CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Effects and aftermath of rape - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0e9b580e-cff8-443e-810f-68a1f5197a96","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape","wgTitle":"Effects and aftermath of rape","wgCurRevisionId":1249610184,"wgRevisionId":1249610184,"wgArticleId":5672733,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2018","Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2013","Wikipedia articles needing context from September 2016","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Rape"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape","wgRelevantArticleId":5672733,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5347294","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.19"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Effects and aftermath of rape - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape rootpage-Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Effects+and+aftermath+of+rape" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Effects+and+aftermath+of+rape" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Effects+and+aftermath+of+rape" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Effects+and+aftermath+of+rape" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Physical impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gynecological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gynecological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gynecological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gynecological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexually_transmitted_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sexually transmitted diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Psychological impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychological impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Immediate effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anxiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anxiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anxiety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anxiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypersexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypersexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hypersexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypersexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-traumatic stress disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-blame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-blame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Self-blame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-blame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_impact_on_men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_impact_on_men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Psychological impact on men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_impact_on_men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociological_impact_and_mistreatment_of_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociological_impact_and_mistreatment_of_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sociological impact and mistreatment of victims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociological_impact_and_mistreatment_of_victims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociological impact and mistreatment of victims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociological_impact_and_mistreatment_of_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_victimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_victimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Secondary victimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_victimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victim_blaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victim_blaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Victim blaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victim_blaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting_a_rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting_a_rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reporting a rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting_a_rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovering_from_a_rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovering_from_a_rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recovering from a rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovering_from_a_rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects and aftermath of rape</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="آثار وتداعيات الاغتصاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آثار وتداعيات الاغتصاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آثار و پیامدهای تجاوز جنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آثار و پیامدهای تجاوز جنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5347294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&oldid=1249610184" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&id=1249610184&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEffects_and_aftermath_of_rape"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEffects_and_aftermath_of_rape"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5347294" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Special:EditPage/Effects and aftermath of rape">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Talk:Effects and aftermath of rape">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Coverage plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-coverage" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may focus too much on one aspect of a topic</b> and thus damage the article's usefulness or even lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> in favor of certain viewpoints.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Talk:Effects and aftermath of rape">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Specific plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>focuses too much on specific examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">sources that evaluate within a broader context</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatic experience</a> that affects the victim (survivor) in a physical, psychological, and sociological way. Even though the <b>effects and aftermath of rape</b> differ among victims, individuals tend to suffer from similar issues found within these three categories. Long-term reactions may involve the development of <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping mechanisms</a> that will either benefit the victim, such as social support, or inhibit their recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking support and professional resources may assist the victim in numerous ways. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">Acquaintance rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_LGBT_persons" title="Sexual assault of LGBT persons">LGBT victims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-facilitated_sexual_assault" title="Drug-facilitated sexual assault">Drug-facilitated rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">Gang rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Genocidal rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_streaming_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming sexual abuse">Live streaming rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_chant" title="Rape chant">Rape chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unacknowledged_rape" title="Unacknowledged rape">Unacknowledged rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">Rape by deception</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Effects and motivations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Effects and aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors involved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_movement" title="Rape crisis movement">Rape crisis movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinstein_effect" title="Weinstein effect">Weinstein effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Afghanistan" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Belgium" title="Rape in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_China" title="Rape in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Finland" title="Sexual violence in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_France" title="Rape in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Germany" title="Rape in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Philippines" title="Rape in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Sweden" title="Rape in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">During conflicts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rape" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Italian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Imperial Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Occupation of Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">Congo Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Darfur_genocide" title="Rape during the Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Tigray_war" title="Sexual violence in the Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li>Israeli–Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">By Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">By Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape_laws_by_country" title="Marital rape laws by country">Marital rape laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_kit" title="Rape kit">Rape kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Sexual consent in law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">In Islamic law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_movement" title="Anti-rape movement">Anti-rape movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Sexual violence statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">Military sexual trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Preventive measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Rape of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_device" title="Anti-rape device">Anti-rape device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">Rape crisis centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">Rape myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge" title="Rape and revenge">Rape and revenge films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_schedule" title="Rape schedule">Rape schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_threat" title="Rape threat">Rape threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_trauma_therapy" title="Sexual trauma therapy">Sexual trauma therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <dl><dt>Portals</dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rape_sidebar" title="Template talk:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_impact">Physical impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gynecological">Gynecological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gynecological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common effects experienced by rape victims include:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding" title="Vaginal bleeding">Vaginal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">anal bleeding</a> or infection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a> or vaginal inflammation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a> – painful sexual intercourse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a> – a condition affecting a woman's ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration</li> <li>Chronic <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">pelvic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></div> <ul><li>Pregnancy may result from rape. The rate varies between settings and depends particularly on the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Non-barrier_contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-barrier contraceptives">non-barrier contraceptives</a> are being used.</li> <li>In 1982, <i><a href="/wiki/Fertility_and_Sterility" title="Fertility and Sterility">Fertility and Sterility</a></i>, the journal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Reproductive_Medicine" title="American Society for Reproductive Medicine">American Society for Reproductive Medicine</a>, reported that the risk of pregnancy from a rape is the same as the risk of pregnancy from a consensual sexual encounter, 2–4%.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1996 <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal study</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> of over 4000 women followed for three years found that the national rape related pregnancy rate was 5.0% per rape among victims aged 12–45 years, producing over 32,000 pregnancies nationally among women from rape each year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1991, a study in a maternity hospital in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> found that 90% of new mothers aged 12–16 had become pregnant from being raped, the majority by their father, stepfather or other close relative. An organization for teenage mothers in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> reported that 95% of its clients under the age of 15 had been victims of incest.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A study of adolescents in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> found that among those who reported being raped, 17% became pregnant after the rape,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a figure which is similar to the 15–18% reported by rape crisis centers in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Experience of coerced sex at an early age reduces a woman's ability to see her sexuality as something over which she has control. As a result, it is less likely that an adolescent girl who has been forced into sex will use <a href="/wiki/Condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoms">condoms</a> or other forms of contraception, increasing the likelihood that she will become pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewkes_2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewkes_2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A study of factors associated with teenage pregnancy in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, found that forced sexual initiation was the third most strongly related factor, after frequency of intercourse and use of modern contraceptives.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewkes_2001_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewkes_2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced sex can also result in unintended pregnancy among adult women. In India, a study of married men revealed that men who admitted forcing sex on their wives were 2.6 times more likely to have caused an unintended pregnancy than those who did not admit to such behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Any pregnancy resulting from an encounter with a stranger carries a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a>, the condition in which hypertension arises in pregnancy in association with significant amounts of protein in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, repeated exposure to the same partner's semen reduces the risk, through <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia#Research" title="Pre-eclampsia">induction of paternal tolerance</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexually_transmitted_diseases">Sexually transmitted diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sexually transmitted diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">Sexually transmitted disease</a></div> <p>Research on women in shelters has shown that women who experience both sexual and physical abuse from intimate partners are significantly more likely to have had sexually transmitted diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_impact">Psychological impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Psychological impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></div><p>Most rape survivors experience a stronger psychological impact in the initial period after their assault; however, many survivors may experience long-lasting psychological harm.<sup id="cite_ref-RESICK_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RESICK-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_effect">Immediate effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immediate effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Survivors of rape may often have anxiety and fear directly following their attack.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study on the reactions after rape by the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 96 percent of women said they were scared, shaking, or trembling a few hours after their attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilpatrick_658–669_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick_658–669-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After even more time passed, the previous symptoms decreased while the levels of depression, exhaustion, and restlessness increased.<sup id="cite_ref-RESICK_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RESICK-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety">Anxiety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anxiety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an attack, rape survivors experience heightened anxiety and fear. According to Dean G. Kilpatrick, a distinguished psychologist, survivors of rape have high levels of anxiety and phobia-related anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilpatrick_658–669_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick_658–669-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes and is not limited to the following: </p> <ul><li>Feelings of dread</li> <li>Feeling nervous</li> <li>Feeling tense or uneasy</li> <li>Having panic attacks</li> <li>Having an irrational response to certain stimuli</li> <li>Having avoidance and/or <a href="/wiki/Escape_response" title="Escape response">escape response</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hypersexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></div> <p>Some survivors of rape cope by attempting to have a lot of sex, even (or especially) in cases where they did not do this before the rape.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many survivors of rape have <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>. The National Victim Center and the Crime Victim's Research and Treatment Center released a report that found 31% of women who were raped develop PTSD at some point in their lives following their attack.<sup id="cite_ref-RESICK_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RESICK-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study estimated 3.8 million American women would have rape-related PTSD, and 1.3 million women have rape-induced PTSD.<sup id="cite_ref-RESICK_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RESICK-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study found that women who were raped were more depressed than women who were not. The study measured the level of depression using the <a href="/wiki/Beck_Depression_Inventory" title="Beck Depression Inventory">Beck Depression Inventory</a> test, and concluded that forty-five percent of the women assessed in the study were moderately or severely depressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilpatrick_658–669_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick_658–669-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-blame">Self-blame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Self-blame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Blame#Self-blame" title="Blame">Blame § Self-blame</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Self-blame" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-blame">Self-blame</a> is among the most common of both short- and long-term effects and functions as an avoidance <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping skill</a> that inhibits the healing process and can often be remedied by a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a> technique known as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">cognitive restructuring</a>. </p><p>There are two main types of self-blame: behavioral self-blame (undeserved blame based on actions) and characterological self-blame (undeserved blame based on character). Survivors who experience behavioral self-blame feel that they should have done something differently, and therefore feel at fault. Survivors who experience characterological self-blame feel there is something inherently wrong with them which has caused them to deserve to be assaulted. </p><p>A leading researcher on the psychological causes and effects of <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>, June Tangney, lists five ways shame can be destructive:<sup id="cite_ref-tagney_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>lack of motivation to seek care;</li> <li>lack of <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>;</li> <li>isolation;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>.</li></ul> <p>Tangney notes the link of shame and anger. "In day-to-day life, when people are shamed and angry they tend to be motivated to get back at a person and get revenge." </p><p>In addition, shame is connected to psychological problems – such as eating disorders, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders as well as problematic moral behavior. In one study over several years, shame-prone children were also prone to substance abuse, earlier sexual activity, less safe sexual activity, and involvement with the criminal justice system.<sup id="cite_ref-tagney_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behavioral self-blame is associated with feelings of <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> within the survivor. While the belief that one had control during the assault (past control) is associated with greater psychological distress, the belief that one has more control during the recovery process (present control) is associated with less distress, less withdrawal, and more cognitive reprocessing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This need for control stems from the just-world belief, which implies that people get what they deserve and the world has a certain order of things that individuals are able to control. This control reassures them that this event will not happen again.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Counseling responses found helpful in reducing self-blame are supportive responses, psychoeducational responses (learning about rape trauma syndrome) and those responses addressing the issue of blame.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A helpful type of therapy for self-blame is cognitive restructuring or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive reprocessing is the process of taking the facts and forming a logical conclusion from them that is less influenced by shame or guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most rape survivors cannot be reassured enough that what happened to them is "not their fault." This helps them fight through shame and feel safe, secure, and grieve in a healthy way. In most cases, a length of time, and often therapy, is necessary to allow the survivor and people close to the survivor to process and heal.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_impact_on_men">Psychological impact on men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Psychological impact on men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males#Effects" title="Rape of males">Rape of males § Effects</a></div> <p>In a study about the impacts of rape of males, distinguished scholars Jayne Walker, John Archer, and Michelle Davies found that after their attack, male survivors had long-term depression, anxiety, anger, confusion about their masculinity, confusion about their sexuality, and grief. Ninety-seven percent of men reported being depressed after their attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_69–80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as this, approximately ninety-three percent of men report feelings of anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_69–80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with depression, the most commonly reported reaction is anger. Ninety-five percent of male survivors reported having fantasies of revenge or retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_69–80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male survivors reported buying weapons to kill their assailants. Men also reported experiencing long-term crises with their sexual orientation and their masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_69–80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male victims of rape felt powerless because they believed they lost their male pride and dignity. Many men reported grieving the loss of self-respect and self-worth. Ninety percent of male survivors lost respect for themselves because of their assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_69–80-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide">Suicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Survivors of rape are more likely to attempt or commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association remains, even after controlling for sex, age, education, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and the presence of psychiatric disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experience of being raped can lead to suicidal behavior as early as adolescence. In Ethiopia, 6% of raped schoolgirls reported having attempted suicide. They also feel embarrassed to talk about what had happened to them.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of adolescents in Brazil found prior <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> to be a leading factor predicting several health risk behaviours, including suicidal thoughts and attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociological_impact_and_mistreatment_of_victims">Sociological impact and mistreatment of victims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sociological impact and mistreatment of victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></div> <p>After a sexual assault, victims are subjected to investigations and, in most cases, mistreatment. Victims undergo medical examinations and are interviewed by police. During the criminal trial, victims suffer a loss of privacy and their credibility may be challenged. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> victims may also experience secondary victimization and victim blaming including, <a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">slut-shaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>. During criminal proceedings, <a href="/wiki/Publication_ban" title="Publication ban">publication bans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rape_shield_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape shield laws">rape shield laws</a> operate to protect victims from excessive public scrutiny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_victimization">Secondary victimization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Secondary victimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rape is especially <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatizing</a> in cultures with strong customs and <a href="/wiki/Taboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboos">taboos</a> regarding sex and sexuality. For example, a rape victim (especially one who was previously a <a href="/wiki/Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin">virgin</a>) may be viewed by society as being "damaged." Victims in these cultures may suffer <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">isolation</a>, be disowned by friends and family, be prohibited from marrying, be divorced if already married, or even killed. This phenomenon is known as secondary <a href="/wiki/Victimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Victimization">victimization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While society targets secondary victimization mainly towards women, male victims can also feel shameful, or experience a loss of purity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary victimization is the re-traumatization of the sexual assault, abuse, or rape victim through the responses of individuals and institutions. Types of secondary victimization include victim blaming and inappropriate post-assault behavior or language by medical personnel or other organizations with which the victim has contact.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary victimization is especially common in cases of <a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">drug-facilitated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">acquaintance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victim_blaming">Victim blaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Victim blaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></div> <p>The term <i>victim blaming</i> refers to holding the victim of a crime to be responsible for that crime, either in whole or in part. In the context of rape, it refers to the attitude that certain victim behaviors (such as <a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">flirting</a> or wearing sexually provocative clothing) may have encouraged the assault. This can cause the victim to believe the crime was indeed their fault. Rapists are known to use victim blaming as their primary psychological disconnect from their crime(s) and in some cases it has led to their conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female rape victims receive more blame when they exhibit behavior which breaks the gender roles of society. Society uses this behavior as a justification for the rape. Similarly, blame placed on female rape victims often depends on the victim's attractiveness and respectability. While such behavior has no justified correlation to an attack, it can be used in victim blaming. A "rape supportive" society refers to when perpetrators are perceived as justified for raping.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male victims are more often blamed by society for their rape due to weakness or emasculation. The lack of support and community for male rape victims is furthered by the lack of attention given to sexual assaults of males by society.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proposed that one cause of victim blaming is the <i><a href="/wiki/Just_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just world hypothesis">just world hypothesis</a></i>. People who believe that the world is intrinsically fair may find it difficult or impossible to accept a situation in which a person is badly hurt for no reason. This leads to a sense that victims must have done something to deserve their fate. Another theory entails the psychological need to protect one's own sense of invulnerability, which can inspire people to believe that rape only happens to those who provoke the assault. Believers use this as a way to feel safer: If one avoids the behaviours of the past victims, one will be less vulnerable. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Forum_for_Health_Research" title="Global Forum for Health Research">Global Forum for Health Research</a> shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. </p><p>Victim blame can also be a result of popular media's use of sexual objectification. Sexual objectification is reducing an individual's existence to that of a sexual object. This involves dehumanization.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted in Britain found that women who are objectified based on the clothes that they wear and what the media says about them, the more likely they would be to experience victim-blame after a sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study that investigated a large group of college students to see medias contribution to sexual objectification and its effects on victim-blaming, found that the more a person is exposed to media content that sexualizes women's bodies the more likely they are to participate in rape blame.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been proposed by Roxane Agnew-Davies, a clinical psychologist and an expert on the effects of sexual violence, that victim-blaming correlates with fear. "It is not surprising when so many rape victims blame themselves. Female jurors can look at the woman in the witness stand and decide she has done something 'wrong' such as flirting or having a drink with the defendant. She can therefore reassure herself that rape won't happen to her as long as she does nothing similar."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a multitude of studies, heterosexual men are the most likely to participate in victim-blaming.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men tend to blame other men for their own sexual assaults. They also tend to blame individuals who do not adhere to gender norms, such as crossdressers, transgender men, and <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the countries in which victim blaming is more common are those in which there is a <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">significant social divide</a> between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reporting_a_rape">Reporting a rape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reporting a rape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some individuals have found that reporting their assault assisted them in their recovery process.<sup id="cite_ref-plannedparenthood.org_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plannedparenthood.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contacting their local police department, visiting a medical center, and/or calling the <a href="/wiki/Rape,_Abuse_%26_Incest_National_Network" title="Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network">National Sexual Assault Hotline</a> are several options that survivors may consider while seeking justice. </p><p>Even so, only a small percentage of survivors decide to report their rape.<sup id="cite_ref-PhD_582–587_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhD_582–587-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rape victims are less likely to report their sexual assault than simple assault victims. Between 2006 and 2010, it is estimated that 211,200 rapes or sexual assaults were unreported to police each year.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors that may influence a rape reporting decision include gender, age,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minority status, perceived outcomes, and social expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-PhD_582–587_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhD_582–587-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a rape in which the survivor knows the perpetrator is less likely to be reported than one committed by a stranger. The absence of physical injuries and involvement of drugs and/or alcohol also contributes to the decrease in reports.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, female rape victims are more likely to report their cases when they feel more victimized due to serious bodily injuries. Female rape victims are less likely to report cases in which the perpetrator is a relative or acquaintance. Male rape victims may be hesitant to report rapes due to the stigma surrounding male rape, which can cause humiliation or fear of emasculation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Survivors who do not decide to report their rape to law enforcement are still eligible to receive a sexual assault forensic exam, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Rape_kit" title="Rape kit">rape kit</a>. They are also still encouraged to seek support from their loved ones and/or a professional psychologist.<sup id="cite_ref-plannedparenthood.org_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plannedparenthood.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recovering_from_a_rape">Recovering from a rape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recovering from a rape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of recovering from a rape differentiates among survivors for their own individual reasons. The nature of the attack, how survivors choose to cope with their trauma, and social influences are a few of the many variables that impact the healing process.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, recovery generally consists of three main themes: reaching out, reframing the rape, and redefining the self. Professional treatment may be needed to help assist with properly accomplishing these three factors.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_processing_therapy" title="Cognitive processing therapy">Cognitive Processing Therapy</a> has been found to result in a decrease or remission of post trauma symptoms in survivors and to help them regain a sense of control.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its complexity, advancing through the healing process requires patience and persistence. In addition, meditation, yoga, exercise, rhythmic movement, and socialization may also provide elements of relief for survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, support groups provide individuals with an opportunity to connect with other survivors and serve as a constant reminder that they are not alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_paralysis" title="Rape paralysis">Rape paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thordis_Elva" title="Thordis Elva">Thordis Elva</a> – Rape victim who later collaborated with her assailant to author a book about the experience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdvocacy2018" class="citation web cs1">Advocacy (11 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcsap.org/help/about-sexual-assault/effects-sexual-assault">"The Effects of Sexual Assault"</a>. <i>www.wcsap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wcsap.org&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Sexual+Assault&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.au=Advocacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcsap.org%2Fhelp%2Fabout-sexual-assault%2Feffects-sexual-assault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbyCampbellSullivanDavidson_Ws1995" class="citation journal cs1">Eby, K; Campbell, JC; Sullivan, CM; Davidson Ws, 2nd (November–December 1995). "Health effects of experiences of sexual violence for women with abusive partners". <i><a href="/wiki/Health_Care_for_Women_International" title="Health Care for Women International">Health Care for Women International</a></i>. <b>16</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">563–</span>576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07399339509516210">10.1080/07399339509516210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8707690">8707690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Care+for+Women+International&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+experiences+of+sexual+violence+for+women+with+abusive+partners&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E563-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.date=1995-11%2F1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07399339509516210&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8707690&rft.aulast=Eby&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Campbell%2C+JC&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+CM&rft.au=Davidson+Ws%2C+2nd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollettCordleStewartJagger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Collett, BJ; Cordle, CJ; Stewart, CR; Jagger, C (1998). "A comparative study of women with chronic pelvic pain, chronic nonpelvic pain and those with no history of pain attending general practitioners". <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Obstetrics_and_Gynaecology" class="mw-redirect" title="British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology">British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</a></i>. <b>105</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.1998.tb09356.x">10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09356.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9442168">9442168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2660210">2660210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+of+women+with+chronic+pelvic+pain%2C+chronic+nonpelvic+pain+and+those+with+no+history+of+pain+attending+general+practitioners&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2660210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9442168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.1998.tb09356.x&rft.aulast=Collett&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft.au=Cordle%2C+CJ&rft.au=Stewart%2C+CR&rft.au=Jagger%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuzpeSmith,_R._Percival_and_Rademaker,_Alfred_W.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Yuzpe, A. Albert; Smith, R. Percival and Rademaker, Alfred W. (April 1982). "A Multicenter Clinical Investigation Employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as a Postcoital Contraceptive agent". <i>Fertility and Sterility</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">508–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0015-0282%2816%2946157-1">10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46157-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7040117">7040117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertility+and+Sterility&rft.atitle=A+Multicenter+Clinical+Investigation+Employing+ethinyl+estradiol+combined+with+dl-norgestrel+as+a+Postcoital+Contraceptive+agent&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E508-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0015-0282%2816%2946157-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7040117&rft.aulast=Yuzpe&rft.aufirst=A.+Albert&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.+Percival+and+Rademaker%2C+Alfred+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmesResnickKilpatrickBest1996" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, MM; Resnick, HS; Kilpatrick, DG; Best, CL (1996). "Rape-related pregnancy: estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women". <i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</i>. <b>175</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2896%2970141-2">10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70141-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8765248">8765248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Rape-related+pregnancy%3A+estimates+and+descriptive+characteristics+from+a+national+sample+of+women&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2896%2970141-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8765248&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Resnick%2C+HS&rft.au=Kilpatrick%2C+DG&rft.au=Best%2C+CL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, Laura L., ed. (1997). <i>Gender violence : interdisciplinary perspectives</i>. New York [u.a.]: New York Univ. Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814780411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814780411"><bdi>978-0814780411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+violence+%3A+interdisciplinary+perspectives&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=New+York+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0814780411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulugetaKassayeBerhane1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mulugeta, E; Kassaye, M; Berhane, Y. (1998). "Prevalence and outcomes of sexual violence among high school students". <i>Ethiopian Medical Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10214457">10214457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethiopian+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+outcomes+of+sexual+violence+among+high+school+students&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10214457&rft.aulast=Mulugeta&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Kassaye%2C+M&rft.au=Berhane%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evaluacio´n de proyecto para educacio´n, capacitacio´n y atencio´n a mujeres y menores de edad en materia de violencia sexual, enero a diciembre 1990. [An evaluation of a project to provide education, training and care for women and minors affected by sexual violence, January–December 1990.] Mexico City, Asociacio´n Mexicana contra la Violencia a las Mujeres, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpeta de informacio´n ba´sica para la atencio´n solidaria y feminista a mujeres violadas. [Basic information file for mutually supportive feminist care for women rape victims.] Mexico City, Centro do Apoyo a Mujeres Violadas, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewkes_2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewkes_2001_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewkes_2001_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewkesVunduleMaforahJordaan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jewkes, R; Vundule, C; Maforah, F; Jordaan, E (2001). "Relationship dynamics and teenage pregnancy in South Africa". <i>Social Science and Medicine</i>. <b>52</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0277-9536%2800%2900177-5">10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00177-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11218177">11218177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Relationship+dynamics+and+teenage+pregnancy+in+South+Africa.&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E733-%3C%2Fspan%3E744&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0277-9536%2800%2900177-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11218177&rft.aulast=Jewkes&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Vundule%2C+C&rft.au=Maforah%2C+F&rft.au=Jordaan%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyerFine1992" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, D; Fine, D. (1992). "Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy". <i>Family Planning Perspectives</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2135718">10.2307/2135718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2135718">2135718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1601126">1601126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Sexual+abuse+as+a+factor+in+adolescent+pregnancy&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1601126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2135718%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2135718&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Fine%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoosaTein,_Jenn-YunReinholtz,_CindyAngelini,_Patricia_Jo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Roosa, MW; et al. (1997). "The relationship of childhood sexual abuse to teenage pregnancy". <i>Journal of Marriage and the Family</i>. <b>59</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F353666">10.2307/353666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/353666">353666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.atitle=The+relationship+of+childhood+sexual+abuse+to+teenage+pregnancy&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F353666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F353666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roosa&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Tein%2C+Jenn-Yun&rft.au=Reinholtz%2C+Cindy&rft.au=Angelini%2C+Patricia+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStockBell,_Michelle_ABoyer,_Debra_KConnell,_Frederick_A1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stock, JL; et al. (1997). "Adolescent pregnancy and sexual risk taking among sexually abused girls". <i>Family Planning Perspectives</i>. <b>29</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">200–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2953395">10.2307/2953395</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953395">2953395</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9323495">9323495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Adolescent+pregnancy+and+sexual+risk+taking+among+sexually+abused+girls&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9323495&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2953395%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2953395&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Bell%2C+Michelle+A&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Debra+K&rft.au=Connell%2C+Frederick+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinKilgallenTsuiMaitra1999" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, SL; Kilgallen, B; <a href="/wiki/Amy_Tsui" title="Amy Tsui">Tsui, AO</a>; Maitra, K; Singh, KK; Kupper, LL (1999). "Sexual behaviour and reproductive health outcomes: associations with wife abuse in India". <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>282</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">1967–</span>1972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.282.20.1967">10.1001/jama.282.20.1967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10580466">10580466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Sexual+behaviour+and+reproductive+health+outcomes%3A+associations+with+wife+abuse+in+India&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1967-%3C%2Fspan%3E1972&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.282.20.1967&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10580466&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Kilgallen%2C+B&rft.au=Tsui%2C+AO&rft.au=Maitra%2C+K&rft.au=Singh%2C+KK&rft.au=Kupper%2C+LL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/preeclampsia/DS00583/DSECTION=risk-factors">Preeclampsia: Risk Factors</a>. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWingoodDiClementeRaj2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wingood, G; DiClemente, R; Raj, A. (2000). "Adverse consequences of intimate partner abuse among women in non-urban domestic violence shelters". <i>American Journal of Preventive Medicine</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">270–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2800%2900228-2">10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00228-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11064231">11064231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Preventive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Adverse+consequences+of+intimate+partner+abuse+among+women+in+non-urban+domestic+violence+shelters&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2800%2900228-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11064231&rft.aulast=Wingood&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=DiClemente%2C+R&rft.au=Raj%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RESICK-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RESICK_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RESICK_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RESICK_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RESICK_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRESICK2016" class="citation journal cs1">RESICK, PATRICIA A. (2 July 2016). "The Psychological Impact of Rape". <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088626093008002005">10.1177/088626093008002005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145390285">145390285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=The+Psychological+Impact+of+Rape&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F088626093008002005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145390285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=RESICK&rft.aufirst=PATRICIA+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Rape survivor: Post-traumatic stress responses and their treatment:: A review of the literature". <i>Journal of Anxiety Disorders</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>86. January 1987. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0887-6185%2887%2990024-7">10.1016/0887-6185(87)90024-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anxiety+Disorders&rft.atitle=Rape+survivor%3A+Post-traumatic+stress+responses+and+their+treatment%3A%3A+A+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0887-6185%2887%2990024-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilpatrick_658–669-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_658–669_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_658–669_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_658–669_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilpatrickVeronenResick1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Veronen, Lois J.; Resick, Patricia A. (October 1979). "The aftermath of rape: Recent empirical findings". <i>American Journal of Orthopsychiatry</i>. <b>49</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">658–</span>669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-0025.1979.tb02651.x">10.1111/j.1939-0025.1979.tb02651.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-0025">1939-0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/495705">495705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Orthopsychiatry&rft.atitle=The+aftermath+of+rape%3A+Recent+empirical+findings.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E658-%3C%2Fspan%3E669&rft.date=1979-10&rft.issn=1939-0025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F495705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1939-0025.1979.tb02651.x&rft.aulast=Kilpatrick&rft.aufirst=Dean+G.&rft.au=Veronen%2C+Lois+J.&rft.au=Resick%2C+Patricia+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Schwartz, M. Galperin, L. Masters, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Photocopy/153416NCJRS.pdf">Post-traumatic Stress, Sexual Trauma and Dissociative Disorder: Issues Related to Intimacy and Sexuality</a>. Section 1, Page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagney-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tagney_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tagney_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tangney, June Price and Dearing, Ronda L., Shame and Guilt, The Guilford Press, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57230-987-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57230-987-3">1-57230-987-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrazierMortensenSteward2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, Patricia A.; Mortensen, Heather; Steward, Jason (2005). "Coping Strategies as Mediators of the Relations Among Perceived Control and Distress in Sexual Assault Survivors". <i>Journal of Counseling Psychology</i>. <b>52</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0167.52.3.267">10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+Psychology&rft.atitle=Coping+Strategies+as+Mediators+of+the+Relations+Among+Perceived+Control+and+Distress+in+Sexual+Assault+Survivors&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-0167.52.3.267&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+Heather&rft.au=Steward%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVonderhaar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Vonderhaar, Rebecca (2014). "There are no 'innocent'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>10</b> (30): <span class="nowrap">1615–</span>1632.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=There+are+no+%27innocent%27&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1615-%3C%2Fspan%3E1632&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vonderhaar&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsushita-Arao, Yoshiko. (1997). Self-blame and depression among forcible rape survivors. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 57(9-B). pp. 5925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBranscombeWohlOwenAllison2003" class="citation journal cs1">Branscombe, Nyla; Wohl, Michael; Owen, Susan; Allison, Julie; N'gbala, Ahogni (2003). "Counterfactual Thinking, Blame Assignment, and Well-Being in Rape Victims". <i>Basic & Applied Social Psychology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15324834BASP2504_1">10.1207/S15324834BASP2504_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145540562">145540562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basic+%26+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Counterfactual+Thinking%2C+Blame+Assignment%2C+and+Well-Being+in+Rape+Victims&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15324834BASP2504_1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145540562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Branscombe&rft.aufirst=Nyla&rft.au=Wohl%2C+Michael&rft.au=Owen%2C+Susan&rft.au=Allison%2C+Julie&rft.au=N%27gbala%2C+Ahogni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUniuyo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Uniuyo, Nsasa (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16986421">"Rape as a social problem: causes, consequences and possible solutions"</a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rape+as+a+social+problem%3A+causes%2C+consequences+and+possible+solutions&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Uniuyo&rft.aufirst=Nsasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16986421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_69–80-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_69–80_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalkerArcherDavies2005" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Jayne; Archer, John; Davies, Michelle (1 February 2005). "Effects of Rape on Men: A Descriptive Analysis". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-005-1001-0">10.1007/s10508-005-1001-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2800">1573-2800</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772770">15772770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2097339">2097339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Rape+on+Men%3A+A+Descriptive+Analysis&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2005-02-01&rft.issn=1573-2800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2097339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15772770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-005-1001-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jayne&rft.au=Archer%2C+John&rft.au=Davies%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson_JR1996" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson JR; et al. (June 1996). "The association of sexual assault and attempted suicide within the community". <i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>. <b>53</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">550–</span>555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1996.01830060096013">10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830060096013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8639039">8639039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+association+of+sexual+assault+and+attempted+suicide+within+the+community&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E550-%3C%2Fspan%3E555&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1996.01830060096013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8639039&rft.au=Davidson+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLusterSmall1997" class="citation journal cs1">Luster T, Small SA (1997). "Sexual abuse history and problems in adolescence: exploring the effects of moderating variables". <i>Journal of Marriage and the Family</i>. <b>59</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F353667">10.2307/353667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/353667">353667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.atitle=Sexual+abuse+history+and+problems+in+adolescence%3A+exploring+the+effects+of+moderating+variables&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F353667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F353667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Luster&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Small%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley_J1997" class="citation journal cs1">McCauley J; et al. (1997). "Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse: unhealed wounds". <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>277</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">1362–</span>1368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.277.17.1362">10.1001/jama.277.17.1362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9134941">9134941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Clinical+characteristics+of+women+with+a+history+of+childhood+abuse%3A+unhealed+wounds&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1362-%3C%2Fspan%3E1368&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.277.17.1362&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9134941&rft.au=McCauley+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagy_S1994" class="citation journal cs1">Nagy S; et al. (1994). "A comparison of risky health behaviors of sexually active, sexually abused, and abstaining adolescents". <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>93</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8134211">8134211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+risky+health+behaviors+of+sexually+active%2C+sexually+abused%2C+and+abstaining+adolescents&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E570-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8134211&rft.au=Nagy+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomans_SE1995" class="citation journal cs1">Romans SE; et al. (September 1995). "Sexual abuse in childhood and deliberate self-harm". <i>American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>152</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1336–</span>1342. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.468.7957">10.1.1.468.7957</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.152.9.1336">10.1176/ajp.152.9.1336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7653690">7653690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Sexual+abuse+in+childhood+and+deliberate+self-harm&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1336-%3C%2Fspan%3E1342&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.468.7957%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7653690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.152.9.1336&rft.au=Romans+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiedermanSansoneSansone1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wiederman, MW; Sansone, RA; Sansone, LA. (1998). "History of trauma and attempted suicide among women in a primary care setting". <i>Violence and Victims</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0886-6708.13.1.3">10.1891/0886-6708.13.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9650241">9650241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21949128">21949128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+and+Victims&rft.atitle=History+of+trauma+and+attempted+suicide+among+women+in+a+primary+care+setting&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21949128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9650241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F0886-6708.13.1.3&rft.aulast=Wiederman&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Sansone%2C+RA&rft.au=Sansone%2C+LA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnteghini_MIrelandBlum2001" class="citation journal cs1">Anteghini M; et al. (2001). "Health risk behaviors and associated risk and protective factors among Brazilian adolescents in Santos, Brazil". <i>Journal of Adolescent Health</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">295–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1054-139X%2800%2900197-X">10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00197-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11287247">11287247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=Health+risk+behaviors+and+associated+risk+and+protective+factors+among+Brazilian+adolescents+in+Santos%2C+Brazil&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1054-139X%2800%2900197-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11287247&rft.au=Anteghini+M&rft.au=Ireland%2C+Marjorie&rft.au=Blum%2C+Robert+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030710065917/http://www.nycagainstrape.org/survivors_factsheet_49.html#6">"Alliance: Factsheets: Trauma of Victimization"</a>. <i>Nycagainstrape.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycagainstrape.org/survivors_factsheet_49.html#6">the original</a> on 10 July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nycagainstrape.org&rft.atitle=Alliance%3A+Factsheets%3A+Trauma+of+Victimization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycagainstrape.org%2Fsurvivors_factsheet_49.html%236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWakelinLong2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wakelin, Anna; Long, Karen M. (2003). "Effects of Victim Gender and Sexuality on Attributions of Blame to Rape Victims". <i>Sex Roles</i>. <b>49</b> (9/10): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1025876522024">10.1023/a:1025876522024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0025">0360-0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142722076">142722076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Victim+Gender+and+Sexuality+on+Attributions+of+Blame+to+Rape+Victims&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142722076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0360-0025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1025876522024&rft.aulast=Wakelin&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Long%2C+Karen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_R,_Raja_S.Raja1999" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell R, Raja S.; Raja (1999). "Secondary victimization of rape victims: insights from mental health professionals who treat survivors of violence". <i>Violence Vict</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0886-6708.14.3.261">10.1891/0886-6708.14.3.261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10606433">10606433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32496184">32496184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+Vict.&rft.atitle=Secondary+victimization+of+rape+victims%3A+insights+from+mental+health+professionals+who+treat+survivors+of+violence&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32496184%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10606433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F0886-6708.14.3.261&rft.au=Campbell+R%2C+Raja+S.&rft.au=Raja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravelinBiernatBucher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gravelin, Claire R.; Biernat, Monica; Bucher, Caroline E. (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348335">"Blaming the Victim of Acquaintance Rape: Individual, Situational, and Sociocultural Factors"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>9</b>: 2422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.02422">10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6348335">6348335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30719014">30719014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Blaming+the+Victim+of+Acquaintance+Rape%3A+Individual%2C+Situational%2C+and+Sociocultural+Factors&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=2422&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6348335%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30719014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.02422&rft.aulast=Gravelin&rft.aufirst=Claire+R.&rft.au=Biernat%2C+Monica&rft.au=Bucher%2C+Caroline+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6348335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1982" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Craig L (5 June 1982). "Males as Sexual Assault Victims". <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>. <b>7</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj082v07n02_15">10.1300/j082v07n02_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-8369">0091-8369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7050240">7050240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Males+as+Sexual+Assault+Victims&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1982-06-05&rft.issn=0091-8369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7050240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj082v07n02_15&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Craig+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaughnan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Laughnan, Steve (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/41540/3/Loughnan%20et%20al.%252C%202013.pdf">"Sexual Objectification Increases Rape Victim Blame and Decreases Perceived Suffering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (37): <span class="nowrap">455–</span>461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361684313485718">10.1177/0361684313485718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144175432">144175432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Women+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sexual+Objectification+Increases+Rape+Victim+Blame+and+Decreases+Perceived+Suffering&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0361684313485718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144175432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Laughnan&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F41540%2F3%2FLoughnan%2520et%2520al.%25252C%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaughnan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Laughnan, Steve (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/41540/3/Loughnan%20et%20al.%252C%202013.pdf">"Sexual Objectification Increases Rape Victim Blame and Decreases Perceived Suffering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (37): <span class="nowrap">455–</span>461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361684313485718">10.1177/0361684313485718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144175432">144175432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Women+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sexual+Objectification+Increases+Rape+Victim+Blame+and+Decreases+Perceived+Suffering&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0361684313485718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144175432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Laughnan&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F41540%2F3%2FLoughnan%2520et%2520al.%25252C%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bernard, Philippe (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/227820/3/Bernard_et_al_PPMC_2016.pdf">"From Bodies to Blame: Exposure to Sexually Objectifying Media Increases Tolerance Toward Sexual Harassment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology of Popular Media Culture</i>. <b>2</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fppm0000114">10.1037/ppm0000114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53543894">53543894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Popular+Media+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Bodies+to+Blame%3A+Exposure+to+Sexually+Objectifying+Media+Increases+Tolerance+Toward+Sexual+Harassment&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fppm0000114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53543894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdipot.ulb.ac.be%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2013%2F227820%2F3%2FBernard_et_al_PPMC_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emmainteractive.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27312&Itemid=3158">"EMMA – Most Londoners Believe Rape Victims are to Blame"</a>. Emmainteractive.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EMMA+%E2%80%93+Most+Londoners+Believe+Rape+Victims+are+to+Blame&rft.pub=Emmainteractive.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmainteractive.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D27312%26Itemid%3D3158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Michelle (2008). "Blame Toward Male Rape Victims in a Hypothetical Sexual Assault as a Function of Victim Sexuality and Degree of Resistance". <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>. <b>3</b> (55): <span class="nowrap">533–</span>544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00918360802345339">10.1080/00918360802345339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19042285">19042285</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28108572">28108572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Blame+Toward+Male+Rape+Victims+in+a+Hypothetical+Sexual+Assault+as+a+Function+of+Victim+Sexuality+and+Degree+of+Resistance&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28108572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19042285&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00918360802345339&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2011" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Michelle (2011). "Judgments Toward Male and Transgendered Victims in a Depicted Stranger Rape". <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>. <b>2</b> (58): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00918369.2011.540179">10.1080/00918369.2011.540179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21294027">21294027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22811020">22811020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Judgments+Toward+Male+and+Transgendered+Victims+in+a+Depicted+Stranger+Rape&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22811020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21294027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00918369.2011.540179&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plannedparenthood.org-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plannedparenthood.org_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plannedparenthood.org_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029140317/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sex-and-relationships/sexual-consent/what-should-i-do-if-i-or-someone-i-know-was-sexually-assaulted">"Getting Help For Someone Who Has Been Sexually Assaulted"</a>. <i>www.plannedparenthood.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/sex-and-relationships/sexual-consent/what-should-i-do-if-i-or-someone-i-know-was-sexually-assaulted">the original</a> on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.plannedparenthood.org&rft.atitle=Getting+Help+For+Someone+Who+Has+Been+Sexually+Assaulted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthood.org%2Flearn%2Fsex-and-relationships%2Fsexual-consent%2Fwhat-should-i-do-if-i-or-someone-i-know-was-sexually-assaulted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhD_582–587-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhD_582–587_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhD_582–587_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhDPhDPhDPhD2011" class="citation journal cs1">PhD, Kate B. Wolitzky-Taylor; PhD, Heidi S. Resnick; PhD, Ananda B. Amstadter; PhD, Jenna L. McCauley; PhD, Kenneth J. Ruggiero; PhD, Dean G. Kilpatrick (1 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3211043">"Reporting Rape in a National Sample of College Women"</a>. <i>Journal of American College Health</i>. <b>59</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">582–</span>587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07448481.2010.515634">10.1080/07448481.2010.515634</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0744-8481">0744-8481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3211043">3211043</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21823952">21823952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+College+Health&rft.atitle=Reporting+Rape+in+a+National+Sample+of+College+Women&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E582-%3C%2Fspan%3E587&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3211043%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0744-8481&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21823952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07448481.2010.515634&rft.aulast=PhD&rft.aufirst=Kate+B.+Wolitzky-Taylor&rft.au=PhD%2C+Heidi+S.+Resnick&rft.au=PhD%2C+Ananda+B.+Amstadter&rft.au=PhD%2C+Jenna+L.+McCauley&rft.au=PhD%2C+Kenneth+J.+Ruggiero&rft.au=PhD%2C+Dean+G.+Kilpatrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3211043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs; nearly 3.4 Million Violent Crimes Per Year Went Unreported to Police from 2006 to 2010". <i>Women's Health Law Weekly</i>. 26 August 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1033640522">1033640522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Health+Law+Weekly&rft.atitle=U.S.+Department+of+Justice+-+Office+of+Justice+Programs%3B+nearly+3.4+Million+Violent+Crimes+Per+Year+Went+Unreported+to+Police+from+2006+to+2010&rft.date=2012-08-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinoMeier1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pino, Nathan W.; Meier, Robert F. (1 June 1999). "Gender Differences in Rape Reporting". <i>Sex Roles</i>. <b>40</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">979–</span>990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1018837524712">10.1023/A:1018837524712</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2762">1573-2762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142124774">142124774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Gender+Differences+in+Rape+Reporting&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E979-%3C%2Fspan%3E990&rft.date=1999-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142124774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-2762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1018837524712&rft.aulast=Pino&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.au=Meier%2C+Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-25627-001">"PsycNET"</a>. <i>psycnet.apa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psycnet.apa.org&rft.atitle=PsycNET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F1985-25627-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinoMeier1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pino, Nathan W.; Meier, Robert F. (1999). "Gender Differences in Rape Reporting". <i>Sex Roles</i>. <b>40</b> (11/12): <span class="nowrap">979–</span>990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1018837524712">10.1023/a:1018837524712</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0025">0360-0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142124774">142124774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Gender+Differences+in+Rape+Reporting&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=11%2F12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E979-%3C%2Fspan%3E990&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142124774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0360-0025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1018837524712&rft.aulast=Pino&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.au=Meier%2C+Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFResickSchnicke1993" class="citation book cs1">Resick, Patricia A.; Schnicke, Monica (2 June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vp7vedC3Y4C&q=treatment+of+rape+victims&pg=PP11"><i>Cognitive Processing Therapy for Rape Victims: A Treatment Manual</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803949027" title="Special:BookSources/9780803949027"><bdi>9780803949027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Processing+Therapy+for+Rape+Victims%3A+A+Treatment+Manual&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1993-06-02&rft.isbn=9780803949027&rft.aulast=Resick&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft.au=Schnicke%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vp7vedC3Y4C%26q%3Dtreatment%2Bof%2Brape%2Bvictims%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_E._Smith2001" class="citation journal cs1">Marilyn E. Smith, Lillian M. Kelly (1 January 2001). "The Journey of Recovery After a Rape Experience". <i>Issues in Mental Health Nursing</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01612840118791">10.1080/01612840118791</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2840">0161-2840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11885153">11885153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218897107">218897107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=The+Journey+of+Recovery+After+a+Rape+Experience&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.issn=0161-2840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218897107%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11885153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01612840118791&rft.aulast=Marilyn+E.+Smith&rft.aufirst=Lillian+M.+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFOAROTHBAUMSTEKETEE1993" class="citation journal cs1">FOA, EDNA B.; ROTHBAUM, BARBARA OLASOV; STEKETEE, GAIL S. (1 June 1993). "Treatment of Rape Victims". <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">256–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088626093008002006">10.1177/088626093008002006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-2605">0886-2605</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145483145">145483145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Rape+Victims&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1993-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145483145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0886-2605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F088626093008002006&rft.aulast=FOA&rft.aufirst=EDNA+B.&rft.au=ROTHBAUM%2C+BARBARA+OLASOV&rft.au=STEKETEE%2C+GAIL+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonAccomando1999" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson; Accomando, C. (1999). "Madcap Misogyny and Romanticized Victim-Blaming: Discourses of Stalking in There's Something About Mary". <i>Women & Language</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+%26+Language&rft.atitle=Madcap+Misogyny+and+Romanticized+Victim-Blaming%3A+Discourses+of+Stalking+in+There%27s+Something+About+Mary&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Anderson&rft.au=Accomando%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlumbergLester1991" class="citation journal cs1">Blumberg, M.; Lester, D. (1991). "High school and college students' attitudes toward rape". <i>Adolescence</i>. <b>26</b> (103): <span class="nowrap">727–</span>729. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1962554">1962554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adolescence&rft.atitle=High+school+and+college+students%27+attitudes+toward+rape&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=103&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E727-%3C%2Fspan%3E729&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1962554&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Lester%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBranscombeWohlOwenAllison2003" class="citation journal cs1">Branscombe, Nyla R.; Wohl, Michael J. A.; Owen, Susan; Allison, Julie A.; N'gbala, Ahogni (2003). "Counterfactual Thinking, Blame Assignment, and Well-Being in Rape Victims". <i>Basic & Applied Social Psychology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15324834BASP2504_1">10.1207/S15324834BASP2504_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145540562">145540562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basic+%26+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Counterfactual+Thinking%2C+Blame+Assignment%2C+and+Well-Being+in+Rape+Victims&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15324834BASP2504_1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145540562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Branscombe&rft.aufirst=Nyla+R.&rft.au=Wohl%2C+Michael+J.+A.&rft.au=Owen%2C+Susan&rft.au=Allison%2C+Julie+A.&rft.au=N%27gbala%2C+Ahogni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrazierMortensenSteward2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, Patricia A.; Mortensen, Heather; Steward, Jason (2005). "Coping Strategies as Mediators of the Relations Among Perceived Control and Distress in Sexual Assault Survivors". <i>Journal of Counseling Psychology</i>. <b>52</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0167.52.3.267">10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+Psychology&rft.atitle=Coping+Strategies+as+Mediators+of+the+Relations+Among+Perceived+Control+and+Distress+in+Sexual+Assault+Survivors&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-0167.52.3.267&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+Heather&rft.au=Steward%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreseMoyaMegius2004" class="citation journal cs1">Frese, B.; Moya, M.; Megius, J. L. (2004). "Social Perception of Rape: How Rape Myth Acceptance Modulates the Influence of Situational Factors". <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260503260245">10.1177/0886260503260245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15005999">15005999</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5592397">5592397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=Social+Perception+of+Rape%3A+How+Rape+Myth+Acceptance+Modulates+the+Influence+of+Situational+Factors&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5592397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15005999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886260503260245&rft.aulast=Frese&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Moya%2C+M.&rft.au=Megius%2C+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKayJostYoung2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kay, Aaron C.; Jost, John T.; Young, Sean (2005). "Victim Derogation and Victim Enhancement as Alternate Routes to System Justification". <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">240–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0956-7976.2005.00810.x">10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00810.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15733206">15733206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6901336">6901336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Victim+Derogation+and+Victim+Enhancement+as+Alternate+Routes+to+System+Justification&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6901336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15733206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0956-7976.2005.00810.x&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Aaron+C.&rft.au=Jost%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Young%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Lamb" title="Sharon Lamb">Lamb, Sharon</a> (1999). <i>The trouble with blame: victims, perpetrators, and responsibility</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts London: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429906326" title="Special:BookSources/9781429906326"><bdi>9781429906326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+trouble+with+blame%3A+victims%2C+perpetrators%2C+and+responsibility&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+London&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781429906326&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Madigan, L. and Gamble, N. (1991). <i>The Second Rape: Society's Continued Betrayal of the Victim.</i> New York: Lexington Books.</li> <li>Matsushita-Arao, Yoshiko. (1997). "Self-blame and depression among forcible rape survivors." <i><a href="/wiki/Dissertation_Abstracts_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation Abstracts International">Dissertation Abstracts International</a>: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.</i> 57(9-B). pp. 5925.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurraySpadaforeMcIntosh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, JD; Spadafore, JA; McIntosh, WD. (2005). "Belief in a just world and social perception: evidence for automatic activation". <i>J Soc Psychol</i>. <b>145</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FSOCP.145.1.35-48">10.3200/SOCP.145.1.35-48</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15739777">15739777</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43893357">43893357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Soc+Psychol&rft.atitle=Belief+in+a+just+world+and+social+perception%3A+evidence+for+automatic+activation&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43893357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15739777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3200%2FSOCP.145.1.35-48&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Spadafore%2C+JA&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+WD.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pauwels, B. (2002). "Blaming the victim of rape: The culpable control model perspective." <i><a href="/wiki/Dissertation_Abstracts_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation Abstracts International">Dissertation Abstracts International</a>: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering,</i> 63(5-B)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurtDemello2002" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, DL; Demello, LR (2002). "Attribution of rape blame as a function of victim gender and sexuality, and perceived similarity to the victim". <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ082v43n02_03">10.1300/J082v43n02_03</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12739697">12739697</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20193081">20193081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=Attribution+of+rape+blame+as+a+function+of+victim+gender+and+sexuality%2C+and+perceived+similarity+to+the+victim.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20193081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12739697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ082v43n02_03&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Demello%2C+LR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tangney, June Price and Dearing, Ronda L., <i>Shame and Guilt,</i> The Guilford Press, 2002</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhatley2005" class="citation journal cs1">Whatley, Mark A. (2005). "The effect of participant sex, victim dress, and traditional attitudes on causal judgments for marital rape victims". <i>Journal of Family Violence</i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10896-005-3655-8">10.1007/s10896-005-3655-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32910757">32910757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Violence&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+participant+sex%2C+victim+dress%2C+and+traditional+attitudes+on+causal+judgments+for+marital+rape+victims&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10896-005-3655-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32910757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whatley&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+and+aftermath+of+rape" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/chap6.pdf">World Health Organization</a> WHO report on sexual violence<sup>[from 2002]</sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_abuse187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_abuse" title="Template:Sexual abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_abuse" title="Template talk:Sexual abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_abuse187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Child exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_in_primary_and_secondary_schools" title="Sexual abuse in primary and secondary schools">in primary and secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">Money marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_proxy" title="Rape by proxy">By proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">Sexual grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education" title="Sexual harassment in education">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">in education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">in the military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological<br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes of sexual violence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Effects and aftermath of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Laws regarding child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws regarding rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse" title="False allegation of child sexual abuse">False allegation of child sexual abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&oldid=1249610184">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&oldid=1249610184</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rape" title="Category:Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2018">Use dmy dates from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_viewpoints_from_June_2013" title="Category:Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2013">Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_context_from_September_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing context from September 2016">Wikipedia articles needing context from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 October 2024, at 21:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects and aftermath of rape</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-657b46f875-6jhqf","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.844","walltime":"1.006","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4272,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":185516,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6341,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":244099,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 870.996 1 -total"," 48.59% 423.259 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.99% 304.759 49 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.77% 102.492 1 Template:Rape"," 11.38% 99.094 1 Template:Sidebar"," 11.13% 96.905 5 Template:Cite_web"," 10.70% 93.211 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.16% 71.087 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 7.19% 62.666 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.84% 42.161 2 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.572","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7198900,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-657b46f875-v9z9x","timestamp":"20250308162653","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Effects and aftermath of rape","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5347294","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5347294","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-06-22T23:11:22Z","dateModified":"2024-10-05T21:05:29Z","headline":"overview about the effects and aftermath of rape"}</script> </body> </html>