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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rape during the Vietnam War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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rape">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">Acquaintance rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_LGBT_persons" title="Sexual assault of LGBT persons">LGBT victims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-facilitated_sexual_assault" title="Drug-facilitated sexual assault">Drug-facilitated rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">Gang rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Genocidal rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_streaming_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming sexual abuse">Live streaming rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_chant" title="Rape chant">Rape chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unacknowledged_rape" title="Unacknowledged rape">Unacknowledged rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">Rape by deception</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Effects and motivations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors involved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_movement" title="Rape crisis movement">Rape crisis movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinstein_effect" title="Weinstein effect">Weinstein effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Afghanistan" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Belgium" title="Rape in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_China" title="Rape in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Finland" title="Sexual violence in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_France" title="Rape in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Germany" title="Rape in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Philippines" title="Rape in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Sweden" title="Rape in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">During conflicts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rape" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Italian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Imperial Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Occupation of Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">Congo Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Darfur_genocide" title="Rape during the Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Tigray_war" title="Sexual violence in the Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li>Israeli–Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">By Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">By Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape_laws_by_country" title="Marital rape laws by country">Marital rape laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_kit" title="Rape kit">Rape kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Sexual consent in law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">In Islamic law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_movement" title="Anti-rape movement">Anti-rape movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Sexual violence statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">Military sexual trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Preventive measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Rape of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_device" title="Anti-rape device">Anti-rape device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">Rape crisis centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">Rape myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge" title="Rape and revenge">Rape and revenge films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_schedule" title="Rape schedule">Rape schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_threat" title="Rape threat">Rape threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_trauma_therapy" title="Sexual trauma therapy">Sexual trauma therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <dl><dt>Portals</dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rape_sidebar" title="Template talk:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Lai_massacre_woman_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/My_Lai_massacre_woman_and_children.jpg/170px-My_Lai_massacre_woman_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/My_Lai_massacre_woman_and_children.jpg/255px-My_Lai_massacre_woman_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/My_Lai_massacre_woman_and_children.jpg/340px-My_Lai_massacre_woman_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Photograph taken by Ronald L. Haeberle of South Vietnamese women and children in Mỹ Lai before being killed in the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Haeberle, soldiers had attempted to rip the blouse off the woman in the back while her mother, in the front of the photo, tried to protect her.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a>, among other acts of <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime sexual violence</a>, was frequently committed against female Vietnamese civilians during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. It was an aspect of the various human rights abuses perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">South Korea</a>, as well as by local Vietnamese combatants. According to American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Jean_Wood" title="Elisabeth Jean Wood">Elisabeth Jean Wood</a>, the sexual violation of women by American military personnel was tolerated by their commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> American professor Gina Marie Weaver stated that not only were documented crimes against Vietnamese women by American soldiers ignored during the international legal discourse that occurred immediately after the conflict, but modern feminists and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">anti-war rape campaigners</a>, as well as historians, have continued to dismiss them.<sup id="cite_ref-thesis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some American veterans<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (April 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that sexual violence against Vietnamese women was motivated by "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">sexism</a>, or a combination of both" as a result of the strong social reform movements that were roiling the United States in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one source,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> only 25 cases of rape from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and 16 cases of rape from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> resulted in court-martial convictions involving Vietnamese victims between 1965 and 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The issue of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">pregnancies resulting from rapes</a> has had a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations#Vietnam_War" title="South Korea–Vietnam relations">South Korea–Vietnam relations</a>: these people, conceived through the rape of Vietnamese women by South Korean soldiers, continue to be subjected to discriminatory treatment by the Vietnamese government, while their presence in South Korea is unacknowledged by the South Korean government.<sup id="cite_ref-laidaihanjustice.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laidaihanjustice.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ey3media_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ey3media-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lidington_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lidington-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vietnam, the term "<a href="/wiki/Lai_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0n" title="Lai Đại Hàn">Lai Đại Hàn</a>" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[laːi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɗâˀi<span class="wrap"> </span>hâːn]</a></span>) refers to a person beget by a Vietnamese mother and a South Korean father during the Vietnam War. The extent of these relationships' <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">sexual consent</a> is still debated;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nagoshi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagoshi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one Japanese study determined that over half of Lai Đại Hàn births had resulted from rape.<sup id="cite_ref-kameyama_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kameyama-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_American_personnel">By American personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By American personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. soldiers</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> engaged in various sexual interactions, including consensual sex, prostitution, and rape. Mixing consenting sexual activity and rape may also be viewed as the outcome of indifference toward a nation at war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 181">: 181 </span></sup> According to Gregory A. Daddis, certain <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> drill instructors assured recruits that they could rape Vietnamese women, which Daddis partially attributed to "Orientalist" beliefs that portrayed Asian women as "creatures of a male power fantasy."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 180">: 180 </span></sup> Men's adventure magazines contributed to a culture that accepted sexual aggressiveness and violence towards Vietnamese women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Gina Marie Weaver, the primary sources are rich in accounts of violence, including testimony provided in open hearings held during the war, court cases, military investigations, oral reports gathered for publishing both during and long after the war, and literary works, such as poems, novels, and memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Sexual mistreatment of the Vietnamese women during the Vietnam war has been witnessed by numerous U.S. veterans and other eyewitnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Kerry Crawford, rape of Vietnamese women was a "normal operating procedure",<sup id="cite_ref-WSV_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 194">: 194 </span></sup> and brothels were built inside military installations to maintain morale and discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-WSV_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSV-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> Approximately 100 recruits who were interviewed in <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a>, Vietnam, had little to say about the war's greater difficulties since "the men’s personal concerns were mostly sexual."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> Many U.S. servicemen sought local women in hopes of filling the void created by the frustrating war in Vietnam. According to Daddis, military leaders were likely aware of this, as one deployed officer noted that his in-processing briefings covered topics ranging "from the current Viet Cong infrastructure to the common <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">venereal diseases</a> in Vietnam."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> A U.S. soldier in Vietnam reportedly said:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They are in all-male environment...There are women available. Those women are of another culture, another colour, another society...You've got an <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M-16</a>. What do you need to pay a lady for? You go down to the village and you take what you want.</p></blockquote> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Soldier_Investigation" title="Winter Soldier Investigation">Winter Soldier Investigation</a>, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Against_the_War" title="Vietnam Veterans Against the War">Vietnam Veterans Against the War</a> (VVAW), some of the testimonies of Vietnam veterans included the rape and murder of Vietnamese women,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some being tortured and sexually mutilated.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mark Baker, who interviewed Vietnam veterans for his book, one became a "double veteran" by "having sex with a woman and then killing her."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One marine recalled an incident where a Vietnamese girl was <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang-raped</a> by members of his unit, with the final perpetrator shooting the victim in the head. In a similar incident, a soldier observed that the female victim "freely submitted" to rape to avoid death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 181">: 181 </span></sup> At a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, a nurse was killed after being raped by seven marines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his controversial study <i>The Perfect War: The War We Couldn't Lose and How We did</i>, James William Gibson contends that raping women was a means by which some soldiers could demonstrate their power over Vietnamese women. According to Gibson, U.S. soldiers would rape Vietnamese girls, then kill them in horrific ways, including allegedly making their "stomachs explode" by sticking "hand flares" inside their vaginas.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosecutions_and_notable_cases">Prosecutions and notable cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prosecutions and notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one source, only 25 cases of rape committed by army soldiers and 16 by marines involving Vietnamese victims from 1965 to 1973 resulted in court-martial convictions. Daddis argues that the low number of complaints and convictions reported by the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">UCMJ</a>, the only service that keeps track of its war crimes cases, demonstrates the faults in the UCMJ system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 195">: 195 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Incident_on_Hill_192" title="Incident on Hill 192">incident on Hill 192</a> refers to the kidnapping, <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a>, and murder of Phan Thi Mao, a young Vietnamese woman<sup id="cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> by an American squad during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a><sup id="cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> on 19 November 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The woman was raped by the soldiers, after which she was stabbed and shot in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredric_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredric-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All soldiers involved <a href="/wiki/Incident_on_Hill_192#Aftermath" title="Incident on Hill 192">faced court sentences</a> and were also dishonorably discharged from the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mỹ Lai massacre">Mỹ Lai massacre</a> is another infamous incident where<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost 20 Vietnamese women and girls, some as young as 13, were raped by the U.S. troops.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202">: 202 </span></sup> </p><p>In August 1967, a 13-year-old Vietnamese girl was raped by an American MI interrogator of the 196th Infantry Brigade<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while interrogating her as a suspected <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">VC</a> member. A general court martial tried the soldier, and he was given a dishonorable discharge and 20 years in prison with hard labor. However, his sentence was reduced to one year upon appeal. In total, he was incarcerated for only seven months and 16 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 196">: 196 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Daddis, the UCMJ system discriminated against Vietnamese rights in favor of American rights. The court system did not protect local women or listen to their stories. For example, military officials detained a 20-year-old Vietnamese woman who later alleged that 10 American soldiers raped her while she was jailed. The woman could only identify two of her rapists when questioned by investigators. Later, she stated that "she was not sure," and the case was swiftly dismissed due to a lack of sufficient evidence to support her assertions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 195">: 195 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_South_Korean_personnel">By South Korean personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By South Korean personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers served while fighting in the Vietnam War, with each typically serving a one-year tour of duty.<sup id="cite_ref-Donga_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donga-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximum troop levels peaked at 50,000 in 1968, with all being withdrawn by 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Koh_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koh-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapes of Vietnamese women by South Korean military personnel occurred throughout the conflict, some of which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">forced pregnancies</a>. According to Kim Nak-yeong, who was a staff sergeant at Bình Khê in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Định Province">Bình Định Province</a>, South Vietnam, from May 1971 to June 1972, "Some of the units didn't cause any problems because they were strictly instructed not to harm civilians. However, I heard a lot of talk about brutal sexual assaults taking place throughout the operation zones, and my understanding is that there's a definite possibility it was true." The same article from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a></i> in April 2015 also reported quotes from the interviews of ten elderly Vietnamese women who said they were victims of sexual assaults perpetrated by the South Korean military during the Vietnam War in Bình Định Province. One stated, "Four people took turns doing it to me one at a time." Another was quoted as saying, "They'd put one person at a time in the trench, keep me there all day and night and just rape me again and again".<sup id="cite_ref-Koh_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koh-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2016, it was reported that the head of the Vietnam Veterans' Association of Korea was representing 831 plaintiffs in a defamation lawsuit against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Su-jeong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Su-jeong (page does not exist)">Ku Su-jeong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Su-jeong" class="extiw" title="vi:Ku Su-jeong">vi</a>]</span> for her 2014 interview in the Japanese newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Bungeishunj%C5%AB" title="Bungeishunjū">Shūkan Bunshun</a></i> and 2016 interview in <i>The Hankyoreh</i>, as well as her statements in a video.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They said that Ku's statements of about the actions of the South Korean military during the Vietnam War were all "falsehoods and forgeries", that the victims were just "Viet Cong disguised as civilians", and that "no sexual violence occurred".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lai_Đại_Hàn"><span id="Lai_.C4.90.E1.BA.A1i_H.C3.A0n"></span>Lai Đại Hàn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lai Đại Hàn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lai_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0n" title="Lai Đại Hàn">Lai Đại Hàn</a></div> <p>In Vietnamese, "Lai Dai Han" is a derogatory epithet that means "mixed blood." The Vietnamese-Korean children contend their lives have been wrecked by shame in a culture that has not recognized them or their mothers' sexual abuse. Many are illiterate as a result of being denied an education, and they have limited access to healthcare and social services.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact number of Lai Dai Han is unknown. According to <a href="/wiki/Busan_Ilbo" title="Busan Ilbo">Busan Ilbo</a>, there are at least 5,000 and as many as 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-busan040918_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-busan040918-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Maeil Business, however, there are 1,000 at least.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1998 paper which was cited in a 2015 paper said that the South Korean government put the number of Lai Dai Han at 1,500.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lai Dai Han community continues to face <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> due to their mixed ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-laidaihanjustice.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laidaihanjustice.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported that many cannot read or write, with most not having access to basic health or education services.<sup id="cite_ref-ey3media_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ey3media-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to living with "<a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigma</a>, shame and <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>", the community also faces acute poverty as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-lidington_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lidington-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 27 March 2020, article in <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> details some testimonies of the women of the Lai Dai Han community, who reported that their children "have faced a lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> and discrimination, mocked for being Lai Dai Han".<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One rape victim's father was beaten to death by Vietnamese government personnel shortly after the war ended. Both the Korean and Vietnamese governments have sidelined or ignored the issue, and requests by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a> to make a documentary were turned down by the Vietnamese government.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Korea has never recognized allegations of sexual assault by its forces against Vietnamese women and girls (some as young as 12 years old) or the children conceived as a result. Justice for Lai Dai Han (JLDH) is a campaign group that is seeking recognition from South Korea for both the children born as a consequence of rape by Korean troops and their mothers. According to JLDH, tens of thousands of children were born as a consequence of rape by Korean troops, with roughly 800 mothers still living today.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnamese women raped by South Korean personnel during the war continue to seek reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind20170913_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind20170913-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 October 2015, a petition with close to 29,000 signatures asked South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> for a formal apology from the South Korean government for the systematic rape and sexual assault perpetrated by South Korean soldiers during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Petition_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petition-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a>, winner of the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, the Lai Dai Han have long been marginalized in Vietnamese society. She went on by saying that as we collaborate to seek justice, the victims and their families deserve to be acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2019, British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> asked the United Nations Human Rights Council to launch a comprehensive inquiry into sexual abuse during the Vietnam War, and has urged South Korea "to confront a murky period in its past."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_commentary">Academic commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Gina Marie Weaver in her book <i>Ideologies of Forgetting Rape in the Vietnam War</i>, the role of rape in the Vietnam War has been omitted from the narratives<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> and the impact of war on women has altered considerably because war in the twentieth and twenty-first century has evolved into total war.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaver argues that the United States' replacing of the national conversation about the war onto "the medical and psychological issues of the Vietnam veteran" has suppressed the traumas experienced by "the truest victims of the Vietnam war—Vietnamese civilians, namely, women." Weaver argues that by acknowledging the atrocities committed by the U.S. soldiers in Vietnam, the American's ability to view the veteran as a victim would be "mitigated" or possibly "destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Weaver stated that not only were documented crimes against Vietnamese women by United States military personnel ignored in the international legal discourse immediately after the war, but modern feminists and other anti-war rape campaigners, as well as historians, have continued to dismiss them.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Daddis, gang rapes were common throughout the war, allegedly because United States military personnel implemented a "systematic, purposeful command policy of violence" against the Vietnamese people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 194
Quotation: "Some critics have suggested that gang rapes were a “horrifyingly common occurrence” during the war, in part because American soldiers and marines carried out a systematic, deliberate command policy of violence against the Vietnamese population."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">194</span> </sup> Numerous personnel viewed both consensual sex and forced rape as time-honored results of the battle, either as "just rewards" or as "collateral damage."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Gina Marie Weaver, the primary sources are rich in accounts of violence, including testimony provided in open hearings held during the war, court cases, military investigations, oral reports gathered for publishing both during and long after the war, and literary works, such as poems, novels, and memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Additionally, Weaver argues that American discourse around the Vietnam War has largely encompassed only American experiences and the cost to America. There are primary sources from Vietnamese women on their sexual abuse, but due to the nature of the abuse, it is harder to talk about due to its "deeply private nature".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaver concludes that "true healing" occurs when the public listens to the victims of the war, and become involved in the recovery of Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_in_media">Prevalence in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prevalence in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Mark Heberle, despite the fact that the violence of war is typically depicted in its entirety, with violent battles and atrocities done by all sides, rape and sexual violence are frequently avoided and in some cases purposefully omitted from the majority of films.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 52">: 52 </span></sup> Although veterans have long given testimony to such crimes, Hollywood war productions have altered or omitted veteran accounts in such a way as to deny their existence or imply that they were the work of deviants instead of typical soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-thesis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Korea, analyses of these works which problematize contentious Vietnam War recollections show "aesthetic, ethical, and political" restrictions and opportunities for depicting memories of sexual abuse and (un)conditional apologies during wartime in visual art.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Incident_on_Hill_192" title="Incident on Hill 192">Incident on Hill 192</a> is covered in a book by Daniel Lang.<sup id="cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> The 1970 film <i><a href="/wiki/O.k._(film)" title="O.k. (film)">o.k.</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Verhoeven" title="Michael Verhoeven">Michael Verhoeven</a> was based on the same incident. The 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_War" title="Casualties of War">Casualties of War</a></i> was based on Lang's book and directed by <a href="/wiki/Brian_De_Palma" title="Brian De Palma">Brian De Palma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Palma's film contains scenes that do not appear in Lang's account of the incident. These sequences include a scene in which the men witness the death of their favorite friend at the hands of VC forces and a scene in which it is implied that these soldiers would not have planned to kidnap and rape a Vietnamese girl if they were permitted to vent their "anger, aggression, and sexual needs on prostitutes".<sup id="cite_ref-:52_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> Furthermore, Peter Conolly-Smith argues that through using a bystander as the viewer of the sexual violence, the film absolves itself of responsibility, allowing a graphic reenactment of the act. This leads to the conclusion that sexual violence in combat films prospers through a "confirmation (however critically it may be articulated) of American hegemony" that is achieved through the domination and subjugation of people, and particularly women, of colour.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her memoir <i><a href="/wiki/When_Heaven_and_Earth_Changed_Places" title="When Heaven and Earth Changed Places">When Heaven and Earth Changed Places</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Ly_Hayslip" title="Le Ly Hayslip">Le Ly Hayslip</a> wrote about her experience of being raped by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> soldiers when she was fourteen years old.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1993 <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_%26_Earth_(1993_film)" title="Heaven & Earth (1993 film)">Heaven & Earth</a></i> was based on her memoir. The books <i>Between Heaven and Earth</i> by Le Ly Hayslip and <i>Then the Americans Came</i> by Martha Hess are said by Elisabeth Wood to provide a voice to women who were sexually abused during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>In the book <i>Against Our Will</i> by Brownmiller, her chapter on war offers a thirty-page investigation of the sexual exploitation of women in Vietnam, citing information that has come to light since 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/RDAR-Vol-IIIBook6/RDAR-Vol-IIIBook6.pdf">"Report of the Department of Army review of the preliminary investigations into the Mỹ Lai incident. Volume III, Exhibits, Book 6 – Photographs, 14 March 1970"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Department+of+Army+review+of+the+preliminary+investigations+into+the+M%E1%BB%B9+Lai+incident.+Volume+III%2C+Exhibits%2C+Book+6+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BPhotographs%2C+14+March+1970&rft.pages=50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fservice%2Fll%2Fllmlp%2FRDAR-Vol-IIIBook6%2FRDAR-Vol-IIIBook6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/RDAR-Vol-IIBook11/RDAR-Vol-IIBook11.pdf">"Report of the Department of Army review of the preliminary investigations into the Mỹ Lai incident. Volume II, Exhibits, Book 11 – Testimony, 14 March 1970"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. p. 18. <q>Haeberle: they started stripping her, taking her top off, and the mother, if that was her mother, was trying to protect her. The GI's were punching her around and one of them kicked her in the ass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Department+of+Army+review+of+the+preliminary+investigations+into+the+M%E1%BB%B9+Lai+incident.+Volume+II%2C+Exhibits%2C+Book+11+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BTestimony%2C+14+March+1970&rft.pages=18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fservice%2Fll%2Fllmlp%2FRDAR-Vol-IIBook11%2FRDAR-Vol-IIBook11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Elisabeth Jean (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032329218773710">"Rape as a Practice of War: Toward a Typology of Political Violence"</a>. <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">513–</span>537. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329218773710">10.1177/0032329218773710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158990694">158990694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Rape+as+a+Practice+of+War%3A+Toward+a+Typology+of+Political+Violence&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E537&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329218773710&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158990694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329218773710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestLevineHiltz2015" class="citation book cs1">West, Philip; Levine, Steven I.; Hiltz, Jackie (3 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhTICQAAQBAJ&q=korea+rape+vietnam"><i>United States and Asia at War: A Cultural Approach: A Cultural Approach</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45293-5"><bdi>978-1-317-45293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+and+Asia+at+War%3A+A+Cultural+Approach%3A+A+Cultural+Approach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45293-5&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rft.au=Hiltz%2C+Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhTICQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkorea%2Brape%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2012" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Gina Marie (1 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWWbvD5kvSIC"><i>Ideologies of Forgetting: Rape in the Vietnam War</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3000-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-3000-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideologies+of+Forgetting%3A+Rape+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3000-3&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Gina+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWWbvD5kvSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thesis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Weaver, Gina Marie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/20667"><i>Ideologies of forgetting: American erasure of women's sexual trauma in the Vietnam War</i></a> (Thesis). Rice University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1911%2F20667">1911/20667</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ideologies+of+forgetting%3A+American+erasure+of+women%27s+sexual+trauma+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.inst=Rice+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1911%2F20667&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Gina+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.rice.edu%2Fhandle%2F1911%2F20667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laidaihanjustice.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laidaihanjustice.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laidaihanjustice.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFey3media2018" class="citation web cs1">ey3media (21 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laidaihanjustice.org/2018/08/vietnams-skewed-sense-of-social-justice/">"Vietnam's Skewed Sense of Social Justice"</a>. <i>Justice for Lai Dai Han</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice+for+Lai+Dai+Han&rft.atitle=Vietnam%27s+Skewed+Sense+of+Social+Justice&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.au=ey3media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laidaihanjustice.org%2F2018%2F08%2Fvietnams-skewed-sense-of-social-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/vietnam-war-women-seek-justice-mothers-raped-south-korean-soldiers-war-untold-stories-a7940846.html">"The Vietnamese women whose mothers were raped in wartime seek justice for a lifetime of pain and prejudice"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Vietnamese+women+whose+mothers+were+raped+in+wartime+seek+justice+for+a+lifetime+of+pain+and+prejudice&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fvietnam-war-women-seek-justice-mothers-raped-south-korean-soldiers-war-untold-stories-a7940846.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ey3media-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ey3media_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ey3media_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFey3media2018" class="citation web cs1">ey3media (21 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laidaihanjustice.org/2018/08/the-invisible-struggle-of-the-refugees-translated/">"The invisible struggle of the refugees [Translated]"</a>. <i>Justice for Lai Dai Han</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice+for+Lai+Dai+Han&rft.atitle=The+invisible+struggle+of+the+refugees+%5BTranslated%5D&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.au=ey3media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laidaihanjustice.org%2F2018%2F08%2Fthe-invisible-struggle-of-the-refugees-translated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lidington-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lidington_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lidington_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/sexual-violence-rape-conflict-women-girls-isis-colomnia-south-korea-a9574871.html">"Sir David Lidington: In 2020, sexual violence is still being used as a weapon of war"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Lidington%3A+In+2020%2C+sexual+violence+is+still+being+used+as+a+weapon+of+war&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fsexual-violence-rape-conflict-women-girls-isis-colomnia-south-korea-a9574871.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/news/extra/lhrjrs9z9a/vietnam-1968">"1968 – the year that haunts hundreds of women"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1968+%E2%80%93+the+year+that+haunts+hundreds+of+women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fextra%2Flhrjrs9z9a%2Fvietnam-1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lai-daihan.com/vietnam-war-rape-survivors-demand-justice-from-south-korea/,%20http://lai-daihan.com/vietnam-war-rape-survivors-demand-justice-from-south-korea/">"Vietnam War Rape Survivors Demand Justice from South Korea – Bringing Justice to the Lai Dai Han"</a>. 10 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+War+Rape+Survivors+Demand+Justice+from+South+Korea+%E2%80%93+Bringing+Justice+to+the+Lai+Dai+Han&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flai-daihan.com%2Fvietnam-war-rape-survivors-demand-justice-from-south-korea%2F%2C%2520http%3A%2F%2Flai-daihan.com%2Fvietnam-war-rape-survivors-demand-justice-from-south-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagoshi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nagoshi_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%8C%E8%8D%92%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:名越二荒之助">jp:名越二荒之助</a> 『日韓2000年の真実』〜ベトナムの方がのべる韓国の残虐行為〜、2002年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kameyama-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kameyama_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Kameyama, <i>Betonamu Sensou, Saigon Souru, Toukyou [Vietnam War, Saigon, Seoul, Tokyo]</i>, <a href="/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwanami Shoten Publishing">Iwanami Shoten Publishing</a>, 1972, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaddis2020" class="citation book cs1">Daddis, Gregory A. (22 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtX7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Pulp Vietnam: War and Gender in Cold War Men's Adventure Magazines</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49350-5"><bdi>978-1-108-49350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulp+Vietnam%3A+War+and+Gender+in+Cold+War+Men%27s+Adventure+Magazines&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49350-5&rft.aulast=Daddis&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtX7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSV-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSV_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSV_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2017" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Kerry F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUowDwAAQBAJ"><i>Wartime Sexual Violence: From Silence to Condemnation of a Weapon of War</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-466-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-466-6"><bdi>978-1-62616-466-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wartime+Sexual+Violence%3A+From+Silence+to+Condemnation+of+a+Weapon+of+War&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62616-466-6&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Kerry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUowDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRotmanSavulis2003" class="citation book cs1">Rotman, Deborah L.; Savulis, Ellen-Rose (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMiLpCIAad8C&pg=PA66"><i>Shared Spaces and Divided Places: Material Dimensions of Gender Relations and the American Historical Landscape</i></a>. Univ. of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-234-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-234-8"><bdi>978-1-57233-234-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Spaces+and+Divided+Places%3A+Material+Dimensions+of+Gender+Relations+and+the+American+Historical+Landscape&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57233-234-8&rft.aulast=Rotman&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rft.au=Savulis%2C+Ellen-Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcMiLpCIAad8C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2003" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Joshua S. (17 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXs_LS5g57MC&pg=PA346"><i>War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00180-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00180-9"><bdi>978-0-521-00180-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Gender%3A+How+Gender+Shapes+the+War+System+and+Vice+Versa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00180-9&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Joshua+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXs_LS5g57MC%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVuic2017" class="citation book cs1">Vuic, Kara Dixon (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qf0wDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge History of Gender, War, and the U.S. Military</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44908-9"><bdi>978-1-317-44908-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Gender%2C+War%2C+and+the+U.S.+Military&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44908-9&rft.aulast=Vuic&rft.aufirst=Kara+Dixon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqf0wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker1983" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/namvietnamwarinw00bake"><i>Nam: The Vietnam War in the Words of the Men and Women Who Fought There</i></a> (1st ed.). New York City: Berkley Books. pp. 187, 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425060001" title="Special:BookSources/9780425060001"><bdi>9780425060001</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span> – via Open Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nam%3A+The+Vietnam+War+in+the+Words+of+the+Men+and+Women+Who+Fought+There&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=187%2C+298&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780425060001&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnamvietnamwarinw00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2013" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVqqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA689"><i>Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-926-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-926-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-926-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocities%2C+Massacres%2C+and+War+Crimes%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-926-4&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVqqAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCottrell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cottrell, Robert C. (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jaer/22/3/article-p179_2.xml">"Introduction: Sex and Saigon: Gendered Perspectives on the Vietnam War"</a>. <i>Journal of American-East Asian Relations</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18765610-02203002">10.1163/18765610-02203002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-3947">1058-3947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American-East+Asian+Relations&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Sex+and+Saigon%3A+Gendered+Perspectives+on+the+Vietnam+War&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18765610-02203002&rft.issn=1058-3947&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjaer%2F22%2F3%2Farticle-p179_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fitzpatrick-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1989" class="citation news cs1">Fitzpatrick, Tom (30 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219183701/https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/there-is-yet-more-to-casualties-of-war-6445590">"There is yet more to <i>Casualties of War</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_New_Times" title="Phoenix New Times">Phoenix New Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1989-08-30/news/there-is-yet-more-to-casualties-of-war/1">the original</a> on 19 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+New+Times&rft.atitle=There+is+yet+more+to+Casualties+of+War&rft.date=1989-08-30&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixnewtimes.com%2F1989-08-30%2Fnews%2Fthere-is-yet-more-to-casualties-of-war%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredric-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fredric_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorch_(III)2003" class="citation book cs1">Borch (III), Frederic L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ6cSXTpDAMC"><i>Judge Advocates in Vietnam: Army Lawyers in Southeast Asia, 1959–1975</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-1064-5"><bdi>978-1-4289-1064-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judge+Advocates+in+Vietnam%3A+Army+Lawyers+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+1959%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-1064-5&rft.aulast=Borch+%28III%29&rft.aufirst=Frederic+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ6cSXTpDAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheiss" class="citation magazine cs1">Theiss, Evelyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/longform/my-lai-massacre-ron-haeberle-photographs/">"Behind the Photos That Showed the World What Really Happened at My Lai"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Photos+That+Showed+the+World+What+Really+Happened+at+My+Lai&rft.aulast=Theiss&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Flongform%2Fmy-lai-massacre-ron-haeberle-photographs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurse" class="citation web cs1">Turse, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/1802">"The Vietnam War Crimes You Never Heard Of"</a>. <i>Columbian College of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbian+College+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Vietnam+War+Crimes+You+Never+Heard+Of&rft.aulast=Turse&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F1802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donga-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donga_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?n=200807020125">"1965년 전투병 베트남 파병 의결"</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Donga_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Donga Ilbo">Donga Ilbo</a>. 2 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1965%EB%85%84+%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC%EB%B3%91+%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8+%ED%8C%8C%EB%B3%91+%EC%9D%98%EA%B2%B0&rft.pub=Donga+Ilbo&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donga.com%2Ffbin%2Foutput%3Fn%3D200807020125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koh-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koh_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koh_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoh,_Kyoung-tae2015" class="citation news cs1">Koh, Kyoung-tae (25 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/688435.html">"Vietnamese war victims speak of sexual violence by S. Korean troops for the first time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+war+victims+speak+of+sexual+violence+by+S.+Korean+troops+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft.au=Koh%2C+Kyoung-tae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_international%2F688435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahn, Young-choon. (2016). [News analysis] South Korea coming to confront Vietnam War civilian massacres. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/767928.html">link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jan/19/women-raped-by-korean-soldiers-during-vietnam-war-still-awaiting-apology">"Women raped by Korean soldiers during Vietnam war still awaiting apology"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Women+raped+by+Korean+soldiers+during+Vietnam+war+still+awaiting+apology&rft.date=2019-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2019%2Fjan%2F19%2Fwomen-raped-by-korean-soldiers-during-vietnam-war-still-awaiting-apology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-busan040918-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-busan040918_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050301162450/http://www.busanilbo.com/news2000/html/2004/0918/051G20040918.1009094544.html">"<i>조흥국교수의 동남아 들여다보기 <17> 라이따이한 문제</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Busan_Ilbo" title="Busan Ilbo">Busan Ilbo</a>. 18 September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.busanilbo.com/news2000/html/2004/0918/051G20040918.1009094544.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%A1%B0%ED%9D%A5%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98+%EB%8F%99%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84+%EB%93%A4%EC%97%AC%EB%8B%A4%EB%B3%B4%EA%B8%B0+%3C17%3E+%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%9C+%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C&rft.pub=Busan+Ilbo&rft.date=2004-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.busanilbo.com%2Fnews2000%2Fhtml%2F2004%2F0918%2F051G20040918.1009094544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=009&aid=0000397113">"<i>베트남에 대한 5가지 오해 </i>"</a>. Maeil Business. 5 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8%EC%97%90+%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C+5%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80+%EC%98%A4%ED%95%B4+&rft.pub=Maeil+Business&rft.date=2004-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fmain%2Fread.nhn%3Fmode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D101%26oid%3D009%26aid%3D0000397113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moon, Katharine H.S. (2015). South Korea's Demographic Changes and their Political Impact. Center for East Asia Policy Studies at Brookings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/South-Koreas-demographic-changes-and-their-political-impact.pdf">link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ind20170913-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ind20170913_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHendry2017" class="citation web cs1">Hendry, Sharon (13 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/vietnam-war-women-seek-justice-mothers-raped-south-korean-soldiers-war-untold-stories-a7940846.html">"Vietnamese women raped in wartime seek justice for a lifetime of pain and prejudice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+women+raped+in+wartime+seek+justice+for+a+lifetime+of+pain+and+prejudice&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.aulast=Hendry&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fvietnam-war-women-seek-justice-mothers-raped-south-korean-soldiers-war-untold-stories-a7940846.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petition-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petition_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Voices of Vietnam Delivers 29,000 Petition Signatures to Korean Embassy Demanding Apology from President Park. (2015). Voices of Vietnam. Retrieved 15 November 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietnamvoices.org/voices-of-vietnam-delivers-28000-petition-signatures-to-korean-embassy-demanding-apology-from-president-park/">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919095038/http://vietnamvoices.org/voices-of-vietnam-delivers-28000-petition-signatures-to-korean-embassy-demanding-apology-from-president-park/">Archived</a> 19 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuason, Czarelli. (2015). Republican Norm Coleman Calls For South Korean President Park Geun Hye To 'Publicly Apologize' To Raped Women During The War in Vietnam. Korea Portal. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/2214/20151027/vietnam-war-rape-public-apology.htm">link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2010" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Gina Marie (2010). <i>Ideologies of Forgetting : Rape in the Vietnam War</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideologies+of+Forgetting+%3A+Rape+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Albany%3A+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Gina+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2010" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Gina Marie (2010). <i>Ideologies of Forgetting : Rape in the Vietnam War</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideologies+of+Forgetting+%3A+Rape+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Albany%3A+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Gina+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeberle2009" class="citation book cs1">Heberle, Mark (14 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9ymBgAAQBAJ"><i>Thirty Years After: New Essays on Vietnam War Literature, Film and Art</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0367-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-0367-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirty+Years+After%3A+New+Essays+on+Vietnam+War+Literature%2C+Film+and+Art&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-0367-0&rft.aulast=Heberle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9ymBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKwon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kwon, Vicki Sung-yeon (3 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1852176">"Contested Memories, Precarious Apology: The Vietnam War in Contemporary Korean Art"</a>. <i>Asian Studies Review</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">415–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2020.1852176">10.1080/10357823.2020.1852176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1035-7823">1035-7823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230565960">230565960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Contested+Memories%2C+Precarious+Apology%3A+The+Vietnam+War+in+Contemporary+Korean+Art&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=2022-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230565960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1035-7823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357823.2020.1852176&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=Vicki+Sung-yeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10357823.2020.1852176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeesey2015" class="citation book cs1">Keesey, Douglas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jp86"><i>Brian De Palma's Split-Screen: A Life in Film</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628466973" title="Special:BookSources/9781628466973"><bdi>9781628466973</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jp86">j.ctt155jp86</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brian+De+Palma%27s+Split-Screen%3A+A+Life+in+Film&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt155jp86%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781628466973&rft.aulast=Keesey&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt155jp86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConolly-Smith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Conolly-Smith, Peter (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/0729247313Z.00000000025">"Race-ing Rape: Representations of Sexual Violence in American Combat Films"</a>. <i>War & Society</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0729247313Z.00000000025">10.1179/0729247313Z.00000000025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0729-2473">0729-2473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153942385">153942385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Race-ing+Rape%3A+Representations+of+Sexual+Violence+in+American+Combat+Films&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153942385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0729-2473&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F0729247313Z.00000000025&rft.aulast=Conolly-Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1179%2F0729247313Z.00000000025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_K._Shipler1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Shipler" title="David K. Shipler">David K. Shipler</a> (31 December 1989). "A Child's Tour of Duty". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Child%27s+Tour+of+Duty&rft.date=1989-12-31&rft.au=David+K.+Shipler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+during+the+Vietnam+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_War416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_War" title="Template talk:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_War416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Outline of the Vietnam War">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Việt Minh / PAVN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">ARVN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_participation_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="International participation in the Vietnam War">International participants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Thailand in the Vietnam War">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Vietnam_relations" title="Philippines–South Vietnam relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Republic of China in the Vietnam War">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Vietnamese migration of 1954–55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1962</b>: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">Independence Palace bombing</a></li> <li><b>1963</b>: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">Coup against Diem</a></li> <li><b>1964</b>: <a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">Coup against Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="December 1964 South Vietnamese coup">December coup</a></li> <li><b>1965</b>: <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969">U.S. escalation / "Americanization"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">1965 South Vietnamese coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Bombing of North Vietnam</a></li> <li><b>1966</b>: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">Buddhist Uprising</a></li> <li><b>1968</b>: <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Battle of Huế">Hue</a>)</li> <li><b>1970</b>: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><b>1971</b>: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">ARVN campaign in Laos</a></li> <li><b>1972</b>: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Christmas bombings</a></li> <li><b>1973</b>: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li><b>1974</b>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">Battle of Phước Long</a></li> <li><b>1975</b>: <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">1975 spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_Chi_tunnels" title="Củ Chi tunnels">Củ Chi tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mines_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Land mines in the Vietnam War">Land mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_prisoners_of_war_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States prisoners of war during the Vietnam War">United States prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">War crimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Massacre at Huế">Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_S%C6%A1n_massacre" title="Đắk Sơn massacre">Đắk Sơn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Impacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_body_count_controversy" title="Vietnam War body count controversy">Body count controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Agent_Orange_in_Vietnam" title="Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam">Impact of Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Environmental impact of the Vietnam War">Environmental impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">Vietnamese boat people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Normalization of US–Vietnam relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">United States news media</a></li> <li>In popular culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam War in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_War_games" title="List of Vietnam War games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of songs about the Vietnam War">Songs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">CIA activities in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United Kingdom and the Vietnam War">United Kingdom and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam War">Henry Kissinger’s involvement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Women in the Vietnam War">Women in the Vietnam War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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