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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peptide-based subunit vaccine which immunizes an organism against a pathogen</div> <p><b>Peptide-based synthetic vaccines</b> (<b>epitope vaccines</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">subunit vaccines</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>. The peptides mimic the <a href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">epitopes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> that triggers direct or potent immune responses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peptide vaccines can not only induce protection against <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious</a> pathogens and non-infectious diseases but also be utilized as therapeutic <a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">cancer vaccines</a>, where peptides from <a href="/wiki/Tumor_associated_antigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor associated antigen">tumor-associated antigens</a> are used to induce an effective anti-tumor <a href="/wiki/T-cell_response" class="mw-redirect" title="T-cell response">T-cell response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> are the whole live or fixed pathogens. The second generation of vaccines is mainly the protein purified from the pathogen. The third generation of vaccines is the DNA or plasmid that can express the proteins of the pathogen. Peptide vaccines are the latest step in the evolution of vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared with the traditional vaccines such as the whole fixed pathogens or protein molecules, the peptide vaccines have several advantages and disadvantages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advantages: </p> <ul><li>The vaccines are fully synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a> and can be treated as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical entity">chemical entity</a>.</li> <li>With more advanced solid-phase <a href="/wiki/Peptide_synthesis" title="Peptide synthesis">peptide synthesis</a> (SPPS) using automation and microwave techniques, the production of peptides becomes more efficient.</li> <li>The vaccines do not have any biological contamination since they are chemically synthesized.</li> <li>The vaccines are water-soluble and can be kept stable under simple conditions.</li> <li>The peptides can be specially designed for specificity. A single peptide vaccine can be designed to have multiple epitopes to generate immune responses for several diseases.</li> <li>The vaccines only contain a short peptide chain, so they are less like to lead to <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> or auto-immune responses.</li></ul> <p>Disadvantages: </p> <ul><li>Poor immunogenicity.</li> <li>Unstable in cells.</li> <li>Lack of native <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">conformation</a>.</li> <li>Only effective for a limited population.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epitope_design">Epitope design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epitope design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The whole peptide vaccine is to mimic the epitope of an antigen, so epitope design is the most important stage of vaccine development and requires an accurate understanding of the amino acid sequence of the immunogenic protein interested. The designed epitope is expected to generate strong and long-period immuno-response against the pathogen. The followings are the points to consider when designing the epitope: </p> <ul><li>The non-dominant epitope could generate a stronger immune response than the dominant epitope. Ex. The antibodies from people infected by hookworm can recognize the dominant epitope of the antigen called <i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> APR-1 protein, but the antibodies can't induce protection against <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>. However, other non-dominant epitopes on APR-1 protein show the ability to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against hookworm. Therefore, the non-dominant epitopes are the better candidate for peptide vaccines against hookworm infection.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Take <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> into consideration. Ex. Some <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a>-inducing epitopes cause <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> reactions after <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> in humans due to the overlap with <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a> epitopes in the Na-ASP-2 protein which is an antigen from hookworm.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some short peptide epitopes need elongating to maintain the native conformation. The elongated sequences can include proper <a href="/wiki/Protein_secondary_structure" title="Protein secondary structure">secondary structure</a>. Also, some short peptides can be stabled or cyclized together to maintain the proper conformation. Ex. <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B-cell</a> epitopes could only have 5 amino acids. To induce an immune response, a sequence from yeast <a href="/wiki/Gcn4" title="Gcn4">GCN4</a> protein is used to improve the conformation of the peptide vaccines by forming <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha-helix</a>..<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">adjuvants</a> associated with the epitope to induce the immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr9b00472_0009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cr9b00472_0009.jpg/220px-Cr9b00472_0009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cr9b00472_0009.jpg/330px-Cr9b00472_0009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cr9b00472_0009.jpg/440px-Cr9b00472_0009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structures of peptide components of Alzheimer peptide vaccines (A) CAD106 and (B) ACI-35.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gp100 peptide vaccine is studied to treat <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>. To generate a greater <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro"><i>in</i> <i>vitro</i></a> CTL response, the peptide, gp100:209-217(210M), is modified and binds to HLA-A2*0201. After vaccination, more circulating <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a> can recognize and kill melanoma cancer cells <i>in vitro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindopepimut" title="Rindopepimut">Rindopepimut</a> is the epidermal <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor_receptor" title="Growth factor receptor">growth factor receptor</a> (EGFR)-derived peptide vaccine to treat <a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma" title="Glioblastoma">glioblastoma multiforme</a> (GBM). The 14-mer peptide is coupled with <a href="/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin" title="Keyhole limpet hemocyanin">keyhole limpet hemocyanin</a> (KLH), which can reduce the risk of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>E75, GP2, and AE37 are three different <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/<i>neu</i></a>-derived single-peptide vaccines to treat breast cancer. HER2/neu usually has low expression in healthy tissues. E75 consisting of 9 amino acids is the immunodominant epitope of the HER2 protein. GP2 consisting of 9 amino acids is the subdominant epitope. Both E75 and GP2 stimulate the <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">CD8+ lymphocytes</a> but GP2 has a lower affinity than E75. AE37 stimulates <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">CD4+ lymphocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_common_diseases">Other common diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other common diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a>, a peptide-based vaccine against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19</a>.</li> <li>IC41 is a peptide vaccine candidate against the <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">Hepatitis C virus</a>. It consists of five synthetic peptides along with the synthetic adjuvant called poly-l-arginine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multimeric-001 is the most efficient peptide vaccine candidate against <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>. It contains B- and T-cell epitopes from <a href="/wiki/Hemagglutinin" title="Hemagglutinin">Hemagglutinin</a>. Matrix I and <a href="/wiki/Nucleoprotein" title="Nucleoprotein">nucleoprotein</a> are combined into a single recombinantly-expressed polypeptide.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer</a> peptide vaccines: CAD106,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UB311,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu, AF20513,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABvac40,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACI-35,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AADvac-1.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkwarczynskiToth2016" class="citation journal cs1">Skwarczynski M, Toth I (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5529997">"Peptide-based synthetic vaccines"</a>. <i>Chemical Science</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 842–854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5SC03892H">10.1039/C5SC03892H</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5529997">5529997</a></span>. <a 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induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&oldid=1191698215">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peptide_vaccine&oldid=1191698215</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peptide_vaccines" title="Category:Peptide vaccines">Peptide vaccines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 December 2023, at 04:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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