvation. The conjuncture of a rise of a discourse of "global poverty" and 9/11 appeared to have shifted discussions of poverty and security. Global poverty, that is, poverty in the global South is increasingly conceptualized as a national security threat by defense intellectuals in the global North. Interestingly, conceptions of security had themselves undergone a sea change well before 9/11, moving increasingly to the idea of “human security.” The convergence of these two trends has put poverty firmly on the security agenda. Global health pandemics, illegal immigration, armed conflicts, drug smuggling, radical politicization, religious fundamentalism, ecological degradation -- all have been connected to global poverty. Why has this happened, and what are its consequences? How are ideas of security changing as the intra-regional and inter-regional distribution of wealth is being redefined by global capitalism, so that the terms “global North” and “global South” appear increasingly inadequate?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8845144" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f38b0a73f20b40dfa010aad12781f393" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35184270,"asset_id":8845144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35184270/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="183975" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/AkhilGupta">Akhil Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="183975" type="text/json">{"id":183975,"first_name":"Akhil","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AkhilGupta","display_name":"Akhil Gupta","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AkhilGupta?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/183975/89429/4976455/s65_akhil.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8845144 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8845144"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8845144, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8845144", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8845144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8845144").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8845144").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8845144"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4370" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security">Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4370" type="text/json">{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8845144]'), work: {"id":8845144,"title":"Is Poverty a Global Security Threat?","created_at":"2014-10-18T16:31:35.926-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8845144/Is_Poverty_a_Global_Security_Threat?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_8845144","summary":"Security has always played a role in the thinking about poverty. Earlier studies of poverty among peasants focused on food security and studied the strategies employed by individuals, families, and communities to ensure food security and to minimize the risk of starvation. The conjuncture of a rise of a discourse of \"global poverty\" and 9/11 appeared to have shifted discussions of poverty and security. Global poverty, that is, poverty in the global South is increasingly conceptualized as a national security threat by defense intellectuals in the global North. Interestingly, conceptions of security had themselves undergone a sea change well before 9/11, moving increasingly to the idea of “human security.” The convergence of these two trends has put poverty firmly on the security agenda. Global health pandemics, illegal immigration, armed conflicts, drug smuggling, radical politicization, religious fundamentalism, ecological degradation -- all have been connected to global poverty. Why has this happened, and what are its consequences? How are ideas of security changing as the intra-regional and inter-regional distribution of wealth is being redefined by global capitalism, so that the terms “global North” and “global South” appear increasingly inadequate?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35184270,"asset_id":8845144,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":183975,"first_name":"Akhil","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AkhilGupta","display_name":"Akhil Gupta","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AkhilGupta?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/183975/89429/4976455/s65_akhil.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=8620"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":513796,"name":"Global Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Poverty?f_ri=8620"},{"id":967211,"name":"Poverty Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Dynamics?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40250552" data-work_id="40250552" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40250552/THE_CONSTRUCTION_OF_POVERTY_IN_SELECTED_YORU_BA_WRITTEN_POETRY">THE CONSTRUCTION OF POVERTY IN SELECTED YORÙBÁ WRITTEN POETRY</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The issue of poverty has always been and will continue to be a cause for concern. Countries have diverse means of combating this menace, which is unmistakable in their values and ideologies. Like any other race, the problem of poverty... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40250552" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The issue of poverty has always been and will continue to be a cause for concern. Countries have diverse means of combating this menace, which is unmistakable in their values and ideologies. Like any other race, the problem of poverty abounds in Yorùbá communities and they are not oblivious of it. Thus, Yorùbá poets over time have tried to identify causes of this problem and find means by which one can live a life almost, if not entirely, devoid of poverty.<br />The main thrust of this paper is to identify and analyze the Yorùbá world-view on poverty in selected Yorùbá poems. These include J. F. Ọdúnjọ’s Akójọpọ̀ Ewì Aláduǹ, Akínwùmí Ìṣòlá’s Àfàìmọ̀ àti Àwọn Àròfọ̀ Mìíràn, Adébáyọ̀ Faleti’s Àwon Ewì Adébáyọ́ Fálétí (Apá kìíní) and Ọlánrewájú Adépọ̀jù’s Ìrònú Akéwì. These poems are chosen because issues of poverty are prevalent in them. Using poems by these authors as sources of data for analysis, the paper underscores Yorùbá orature as a rich repertoire from where materials that would positively affect the society can be drawn.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40250552" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5569b39faf9e1168c5de9d89a7140433" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60483674,"asset_id":40250552,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60483674/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="119576752" href="https://oauife.academia.edu/OluwabunmiBernard">Oluwabunmi Bernard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="119576752" type="text/json">{"id":119576752,"first_name":"Oluwabunmi","last_name":"Bernard","domain_name":"oauife","page_name":"OluwabunmiBernard","display_name":"Oluwabunmi Bernard","profile_url":"https://oauife.academia.edu/OluwabunmiBernard?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119576752/31706763/28985352/s65_oluwabunmi.bernard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40250552 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40250552"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40250552, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40250552", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40250552 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40250552; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40250552"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40250552 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40250552"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40250552; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40250552]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40250552").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40250552").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40250552"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101837" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoruba_Studies">Yoruba Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101837" type="text/json">{"id":101837,"name":"Yoruba Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoruba_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133222" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies">Poverty Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133222" type="text/json">{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1148823" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoruba_Poetry">Yoruba Poetry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1148823" type="text/json">{"id":1148823,"name":"Yoruba Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoruba_Poetry?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40250552]'), work: {"id":40250552,"title":"THE CONSTRUCTION OF POVERTY IN SELECTED YORÙBÁ WRITTEN POETRY","created_at":"2019-09-04T03:40:21.594-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40250552/THE_CONSTRUCTION_OF_POVERTY_IN_SELECTED_YORU_BA_WRITTEN_POETRY?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_40250552","summary":"The issue of poverty has always been and will continue to be a cause for concern. Countries have diverse means of combating this menace, which is unmistakable in their values and ideologies. Like any other race, the problem of poverty abounds in Yorùbá communities and they are not oblivious of it. Thus, Yorùbá poets over time have tried to identify causes of this problem and find means by which one can live a life almost, if not entirely, devoid of poverty.\nThe main thrust of this paper is to identify and analyze the Yorùbá world-view on poverty in selected Yorùbá poems. These include J. F. Ọdúnjọ’s Akójọpọ̀ Ewì Aláduǹ, Akínwùmí Ìṣòlá’s Àfàìmọ̀ àti Àwọn Àròfọ̀ Mìíràn, Adébáyọ̀ Faleti’s Àwon Ewì Adébáyọ́ Fálétí (Apá kìíní) and Ọlánrewájú Adépọ̀jù’s Ìrònú Akéwì. These poems are chosen because issues of poverty are prevalent in them. Using poems by these authors as sources of data for analysis, the paper underscores Yorùbá orature as a rich repertoire from where materials that would positively affect the society can be drawn.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60483674,"asset_id":40250552,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":119576752,"first_name":"Oluwabunmi","last_name":"Bernard","domain_name":"oauife","page_name":"OluwabunmiBernard","display_name":"Oluwabunmi Bernard","profile_url":"https://oauife.academia.edu/OluwabunmiBernard?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/119576752/31706763/28985352/s65_oluwabunmi.bernard.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":101837,"name":"Yoruba Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoruba_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":1148823,"name":"Yoruba Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoruba_Poetry?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":1202917,"name":"African (Yoruba) Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Yoruba_Culture?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1124902" data-work_id="1124902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1124902/Returns_to_education_of_young_people_in_Mongolia">Returns to education of young people in Mongolia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Relatively little is known about the youth labour market in Mongolia. This paper studies returns to education of 15-29-year-olds by taking advantage of a recent ad hoc School to Work Transition Survey. Based on augmented Mincerian... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1124902" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Relatively little is known about the youth labour market in Mongolia. This paper studies returns to education of 15-29-year-olds by taking advantage of a recent ad hoc School to Work Transition Survey. Based on augmented Mincerian earnings equations, education and work experience appear to be important determinants of earnings. Vocational does not provide higher wages than compulsory education. Factors bearing wage gains include: living in the capital city and in urban areas in general. Factors bearing wage penalties include: gender, informal work, training, using informal job search networks, herding. Union membership, being a migrant, the civil status are wage neutral.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1124902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c0c29c3d8f4a0de176d10a180103fd71" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6943769,"asset_id":1124902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6943769/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="912222" href="https://unina2.academia.edu/FrancescoPastore">Francesco Pastore</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="912222" type="text/json">{"id":912222,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Pastore","domain_name":"unina2","page_name":"FrancescoPastore","display_name":"Francesco Pastore","profile_url":"https://unina2.academia.edu/FrancescoPastore?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/912222/338419/433682/s65_francesco.pastore.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1124902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1124902"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1124902, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1124902", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1124902]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1124902").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1124902").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1124902"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">48</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_And_Labor_Relations">Industrial And Labor Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29" type="text/json">{"id":29,"name":"Industrial And Labor Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_And_Labor_Relations?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="751" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics">Labor Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="751" type="text/json">{"id":751,"name":"Labor Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1124902]'), work: {"id":1124902,"title":"Returns to education of young people in Mongolia","created_at":"2011-11-29T22:41:20.865-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1124902/Returns_to_education_of_young_people_in_Mongolia?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_1124902","summary":"Relatively little is known about the youth labour market in Mongolia. This paper studies returns to education of 15-29-year-olds by taking advantage of a recent ad hoc School to Work Transition Survey. Based on augmented Mincerian earnings equations, education and work experience appear to be important determinants of earnings. Vocational does not provide higher wages than compulsory education. Factors bearing wage gains include: living in the capital city and in urban areas in general. Factors bearing wage penalties include: gender, informal work, training, using informal job search networks, herding. Union membership, being a migrant, the civil status are wage neutral.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6943769,"asset_id":1124902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":912222,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Pastore","domain_name":"unina2","page_name":"FrancescoPastore","display_name":"Francesco Pastore","profile_url":"https://unina2.academia.edu/FrancescoPastore?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/912222/338419/433682/s65_francesco.pastore.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29,"name":"Industrial And Labor Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_And_Labor_Relations?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":751,"name":"Labor 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11628764/Welfare_Policy_and_Poverty">Welfare Policy and Poverty</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Welfare Policy and Poverty reviews social welfare policy in Ireland over the past two decades and assesses its effectiveness in reducing poverty and social exclusion. It presents a thorough analysis of poverty trends over the period and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11628764" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Welfare Policy and Poverty reviews social welfare policy in Ireland over the past two decades and assesses its effectiveness in reducing poverty and social exclusion. It presents a thorough analysis of poverty trends over the period and examines the extent to which these have been influenced by social welfare policies and anti-poverty targets.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11628764" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00cec37ab7d2d8c10c86f0ccdcd71b0a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37095881,"asset_id":11628764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37095881/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1836696" href="https://tcd.academia.edu/MelCousins">Mel Cousins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1836696" type="text/json">{"id":1836696,"first_name":"Mel","last_name":"Cousins","domain_name":"tcd","page_name":"MelCousins","display_name":"Mel Cousins","profile_url":"https://tcd.academia.edu/MelCousins?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1836696/658000/816870/s65_mel.cousins.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11628764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11628764"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11628764, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11628764", }); 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It presents a thorough analysis of poverty trends over the period and examines the extent to which these have been influenced by social welfare policies and anti-poverty targets. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37095881,"asset_id":11628764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1836696,"first_name":"Mel","last_name":"Cousins","domain_name":"tcd","page_name":"MelCousins","display_name":"Mel Cousins","profile_url":"https://tcd.academia.edu/MelCousins?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1836696/658000/816870/s65_mel.cousins.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2727,"name":"Welfare State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Welfare_State?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":29842,"name":"Ireland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ireland?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=8620"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49067755 coauthored" data-work_id="49067755" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49067755/The_Effects_of_Small_scale_Stone_Quarrying_on_Poverty_Reduction_among_Youths_in_Zamfara_State_Nigeria">The Effects of Small-scale Stone Quarrying on Poverty Reduction among Youths in Zamfara State, Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The paper examined the effects of small-scale stone quarrying on poverty reduction among youths in Zamfara State. The paper is based on the argument that small-scale stone quarrying has the potentials to reduce poverty in low income... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49067755" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper examined the effects of small-scale stone quarrying on poverty reduction among youths in Zamfara State. The paper is based on the argument that small-scale stone quarrying has the potentials to reduce poverty in low income settings. Zamfara is one of the poorest states in Nigeria where youths are engaged in small-scale quarrying. The paper examined the extent to which smallscale quarrying has been able to reduced poverty among youths in the State. The sample size of the study comprised of 400 respondents. Structured interview was used as the primary instrument of data collection. Purposive sampling techniques was used to select quarry sites while simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Data collected was presented in tables and percentages for better understanding. The outcome of the study revealed that youths between ages of 26-35 years were actively involved in small-scale stone quarrying in Zamfara State. The study found out that small-scale stone quarrying had a positive effect on poverty reduction among youths in Zamfara State. This is because after joining small-scale stone quarrying, majority of youths had improved access to food, healthcare facilities, housing, sleeping materials, clothing</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49067755" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6536d65f00477023a186abafeea87efc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67459179,"asset_id":49067755,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67459179/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19431083" href="https://fugus.academia.edu/DAJOUGBA">DAJO UGBA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19431083" type="text/json">{"id":19431083,"first_name":"DAJO","last_name":"UGBA","domain_name":"fugus","page_name":"DAJOUGBA","display_name":"DAJO UGBA","profile_url":"https://fugus.academia.edu/DAJOUGBA?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19431083/28323136/66362591/s65_dajo.ugba.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-49067755">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-49067755"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ATargba">Aondowase Targba</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-49067755'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-49067755').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49067755 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49067755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49067755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49067755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49067755").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49067755").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49067755"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="124083" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youth_empowerment">Youth empowerment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="124083" type="text/json">{"id":124083,"name":"Youth empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youth_empowerment?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49067755]'), work: {"id":49067755,"title":"The Effects of Small-scale Stone Quarrying on Poverty Reduction among Youths in Zamfara State, Nigeria","created_at":"2021-05-29T10:51:16.337-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49067755/The_Effects_of_Small_scale_Stone_Quarrying_on_Poverty_Reduction_among_Youths_in_Zamfara_State_Nigeria?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_49067755","summary":"The paper examined the effects of small-scale stone quarrying on poverty reduction among youths in Zamfara State. The paper is based on the argument that small-scale stone quarrying has the potentials to reduce poverty in low income settings. Zamfara is one of the poorest states in Nigeria where youths are engaged in small-scale quarrying. The paper examined the extent to which smallscale quarrying has been able to reduced poverty among youths in the State. The sample size of the study comprised of 400 respondents. Structured interview was used as the primary instrument of data collection. Purposive sampling techniques was used to select quarry sites while simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Data collected was presented in tables and percentages for better understanding. The outcome of the study revealed that youths between ages of 26-35 years were actively involved in small-scale stone quarrying in Zamfara State. The study found out that small-scale stone quarrying had a positive effect on poverty reduction among youths in Zamfara State. This is because after joining small-scale stone quarrying, majority of youths had improved access to food, healthcare facilities, housing, sleeping materials, clothing","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67459179,"asset_id":49067755,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19431083,"first_name":"DAJO","last_name":"UGBA","domain_name":"fugus","page_name":"DAJOUGBA","display_name":"DAJO UGBA","profile_url":"https://fugus.academia.edu/DAJOUGBA?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19431083/28323136/66362591/s65_dajo.ugba.jpg"},{"id":195913776,"first_name":"Aondowase","last_name":"Targba","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ATargba","display_name":"Aondowase Targba","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ATargba?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/195913776/158513004/148160695/s65_aondowase.targba.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":124083,"name":"Youth empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youth_empowerment?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23935833" data-work_id="23935833" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23935833/Stakeholders_and_Community_Development_Engaging_Multinational_Corporations_in_Poverty_Alleviation_in_Mekong_Countries_Stakeholders_and_Community_Development_Engaging_Multinational_Corporations_in_Poverty_Alleviation_in_Mekong_Countries">Stakeholders and Community Development: Engaging Multinational Corporations in Poverty Alleviation in Mekong Countries Stakeholders and Community Development: Engaging Multinational Corporations in Poverty Alleviation in Mekong Countries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper explores poverty alleviation actions from multinational corporations (MNCs) in Laos and Thailand, in the form of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The key focus is given to the nature and types of CSR activities. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23935833" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper explores poverty alleviation actions from multinational corporations (MNCs) in Laos and Thailand, in the form of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The key focus is given to the nature and types of CSR activities. The researchers collected primary data from three MNCs in Laos and Thailand and secondary data from corporate resources. The results identify three emerging themes: (1) economic contribution and community participation, (2) community interactive relation strategy, and (3) capacity building in human rights. Data also supports that there are both similarities and differences in approaches by MNCs, roles they play, and challenges from the host countries in conducting poverty alleviation activities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23935833" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b6d33b054de303336eafc63ebf9f64f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44321997,"asset_id":23935833,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44321997/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42793" href="https://mahidol.academia.edu/NattavudPimpa">Nattavud Pimpa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42793" type="text/json">{"id":42793,"first_name":"Nattavud","last_name":"Pimpa","domain_name":"mahidol","page_name":"NattavudPimpa","display_name":"Nattavud Pimpa","profile_url":"https://mahidol.academia.edu/NattavudPimpa?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42793/13835/15259721/s65_nattavud.pimpa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23935833 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23935833"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23935833, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23935833", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23935833]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23935833").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23935833").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23935833"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2074" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business">International Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2074" type="text/json">{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5107" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholders">Stakeholders</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5107" type="text/json">{"id":5107,"name":"Stakeholders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholders?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23935833]'), work: {"id":23935833,"title":"Stakeholders and Community Development: Engaging Multinational Corporations in Poverty Alleviation in Mekong Countries Stakeholders and Community Development: Engaging Multinational Corporations in Poverty Alleviation in Mekong Countries","created_at":"2016-04-02T03:32:24.936-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23935833/Stakeholders_and_Community_Development_Engaging_Multinational_Corporations_in_Poverty_Alleviation_in_Mekong_Countries_Stakeholders_and_Community_Development_Engaging_Multinational_Corporations_in_Poverty_Alleviation_in_Mekong_Countries?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_23935833","summary":"This paper explores poverty alleviation actions from multinational corporations (MNCs) in Laos and Thailand, in the form of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The key focus is given to the nature and types of CSR activities. The researchers collected primary data from three MNCs in Laos and Thailand and secondary data from corporate resources. The results identify three emerging themes: (1) economic contribution and community participation, (2) community interactive relation strategy, and (3) capacity building in human rights. Data also supports that there are both similarities and differences in approaches by MNCs, roles they play, and challenges from the host countries in conducting poverty alleviation activities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44321997,"asset_id":23935833,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42793,"first_name":"Nattavud","last_name":"Pimpa","domain_name":"mahidol","page_name":"NattavudPimpa","display_name":"Nattavud Pimpa","profile_url":"https://mahidol.academia.edu/NattavudPimpa?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42793/13835/15259721/s65_nattavud.pimpa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":5107,"name":"Stakeholders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholders?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=8620"},{"id":18496,"name":"Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mining?f_ri=8620"},{"id":89505,"name":"Stakeholder Engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stakeholder_Engagement?f_ri=8620"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":892228,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility_CSR_?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2402090 coauthored" data-work_id="2402090" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2402090/Real_Social_Science_Applied_Phronesis">Real Social Science: Applied Phronesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Back cover text: Real Social Science presents a new, hands-on approach to social inquiry. The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2402090" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Back cover text: Real Social Science presents a new, hands-on approach to social inquiry. The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social sciences, and this volume gives readers for the first time a set of studies exemplifying what applied phronesis looks like in practice. The reflexive analysis of values and power gives new meaning to the impact of research on policy and practice. Real Social Science is a major step forward in a novel and thriving field of research. This book will benefit scholars, researchers, and students who want to make a difference in practice, not just in the academy. Its message will make it essential reading for students and academics across the social sciences.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2402090" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2473c53222b42ba4a9b0f200aa489c61" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31039794,"asset_id":2402090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31039794/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81790" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg">Bent Flyvbjerg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81790" type="text/json">{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-2402090">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-2402090"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://hunter-cuny.academia.edu/SanfordSchram">Sanford Schram</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-2402090'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-2402090').html(); 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The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social sciences, and this volume gives readers for the first time a set of studies exemplifying what applied phronesis looks like in practice. The reflexive analysis of values and power gives new meaning to the impact of research on policy and practice. Real Social Science is a major step forward in a novel and thriving field of research. This book will benefit scholars, researchers, and students who want to make a difference in practice, not just in the academy. Its message will make it essential reading for students and academics across the social sciences.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31039794,"asset_id":2402090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"},{"id":8339509,"first_name":"Sanford","last_name":"Schram","domain_name":"hunter-cuny","page_name":"SanfordSchram","display_name":"Sanford Schram","profile_url":"https://hunter-cuny.academia.edu/SanfordSchram?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8339509/8356174/9344404/s65_sanford.schram.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7,"name":"Screenwriting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Screenwriting?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":8,"name":"Critical 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8696573" data-work_id="8696573" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8696573/Christian_Science_Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Christian Science Monitor article about my work from September 13, 2013 by Debra Bruno.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8696573" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa 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itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4991359" href="https://knaw.academia.edu/JohnDLiu">John D. 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ETA is evolving partly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7937786" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Environmental Trends Analysis (ETA) is a set of tools and approaches used to assess changes in natural resources over time, and to evaluate the impacts of various management and policy regimes on natural resources. ETA is evolving partly as a result of the growth of the vast opportunities inherent in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and partly in reaction to experiences with GIS, specifically some problems connected with application of GIS at different societal scales, particularly in developing countries. ETA addresses situations in which inter-disciplinarity, cross-cultural validity, and cultural variation are important, as well as the vast complexity of Nature-Culture interactions. <br />The paper reports on the new USAID FRAME project on ETA, including its inter-disciplinary nature, objectives, goals and the emerging global community of practice. It also presents applications of ETA, especially to empower communities, as well as arguments for why and how ETA extends the reach, impact, and potential of GIS.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7937786" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6fed460193d5c63840bc21010171ed7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34415321,"asset_id":7937786,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34415321/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="280936" href="https://supras.academia.edu/Lars">Lars T Soeftestad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="280936" type="text/json">{"id":280936,"first_name":"Lars","last_name":"Soeftestad","domain_name":"supras","page_name":"Lars","display_name":"Lars T Soeftestad","profile_url":"https://supras.academia.edu/Lars?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/280936/63292/37134736/s65_lars.soeftestad.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7937786 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7937786"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7937786, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7937786", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7937786]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7937786").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7937786").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7937786"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2585" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development">International Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2585" type="text/json">{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies">Environmental Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3407" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3474" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development">Community Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3474" type="text/json">{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7937786]'), work: {"id":7937786,"title":"Environmental Trends Analysis (ETA): Tools for Poverty Alleviation","created_at":"2014-08-11T07:52:34.157-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7937786/Environmental_Trends_Analysis_ETA_Tools_for_Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_7937786","summary":"Environmental Trends Analysis (ETA) is a set of tools and approaches used to assess changes in natural resources over time, and to evaluate the impacts of various management and policy regimes on natural resources. ETA is evolving partly as a result of the growth of the vast opportunities inherent in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and partly in reaction to experiences with GIS, specifically some problems connected with application of GIS at different societal scales, particularly in developing countries. ETA addresses situations in which inter-disciplinarity, cross-cultural validity, and cultural variation are important, as well as the vast complexity of Nature-Culture interactions. \r\nThe paper reports on the new USAID FRAME project on ETA, including its inter-disciplinary nature, objectives, goals and the emerging global community of practice. It also presents applications of ETA, especially to empower communities, as well as arguments for why and how ETA extends the reach, impact, and potential of GIS. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34415321,"asset_id":7937786,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":280936,"first_name":"Lars","last_name":"Soeftestad","domain_name":"supras","page_name":"Lars","display_name":"Lars T Soeftestad","profile_url":"https://supras.academia.edu/Lars?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/280936/63292/37134736/s65_lars.soeftestad.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=8620"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620"},{"id":9787,"name":"Environmental Policy and Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Policy_and_Governance?f_ri=8620"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=8620"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=8620"},{"id":51396,"name":"Mauritania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mauritania?f_ri=8620"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=8620"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=8620"},{"id":202902,"name":"USAID","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USAID?f_ri=8620"},{"id":1009312,"name":"Geographic Information Systems (GIS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geographic_Information_Systems_GIS_?f_ri=8620"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43275198" data-work_id="43275198" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43275198/Poverty_Reduction_as_a_Panacea_for_Violence_free_Elections_in_Nigeria">Poverty Reduction as a Panacea for Violence-free Elections in Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In a systematic review, the researchers examined the role of poverty reduction as a panacea to the violence-free election in Nigeria. Post-election violence has a historical antecedent, in Nigeria beginning in 1965,1980 to date. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43275198" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In a systematic review, the researchers examined the role of poverty reduction as a panacea to the violence-free election in Nigeria. Post-election violence has a historical antecedent, in Nigeria beginning in 1965,1980 to date. The consequences of rising poverty and the failure of poverty reduction measures heightened political and social crisis. The study set to evaluate the relationship between poverty and electoral violence, and failure to improve the living standard of the people and democratize governance. The central argument of this paper centred on the premise that electoral violence has been nurtured fundamentally by poverty which consequently created an army of illiterates, unemployed and alienated majority that are susceptible to manipulation by opportunistic politicians. Using a systematic literature review method, the researcher evaluates relevant and related studies to arrive at the findings of this study. The theoretical underpinning of the present study argue that electoral violence is a reflection of the character of neo-colonial politics and the nature of the political class in control of the state. The researchers found that the main antidote to violence generally and electoral violence in particular is poverty reduction. The study the recommend that Alleviating poverty will ensure access to education and income which will give citizens stake in the Nigerian project. Additionally, Poverty reduction would minimize electoral vices such as rigging, thuggery, violence and intimidation. This is because there would be no poor, illiterate, unemployed and alienated voters to manipulate for the selfish interest of politicians.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43275198" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76a4c51f63c4eb9ce4bafa44879b3465" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63549358,"asset_id":43275198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63549358/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36678093" href="https://yobestateuniversity.academia.edu/IbrahimA">Ibrahim, A. A.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36678093" type="text/json">{"id":36678093,"first_name":"Ibrahim,","last_name":"A. A.","domain_name":"yobestateuniversity","page_name":"IbrahimA","display_name":"Ibrahim, A. A.","profile_url":"https://yobestateuniversity.academia.edu/IbrahimA?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36678093/10503661/11720406/s65_alhaji_ahmadu.ibrahim.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43275198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43275198"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43275198, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43275198", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43275198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43275198; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43275198"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43275198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43275198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43275198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43275198]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43275198").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43275198").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43275198"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43275198]'), work: {"id":43275198,"title":"Poverty Reduction as a Panacea for Violence-free Elections in Nigeria","created_at":"2020-06-06T16:09:23.455-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43275198/Poverty_Reduction_as_a_Panacea_for_Violence_free_Elections_in_Nigeria?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_43275198","summary":"In a systematic review, the researchers examined the role of poverty reduction as a panacea to the violence-free election in Nigeria. Post-election violence has a historical antecedent, in Nigeria beginning in 1965,1980 to date. The consequences of rising poverty and the failure of poverty reduction measures heightened political and social crisis. The study set to evaluate the relationship between poverty and electoral violence, and failure to improve the living standard of the people and democratize governance. The central argument of this paper centred on the premise that electoral violence has been nurtured fundamentally by poverty which consequently created an army of illiterates, unemployed and alienated majority that are susceptible to manipulation by opportunistic politicians. Using a systematic literature review method, the researcher evaluates relevant and related studies to arrive at the findings of this study. The theoretical underpinning of the present study argue that electoral violence is a reflection of the character of neo-colonial politics and the nature of the political class in control of the state. The researchers found that the main antidote to violence generally and electoral violence in particular is poverty reduction. The study the recommend that Alleviating poverty will ensure access to education and income which will give citizens stake in the Nigerian project. Additionally, Poverty reduction would minimize electoral vices such as rigging, thuggery, violence and intimidation. This is because there would be no poor, illiterate, unemployed and alienated voters to manipulate for the selfish interest of politicians.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63549358,"asset_id":43275198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36678093,"first_name":"Ibrahim,","last_name":"A. A.","domain_name":"yobestateuniversity","page_name":"IbrahimA","display_name":"Ibrahim, A. A.","profile_url":"https://yobestateuniversity.academia.edu/IbrahimA?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36678093/10503661/11720406/s65_alhaji_ahmadu.ibrahim.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26375900" data-work_id="26375900" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26375900/Broad_Based_Agricultural_Development_for_Poverty_Reduction_in_Upper_Egypt_The_Policies_and_Regulations_Impact">Broad-Based Agricultural Development for Poverty Reduction in Upper Egypt: The Policies and Regulations Impact</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26375900" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32228f744e793af85b9a1ab3a63d72be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46679181,"asset_id":26375900,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46679181/download_file?st=MTczMjg1ODUxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9841034" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MohamedZakiGomaa">Mohamed Zaki Gomaa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9841034" type="text/json">{"id":9841034,"first_name":"Mohamed Zaki","last_name":"Gomaa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MohamedZakiGomaa","display_name":"Mohamed Zaki Gomaa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MohamedZakiGomaa?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9841034/3067731/3607945/s65_mohamed_zaki.gomaa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26375900 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26375900 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26375900"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26375900; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26375900]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26375900").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26375900").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26375900"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2274" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2274" type="text/json">{"id":2274,"name":"Agribusiness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agribusiness?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7312" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Economics">Agricultural Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7312" type="text/json">{"id":7312,"name":"Agricultural Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Economics?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development">Rural Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7453" type="text/json">{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8620" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies">Poverty Reduction Strategies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8620" type="text/json">{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26375900]'), work: {"id":26375900,"title":"Broad-Based Agricultural Development for Poverty Reduction in Upper Egypt: The Policies and Regulations Impact","created_at":"2016-06-21T08:46:36.894-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26375900/Broad_Based_Agricultural_Development_for_Poverty_Reduction_in_Upper_Egypt_The_Policies_and_Regulations_Impact?f_ri=8620","dom_id":"work_26375900","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46679181,"asset_id":26375900,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9841034,"first_name":"Mohamed Zaki","last_name":"Gomaa","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MohamedZakiGomaa","display_name":"Mohamed Zaki Gomaa","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MohamedZakiGomaa?f_ri=8620","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9841034/3067731/3607945/s65_mohamed_zaki.gomaa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2274,"name":"Agribusiness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agribusiness?f_ri=8620","nofollow":false},{"id":7312,"name":"Agricultural 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