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for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-国名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 国名 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 歷史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关歷史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 早期历史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-澜沧王国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#澜沧王国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 澜沧王国 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-澜沧王国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 近代历史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 现代历史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 地理 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关地理子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-地形与气候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地形与气候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 地形与气候 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地形与气候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自然环境" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然环境"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 自然环境 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然环境-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行政区划" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政区划"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 行政区划 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行政区划-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 政治 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关政治子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政治制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 政治制度 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 政治结构 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人权问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人权问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 人权问题 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人权问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外交" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 外交 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外交-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 军事 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 经济 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-经济-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关经济子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-农业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#农业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 农业 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-农业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 工业 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旅游业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旅游业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 旅游业 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旅游业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 交通 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-交通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 人口 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-人口-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关人口子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-人口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-民族" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民族"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 民族 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民族-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 语言 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 宗教 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 教育 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-医疗卫生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#医疗卫生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 医疗卫生 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-医疗卫生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 文化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关文化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 文学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-建筑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建筑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 建筑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建筑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雕塑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雕塑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 雕塑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雕塑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音乐及舞蹈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音乐及舞蹈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 音乐及舞蹈 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音乐及舞蹈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-电影" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电影"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 电影 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电影-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-媒体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#媒体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 媒体 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-媒体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-飲食" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#飲食"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 飲食 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-飲食-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-体育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#体育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 体育 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-体育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-节日" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#节日"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 节日 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-节日-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 外部链接 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">老挝</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。254种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" > 254种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%88%B5" title="ላዎስ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላዎስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoland" title="Laoland – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Laoland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B5" title="لاووص – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لاووص" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A" title="লাউচ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লাউচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauosos" title="Lauosos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lauosos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="လာအိုခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လာအိုခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8" title="লাওস – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাওস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ལའོ་སུ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལའོ་སུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8" title="লাওস – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লাওস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%94" title="ᨒᨕᨚᨔ – 布吉语" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨒᨕᨚᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B2s" title="Laòs – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Laòs" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%AF%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ލާއޯސް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލާއޯސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 埃维语" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="埃维语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λάος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoso" title="Laoso – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laoso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE" title="老撾 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="老撾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0thos" title="Làthos – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Làthos" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1o" title="Láo – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Láo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%B8" title="લાઓસ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લાઓસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Laos" title="Yn Laos – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Laos" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosa" title="Laosa – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Laosa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="לאוס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay%C3%B2s" title="Layòs – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Layòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosz" title="Laosz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Լաոս – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լաոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausaq" title="Lausaq – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Lausaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%9B%E1%90%85%E1%94%85" title="ᓛᐅᔅ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓛᐅᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ラオス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laus" title="Laus – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laus" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/laus" title="laus – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="laus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_(nagara)" title="Laos (nagara) – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Laos (nagara)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლაოსი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%C9%94s%C9%A9" title="Lawɔsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lawɔsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 刚果语" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="刚果语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C" title="ឡាវ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឡាវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಾವೋಸ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಾವೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="라오스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라오스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Lao" title="Pow Lao – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Lao" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotia" title="Laotia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laotia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau" title="Lau – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lau" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" title="ປະເທດລາວ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດລາວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosas" title="Laosas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosa" title="Laosa – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4sy" title="Laôsy – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Laôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81oho" title="Rāoho – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rāoho" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലാവോസ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാവോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81" title="ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯁ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="လာအိုနိုင်ငံ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လာအိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 尼亚斯语" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82tah_Bin%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1daa%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%B3z%C3%AD_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłtah Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłtah Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laa%27os" title="Laa'os – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Laa'os" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B8" title="ଲାଓସ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲାଓସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲਾਉਸ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਉਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 邦阿西南语" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="邦阿西南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1us" title="Láus – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Láus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layos" title="Layos – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Layos" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0os" title="Làos – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Làos" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="لاؤس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاؤس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_suyu" title="Law suyu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Law suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawosi" title="Lawosi – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Lawosi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းလၢဝ်း – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းလၢဝ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%95%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ලාඕසය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලාඕසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="لاؤس – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لاؤس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosi" title="Laosi – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Laosi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raosi" title="Raosi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Raosi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosi" title="Laosi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Laosi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILawoso" title="ILawoso – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ILawoso" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="லாவோஸ் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாவோஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥝᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥝᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="లావోస్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లావోస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ประเทศลาว – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศลาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau" title="Lau – 汤加语" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="لاؤس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاؤس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A0os" title="Łàos – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łàos" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0o" title="Lào – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos%C3%A4n" title="Laosän – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Laosän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_Lawos" title="Réewum Lawos – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum Lawos" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老挝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლაოსი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%90%D7%A1" title="לאאס – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1%E1%BB%8D%CC%80s" title="Láọ̀s – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Láọ̀s" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laujvoh" title="Laujvoh – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laujvoh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q">特殊页面</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&oldid=84908099" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&id=84908099&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2580%2581%25E6%258C%259D">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2580%2581%25E6%258C%259D">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9B%BD" hreflang="zh">维基语录</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" hreflang="zh">维基导游</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q819" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="地理坐标">坐标</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&params=17_58_N_102_36_E_region:LA_type:country&title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D">17°58′N 102°36′E / 17.967°N 102.600°E / 17.967; 102.600 (老挝)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-220c02a7" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">寮人民民主共和国</div><div class="ib-country-names">ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 2px 0 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Laos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="寮國国旗"><img alt="寮國国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/125px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/188px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/250px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" title="寮國國旗">国旗</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 5px 0 2px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Laos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="寮國國徽"><img alt="寮國國徽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="547" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="寮國國徽"> 國徽</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">格言："ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ເອກະພາບ ວັດທະນະຖາວອນ" "Santiphab ekalad pasathipatai ekaphab vadtha na thauaon" “和平、独立、民主、团结和繁荣”</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem" style="">国歌：《<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C" title="老挝国歌">寮國國歌</a>》 ເພງຊາດລາວ Pheng Xat Lao<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪（en）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español‪（es）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia‪（id）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=lo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lo" label="ລາວ‪（lo）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português‪（pt）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย‪（th）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt‪（vi）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体）‪（zh-hans）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體）‪（zh-hant）‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;{{{padding}}}"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝</a>的位置（绿色）<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="東盟">東盟</a>（深灰色）  —  [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg" title="File:Location Laos ASEAN.svg">圖例放大</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">首都<div class="ib-country-largest">暨最大城市</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%8F%8D" title="永珍">永珍</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&params=17_58_N_102_36_E_type:city">17°58′N 102°36′E / 17.967°N 102.600°E / 17.967; 102.600</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">官方语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="寮語">寮語</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4" title="族群">族群</a><div class="ib-country-ethnic">（2015<a href="#cite_note-Census2015-1">[1]</a>）</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>列表</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 53.2% <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="寮族">寮族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 11% <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E6%97%8F" title="克木族">克木族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.2% <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%99%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="赫蒙族">赫蒙族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.4% <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%B0%E6%97%8F" title="普泰族">普泰族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.1% <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="泰语民族">泰族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.5% 馬孔族 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.2% <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="卡坦人">卡坦族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.0% <a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82" title="傣仂">傣仂族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.8% <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卡族">阿卡族</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 11.6% 其他 </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">宗教<div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>66.0% <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">佛教</a></li><li>30.7% <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="台语民族民间信仰">泰傣民族民間信仰</a></li><li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="基督宗教">基督宗教</a></li><li>1.8% <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="老挝宗教">其他</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="無宗教">無宗教</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="老撾政治">政府</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="人民民主">人民民主</a>（正式） <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="马列主义">马列主义</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党专政">一党专政</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="共和国">共和国</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记">人民革命党总书记</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="老挝人民民主共和国主席">国家主席</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C" title="通伦·西苏里">通伦·西苏里</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84" title="老挝人民革命党中央书记处">书记处常务书记</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%80%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%BC" title="本通·吉玛尼">本通·吉玛尼</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="寮人民民主共和國副主席">国家副主席</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%80%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%BC" title="本通·吉玛尼">本通·吉玛尼</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E9%99%B6%E9%83%BD" title="巴妮·雅陶都">巴妮·雅陶都</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="老挝政府总理">政府总理</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E8%B5%9B%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%98%E6%95%A6" title="宋赛·西潘敦">宋赛·西潘敦</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="老挝国会主席">国会主席</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%8B%E8%93%AC%C2%B7%E4%B8%B0%E5%A8%81%E6%B1%89" title="赛宋蓬·丰威汉">赛宋蓬·丰威汉</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">立法机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝国会">国会</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝军事">现役军人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">30,000人 100,000人（準軍事部隊）（2019年）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="老挝历史">历史</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="澜沧王国">澜沧王国</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1354年—1707年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 澜沧分裂，四国并立 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1707年—1778年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 沦为暹罗属国 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1778年—1893年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="法属印度支那">法属殖民地</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1893年—1949年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="寮王國">寮王国</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1949年—1975年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 寮人民民主共和国建立 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1975年12月2日</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="老挝地理">面积</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">236,800平方公里（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界各国和地区面积列表">第82位</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 水域率</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="老挝人口">人口</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022年估计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">7,749,595<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2019-4">[4]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国家和地区人口列表">第104名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2015年普查</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">6,492,228<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 密度</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">26.7/平方公里（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国家和地区人口密度列表">第177名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7" title="购买力平价">PPP</a>）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2022年估计</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">687.03亿<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">美元</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_database_2022-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 人均</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">9,183美元<a href="#cite_note-IMF_database_2022-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a>（国际汇率）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2022年估计</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">173.47亿美元<a href="#cite_note-IMF_database_2022-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 人均</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2,318美元<a href="#cite_note-IMF_database_2022-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.367<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-7">[7]</a>（2008年） <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83933911">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>中</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="人类发展指数">人类发展指数</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">▲ 0.613<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>（2019年） <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911">中 · <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國人類發展指數列表">第140名</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">货币</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%AE" title="寮國基普">基普</a>（₭）（<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">LAK</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">时区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E6%B3%95" title="历法">历法</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="公曆">公曆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9B%86" title="佛曆">佛曆</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91" title="道路通行方向">行驶方位</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">靠右</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">电话区号</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">+856</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166码</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:LA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:LA（页面不存在）">LA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E9%A0%82%E7%B4%9A%E5%9F%9F" title="國家和地區頂級域">互联网顶级域</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.la</a></li><li>.ລາວ</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="ib-country-website">网站 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourismlaos.org/">www.tourismlaos.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819#P856" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 老挝人民民主共和国（寮語：ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ，简写：ສປປ ລາວ），通稱寮國（寮語：ລາວ），是位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東南亞">東南亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="中南半岛">中南半岛</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义国家</a>，首都及最大城市为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a>。通行<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="寮语">寮语</a>，面积23.68万平方公里，人口758万人（2023年），寮國是东南亚唯一的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%99%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="内陆国家">内陆国</a>，东邻<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>，南接<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>，西连<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a>，北与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中国</a>接壤<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>。 寮國历史上第一个统一国家为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%98%82" title="法昂">法昂</a>在1353年建立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="澜沧王国">澜沧王国</a>，首都为<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="琅勃拉邦">琅勃拉邦</a>，曾是中南半岛的人口、贸易与文化大国。澜沧王国存在近四个世纪，代表着寮國历史的鼎盛时期<a href="#cite_note-Stuart-Fox-10">[10]</a>。1707年，澜沧王国因王位继承纷争而陷入分裂，又不断遭到邻国<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B9%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="暹罗">暹罗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝">越南</a>的入侵，沦为两国的属国。1893年，沦为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="法属印度支那">法国殖民地</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="老挝保护国">寮國保护国</a>成立，奠定现代寮國疆界。1953年，寮國宣布独立，建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="寮王國">君主立宪制国家</a>，但很快陷入长期<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="寮国内战">内战</a>。1975年，共产主义组织<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%AE" title="巴特寮">巴特寮</a>推翻君主制政权，寮人民民主共和国建立并存续至今<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。 一般认为，寮國是以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>为官方意识形态，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党">寮國人民革命党</a>唯一政党的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义共和国">社会主义共和国</a>。但老挝的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="老挝宪法">宪法</a>规定老挝是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="人民民主">人民民主国家</a>，而不是社会主义国家。<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>老挝当局认为，国家处于向社会主义过渡时期，需要经过多个长期的过渡发展阶段，才能实现社会主义目标。<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> 寮國是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="多民族国家">多民族国家</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="寮族">寮族</a>占总人口的55%，在政治和文化领域占主导地位； 2005年老挝政府出版的《老挝人民民主共和国各族群》中记录，老挝共有49个民族，通常又按居住地区分类，分为低地的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BE%99%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="老龙族">老龙</a>、丘陵的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%81%BD%E6%97%8F" title="老聽族">老听</a>和高山的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%9D%BE%E6%97%8F" title="老松族">老松</a>三大民族集团。<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>老龙族通用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="寮语">寮语</a>，而老听族和老松族则使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E7%BC%85%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="藏缅语族">藏缅语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉语族">孟-高棉语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="苗语">苗语</a>等其他语言。传统上，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>是该国主流的宗教信仰。 寮國的经济以<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>为主，工业基础薄弱。寮國工业经济的支柱部门是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="水力发电">水力发电</a>，透过输电和铁路运输和邻国建立经贸联系<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-16">[16]</a>。寮國是高速发展的经济体之一，2013年至2018年的平均GDP增长率为7.25%<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-19">[19]</a>。2018年，寮國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国人均国内生产总值列表 (购买力平价)">人均国内生产总值按购买力平价计算</a>，位列东南亚第七位，排在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊">汶萊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼">印尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a>之后<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類發展指數">人類發展指數</a>位列<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類發展指數列表">世界第139位</a>，属中等组别<a href="#cite_note-UNDP2-21">[21]</a>。寮國目前是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="东盟成员国列表">东南亚国家联盟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="东亚峰会">东亚峰会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="法語圈國際組織">法语圈国际组织</a>成员，2013年加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a><a href="#cite_note-wto-22">[22]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="国名">国名</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：国名">编辑</a>]</div> 寮或老（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="寮語">寮語</a>：ລາວ；法語：Laos）作为正式国名出现始于1893年，法国人以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%AC%E6%97%8F" title="佬族">佬族</a>的族名为其在澜沧故地建立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="老挝保护国">寮國保护国</a>命名。“老（佬）”与“寮”在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="寮语">寮语</a>中其实是同一个意思，据信是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%97%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="侗台语">侗台语</a>的第一人称，和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="壮语">壮语</a>的“僚”系同源词，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A1%E4%BD%AC%E6%97%8F" title="仡佬族">仡佬族</a>，古<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="僚人">僚人</a>，以及古书蔑称的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="獠">獠</a>”族，都和此有关<a href="#cite_note-laozhua-23">[23]</a>。 寮國在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="華人地區">華人地區</a>的国名译法有所不同，中国大陆、香港和澳门称老撾，台湾、马来西亚和新加坡称寮国。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中文">中文</a>古籍中，曾称寮國为南掌、兰章、澜沧、缆掌、老撾、老抓、老丫、潦查等等。而在越南古籍中，被称作“哀牢”和“牢国”，简称“牢”。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">日本汉字</a>还有「罗宇」的称法。在20世纪50年代前<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中國大陆</a>的報紙在報導寮國新聞時使用的中文名稱上比較混亂，有稱“寮”、“佬”、“辽”等等。<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%AF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="陳毅">陳毅</a>最终决定将译名定为老撾<a href="#cite_note-laozhua-23">[23]</a>。在台灣和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="華人">華人</a>仍稱之為寮國。 “老挝”的译名由来说法不一。“老”字即代表佬族的族名，而“挝”字的意义则有多种说法。“撾”读作“zhuā”音，意为用指或爪挠、敲打<a href="#cite_note-dict-24">[24]</a>:1648。中国古籍曾将“老撾”記为“老抓”。在中国大陆，“老撾”曾读作“lǎozhuā”；1962年之后，才将其“撾”字读作“wō”音，且只有在“老撾”一词中读作此音<a href="#cite_note-dict-24">[24]</a>:1323；在台湾，此词仍旧沿读古音<a href="#cite_note-laozhua-23">[23]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明人</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E8%82%87%E6%B7%9B" title="謝肇淛">謝肇淛</a>的《滇略》曾记载“老挝，俗称挝家，以其夷好配雕爪云”，《（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97" title="康熙云南通志">康熙</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97" class="mw-disambig" title="云南通志">云南通志</a>》记录称“老挝军民宣慰司，其彝佩雕爪为饰，俗称为挝家”。由此可见，因时人发现佬人喜爱佩戴雕爪，于是称佬人为“爪”家，随后又讹作“挝家”，与佬族自称“老”合称为“老挝”。亦有说法称，《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%8F%A4%E6%BB%87%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="纪古滇说">纪古滇说</a>》曾出现“挝国”称呼，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%98%87%E7%93%A6" title="孟蘇瓦">孟苏瓦</a>国，因此“挝”字即“苏瓦”（Sua）的音译<a href="#cite_note-laozhua-23">[23]</a>。也有说法称老挝一词的原文对应为“ເມືອງຊວາ”（Muang Chua），汉字转写为“猛挝”，说明“挝”来源于琅勃拉邦古称“ຊວາ Chua/Sua”<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>。 寮语中，习惯将老挝国家简称为“孟老”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="寮語">寮語</a>：ເມືອງລາວ，羅馬化：Muang Lao）。“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%90" title="勐">孟</a>”是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="泰语民族">泰语民族</a>常用的地名前缀，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">泰语</a>中的本意是拥有城墙的城镇及其周边的附属村庄，且其统治者至少拥有“坤”的爵位<a href="#cite_note-Kislenko2009-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-JSS_071_0g-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-JSS_083_0j_Vickery-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="老挝历史">老挝历史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期历史">早期历史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：早期历史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%85%8A" title="真腊">真腊</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plainofjars_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plainofjars_2.jpg/220px-Plainofjars_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plainofjars_2.jpg/330px-Plainofjars_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plainofjars_2.jpg/440px-Plainofjars_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%BC%B8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="石缸平原">石缸平原</a>是东南亚最重要的史前遗址之一，2019年被列为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a></figcaption></figure> 最晚在10万年前，老挝境内已经有人类居住<a href="#cite_note-baike-30">[30]</a>。老挝北部<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="安南山脈">安南山脉</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B7%B4%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%9E%E7%A9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹巴灵洞穴（页面不存在）">丹巴灵洞穴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" class="extiw" title="en:Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling Cave</a>）出土了距今46,000年前的现代人类头骨化石，是截至目前东南亚年代最久远的人类化石考古发现<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>。在老挝北部还发现了属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="和平文化">和平文化</a>的石器，年代可追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世">更新世</a>晚期<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>。考古证据表明，老挝境内的农业社会产生于公元前第4千年<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>。根据墓葬考古结果，老挝大概在前1500年出现使用铜器的复杂社会，前700年出现铁器。在众多洞穴和墓葬考古遗址中，最著名者即位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B9%E7%9C%81" title="川圹省">川圹</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%BC%B8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="石缸平原">石缸平原</a>的巨石文化，据信此遗址曾经孕育了贸易社会<a href="#cite_note-Viravond-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manich-35">[35]</a>。 老挝最早的居民是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲人種">澳洲人种</a>，后被<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉语族">孟-高棉人</a>取代<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-36">[36]</a>。孟-高棉人在老挝境内建立诸多古国，但关于此段历史的史料并不充足，因此关于史实有较多争议<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。兴起于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%85%8A" title="真腊">真腊</a>和位于今越南南方海岸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="占人">占人</a>都曾在老挝南端的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%9C%81" title="占巴塞省">占巴塞省</a>建立定居地<a href="#cite_note-Hal1985-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>。真腊在6世纪将今万象以南的土地占为己有<a href="#cite_note-baike-30">[30]</a>，更是曾在占巴塞的湿梨多补罗（Shrestapura）定都，当地至今留有<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%99%AE%E5%AF%BA" title="瓦普寺">瓦普寺</a>，为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a>。8世纪，真腊分裂为水真腊和陆真腊，其中陆真腊即以老挝地区为中心。陆真腊以北，已经有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="泰语民族">泰语民族</a>部落，隶属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%8F%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="南诏国">南诏国</a><a href="#cite_note-baike-30">[30]</a>；亦有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="孟人">孟人</a>建立的古国，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E9%92%B5%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="陀罗钵地">陀罗钵地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%87%E9%BB%8E%E6%9C%8B%E7%8C%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="骇黎朋猜">骇黎朋猜</a>等<a href="#cite_note-Viravond-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manich-35">[35]</a>。 自8世纪至10世纪，泰老民族南迁，逐渐取代老挝的孟-高棉人<a href="#cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-40">[40]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="澜沧王国">澜沧王国</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：澜沧王国">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="澜沧王国">澜沧王国</a></div> 10世纪以后，泰老人在老挝地区建立大量小国，位于今<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="琅勃拉邦">琅勃拉邦</a>一带的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%98%87%E7%93%A6" title="孟蘇瓦">孟苏瓦</a>国逐渐兴起。1353年，孟苏瓦王子<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%98%82" title="法昂">法昂</a>统一老挝全境，建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="澜沧王国">澜沧王国</a><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-41">[41]</a>:223。“澜沧”是百万<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="大象">大象</a>之意。法昂实行“景孟制”，分封诸位王子统治各地，并从高棉引入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a><a href="#cite_note-baike-30">[30]</a>。 法昂之子<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B3%B0" title="桑森泰">桑森泰</a>将人民划分为贵族、平民与奴隶三个等级，贵族分为六等，按贵族等级任命官职。桑森泰王还普查人口、整编军队<a href="#cite_note-baike-30">[30]</a>。澜沧王国的疆土经过此后诸王的军事扩张，在鼎盛时期囊括了今老挝、越南<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8F%8C%E6%A5%9A%E6%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="西双楚泰">西双楚泰</a>、中国<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8F%8C%E7%89%88%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="西双版纳">西双版纳</a>和泰国<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B5%E5%8F%BB%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="呵叻高原">呵叻高原</a>，成为地区大国。1479年，安南<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E9%BB%8E%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="后黎朝">后黎朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%9C%A3%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="黎圣宗">黎圣宗</a>入侵澜沧，攻陷都城琅勃拉邦，但最终被澜沧军击退。16世纪上半叶，澜沧王国迎来中兴，国内和平，文化繁荣，大批佛教寺院建立起来，大量<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="巴利语">巴利语</a>上座部佛典被译为老挝文。等级制进一步细化，国王（称为帕沙拉或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AC%E7%89%87%E9%A2%86" title="召片领">召片领</a>）地位崇高，而后是国王的顾问色纳，最下一级为约特。国王手下有分管军事、行政和外交的三名顾问，各级官吏按所处的贵族等级获得相应田地，作为俸禄，是为“萨迪那制度”<a href="#cite_note-baike-30">[30]</a>。 16世纪40年代，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="兰纳">兰纳</a>发生继承争端，使得其邻国缅甸、暹罗和澜沧之间的关系愈发紧张。1540年，暹罗入侵澜沧，被击退；1545年，缅人及暹人先后入侵兰纳。澜沧决定援助兰纳，1546年，澜沧王<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E5%A1%94%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89" title="赛塔提拉">赛塔提拉</a>在兰纳都城<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%88" class="mw-redirect" title="清迈">清迈</a>即位成为兰纳王，澜沧王国由此一度兼并兰纳；但因澜沧内乱，赛塔提拉无暇顾及兰纳，又丧失对其的统治权。1558年，缅甸<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%90%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="東吁王朝">东吁王朝</a>的国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%A9" title="勃印曩">勃印曩</a>率军攻克兰纳都城清迈。因忌惮缅人入侵，赛塔提拉决定迁都至囊汉（今<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a>）。1564年，勃印曩攻克暹罗都城<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9C%E9%99%80%E8%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿瑜陀耶">阿瑜陀耶</a>，澜沧成为唯一存续的泰老人国家。1575年，缅军第三次入侵老挝，攻占并洗劫首都囊汉，澜沧成为缅甸藩属，但又在1591年重获独立<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pha_That_Luang,_Vientiane,_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/220px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/330px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/440px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>16世纪澜沧国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E5%A1%94%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89" title="赛塔提拉">赛塔提拉</a>迁都<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a>，兴建<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%91%BE" title="塔鑾">塔銮</a>。塔銮至今被视为老挝的国家象征</figcaption></figure> 1638年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%C2%B7%E7%BF%81%E8%96%A9" title="蘇里雅·翁薩">苏里雅·翁萨</a>即位。他是澜沧王国历史上在位时间最长的国王，在他的统治下，澜沧王国国力重振，进入鼎盛时期。在他统治期间，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="耶稣会">耶稣会</a>的使者于1641年跟随荷兰商人来到万象，这是老挝历史上第一个欧洲使团。1707年，苏里雅·翁萨逝世但无子嗣，澜沧王国分裂为<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="琅勃拉邦王国">琅勃拉邦王国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%B1%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="萬象王國">万象王国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="占巴塞王國">占巴塞王国</a>三部分，澜沧王国就此灭亡<a href="#cite_note-Viravond-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manich-35">[35]</a>。其中，万象王国国力最盛，控制了呵叻高原，并同琅勃拉邦争夺川圹的统治权。占巴塞王国在1713年独立，占有<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E9%9D%9E%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="邦非河">邦非河</a>以南的土地，透过湄公河贸易成长为强国。不过，三国在18世纪后半叶沦为缅暹争霸的筹码<a href="#cite_note-Viravond-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manich-35">[35]</a>。1779年，暹罗<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E6%AD%A6%E9%87%8C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="吞武里王朝">吞武里王朝</a>的国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E4%BF%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="达信">达信</a>将缅人逐出老挝，老挝三国沦为暹罗藩属。老挝国宝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E5%AF%B6%E7%8E%89%E4%BD%9B" title="帕佛陀大摩尼寶玉佛">帕佛陀大摩尼宝玉佛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E4%BD%9B" title="勃拉邦佛">勃拉邦佛</a>皆被暹人掳走。1805年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA" title="昭阿努">昭阿努</a>即位成为万象国王，协同暹罗攻打缅甸，并在1819年平定了占巴塞的叛乱。1826年，昭阿努<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="昭阿努之乱">发动叛乱</a>反抗暹罗统治，并得到越南<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝">阮朝</a>支持。叛乱最终被平息，但暹越两国因此爆发战争。1831年，阮朝<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%91%BD%E5%B8%9D" title="明命帝">明命帝</a>并吞<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="川圹王国">川圹</a>，以其地设立镇宁、镇蛮、镇边三府，进行改土归流和越化政策，此后暹越两次爆发战争，争夺对老挝和柬埔寨的宗主权，暹罗人最终在1850年代取胜，巩固其对老挝的宗主权<a href="#cite_note-vietnam337-44">[44]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="近代历史">近代历史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：近代历史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="老挝保护国">老挝保护国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝王国">老挝王国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝内战">老挝内战</a></div> 19世纪后半叶，法国逐渐渗入中南半岛。暹罗国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%8B%89%E9%9A%86%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="朱拉隆功">朱拉隆功</a>担心法国侵入其老挝属地，因此在1886年5月7日和法国签署条约，承认暹罗对湄公河东岸领土的宗主权<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。1888年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%81%E6%96%87%E6%8C%81" title="刁文持">刁文持</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%97%8F_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="泰族 (越南)">泰族</a>武装和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%97%97%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="黑旗军">黑旗军</a>攻占琅勃拉邦，琅勃拉邦王室在法国保护下出逃。法军自河内出发，抵达琅勃拉邦击退入侵者，迎琅勃拉邦国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%9D%8E" title="温坎">温坎</a>归来，后者请求法国保护琅勃拉邦。1889年，法国不顾暹罗抗议同琅勃拉邦国王签署协议，后者同意成为法国保护国<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%9A%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="法暹战争">法暹战争</a>后的1893年10月，暹罗签署《法暹条约》，被迫承认法国对湄公河东岸领土的控制权，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="老挝保护国">老挝保护国</a>正式成立并定都<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a>，1898年并入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="法属印度支那">法属印度支那</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>。法国将老挝划分为10省，琅勃拉邦王室在名义上统治<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E7%9C%81" title="琅勃拉邦省">琅勃拉邦省</a>。原万象王国领地，设有副王管理国防、行政和财政；南部由占巴塞亲王管理社会福利，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a>的法国殖民政府为实质上的统治者；各省设省长和军营<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:82。为支持政府财政，法国殖民者主要在老挝征收捐税，强占土地<a href="#cite_note-baike-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。法国将地处内陆的老挝视为资源的储藏地，除开辟各类单一作物种植园外，并不着重进行投资建设，因此老挝一直是法属印度支那联邦中最欠发达的地区<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:82<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>。 1940年，法国在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>中沦陷，日本派兵侵略法属印度支那。1945年，日本侵略军发动<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%9D%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="三九政变">三九政变</a>推翻法国殖民政府，迫使琅勃拉邦国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%90%A8%E6%97%BA%C2%B7%E5%86%AF" title="西萨旺·冯">西萨旺·冯</a>在当年4月宣布独立，称老挝国王。日本战败之后，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%B7%AE%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="佩差拉亲王">佩差拉亲王</a>领导<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%88%B0%E7%B7%9A" title="寮國自由民族統一戰線">老挝自由民族统一战线</a>组建新政府，意图维持老挝独立。1946年，法军击溃老挝自由民族统一战线。西萨旺·冯宣布重新效忠法国统治，法国人封其为“老挝国王”。老挝获许自治，1947年5月11日，通过新宪法，将老挝定义为一个隶属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="法蘭西聯盟">法兰西联盟</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">君主立宪制</a>“自治国家”<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manich-35">[35]</a>。1954年，老挝透过<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0_(1954%E5%B9%B4)" title="日內瓦會議 (1954年)">日内瓦会议</a>获得正式独立，建立独立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝王国">老挝王国</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vientianne1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/220px-Vientianne1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/330px-Vientianne1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/440px-Vientianne1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>共产主义组织<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%AE" title="巴特寮">巴特寮</a>军队进入万象，1973年</figcaption></figure> 新独立的老挝王国在1950年代中期形成三支政治力量——以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>组织<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%AE" title="巴特寮">巴特寮</a>为代表的共产主义势力，以占巴塞亲王<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%BF%81%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="文翁亲王">文翁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E8%90%A8%E4%B8%87" title="富米·诺萨万">富米·诺萨万</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%BC%E7%A9%BA" title="培·萨纳尼空">培·萨纳尼空</a>为首的亲美派系和以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%82%A3%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E9%A9%AC" title="梭发那·富马">梭发那·富马</a>亲王为首的中间派力量。三派势力长期争夺，又受<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a>影响而逐渐发展为<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝内战">老挝内战</a>，巴特寮逐渐转向企图以武力推翻老挝的君主制政权。1975年，巴特寮控制老挝全国，国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%90%A8%E6%97%BA%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%BE%BE%E7%BA%B3" title="西萨旺·瓦达纳">西萨旺·瓦达纳</a>于当年12月宣布退位，领导巴特寮组织的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党">老挝人民革命党</a>建立奉行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>的老挝人民民主共和国，老挝人民革命党为唯一执政党，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%AA%C2%B7%E5%86%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="苏发努·冯">苏发努·冯</a>任国家主席，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B1%B1%C2%B7%E4%B8%B0%E5%A8%81%E6%B1%89" title="凯山·丰威汉">凯山·丰威汉</a>任老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记、部长会议主席，为实际上的最高领导人<a href="#cite_note-hahn-118-120-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG/220px-Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG/330px-Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG/440px-Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="越南戰爭">越南戰爭</a>期間，被美軍轟炸摧毀的孟坤遺址，位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B9%E7%9C%81" title="川圹省">川壙省</a></figcaption></figure> 在老挝内战中，共有20,000至62,000人丧命<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。老挝内战时期正值越南战争，美军为摧毁<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B6%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="北越">北越</a>的补给线，在老挝上空投掷约200万吨炸弹，约等于美军在二战期间投放炸弹的总和，令老挝成为史上遭投放炸弹量和人口对比最悬殊的国家<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>，还造成延续至今的未爆弹问题<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代历史">现代历史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：现代历史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Friendship_bridge_built_with_Australian_funding_and_completed_and_opened_in_1994,_crossing_the_Mekong_River_and_connecting_Thailand_to_Laos._(10729204176).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Friendship_bridge_built_with_Australian_funding_and_completed_and_opened_in_1994%2C_crossing_the_Mekong_River_and_connecting_Thailand_to_Laos._%2810729204176%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Friendship_bridge_built_with_Australian_funding_and_completed_and_opened_in_1994%2C_crossing_the_Mekong_River_and_connecting_Thailand_to_Laos._%2810729204176%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Friendship_bridge_built_with_Australian_funding_and_completed_and_opened_in_1994%2C_crossing_the_Mekong_River_and_connecting_Thailand_to_Laos._%2810729204176%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>1994年建成的跨湄公河大桥，横跨泰国与老挝边界，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>投资援建。1986年以后，老挝实行革新开放政策，着力引入外来投资</figcaption></figure> 老挝人民民主共和国建立后，立即在全国推行带有共产主义色彩的改革，即“生产关系、科学技术和文化思想三大革命”<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:99，将企业收归国有、推行农业集体化，建立<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="统一战线">统一战线</a>取缔老挝民间社团，并在城市和乡村建立委员会掌控政权；取缔民营刊物，动用军队和警察实行政治清洗和抓捕，罪犯被关押，或是流放至偏远地区的集中营进行“再教育”。据1998年老挝军方的数据，被关押于集中营的政治犯总数达到1万至1.5万。老挝在社会主义政权建立之际发生了大规模的人口外逃，截止1980年，共有10%的人口逃出老挝<a href="#cite_note-LWS-62">[62]</a>。由于巴特寮在国内革命期间得到<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="越南人民军">越南人民军</a>的大量援助，老挝在1975年以后同越南关系紧密，在政府部门聘请越南顾问，并允许越南在老挝驻军<a href="#cite_note-VangPobzeb-63">[63]</a>。1977年，双方签署《老越友好合作条约》，建立“特殊团结友好关系”<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Stuart-Fox-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Savada-65">[65]</a>。1977年开始，老挝人民军联手越南人民军进入老挝高地，针对苗族的反抗武装发起了大规模的围剿行动。1979年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="柬越戰爭">越南入侵柬埔寨</a>，随后又引发<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中越战争">中越战争</a>，老挝与中国亦发生关系恶化<a href="#cite_note-LWS-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-DamienKingsbury-66">[66]</a>。 1978年5月，老挝人民革命党发布命令推行农业合作化运动。1979年，老挝农业集体化政策严重受挫，于是着手转向经济改革<a href="#cite_note-LWS-62">[62]</a>。1979年12月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B1%B1%C2%B7%E4%B8%B0%E5%A8%81%E6%B1%89" title="凯山·丰威汉">凯山·丰威汉</a>宣布放弃农业集体化改革，并决定调整经济政策，放宽对自由市场和商品流通的限制。1982年老挝人民革命党第三次全国代表大会宣布1976年至1977年推行的经济政策“过度集权”，提出利用现存“私人资本主义经济”，“重视市场规律、提高效率和生产力”。政府停止以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%A7%81%E5%90%88%E8%90%A5" title="公私合营">公私合营</a>方式没收私营企业，并开展金融改革。1986年，老挝人民革命党第四次全国代表大会上，凯山·丰威汉在报告中提出进一步推进市场经济改革。自此，老挝开始推行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE_(%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D)" title="革新开放 (老挝)">革新开放</a>政策，和越南决定<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="革新开放 (越南)">革新开放</a>处于同一年<a href="#cite_note-Prayaga-67">[67]</a>。老挝政府决定“调整经济结构，优先发展农林业；取消高度集中的经济管理体制，转入经营核算制，实行多种所有制形式并存的经济政策，逐步完善市场经济机制；对外实行开放、扩大对外经济关系”<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>。 1991年8月，老挝最高人民议会第二届六次会议通过了老挝人民民主共和国第一部宪法；同年的老挝人民革命党第五次全国代表大会确定实行“有原则的全面革新路线”，提出“坚持党的领导和社会主义方向”等六项基本原则，实行对外开放政策<a href="#cite_note-LWS-62">[62]</a>。1992年，凯山·丰威汉逝世，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E4%BB%A3%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%98%E6%95%A6" title="坎代·西潘敦">坎代·西潘敦</a>成为老挝人民革命党新一任中央委员会主席。1997年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E9%A2%A8%E6%9A%B4" title="亞洲金融風暴">亞洲金融風暴</a>爆发，老挝货币急剧贬值，外商投资和出口减少，边境摩擦、政治腐败、走私贩毒问题不断凸显。政府采取一定挽救措施，但收效不大，引起民众不满。1999年底至2000年，万象数次出现抗议示威；2000年还发生炸弹爆炸及爆炸未遂案<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:106。 2001年，老挝人民革命党召开第七次全国代表大会，制定了至2010年基本消除贫困，至2020年，人均国内生产总值翻三番、摆脱不发达状态的目标。同时，政府大力发展<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="水力发电">水力发电</a>等工业，调整国家经济的工农业结构。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E9%9B%85%E8%B4%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="朱马利·赛雅贡">朱马利·赛雅贡</a>于2006年老挝人革党第八次代表大会当选党中央总书记。2013年，老挝成功加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a><a href="#cite_note-wto-22">[22]</a>。2016年，老挝人革党第十次代表大会召开，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89" title="本扬·沃拉吉">本扬·沃拉吉</a>当选新一任党中央总书记<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。2021年，老挝人革党十一大选举<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C" title="通伦·西苏里">通伦·西苏里</a>为新一任党中央总书记，《万象时报》称新的领导集体将面临带领老挝克服财政困难和<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="2019年冠状病毒病">2019年冠状病毒病</a>疫情危机、摆脱<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="最不发达国家">最不发达国家</a>地位的巨大挑战<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理">地理</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：地理">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="老挝地理">老挝地理</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laos_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Laos_location_map_Topographic.png/220px-Laos_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Laos_location_map_Topographic.png/330px-Laos_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Laos_location_map_Topographic.png/440px-Laos_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption>老挝地形图</figcaption></figure> 老撾是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>唯一的内陆國，其國土分別與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>接壤<a href="#cite_note-BBCPf-71">[71]</a>。纬度范围大约在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B7%AF14%E5%BA%A6%E7%B7%9A" title="北緯14度線">北纬14度</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B7%AF22%E5%BA%A6%E7%B7%9A" title="北緯22度線">22度</a>之间，经度范围在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%BB%8F100%E5%BA%A6%E7%BA%BF" title="东经100度线">东经100度</a>至108度之间，国土面积23.68万平方公里，形状较为狭长<a href="#cite_note-BBCPf-71">[71]</a>。自北向南，划分为上寮、中寮、下寮三个地理区域<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-72">[72]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地形与气候">地形与气候</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：地形与气候">编辑</a>]</div> 老挝境内大部分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="山地">山地</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E9%99%B5" title="丘陵">丘陵</a>，山地约占全国面积的80%<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:1，地勢自東北向西南倾斜。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a>自北而南纵贯全国，為最大河流，沿岸有若干小型平原，在老挝境内的大部分区段是和泰国、缅甸的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="跨界河流">界河</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%83%8F%E6%B2%B3" title="南烏河">南烏河</a>是湄公河在老挝的最大支流。东端有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="安南山脈">安南山脉</a>与越南相隔，西北有<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E5%9D%A1%E9%82%A6%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="龍坡邦山脈">龍坡邦山脈</a>和泰国西北高地相隔。上寮地区地勢最高，有“東南亞屋脊”之稱；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%A3%99%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="川壙高原">川壙高原</a>號稱“老撾屋脊”，其南邊的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%B1%B1" title="普比亞山">普比亞山</a>海拔2,818米，為全國最高峰。而在老挝南部则有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%87%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="布拉万高原">布拉万高原</a><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_2-ed-73">[73]</a>。 根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="柯本气候分类法">柯本气候分类法</a>，老挝西南部大部分地区属于<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%B9%BF%E5%AD%A3%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="热带干湿季气候">热带干湿季气候</a>，亦有部分地区为<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="热带季风气候">热带季风气候</a>；东北部绝大部分地区为<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B9%BF%E6%B6%A6%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="副热带湿润气候">副热带湿润气候</a>，极少数地区属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="海洋性气候">海洋性气候</a>。年平均气温约24℃—26℃。雨量充沛，近40年，年降水量最少为1,250毫米，最大达3,750毫米，一般年份降水量约为2,000毫米<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>。老挝年降雨量的90%集中于雨季，每月降雨以12月至次年1月最少，此后逐月递增，至7月9月为降雨高峰期，此后逐月递减。各地相对湿度较大，年平均湿度75%—85%<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:11-12。由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E8%80%95%E7%81%AB%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="刀耕火种">刀耕火种</a>等行为导致空气中大量烟尘悬浮，老挝每年会出现50日—100日的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%9C%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="阴霾">阴霾</a>天气，且以湄公河河谷地带最为常见，年霾日100日以上<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:13。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自然环境">自然环境</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：自然环境">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luang_Prabang_Phou_Si_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Luang_Prabang_Phou_Si_2.jpg/220px-Luang_Prabang_Phou_Si_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Luang_Prabang_Phou_Si_2.jpg/330px-Luang_Prabang_Phou_Si_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Luang_Prabang_Phou_Si_2.jpg/440px-Luang_Prabang_Phou_Si_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>穿过<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="琅勃拉邦">琅勃拉邦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a></figcaption></figure> 老挝北部分布着<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E7%BB%BF%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="常绿植物">常绿</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="热带雨林">热带雨林</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="季風雨林">季风雨林</a>，南部则主要是<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E8%91%89%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="落葉林">落叶林</a>。季风雨林区域的土地覆盖着高大而粗糙的野草。老挝境内分布广泛的植物有<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9" title="竹">竹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%9C%A8" title="灌木">灌木</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%9C%E9%87%8E%E8%95%89" title="小果野蕉">小果野蕉</a>，以及数百种<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E8%8A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="兰花">兰花</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%AB%9A%E6%A8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="棕櫚樹">棕榈树</a>；产<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%9A%E6%9C%A8" title="柚木">柚木</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E6%AA%80%E5%B1%9E" title="紫檀属">花梨</a>等名贵木材。老挝境内的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳动物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬行动物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%A0%96%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="两栖动物">两栖动物</a>各约有200种，还有约700种<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a>。常见的哺乳动物包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="印度野牛">印度野牛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%A7%91" title="鹿科">鹿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="熊">熊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B4" title="猴">猴</a>；常见的爬行动物和两栖动物包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇">蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BE%8D%E5%AD%90" title="石龍子">石龙子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%99" class="mw-redirect" title="蛙">蛙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="壁虎">壁虎</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="大象">大象</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%80%E7%89%9B" title="犀牛">犀牛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%99%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="老虎">老虎</a>及数种野牛、猴和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E8%87%82%E7%8C%BF" title="长臂猿">长臂猿</a>属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%92%E5%8D%B1%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="濒危动物">濒危动物</a>。1993年，老挝政府将全国21%的领土划为自然环境保护区<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG/220px-Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG/330px-Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG/440px-Laos_-_Bolaven_Plateau_-_Logging.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%87%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="布拉万高原">布拉万高原</a>运送原木的卡车</figcaption></figure> 老挝面临着严重的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%8D%E4%BC%90" title="森林砍伐">森林砍伐</a>问题<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>，该难题由农业<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E8%80%95%E7%81%AB%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="刀耕火种">刀耕火种</a>、商业开发、水电设施建设、人口增长、外来的野生动物需求，及非木材食用及药用产品需求等因素共同导致。1992年的政府调查显示，老挝国土的森林覆盖率为48%，而2002年的调查中，该数字已经降低至41%。根据老挝当局消息，由于水电站建设及非法砍伐，老挝的森林覆盖率可能已经降至至多35%。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国开发计划署">联合国开发计划署</a>曾警告称：“保护老挝人民民主共和国的自然环境和可持续利用的自然资源，对于脱贫和经济发展至关重要<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>。”<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%8D%E4%BC%90" title="非法砍伐">非法砍伐</a>行为泛滥。根据环保组织的统计，每年有50万立方米的原木被<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="越南人民军">越南人民军</a>所有的企业砍伐并运往越南加工<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>。 老挝在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a>的水电站建设亦为河流的生态环境带来威胁。2012年开始建造的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%80%B6%E6%AD%A6%E9%87%8C%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99" title="沙耶武里水电站">沙耶武里水电站</a>引起环保人士的大量抗议。根据英国《<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%A0%B1_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="獨立報 (英國)">独立报</a>》的调查，环保组织称该水电站将给6,000万人造成不利影响，而湄公河下游涉及越南和柬埔寨，其政府亦对该计划表示反对。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="湄公河委员会">湄公河委员会</a>警告称：“（沙耶武里水电站）从根本上破坏了湄公河水产资源的存量，产量和多样性”<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>。澳大利亚<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="洛伊國際政策研究所">洛伊國際政策研究所</a>的客座研究员米尔顿·奥斯本（Milton Osborne）称：“在将来，湄公河将不再是鱼类的丰富来源和繁荣农业的保障，这条处在中国下方的大河的规模，可能会变得仅比一系列贫瘠湖泊大一些<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>。” <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行政区划">行政区划</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：行政区划">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="老挝行政区划">老挝行政区划</a></div> 老挝大致上可以分為上寮、中寮和下寮3個地區，17省（khoueng）、1個<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%B8%82" title="直辖市">直辖市</a>（kampheng nakhon）<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="万象市">万象市</a><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84">[84]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81" title="省">省</a>下设乡（muang）、村（ban）<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-72">[72]</a>。 <div role="img" class="floatright nounderlines noresize" style="width: 500px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: var(--background-color-base,#ffffff); color:inherit; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Laos_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Laos_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="588" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Laos_adm_location_map.svg/750px-Laos_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Laos_adm_location_map.svg/1000px-Laos_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="2307" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:79.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E6%B2%99%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%81" title="丰沙里省">丰沙里省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:229px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%BD%98%E7%9C%81" title="华潘省">华潘省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:182px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E7%9C%81" title="琅勃拉邦省">琅勃拉邦省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:99px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E5%A1%9E%E7%9C%81" title="乌多姆塞省">乌多姆塞省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:69px; top:122px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8D%97%E5%A1%94%E7%9C%81" title="琅南塔省">琅南塔省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:179px; top:252px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%AE%8B%E5%A5%94%E7%9C%81" title="賽宋奔省">赛宋奔省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:209px; top:207px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B9%E7%9C%81" title="川圹省">川圹省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244px; top:267px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%8E%E8%B5%9B%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="博利坎赛省">博利坎赛省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:297px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="万象直辖市">万象直辖市</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:319px; top:332px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%92%99%E7%9C%81" title="甘蒙省">甘蒙省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:334px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%8B%BF%E5%90%89%E7%9C%81" title="沙湾拿吉省">沙湾拿吉省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:419px; top:507px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%80%9F%E5%9D%A1%E7%9C%81" title="阿速坡省">阿速坡省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:129px; top:257px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E7%9C%81" title="万象省">万象省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:44px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%83%B6%E7%9C%81" title="博胶省">博胶省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:74px; top:232px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%80%B6%E6%AD%A6%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%81" title="沙耶武里省">沙耶武里省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:344px; top:502px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%9C%81" title="占巴塞省">占巴塞省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:419px; top:462px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="公河省">公河省</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:369px; top:442px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE%E7%9C%81" title="沙拉湾省">沙拉湾省</a></div> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>名稱</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝文">老挝文</a></th> <th>老挝文转写</th> <th>首府</th> <th>ISO</th> <th>區 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%80%9F%E5%9D%A1%E7%9C%81" title="阿速坡省">阿速坡省</a></td> <td>ອັດຕະປື</td> <td>Attapeu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%80%9F%E5%9D%A1" title="阿速坡">阿速坡</a></td> <td>AT</td> <td>下寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%83%B6%E7%9C%81" title="博胶省">博胶省</a></td> <td>ບໍ່ແກ້ວ</td> <td>Bokeo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E6%99%92" class="mw-redirect" title="会晒">会晒</a></td> <td>BK</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%8E%E8%B5%9B%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="博利坎赛省">博利坎赛省</a></td> <td>ບໍລິຄໍາໄຊ</td> <td>Bolikhamsai</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B1%95" class="mw-disambig" title="北汕">北汕</a></td> <td>BL</td> <td>中寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%9C%81" title="占巴塞省">占巴塞省</a></td> <td>ຈຳປາສັກ</td> <td>Champasak</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%89%B2" title="巴色">巴色</a></td> <td>CH</td> <td>下寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%BD%98%E7%9C%81" title="华潘省">华潘省</a></td> <td>ຫົວພັນ</td> <td>Hua Phan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%80%92" title="桑怒">桑怒</a></td> <td>HO</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%92%99%E7%9C%81" title="甘蒙省">甘蒙省</a></td> <td>ຄໍາມ່ວນ</td> <td>Khammouane</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%9B%B2" title="他曲">他曲</a></td> <td>KH</td> <td>中寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8D%97%E5%A1%94%E7%9C%81" title="琅南塔省">琅南塔省</a></td> <td>ຫຼວງນໍ້າທາ</td> <td>Luang Namtha</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8D%97%E5%A1%94" title="琅南塔">琅南塔</a></td> <td>LM</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E7%9C%81" title="琅勃拉邦省">琅勃拉邦省</a></td> <td>ຫຼວງພະບາງ</td> <td>Luang Prabang</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="琅勃拉邦">琅勃拉邦</a></td> <td>LP</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E5%A1%9E%E7%9C%81" title="乌多姆塞省">乌多姆塞省</a></td> <td>ອຸດົມໄຊ</td> <td>Oudomxay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="芒赛">芒赛</a></td> <td>OU</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E6%B2%99%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%81" title="丰沙里省">丰沙里省</a></td> <td>ຜົ້ງສາລີ</td> <td>Phongsali</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E6%B2%99%E9%87%8C" title="豐沙里">丰沙里</a></td> <td>PH</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%80%B6%E6%AD%A6%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%81" title="沙耶武里省">沙耶武里省</a></td> <td>ໄຊຍະບູລີ</td> <td>Xayabuli</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%80%B6%E6%AD%A6%E9%87%8C" title="沙耶武里">沙耶武里</a></td> <td>XA</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE%E7%9C%81" title="沙拉湾省">沙拉湾省</a></td> <td>ສາລະວັນ</td> <td>Salavan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3" title="沙拉灣">沙拉湾</a></td> <td>SL</td> <td>下寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%8B%BF%E5%90%89%E7%9C%81" title="沙湾拿吉省">沙湾拿吉省</a></td> <td>ສະຫວັນນະເຂດ</td> <td>Savannakhet</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%B0%E5%A8%81%E6%B1%89%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="凯山丰威汉市">凯山丰威汉</a></td> <td>SV</td> <td>下寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="公河省">公河省</a></td> <td>ເຊກອງ</td> <td>Sekong</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%AC" title="塞公">塞公</a></td> <td>XE</td> <td>下寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%8F%8D" title="永珍">永珍直辖市</a></td> <td>ນະຄອນຫຼວງວຽງຈັນ</td> <td>Nakhonlouang Vieng Chan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a></td> <td>VT</td> <td>中寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%B1%A1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="萬象省">萬象省</a></td> <td>ແຂວງແຂວງວຽງຈັນ</td> <td>Vieng Chan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%B1%A1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="萬象省">孟蓬洪</a></td> <td>VT</td> <td>中寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B9%E7%9C%81" title="川圹省">川圹省</a></td> <td>ຊຽງຂວາງ</td> <td>Xieng Khouang</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B9%E7%9C%81" title="川圹省">川圹</a></td> <td>XI</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%AE%8B%E5%A5%94%E7%9C%81" title="賽宋奔省">赛宋奔省</a></td> <td>ໄຊສົມບູນ</td> <td>Xaisomboun</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%97%BA" title="阿努旺">阿努旺</a></td> <td>XN</td> <td>上寮 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治">政治</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：政治">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="老撾政治">老挝政治</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治制度">政治制度</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：政治制度">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20171118_Government%27s_Office,_Vientiane_Laos_3216_DxO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20171118_Government%27s_Office%2C_Vientiane_Laos_3216_DxO.jpg/218px-20171118_Government%27s_Office%2C_Vientiane_Laos_3216_DxO.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20171118_Government%27s_Office%2C_Vientiane_Laos_3216_DxO.jpg/327px-20171118_Government%27s_Office%2C_Vientiane_Laos_3216_DxO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20171118_Government%27s_Office%2C_Vientiane_Laos_3216_DxO.jpg/436px-20171118_Government%27s_Office%2C_Vientiane_Laos_3216_DxO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4233" data-file-height="2804" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">老挝政府办公楼</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_of_Laos_(11888085666).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/National_Assembly_of_Laos_%2811888085666%29.jpg/218px-National_Assembly_of_Laos_%2811888085666%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/National_Assembly_of_Laos_%2811888085666%29.jpg/327px-National_Assembly_of_Laos_%2811888085666%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/National_Assembly_of_Laos_%2811888085666%29.jpg/436px-National_Assembly_of_Laos_%2811888085666%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">老挝国会</div></div></div></div></div> 根据老挝于1991年颁布的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="老挝宪法">宪法</a>，老挝人民民主共和国是人民民主国家，全部权力属于人民、由人民行使；人民的主人权力，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党">老挝人民革命党</a>为领导核心的政治体制的活动来获得实施和保证<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。据此，老挝为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党制</a>国家，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党">老挝人民革命党</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" title="執政黨">執政黨</a>，也是老挝唯一的政黨<a href="#cite_note-BBCPf-71">[71]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记">老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记</a>是老挝的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="最高领导人">最高领导人</a>。老挝是世界上少数几个宣扬<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>的国家之一<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84">[84]</a>，老挝人民革命党的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="意识形态">意识形态</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B1%B1%C2%B7%E4%B8%B0%E5%A8%81%E6%B1%89%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="凯山·丰威汉思想">凯山·丰威汉思想</a><a href="#cite_note-shida-86">[86]</a>。虽常被划分为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义国家</a>，但老挝人民革命党界定老挝为“人民民主国家”，处在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义过渡阶段</a>，目标是建成社会主义<a href="#cite_note-shida-86">[86]</a>。 老挝人民革命党每5年召开一次<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="全国代表大会">全国代表大会</a>，讨论和决定党和国家的重大问题，并进行党内的人事任免。1991年，老挝人民革命党第五次全国代表大会确定「有原则的全面革新路线」，提出坚持党的领导和社会主义方向等六项基本原则。2001年，老挝人民革命党第七次全国代表大会提出了老挝在21世纪前20年的发展目标和具体方针，强调继续坚持党的领导和社会主义方向不变；将<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="交通">交通</a>建设作为工作重心，将解决疾病流行问题作为首要任务，加快发展，尽快摆脱不发达状态，制定了至2010年基本消除贫困，至2020年摆脱不发达状态的目标。2016年1月，老挝人民革命党第十次全国代表大会通过社会发展第八次五年計畫、十年战略和十五年远景計畫<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。2021年，老挝人革党第十一次全国代表大会通过第九次五年计划，制定六大目标，包括维持经济高质量、稳定和可持续增长，培训适应发展需要的人才，提高人民生活水平，满足环保要求、减少自然灾害，加强基础设施建设并高效利用、发挥优势增进区域和国际合作，提高行政管理、国家治理效率<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>。 在老挝人民革命党领导之下的组织，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="统一战线">统一战线</a>组织<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B5%E7%BA%BF" title="老挝建国阵线">老挝建国阵线</a>、工会组织<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="老挝工会联合会">老挝工会联合会</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="青年组织">青年组织</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%A2" title="老挝人民革命青年团">老挝人民革命青年团</a>及妇女组织老挝妇女联合会，是老挝合法的社会组织及团体<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治结构">政治结构</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：政治结构">编辑</a>]</div> 老挝的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="最高领导人">最高领导人</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记">老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记</a>，除了主持召开<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="老挝人民革命党中央政治局">老挝人民革命党中央政治局</a>会议和领导<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84" title="老挝人民革命党中央书记处">老挝人民革命党中央书记处</a>工作外，亦兼任国防和治安委员会主席，统帅<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="老挝人民军">老挝人民军</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="老挝人民民主共和国主席">国家主席</a>是名义上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="国家元首">国家元首</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝国会">老挝国会</a>根据国会常委会的提议选举产生，任期为5年，同时也是宪法规定的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="老挝人民军">老挝人民武装力量</a>名义上的统帅。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="寮人民民主共和國副主席">国家副主席</a>负责协助国家主席工作，由国会选举产生，可在国家主席不能履行职权时代行其职务<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。老挝全国人民代表大会为非常设性的“国家最高权力机关”，闭会期间由国会行使权力。老挝全国人民代表大会仅召开过两次，1950年于内战期间由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%AE" title="巴特寮">巴特寮</a>召开，1975年老挝人民民主共和国建立前夕召开，决定建立人民民主共和国<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:120-121。国会和所有国家机关，按照<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a>的原则建立和活动<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。 老挝宪法规定，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝国会">国会</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法机关</a>，负责制定宪法和法律，同时也是行政和司法机关的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%80%E5%AF%9F%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="检察机关">检察机关</a>。国会根据国会常委会的提议，选举或罢免国家主席和副主席；根据国家主席的提议，审议政府官员的任免。国会每届任期5年，每年由常委会召开两次例会。国会议员由地方选举产生。国会闭会时，由国会常务委员会行使职权<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。政府是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="行政机关">行政机关</a>，设18个部及<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="老挝人民民主共和国银行">央行</a>、国家主席府、总理府3个直属机构，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝总理">政府总理</a>、副总理、部长和部级委员会主任组成，任期5年。老挝政府总理为<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑">政府首脑</a>，主要职责为指导和主持政府工作；此外，在各级行政区划单位设立省长、直辖市长、县长和村长<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。老挝<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="司法机关">司法机关</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="法院">人民法院</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%80%E5%AF%9F%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="检察机关">人民检察机关</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="人民法院">人民法院</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="审判机关">审判机关</a>，由最高人民法院、各级行政区划人民法院和军事法院组成，最高审判机关为最高人民法院；人民检察机关由人民检察长公署、各级行政区划人民检察院和军事检察院组成。最高人民法院院长和人民检察长由国会选举任免<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。 现任<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记">老挝人民革命党总书记</a>兼<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="老挝人民民主共和国主席">国家主席</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C" title="通伦·西苏里">通伦·西苏里</a>， <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="寮人民民主共和國副主席">国家副主席</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E9%99%B6%E9%83%BD" title="巴妮·雅陶都">巴妮·雅陶都</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%80%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%BC" title="本通·吉玛尼">本通·吉玛尼</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝总理">政府总理</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E8%B5%9B%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%98%E6%95%A6" title="宋赛·西潘敦">宋赛·西潘敦</a>，国会主席为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%8B%E8%93%AC%C2%B7%E4%B8%B0%E5%A8%81%E6%B1%89" title="赛宋蓬·丰威汉">赛宋蓬·丰威汉</a><a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人权问题">人权问题</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：人权问题">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="寮國人權">老挝人权</a></div> 人權一直是寮國政府和西方爭論的議題之一。西方政府和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="非政府組織">非政府組織</a>一直以來都認爲寮國的人權狀況惡劣，但寮國當局卻予以否認<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>。寮國當局曾表示「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="國家安全">國家安全</a>、公共秩序、社會道德」的地位要高於「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人權">人權</a>」<a href="#cite_note-JWB-89">[89]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="自由之家">自由之家</a>將寮國的自由度評爲最差的「7」等<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>。國民的言論自由等政治權利受到了當局的限制<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>。當局也被指有逮捕及關押異議人士<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-92">[92]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="人權觀察">人權觀察</a>認爲寮國近年來在人權方面「沒有任何進步」，非法監禁現象依然存在，勞工權利受到限制<a href="#cite_note-AN-93">[93]</a>。 上世紀60年代，美國曾經利用寮國的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%99%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="赫蒙族">苗族</a>人來對抗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B6%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="北越">北越</a>。但後來寮國人民黨奪取寮國政權，很多寮國人擔心被報復而逃到了泰國<a href="#cite_note-UN-94">[94]</a>。1975年后，30万苗人中约有12万选择逃离老挝，他们大多移居美国<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:43。而寮國政權則被控曾對留在國內的苗族實施<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95" class="mw-redirect" title="種族滅絕">種族滅絕</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>。老挝政府的宣传则声称，在寮國人民黨建立政權後，寮國苗族人的生活得到了很大改善，而且苗族人正「積極參與國家事務」<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外交">外交</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外交">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="老撾外交">老挝外交</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%BB%BA%E4%BA%A4%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="老挝建交列表">老挝建交列表</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="駐寮國外交機構列表">駐寮國外交機構列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASEAN_heads_of_states_090716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ASEAN_heads_of_states_090716.jpg/220px-ASEAN_heads_of_states_090716.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ASEAN_heads_of_states_090716.jpg/330px-ASEAN_heads_of_states_090716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ASEAN_heads_of_states_090716.jpg/440px-ASEAN_heads_of_states_090716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>2016年，老挝首都万象主办的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="东盟峰会">东盟峰会</a></figcaption></figure> 老挝宪法规定，老挝奉行和平、独立、友好和合作的外交政策，原则是和平共处，互相尊重独立、主权、领土完整，互不干涉内政和平等互利<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。 寮國目前是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="东盟成员国列表">东南亚国家联盟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="东亚峰会">东亚峰会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="法語圈國際組織">法语圈国际组织</a>成员。1955年，新独立的老挝王国加入<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>，1975年12月2日更变会员国名称为老挝人民民主共和国<a href="#cite_note-accedingmembers-98">[98]</a>。1997年7月，老挝正式加入东南亚国家联盟<a href="#cite_note-enlargement-99">[99]</a>，于2004年和2016年两度担任轮值主席国，成功举办<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="东盟峰会">东盟峰会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="东亚峰会">东亚峰会</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>。老挝是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3%E6%AC%A1%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C" title="大湄公河次区域经济合作">大湄公河次区域经济合作</a>成员<a href="#cite_note-Panda_1-101">[101]</a>。2013年加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a><a href="#cite_note-wto-22">[22]</a>。 老挝人民民主共和国在1975年建立后，一度奉行亲苏亲越的外交政策，同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="东盟">东盟</a>甚至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>保持敌对。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>一度为老挝的最大援助国<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。越南战争期间，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="越南民主共和国">北越</a>在老挝境内建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%8F%E9%81%93" title="胡志明小道">胡志明小道</a>，支持南越的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="越南民族解放陣線">越南民族解放阵线</a>游击队；巴特寮组织试图控制老挝政权期间，获得了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="越南人民军">越南人民军</a>的大力援助，在老挝人民民主共和国建立后，越南亦派军帮助老挝人民革命党统一全国。1977年，老挝同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>签署《老越友好合作条约》，建立“特殊团结友好关系”<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Stuart-Fox-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Savada-65">[65]</a>。1978年，因<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="柬越戰爭">越南入侵柬埔寨</a>，中越关系交恶。老挝政府多次声明“在任何时候都会站在越南一边”，亦同中国交恶。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中越战争">中越战争</a>期间，指责中国为“国际反动派、大国扩张主义”，结束同中国的经济合作<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:280-281。1986年，老挝人民革命党第四次全国代表大会决定在外交上实行对外开放、广交朋友的政策，外交方针发生转变<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:102。1989年，中老兩國关系正常化，得到全面恢复和发展，自此後兩國在不同领域的交流合作不断深化<a href="#cite_note-Vlad-102">[102]</a>。1991年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>取代苏联成为老挝最大援助国<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。2002年老挝人民革命党七大又制定“少树敌、广交友”的外交方针<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:110。1992年8月，老挝同美国恢复互派大使关系；2005年，美国给予老挝正常贸易关系待遇<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。1997年7月，老挝加入东南亚国家联盟<a href="#cite_note-enlargement-99">[99]</a>。2009年，老挝同中国建立全面战略合作伙伴关系<a href="#cite_note-inter-103">[103]</a>。2016年，美国同老挝建立全面伙伴关系<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>。 1975年老挝人民民主共和国建立后，长期同越南保持紧密关系，“老越友谊”获得两国长期的政治宣传<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>。1977年，老挝同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>签署《老越友好合作条约》，建立“特殊团结友好关系”<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Stuart-Fox-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Savada-65">[65]</a>。自20世纪70年代至80年代中期，越南在老挝政治、军事、经济和外交领域一度保持着极大的影响力，越南派往老挝的专业人士和顾问达到6,000人，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="越南人民军">越南人民军</a>在老挝的驻军曾达到6万人，较老挝军队的人数还要多。越南共产党亦曾设立“西方工作委员会”负责老挝国策的制定和政府人事的安排，党政各部专设一名负责老挝事务的副部长<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:292。这一局面在20世纪80年代后期出现转变，越南撤回大部分顾问及90%的驻军，但两国仍然维持着密切的高层来往，维持特殊关系。老挝人民革命党与越南共产党皆于1986年宣布实行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="革新开放">革新开放</a>政策，推行市场化的经济改革<a href="#cite_note-Prayaga-67">[67]</a>。至2016年底，越南在老挝投资累计达51亿美元，主要涉及能源、服务、基础设施、矿产、金融、农业和林业部门。2019年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%80%BB%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="越共中央总书记">越共中央总书记</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="越南国家主席">国家主席</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E5%AF%8C%E4%BB%B2" title="阮富仲">阮富仲</a>访问老挝，老挝人民革命党中央对外部部长顺通·赛雅佳称：“老越关系始终是伟大友好、特殊团结、全面合作的关系，没有任何言语能够解释和描述老越关系的重要性<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>。” <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="军事">军事</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：军事">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="老挝人民军">老挝人民军</a></div> 老挝的军队称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="老挝人民军">老挝人民军</a>，接受<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党">老挝人民革命党</a>领导。老挝人民军前身为老挝爱国战线领导的“寮国战斗部队”，始建于1949年1月20日，1965年10月改名为老挝人民解放军，1982年7月改称现名。最高领导机构是中央国防和治安委员会。实行义务兵役制，服役期最少为18个月<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。受限于国力，老挝尚未有国防科技及国防工业，军事力量相对薄弱、装备较为落后。老挝军队的主要任务为边防和维持国内安全<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84">[84]</a>，兵力主要在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a>沿岸布防。其武器装备主要来自1991年前<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>的援助，亦有部分来自中国和越南援助<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:228-229。其武装部队总兵力约6万人，其中陆军约5万人，主力部队编为5个步兵师；空军2,000多人；内河巡逻部队1,000多人；部队机关院校5,000人<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>。 老挝宪法规定，老挝人民军由老挝人民革命党领导和指挥，老挝人民革命党总书记为事实上的武装部队最高统帅，其国防组织体系由人民革命党国防治安委员会、国防部和内务部组成<a href="#cite_note-constitution-85">[85]</a>。老挝人民革命党中央国防和治安委员会设立于1991年，为最高军事决策机构，由老挝人民革命党总书记、国家主席、政府总理、国防部长、内务部长和老挝人民军各总部最高长官组成，人民革命党总书记为中央国防和治安委员会主席。国防部执行国防治安委员会的决策，为军队最高行政管理机构，下设总参谋部、总政治部和总后勤部。内务部领导老挝警察部队。老挝武装力量由正规军、地方部队、预备役部队和民兵自卫队组成，正规军分为陆军和空军。老挝人民军陆军规模最大，包括5个步兵师，分别驻防包括首都万象在内的数个战略要地。老挝人民军空军包括两个飞行团，战斗机主力为21架<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC-21%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米格-21战斗机">米格-21战斗机</a><a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:229-232。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="老挝人民海军">老挝内河部队</a>于湄公河活动，军官均毕业于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="越南海军学院">越南海军学院</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>。2013年，美国<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" title="中央情报局">中央情报局</a>统计老挝军事开支约占其GDP的0.2%，位列世界第152位<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84">[84]</a>。 老挝人民军同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="越南人民军">越南人民军</a>关系密切<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84">[84]</a>，两军高层互动频繁，老挝军队定期派遣军政干部赴越南深造，亦常派兵赴越集训。根据老挝和越南两国签订的军事合作协议，越南军队可进入老挝所需要的任何地区进行作战<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:236。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济">经济</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：经济">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="老挝经济">老挝经济</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TalatSaoPark-2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/TalatSaoPark-2010.JPG/220px-TalatSaoPark-2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/TalatSaoPark-2010.JPG/330px-TalatSaoPark-2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/TalatSaoPark-2010.JPG/440px-TalatSaoPark-2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E5%B8%82_(%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早市 (万象)（页面不存在）">早市</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talat_Sao" class="extiw" title="en:Talat Sao">Talat Sao</a>）的购物中心</figcaption></figure> 老挝是较为贫穷的国家，被联合国认定为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="最不发达国家">最不发达国家</a>之一，其2018年<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">国内生产总值</a>在东南亚排行倒数第二位<a href="#cite_note-imf2-108">[108]</a>。老挝经济结构以<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>为主，工业基础薄弱、发展较落后。老挝人民民主共和国建国后，一度实行高度集中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="计划经济">计划经济</a>体制，尔后在1986年推行革新开放政策，逐步放开政府管制，转向以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="市场经济">市场经济</a>为主的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="混合经济">混合经济</a>模式，并在商品价格政策、工资制度、农业政策、工业管理体制等方面展开改革<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:154。由于一度的政策失误及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="东南亚金融危机">东南亚金融危机</a>的冲击，老挝未能改变其经济的落后状况<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:145。进入21世纪后，老挝迎来大量外部投资，并加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a>等国际经济合作组织<a href="#cite_note-wto-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>，其经济亦正迎来持续的高速增长。在2011年至2015年老挝的第七个<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="五年计划">五年计划</a>中，老挝GDP年均增长率高达7.9%。2018年，老挝GDP实际增长率为6.5%，位列世界第16位<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>，人均GDP已经超越邻国越南<a href="#cite_note-imf2-108">[108]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EDL-Savannakhet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EDL-Savannakhet.jpg/220px-EDL-Savannakhet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EDL-Savannakhet.jpg/330px-EDL-Savannakhet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/EDL-Savannakhet.jpg/440px-EDL-Savannakhet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%8B%BF%E5%90%89" title="沙湾拿吉">沙湾拿吉</a>的外资电子代工厂</figcaption></figure> 老挝的经济增长高度依靠外部投资<a href="#cite_note-BBCPf-71">[71]</a>，外来投资占老挝国民经济建设总投资的70%以上<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:157。2016年，老挝经济的累计最大投资来源国前三位分别是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>。2011年，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩国">韩国</a>的技术及财政支持下，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E8%AD%89%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="老撾證券交易所">老挝证券交易所</a>于2011年正式启动<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>。1988年，老挝人民革命党第四届五中全会决定着重发展“<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="家庭經濟">干部职工家庭经济</a>”，大量<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E9%83%A8%E8%81%B7%E5%8B%99%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="幹部職務名稱表制度">干部职工</a>家庭在政府主导下走向富裕，其经济自种植、养殖、手工业发展到经商、流通、服务、科技和对外合作等领域，出现百万富翁和“新型资本家”，但亦使得<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E5%AF%8C%E5%B7%AE%E8%B7%9D" title="貧富差距">贫富分化</a>现象日渐严重。快速的经济发展亦引起<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="人才外流">人才外流</a>问题<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>，根据2015年估计，有37%受教育的老挝人居住于国外<a href="#cite_note-TonyFielding-114">[114]</a>。 2016年，老挝制定的第八个五年计划提出要加快完善基础设施建设，加快农村开发，建立工业基础，开发人才资源；到2020年，摆脱不发达国家的行列。其2016年至2025年的“十年发展战略”，包括到2020年摆脱最不发达国家行列，实现可持续绿色经济增长，人力资源开发，可持续和绿色环境的建立、高效利用自然资源，加强政府社会管理职能，融入国际一体化，和工业化、现代化战略，共7个“子战略”。其2030年愿景亦提出达到中等收入国家水平<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:158-160。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="农业">农业</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：农业">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E7%A8%BB%E7%B1%B3%E7%A8%AE%E6%A4%8D" title="老撾稻米種植">老挝稻米种植</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="老撾漁業">老撾漁業</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_planting_near_Champasak_(Laos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rice_planting_near_Champasak_%28Laos%29.jpg/220px-Rice_planting_near_Champasak_%28Laos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rice_planting_near_Champasak_%28Laos%29.jpg/330px-Rice_planting_near_Champasak_%28Laos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rice_planting_near_Champasak_%28Laos%29.jpg/440px-Rice_planting_near_Champasak_%28Laos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>占巴塞地区的稻田</figcaption></figure> 农业是老挝传统上的支柱部门，20世纪70年代时，老挝农业产值在其GDP中的占比为70%至80%；2015年，占比17.59%<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:160。老挝可耕地面积500万左右，森林覆盖率达到60%。老挝2/3的可耕地面积尚未被开发利用，《老挝社会经济统计资料》和《老挝年鉴》统计的2015年老挝耕地面积为134.58万公顷。老挝的粮食作物主要有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%BB%E8%B0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="稻谷">稻谷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" title="玉米">玉米</a>、薯类和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E7%B1%BB" title="豆类">豆类</a>，单季稻的种植面积占粮食种植面积一半，为老挝的主要粮食作物<a href="#cite_note-LOC-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:164-165，2016年稻谷产量约343万吨<a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a>，约77%的老挝农户实现稻米自给<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%AF%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="糯米">糯米</a>是老挝人的主食，因此老挝人主要种植糯稻<a href="#cite_note-Rice-118">[118]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="经济作物">经济作物</a>主要有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%B1%86" title="绿豆">绿豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%B1%86" class="mw-redirect" title="黄豆">黄豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" title="花生">花生</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89" title="烟草">烟草</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1" title="棉花">棉花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%94%97" title="甘蔗">甘蔗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡">咖啡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E5%8F%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="茶叶">茶叶</a>，其中咖啡的种植面积居首位，占经济作物总种植面积的一半<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:165。 老挝亦盛产热带水果，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E6%9E%9C" title="芒果">芒果</a>年产量1万吨至2万吨，老挝人称之为“果中之王”；<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E6%9F%9A" title="葡萄柚">葡萄柚</a>是老挝名产水果，年产量2万吨至3万吨；<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%A8%E7%93%9C" title="番木瓜">木瓜</a>为高产水果，年产量超过10万吨。此外，万象地区特产<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%80%E9%A6%99" title="檀香">檀香</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E9%A6%99" title="安息香">安息香</a>则是老挝主要特产，产量占世界总量的70%，用于化工和医药原料，年产量达50余吨<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:169-170。按照人均占有量计算，老挝为东南亚禽畜最多的国家之一，全国有150多万公顷天然牧场，民间畜禽养殖历史悠久，几乎每家每户都从事家畜和家禽饲养<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:173。老挝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a>资源丰富，森林面积达到1,400万至1,500万公顷，但木材蓄积量因<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%8D%E4%BC%90" title="森林砍伐">森林砍伐</a>等问题逐年减少。由于工业基础薄弱，老挝的林业资源开发程度并不高<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:174。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工业">工业</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：工业">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG/220px-Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG/330px-Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG/440px-Nam_Ngum_1_Dam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BF%84%E6%B2%B3" title="南俄河">南俄河</a>的南俄河水电站一号壩</figcaption></figure> 老挝工业基础薄弱，技术、资金、人才条件皆较为欠缺。2015年，老挝工业产值在GDP中占比为27.7%<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:176-177。老挝工业经济的支柱产业为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="水力发电">水力发电</a>，依靠<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a>的水力，老挝在20世纪90年代以后提出“将老挝建成东南亚蓄电池”的目标，大力发展水电产业，使之成为国际投资的主要部门。老挝的年总发电量在1985年仅有9.30亿千瓦时，到1995年亦仅有10.85亿千瓦时，但在水电站计划初步集中落实建成后，这一数字在2010年至2011年已经达到40亿千瓦时；到2015年，第七个五年计划结束后，老挝水力发电站的年发电量已经达到333.246亿千瓦时；2016年，老挝建成投产的水电站有42座，年发电量338亿千瓦时。老挝大部分电力用于出口，主要销往泰国、柬埔寨和越南，其中泰国为老挝电力出口主要市场<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:180-182。 老挝矿业的开发仍较为落后，正进行大规模的矿藏勘测计划。已进行开采的矿产包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="錫礦">锡矿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E7%9F%B3" title="白云石">白云石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%9F%BF" title="煤矿">煤矿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏">石膏</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E4%B8%9A" title="纺织业">棉纺织业</a>是老挝相对发达和普遍的部门；服装加工业在21世纪以来也获得较快发展<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:182-189。2008年，老挝同意與越南合作探勘南部兩省的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="旅游业">旅游业</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：旅游业">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89" title="寮國觀光">寮國觀光</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champasak_VatPhou1_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Champasak_VatPhou1_tango7174.jpg/300px-Champasak_VatPhou1_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Champasak_VatPhou1_tango7174.jpg/450px-Champasak_VatPhou1_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Champasak_VatPhou1_tango7174.jpg/600px-Champasak_VatPhou1_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%99%AE%E5%AF%BA" title="瓦普寺">瓦普寺</a></figcaption></figure> 老挝旅游业在进入21世纪后增长迅速，国际游客数从1990年的8万人涨至2010年的187.6万人<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>。2010年，老挝每10.9个工作岗位就有1个属于旅游业。由国际游客产生的出口利润达到2.703亿美元，占2010年老挝出口总利润的15.5%<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>。2015年，老挝境内游客数量达到468.4万人次，收入达7.25亿美元<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:215。 老挝境内的旅游资源包括：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="琅勃拉邦">琅勃拉邦</a>城区的佛教文化景观和殖民时代建筑；<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a>的美食文化和古迹；<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%BC%B8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="石缸平原">石缸平原</a>地区的历史文化遗产；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%A8%81_(%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟威 (老挝)（页面不存在）">孟威</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muang_Ngoi_Neua" class="extiw" title="en:Muang Ngoi Neua">Muang Ngoi Neua</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%A6%AE%E5%B8%82" title="萬榮市">万荣</a>的背包旅行路线；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%80%92" title="桑怒">桑怒</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝内战">老挝内战</a>战场址；<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E6%B2%99%E9%87%8C" title="豐沙里">丰沙里</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8D%97%E5%A1%94" title="琅南塔">琅南塔</a>的山区部落文化；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%89%BE%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南艾普洛（页面不存在）">南艾普洛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Et-Phou_Louey" class="extiw" title="en:Nam Et-Phou Louey">Nam Et-Phou Louey</a>）的野生动物栖息地；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%9B%B2" title="他曲">他曲</a>一带的洞穴和瀑布；<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%83%E5%B2%9B" title="四千岛">四千岛</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%81%A9%E7%80%91%E5%B8%83" title="孔恩瀑布">孔恩瀑布</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E5%90%BB%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="短吻海豚">短吻海豚</a>景观；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%9C%81" title="占巴塞省">占巴塞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B6%E5%8D%97" title="扶南">扶南</a>遗迹<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%99%AE%E5%AF%BA" title="瓦普寺">瓦普寺</a>；以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%87%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="布拉万高原">布拉万高原</a>的瀑布和咖啡文化。2013年，欧洲贸易与旅游委员会（ECTT）鉴于老挝丰厚的历史和建筑遗产，将老挝定为“年度世界最佳旅游目的地”<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>。 1989年10月，老挝政府部长会议发布发展旅游业决议。1990年，老挝政府成立贸易与旅游部，并在各省建立旅游服务公司，外资占股六成<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>。老挝国家旅游局负责管理老挝旅游业，各省市设有旅游管理办公室，同海关、计划投资部协作，增设通关口岸、延长签证停留期，并对部分国家免除签证，吸引国际游客。老挝政府允许外国投资者独资经营酒店、餐馆，允许其与老挝企业或个人合资开办旅游公司<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="交通">交通</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：交通">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="寮國交通">寮國交通</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="老撾鐵路運輸">老挝铁路运输</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laos-China-Railway_Station_Vientiane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Laos-China-Railway_Station_Vientiane.jpg/220px-Laos-China-Railway_Station_Vientiane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Laos-China-Railway_Station_Vientiane.jpg/330px-Laos-China-Railway_Station_Vientiane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Laos-China-Railway_Station_Vientiane.jpg/440px-Laos-China-Railway_Station_Vientiane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E4%B8%87%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="磨万铁路">磨万铁路</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E7%AB%99" title="万象站">万象站</a>。磨万铁路开通后，老挝铁路同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="中華人民共和國鐵路運輸">中國鐵路網</a>相連</figcaption></figure> 老挝的基础设施建设较为落后。2021年之前国内唯一一条铁路是跨越<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%AF%AE%E5%8F%8B%E8%AA%BC%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B" title="泰寮友誼大橋">泰老友谊大桥</a>的万象—<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%8A%E9%96%8B" title="廊開">廊开</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7" title="曼谷">曼谷</a>线，国内段的起点是泰寮友谊大桥，终点是万象<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%B4%8D%E6%A5%9E%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="塔納楞車站">塔纳楞车站</a>，连接泰国廊开至曼谷的铁路网络。2016年，连接老挝与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>边境<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%90%E8%85%8A%E5%8E%BF" title="勐腊县">勐腊县</a>口岸至万象的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E4%B8%87%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="磨万铁路">中老磨万铁路</a>正式开工，并于2021年12月3日建成开始营运，從而和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="中華人民共和國鐵路運輸">中國鐵路網</a>相連，沟通首都万象和古都琅勃拉邦<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>。 公路运输长期是老挝主要的运输方式。2015年，老挝公路总长55,079公里，主要是碎石路（21,410公里）和泥土路（24,839公里）；沥青路有8,830公里。<a href="/wiki/13%E8%99%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF_(%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B)" title="13號公路 (寮國)">13号公路</a>是20世纪20年代始建的贯通老挝南北重要城市的公路，为老挝公路交通干线，最初是单车道碎石路，于90年代开始扩建改建，现为全天候标准沥青公路<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:210。内河航运也是老挝重要的交通运输方式，有2,200公里全年通航的河道。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a>连接了上寮、中寮、下寮三部分地区，各支流亦形成可通航的航线；然而湄公河的交通开发仍然落后，利用率和运力都不甚可观<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:201。 与公路和水路运输相比，老挝的空运相对发达。国内主要的国际机场有万象的<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B2%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" title="瓦岱國際機場">瓦岱國際機場</a>、琅勃拉邦的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" title="琅勃拉邦國際機場">琅勃拉邦国际机场</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%89%B2" title="巴色">巴色</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%89%B2%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" title="巴色國際機場">巴色国际机场</a>，也是国内主要使用的机场，其他机场不少是内战时期美军修建的军用机场，陷入废弃。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="寮國航空">老挝航空</a>是老挝国有的航空公司<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:208。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="曼谷航空">曼谷航空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="越南航空">越南航空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="亞洲航空">亞洲航空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="泰國國際航空">泰國國際航空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="中国东方航空">中国东方航空</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9D%E5%AE%89%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="勝安航空">勝安航空</a>也负责部分航线运营。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人口">人口</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：人口">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="老挝人口">老挝人口</a></div> 2020年，老挝共有约745万人口；老挝政府每隔10年举行一次<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="人口普查">人口普查</a>，最近一次在2015年<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:20。全国人口分布不均，绝大多数人口居住于湄公河水系的谷地，万象的人口密度达209人每平方公里，而全国平均人口密度仅是27人每平方公里<a href="#cite_note-factbook-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>。老挝是多民族国家，因此“老挝人”更像是一个政治概念，指持有老挝国籍的人。总体上讲，老挝是亚洲人口最为年轻的国家，2019年的年龄中位数为21.6岁<a href="#cite_note-factbook-126">[126]</a>。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84339893">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="老挝最大城市排名http&#58;//www.geonames.org/LA/largest-cities-in-laos.html" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="老挝最大城市排名http&#58;//www.geonames.org/LA/largest-cities-in-laos.html" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">老挝最大城市排名 <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geonames.org/LA/largest-cities-in-laos.html">http://www.geonames.org/LA/largest-cities-in-laos.html</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>排名 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="老撾城市列表">名称</a> </th> <th>省份 </th> <th>人口 </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Vientiane_Patouxai_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="万象"><img alt="万象" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vientiane_Patouxai_Laos.jpg/120px-Vientiane_Patouxai_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vientiane_Patouxai_Laos.jpg/180px-Vientiane_Patouxai_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vientiane_Patouxai_Laos.jpg/240px-Vientiane_Patouxai_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3313" data-file-height="1194" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Savannakhet_VatXaiyaphoum2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="沙湾拿吉"><img alt="沙湾拿吉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Savannakhet_VatXaiyaphoum2_tango7174.jpg/120px-Savannakhet_VatXaiyaphoum2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Savannakhet_VatXaiyaphoum2_tango7174.jpg/180px-Savannakhet_VatXaiyaphoum2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Savannakhet_VatXaiyaphoum2_tango7174.jpg/240px-Savannakhet_VatXaiyaphoum2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%8B%BF%E5%90%89" title="沙湾拿吉">沙湾拿吉</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="万象">万象</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E7%9C%81" title="万象省">万象省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">820,940 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Champasak_Pakse8_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="巴色"><img alt="巴色" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Champasak_Pakse8_tango7174.jpg/120px-Champasak_Pakse8_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Champasak_Pakse8_tango7174.jpg/180px-Champasak_Pakse8_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Champasak_Pakse8_tango7174.jpg/240px-Champasak_Pakse8_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%89%B2" title="巴色">巴色</a> <a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Thakhek_and_Mountains_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="他曲"><img alt="他曲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/View_of_Thakhek_and_Mountains_full.jpg/120px-View_of_Thakhek_and_Mountains_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/View_of_Thakhek_and_Mountains_full.jpg/180px-View_of_Thakhek_and_Mountains_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/View_of_Thakhek_and_Mountains_full.jpg/240px-View_of_Thakhek_and_Mountains_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%9B%B2" title="他曲">他曲</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%8B%BF%E5%90%89" title="沙湾拿吉">沙湾拿吉</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B9%BE%E6%8B%BF%E5%90%89%E7%9C%81" title="沙湾拿吉省">沙湾拿吉省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%89%B2" title="巴色">巴色</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%9C%81" title="占巴塞省">占巴塞省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,848 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%9B%B2" title="他曲">他曲</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%92%99%E7%9C%81" title="甘蒙省">甘蒙省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="琅勃拉邦">琅勃拉邦</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E7%9C%81" title="琅勃拉邦省">琅勃拉邦省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,027 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%80%92" title="桑怒">桑怒</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%BD%98%E7%9C%81" title="华潘省">华潘省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E6%B2%99%E7%81%A3" title="豐沙灣">丰沙湾</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E5%9C%B9%E7%9C%81" title="川圹省">川圹省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,507 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B1%95_(%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B)" title="北汕 (寮國)">北汕</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%8E%E8%B5%9B%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="博利坎赛省">博利坎赛省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,404 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%A6%AE%E5%B8%82" title="萬榮市">万荣</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E7%9C%81" title="万象省">万象省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="芒赛">芒赛</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E8%B3%BD%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="烏多姆賽省">乌多姆赛省</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="民族">民族</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：民族">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_ethno-linguistic_groups_in_Laos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Distribution_of_ethno-linguistic_groups_in_Laos.png/220px-Distribution_of_ethno-linguistic_groups_in_Laos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Distribution_of_ethno-linguistic_groups_in_Laos.png/330px-Distribution_of_ethno-linguistic_groups_in_Laos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Distribution_of_ethno-linguistic_groups_in_Laos.png/440px-Distribution_of_ethno-linguistic_groups_in_Laos.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>依照母语系属划分的老挝民族分布图，分别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AE%E5%82%A3%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="壮傣语支">壮傣语族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉语族">孟-高棉语族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="苗瑶语系">苗瑶语系</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="漢藏語系">漢藏語系</a></figcaption></figure> 過去习惯将老挝民族按照居住地势分为三大民族集团：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BE%99%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="老龙族">老龙族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%81%BD%E6%97%8F" title="老聽族">老听族</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%9D%BE%E6%97%8F" title="老松族">老松族</a>。传统上，老龙族居于海拔700米以下的平原地区，老听族居于海拔700至1000米的丘陵地区，老松族居于海拔1000米以上的山地地区。近60%人口属于老龙族群的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%AC%E6%97%8F" title="佬族">佬族</a>，使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="老挝语">老挝语</a>，佬族文化构成了老挝的主流文化<a href="#cite_note-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks-128">[128]</a>。佬族是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="台语民族">泰語民族</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="泰族">泰族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%B8%E6%97%8F" title="掸族">掸族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="傣族">傣族</a>文化相通，他们在公元第一个千年内自华南地区南下，来到东南亚定居<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>。在老龙族群内部，有区别于佬族的其他泰傣民族，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="黑泰">黑泰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="白泰">白泰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="紅泰">红泰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E9%82%A3" title="傣那">傣那</a>等，他们主要定居在坡地流域，而非湄公河冲积平原<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:52。 在老挝中部和南部的山区，主要是老听族群的分布地区，占总人口的30%<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>。老听族大多使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉语族">孟-高棉语</a>，本是老挝北部地区的原住民。山地则是老松族的居住地。老松族中有许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%8B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="白苗">白苗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%8B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="青苗">青苗</a>人口，此外还有<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%B6%E6%97%8F" title="瑶族">瑶族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%B8%E6%97%8F" title="掸族">掸族</a>和一些使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E7%BC%85%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="藏缅语族">藏缅语</a>的族群。他们文化各异，约占人口的10%<a href="#cite_note-britannica-132">[132]</a>。老挝国内一些<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%97%8F" title="京族">越南人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="老撾華人">华人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="泰族">泰人</a>分布，主要居于城镇，不过不少此类外来人群都在20世纪40年代末离开老挝，移居到越南、香港或法国<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>。 按照老龙、老听和老松划分民族的传统办法在近年来逐渐被老挝政府弃用，2005年，老挝中央建国阵线民族局发布《老挝人民民主共和国民族》，正式地将老挝民族划分为49个，并以母语归属划分族群，分为壮傣语族、孟-高棉语族、藏缅语族和苗瑶语族<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:23。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="语言">语言</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：语言">编辑</a>]</div> 老挝的官方语言是<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="老挝语">老挝语</a>，为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%AC%E6%97%8F" title="佬族">佬族</a>的母语，属<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AE%E4%BE%97%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="壮侗语系">壮侗语系</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AE%E5%82%A3%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="壮傣语支">壮傣语支</a>，使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝语字母">老挝语字母</a>书写。老挝字母产生于13世纪至14世纪，源自古<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="高棉字母">高棉字母</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="泰语字母">泰语字母</a>很相似<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="克木语">克木语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="苗语">苗语</a>是主要的少数民族语言。一些先天性耳聋病发率较高的地区使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝语手语（页面不存在）">老挝语手语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Laotian sign languages">Laotian sign languages</a>）<a href="#cite_note-britannica-132">[132]</a>。 受殖民历史影响，老挝的政治和商贸领域仍然留有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>的使用。超过三分之一的老挝学生接受法语授课；法语也是当地学校主要教授的外语。全国不少路牌都使用老挝语和法语双语标示。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>在近年来逐渐成为较多人口学习的外语<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教">宗教</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：宗教">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="老挝宗教">老挝宗教</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝佛教">老挝佛教</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg/220px-Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg/330px-Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg/440px-Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5966" data-file-height="3977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%83%E5%B2%9B" title="四千岛">四千岛</a>接受供养的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙弥</a></figcaption></figure> 根据2010年的统计，老挝66%的人口信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>，1.5%的人口信仰<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>。有32.3%的人口信仰泰语民族民间的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="台语民族民间信仰">原始鬼神崇拜</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84">[84]</a>，主要是老听族群。上座部佛教是老挝历史上的国教，也是老挝分布最广的宗教，是老挝文化的重要组成部分。老挝有近2,000座佛寺，2万多名佛教僧侣。老挝佛教徒使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E7%B6%93" title="貝葉經">贝叶经</a>，多用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>刻写。佬族的每个村寨基本都建有佛寺，建在村寨中心的平坦地带。传统观念认为所有老挝男子佛教徒都必须<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6" title="出家">出家</a>一次，是否曾出家为僧成为判断人品的标准，许多老挝儿童在7岁便剃度成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙弥</a>，在佛寺学习；成年后需继续在佛寺修行一段时间。寺院也成为老挝人进行教育、医疗、体育和娱乐的重要场所。许多儿童在佛寺中完成幼年教育，大的佛寺会开设教授佛学的巴利语学校，佛寺中还会教授雕刻、木工、陶瓷等技术；佛寺中存有传统草药药材和药方，由僧侣在佛寺中为民众治病；寺院成为当地居民的议事所、社交场所和歇息场所，也用于体育和娱乐活动；佛寺中收藏文学艺术作品，甚至是佛教圣物，成为文化传播的中心<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:35-38。老挝人会在佛历12月（公历11月）的满月期间庆祝<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E9%8A%AE%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔銮节（页面不存在）">塔銮节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Luang_Festival" class="extiw" title="en:That Luang Festival">That Luang Festival</a>），聚集至万象塔銮庆祝、朝拜、布施<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>。老挝的语言、艺术、历法和习俗等各方面都受到上座部佛教文化的深重影响<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:38。 尽管老挝人民革命党主张的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>支持<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论">无神论</a>，历史上的巴特寮和老挝人民革命党并未针对老挝佛教文化作出大规模的批判或毁坏，而是利用佛教的影响力进行自我宣传，达到“宣传、教育、团结各民族”的目的<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:35，在官方宣传中将佛教信条和马克思主义相结合，如声称佛教的许多主张和信念与马克思主义哲学的联系，都倡导人人平等、实现终极福祉；尝试论证佛教佛法的“革命性”和“进步性”；声称佛教是有益而正义的思想，唯因发源于前工业时代而具有一定局限性，而马克思主义则是工业时代的科学思想，二者可以在取得兼容——但须舍弃佛教信条中有关<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教因果论">因果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">业报</a>和鬼神之说的落后思想。政府要求佛教僧侣研究政府官方的解读，遵守老挝人民革命党的宗教政策；政府官员也大量参与佛教活动，在塔銮节期间会有政治局成员供养僧侣，佛教文化也被视为老挝的民族文化而被党内要求在一定程度上予以尊崇<a href="#cite_note-Lafont-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>，塔銮出现在<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" title="老挝国徽">老挝国徽</a>上。如今老挝的僧人和一切宗教事务都由政府宗教事务部管理<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:55。 老挝佛教的一些观念也融合了本地原始信仰的元素<a href="#cite_note-britannica-132">[132]</a>，老挝人的日常习俗中也保留有许多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="台语民族民间信仰">民间信仰</a>成分，如认为人体中有灵气，在重大的人生节点前举行特殊仪式，称为招魂仪式、拴线仪式或“巴西”（ບາສີ basi；บายศรี baisi），以召回失散的灵气<a href="#cite_note-Ireson-142">[142]</a>。在欢迎宾客和归来的旅者、庆祝病患康复时也会举行招魂仪式。招魂仪式仍然是老挝人婚礼和起名仪式的重要环节<a href="#cite_note-Ireson-142">[142]</a>。老挝政府如今禁止佛教僧侣拜神，但允许民间的灵气崇拜；同时，老挝政府取缔<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="法宗派">法宗派</a>，独尊<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE" title="大宗派">大宗派</a>。法宗派是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="查克里王朝">泰国君主制</a>衍生的佛教教派，老挝政府视之为异端和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a>文化渗透的工具<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:55。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教育">教育</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：教育">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="老撾教育">老挝教育</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_University_of_Laos(NUOL)%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="老撾國家大學">老挝国家大学</a></figcaption></figure> 老撾基礎教育的現行學制是小學5年、初中3年、高中4年。老撾教育的發展水平相對較低，2008年至2012年統計數據表明識字率爲72.7%<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-143">[143]</a>。老撾教育目前面臨着教學資源缺乏、教師數目不足等問題。居住在貧困地區的許多學童難以參加定期學習。唯老撾政府目前已加大在教育領域的投入，並已取得一定成效<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJB-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-GP-145">[145]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="老撾國家大學">老挝国家大学</a>位于万象，成立于1995年，是老挝高等教育的最高学府<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:254。另有<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%AA%E5%86%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="苏发努冯大学">苏发努冯大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="占巴塞大学">占巴塞大学</a>等数所学校，也承担了该国高等教育业务<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>。老挝作为低收入国家，面临着严重的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81" title="人才外流">人才外流</a>问题，许多受到良好教育的人群皆选择移民外国。根据统计，在受过教育的老挝人中，有37%居住在国外<a href="#cite_note-TonyFielding-114">[114]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="医疗卫生">医疗卫生</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：医疗卫生">编辑</a>]</div> 老挝人民民主共和国建立后，即着手改善国内的医疗卫生观念和条件。以往的老挝人的洗浴用水、饮用水都是来自河溪、浅井的地表生水，水质不佳，有较大的健康隐患，<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE" title="疟疾">疟疾</a>也是流行的传染性疾病。20世纪90年代以来，老挝医疗机构和外国相关机构合作，引进医疗设备和医护人员，城镇卫生环境的条件有所好转，但大部分农村地区的卫生条件依然不佳，存在缺医少药的问题<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:246。 2017年，老挝人口的预期寿命为男子62.6岁，女子66.7岁<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-84">[84]</a>；2007年的健康期望寿命为54岁<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-147">[147]</a>。2006年，政府在卫生领域的支出约占GDP的4%<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-147">[147]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化">文化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：文化">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝文化（页面不存在）">老挝文化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" class="extiw" title="en:Culture of Laos">Culture of Laos</a>）</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xoutlao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Xoutlao.jpg/220px-Xoutlao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Xoutlao.jpg/330px-Xoutlao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Xoutlao.jpg/440px-Xoutlao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>身着传统服饰<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏老（页面不存在）">苏老</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xout_lao" class="extiw" title="en:Xout lao">Xout lao</a>）的老挝女子</figcaption></figure> 老挝传统文化受<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="婆罗门教">婆罗门教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>影响重大，与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柬埔寨文化（页面不存在）">高棉文化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" class="extiw" title="en:Culture of Cambodia">Culture of Cambodia</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰国文化（页面不存在）">泰国文化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" class="extiw" title="en:Culture of Thailand">Culture of Thailand</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="缅甸文化">缅甸文化</a>有一定相似之处<a href="#cite_note-Lafont-139">[139]</a>，近代又因<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="法属印度支那">殖民原因</a>受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="法国文化">法国文化</a>一定影响。东部以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="安南山脈">安南山脉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="中華文化圈">中华文化圈</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="越南文化">越南</a>隔开<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:48。老挝作为多民族国家，有着多样的文化<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:260。 老龙族群居住在富饶的湄公河流域平原，是历史上<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="澜沧王国">澜沧王国</a>的统治者，创造了繁荣的文化，因此一般来说老挝传统文化主要是低地老龙族群的文化。老龙人传统上居住在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8A%E8%84%9A%E6%A5%BC" title="吊脚楼">吊脚楼</a>里，种植<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A8%BB" title="水稻">水稻</a>，信仰上座部佛教，带有一定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="台语民族民间信仰">民间信仰</a>特征。老龙族人的传统服饰成为现代老挝的民族服装典型，称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏老（页面不存在）">苏老</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xout_lao" class="extiw" title="en:Xout lao">Xout lao</a>），意为“老挝服饰”。老听族群内部各民族的关系比较松散，最大民族是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E6%97%8F" title="克木族">克木族</a>。老松族群中的最大族系是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%92%99%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="赫蒙族">仡蒙人</a>，或称苗人，种植<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%BB" title="稻">旱稻</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" title="玉米">玉米</a>。老听族群和老松族群传统上实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E8%80%95%E7%81%AB%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="刀耕火种">刀耕火种</a>，文化主要是部落文化，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%BF%B0%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="口述歷史">口述历史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="萬物有靈">万物有灵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%85%BE%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="图腾崇拜">图腾崇拜</a>等<a href="#cite_note-Khmu_Rok_of_Laos-148">[148]</a>。 老挝艺术带有浓厚的佛教色彩，但由于老挝作为独立强权的历史比较短，所以老挝的艺术和邻国如泰国、柬埔寨、缅甸相比，时间跨度较短，风格也相对单调。还有许多精美的艺术品遭到外族劫掠，例如被泰国人掳走的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E5%AF%B6%E7%8E%89%E4%BD%9B" title="帕佛陀大摩尼寶玉佛">大玉佛</a>。当代老挝艺术在万象和琅勃拉邦等城市有一定发展，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%BB%87%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="编织品">编织品</a>是比较常见的艺术品种类<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:58。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%AF%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="糯米">糯米</a>是老挝人的主食，食用糯米是老挝人认同的一种来源，老挝人有自称为“糯米的后代”。食用糯米被视为老挝文化的重要特征之一<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:72。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文学">文学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：文学">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝文学（页面不存在）">老挝文学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Laos" class="extiw" title="en:Literature of Laos">Literature of Laos</a>）</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinxay_fighting_the_Big_Snake_with_his_brother_Siho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sinxay_fighting_the_Big_Snake_with_his_brother_Siho.jpg/220px-Sinxay_fighting_the_Big_Snake_with_his_brother_Siho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sinxay_fighting_the_Big_Snake_with_his_brother_Siho.jpg/330px-Sinxay_fighting_the_Big_Snake_with_his_brother_Siho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sinxay_fighting_the_Big_Snake_with_his_brother_Siho.jpg/440px-Sinxay_fighting_the_Big_Snake_with_his_brother_Siho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E4%BF%A1%E8%B5%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑信赛（页面不存在）">桑信赛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang_Sinxay" class="extiw" title="en:Sang Sinxay">Sang Sinxay</a>）》的绘画作品，描绘了英雄信赛与大蛇搏斗的场面。《桑信赛》是老挝深入人心的杰出史诗作品</figcaption></figure> 老挝传统社会重视文学。老挝文学涵盖的领域很广，包括宗教、哲学、散文、史诗、诗歌、戏剧、历史纪实、法律、占星学、民俗仪式、语言学、喜剧、虚构故事和纪实等<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a>。在老挝文学中，宗教和哲学故事常常和民间故事结合。老挝人认为文学创作的意义在于追求更深层次的宗教和哲学造诣<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>。同时，口头传统也和书面文学共存互补<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a>。古典文学和宗教文学并没有个人著作权的概念，没有固定的原本形式，而是在不断的叙述和再创作之中演变着<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-153">[153]</a>，这些作品一般刻写在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%A3%95" title="贝叶棕">贝叶</a>上，存储在木匣中，藏于佛寺之内<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>。 老挝历史上最早的文学创作始于<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="高棉帝国">高棉帝国</a>统治时期，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" title="罗摩衍那">罗摩衍那</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A" title="摩诃婆罗多">摩诃婆罗多</a>的史诗故事流传较广，也成为诸多诗歌的重要的创作和翻译来源。佛教传入后，老挝诞生了许多以佛经故事为来源的文学作品，著名的有源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利三藏</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="本生經">本生经</a>的《佛本生经故事》，又称摩诃迦陀卡，是包含了500多篇本生经故事的总集<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>，其中<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%81%94%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須達拿太子">须达拿太子</a>的故事最为杰出著名。罗摩衍那的老挝语版本《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E5%85%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕拉帕兰（页面不存在）">帕拉帕兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Ram" class="extiw" title="en:Phra Lak Phra Ram">Phra Lak Phra Ram</a>）》被视为老挝的民族史诗，“帕拉”（Phra Lak）即<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80%E6%9B%BC%E9%82%A3" title="羅什曼那">罗什曼那</a>，“帕兰”（Phra Ram）即<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="罗摩">罗摩</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>。罗摩并非<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴">毗湿奴</a>的化身，而是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>的化身；故事的地点发生在湄公河边，其中还包含不少和民间信仰相关的情节，如杀牛祭祀等。在老挝新年庆典期间，会有帕拉拉帕拉兰的公开诵读和表演环节。澜沧王国是老挝文学创作的高峰时期，在16世纪除翻译佛教经典外，出现了无韵诗的体裁，还出现了首部传说故事——《坤布伦故事》（Nithan Khun Borom），讲述了传说中的民族始祖<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB" title="坤布倫">坤布伦</a>的事迹<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:261。 17世纪诞生了老挝文学史上的杰出史诗作品《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E4%BF%A1%E8%B5%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑信赛（页面不存在）">桑信赛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang_Sinxay" class="extiw" title="en:Sang Sinxay">Sang Sinxay</a>）》<a href="#cite_note-chal-156">[156]</a>，讲述了英勇的王子信赛（Sin Xay）击退邪恶，成功拯救被流放的母亲和姑母、继承王位的故事<a href="#cite_note-mks-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-msfss-158">[158]</a>。信赛的故事深入人心，相关的艺术形象常常以绘画和雕刻的形式出现在老挝的佛寺中<a href="#cite_note-siam-159">[159]</a>；现代革命者凯山·丰威汉被誉为“新时代的信赛<a href="#cite_note-creak-160">[160]</a>”。2005年，老挝政府将信赛列为国家文化遗产，予以保护<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a>。桑信赛、须达拿太子和克木人的口头史诗陶洪（Thao Hung Thao Cheuang）并称老挝文学的三大名著<a href="#cite_note-mks-157">[157]</a>。 现代老挝的文学创作逐渐脱离宗教影响。20世纪60年代至70年代诞生了许多老挝内战历史相关小说或纪实创作，多包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="爱国主义">爱国主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a>内容<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:262，这一时期的代表作家有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%93%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%86%AF" title="玛哈西拉·维拉冯">玛哈西拉·维拉冯</a>等人<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建筑">建筑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：建筑">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Xieng_Thong_Laos_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wat_Xieng_Thong_Laos_I.jpg/220px-Wat_Xieng_Thong_Laos_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wat_Xieng_Thong_Laos_I.jpg/330px-Wat_Xieng_Thong_Laos_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wat_Xieng_Thong_Laos_I.jpg/440px-Wat_Xieng_Thong_Laos_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%BA" title="香通寺">香通寺</a></figcaption></figure> 老挝建筑艺术的成就集中体现在宗教建筑上，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">佛寺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="佛塔">佛塔</a>遍布全国。老挝建筑艺术在16世纪至17世纪进入繁荣期，当时的澜沧王<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E8%98%87%E7%B4%8D%E6%8B%89" title="維蘇納拉">维苏纳拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%BF%AA%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89" title="波迪萨拉">波迪萨拉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E5%A1%94%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89" title="赛塔提拉">赛塔提拉</a>主持修建了大量佛寺佛塔。老挝建筑艺术的典范之作包括万象的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%91%BE" title="塔鑾">塔銮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA_(%E8%90%AC%E8%B1%A1)" title="玉佛寺 (萬象)">玉佛寺</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%A0%BC%E5%BA%99" title="沙格庙">沙格庙</a>及琅勃拉邦的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%BA" title="香通寺">香通寺</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-164">[164]</a>:264等。琅勃拉邦古城是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="世界文化遗产">世界文化遗产</a>，城内有三十多座寺庙，皆体现老挝人的建筑艺术<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:56。 老挝的佛教建筑大多为砖石结构，一般由拱门、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%A0%82" title="戒堂">戒堂</a>、僧舍、修行住所、斋房、鼓楼、藏经楼和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%A0%91" title="菩提树">菩提树</a>组成；戒堂周围摆放着八块镇邪石<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:72。老挝佛寺戒堂的风格分为三种：万象式、琅勃拉邦式和川圹式。万象式戒堂前建有大平台，上有檐柱，支撑装饰华丽的悬挑式殿顶。琅勃拉邦式戒堂和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="兰纳">兰纳</a>地区的佛寺风格有一定相似之处，殿顶较低，几乎触及地面，以香通寺为代表。川圹式戒堂的殿顶不分层，建在高台上，殿顶宽大，同时具有万象式和琅勃拉邦式的风格，不同之处是弯曲的山形墙<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:57。由于老挝内战期间，川圹地区受到大量轰炸，川圹本地的古佛寺几乎损失殆尽，如今只能在琅勃拉邦见到川圹式风格的佛寺。<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82" title="傣仂">傣仂人</a>的佛寺风格也很独特，有着开窗的白泥厚墙，山形墙呈弧形，殿顶分层，主要分布在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%80%B6%E6%AD%A6%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%81" title="沙耶武里省">沙耶武里省</a><a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:57。老挝风格佛塔以塔銮为代表，特征是金字塔形的基座和向上倾斜的尖顶。著名的老挝风格佛塔有万象的塔銮、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E4%B8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔丹（页面不存在）">塔丹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Dam" class="extiw" title="en:That Dam">That Dam</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%9B%B2" title="他曲">他曲</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%91%E5%A1%94%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔西科塔邦（页面不存在）">塔西科塔邦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Sikhottabong" class="extiw" title="en:That Sikhottabong">That Sikhottabong</a>）；以及泰国依善的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%95%E5%84%82%E5%AF%BA" title="帕塔帕儂寺">帕塔帕儂寺</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>。 老挝人的传统住房则是简单的木房或竹茅房，以树叶或茅草盖顶，低地民族住在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8A%E8%84%9A%E6%A5%BC" title="吊脚楼">吊脚楼</a>中<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:56。现代老挝建筑一度受到<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主义现实主义">社会主义现实主义</a>影响，但近年来寻求引入老挝传统风格实现创新，代表者有老挝国会大楼、琅勃拉邦机场大厅等<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:56。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雕塑">雕塑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：雕塑">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝佛教雕塑（页面不存在）">老挝佛教雕塑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Buddhist_sculpture" class="extiw" title="en:Lao Buddhist sculpture">Lao Buddhist sculpture</a>）</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Statues_-_Wat_Xieng_Thong_-_Luang_Prabang_-_Laos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buddha_Statues_-_Wat_Xieng_Thong_-_Luang_Prabang_-_Laos.JPG/220px-Buddha_Statues_-_Wat_Xieng_Thong_-_Luang_Prabang_-_Laos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buddha_Statues_-_Wat_Xieng_Thong_-_Luang_Prabang_-_Laos.JPG/330px-Buddha_Statues_-_Wat_Xieng_Thong_-_Luang_Prabang_-_Laos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Buddha_Statues_-_Wat_Xieng_Thong_-_Luang_Prabang_-_Laos.JPG/440px-Buddha_Statues_-_Wat_Xieng_Thong_-_Luang_Prabang_-_Laos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>琅勃拉邦<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%BA" title="香通寺">香通寺</a>的“祈雨式”佛像</figcaption></figure> 宗教对老挝艺术的影响可以集中反映在雕塑上。老挝在16世纪至17世纪的佛教雕塑较为著名，是老挝艺术颇具感染力的一面<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:57。雕塑通常使用青铜、石料或木材，主题一般是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%A5%96" class="mw-disambig" title="佛祖">佛祖</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="本生經">本生经</a>故事中的人物。老挝佛雕的重要特点是其人物形象上的鹰钩鼻子、垂肩大耳和浓密卷曲的头发。老挝的佛雕有两种独创形式：一是“祈雨式”姿态，佛像双臂伸直靠在身体两侧，指尖朝下，佛袍挎在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%8B%E9%AA%A8" title="髋骨">髋骨</a>上、底部两边上卷，呈对称姿态；二是“禅思菩提树”，佛像姿态和祈雨式一致，但双手仰放在下腹之前<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:57。 老挝历史上著名的佛雕包括现在泰国的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E5%AF%B6%E7%8E%89%E4%BD%9B" title="帕佛陀大摩尼寶玉佛">玉佛</a>、森佛（Phra Sem）、赛佛（Phra Sai）、万象的翁德佛（Phra Ong Teu）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="琅勃拉邦">琅勃拉邦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E4%BD%9B" title="勃拉邦佛">勃拉邦佛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E" class="mw-disambig" title="占巴塞">占巴塞</a>的普塔布沙瓦拉佛（Phra Phuttha Butsavarat）。玉佛、森佛、赛佛、普塔布沙瓦拉佛和勃拉邦佛都曾被泰国人掳走，至今存放在泰国，只有勃拉邦佛被归还至琅勃拉邦。不过其中玉佛、普塔布沙瓦拉佛和勃拉邦佛并非老挝人的作品，而是源自高棉或<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="兰纳">兰纳</a>地区，一度由澜沧王国取得<a href="#cite_note-EricRoeder-166">[166]</a>；森佛、赛佛和翁德佛则是澜沧本土的作品<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>。 琅勃拉邦的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%83%8F%E6%B4%9E" title="帕烏洞">帕乌洞</a>中存放有许多小型佛像，成为旅游景点之一<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:149。万象的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%98%86%E5%AF%BA" title="香昆寺">佛陀公园</a>有大量当代雕塑<a href="#cite_note-Staff2004-168">[168]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音乐及舞蹈">音乐及舞蹈</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：音乐及舞蹈">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝音乐（页面不存在）">老挝音乐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Laos" class="extiw" title="en:Music of Laos">Music of Laos</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝舞蹈（页面不存在）">老挝舞蹈</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_and_theatre_of_Laos" class="extiw" title="en:Dance and theatre of Laos">Dance and theatre of Laos</a>）</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lao_morlam_musiciens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lao_morlam_musiciens.jpg/220px-Lao_morlam_musiciens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lao_morlam_musiciens.jpg/330px-Lao_morlam_musiciens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lao_morlam_musiciens.jpg/440px-Lao_morlam_musiciens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%98%AD_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B)" title="莫蘭 (音樂類型)">莫兰</a>山歌表演</figcaption></figure> 老挝宫廷音乐起源于<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="高棉帝国">高棉</a>宫廷合奏曲，主要的乐器包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%94%E7%BF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孔翁（页面不存在）">围钲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khong_wong_yai" class="extiw" title="en:Khong wong yai">Khong wong yai</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3_(%E4%B9%90%E5%99%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉纳 (乐器)（页面不存在）">木琴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranat" class="extiw" title="en:Ranat">Ranat</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7_(%E4%B9%90%E5%99%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克雷 (乐器)（页面不存在）">竹笙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlui" class="extiw" title="en:Khlui">Khlui</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%9A%E7%AE%A1" title="筚管">筚管</a><a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:59，其合奏乐类似于泰国的宫廷乐<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%B8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比帕（页面不存在）">比帕</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piphat" class="extiw" title="en:Piphat">Piphat</a>）。由于历史原因，老挝宫廷音乐的表演仅存在于宫廷而不普及于民间。自19世纪起，老挝宫廷兴起<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%89%A7" title="孔剧">孔剧</a>式的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="舞剧">舞剧</a>，这种表演形式在<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝王国">老挝王国</a>覆灭后一度停息，在现代舞剧表演上有所重现<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:59。 在老挝民间，流行一种类似于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%8C" title="山歌">山歌</a>的民歌形式，称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%98%AD_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B)" title="莫蘭 (音樂類型)">莫兰</a>。莫兰由一位或多位歌手领唱，结合<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B4%E5%94%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="说唱">说唱</a>元素，歌词涉及的主题很丰富，甚至会包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BD%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="秽语">秽语</a>。传统上使用称为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8E_(%E4%B9%90%E5%99%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坎 (乐器)（页面不存在）">坎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khene" class="extiw" title="en:Khene">Khene</a>）”的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%99" title="笙">笙</a>类乐器伴奏，在现代甚至会加入<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%90%89%E4%BB%96" title="电吉他">电吉他</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9D%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="电贝斯">电贝斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%93" title="鼓">鼓</a>，节奏也有所加快<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a>。莫兰在现代是颇受欢迎的音乐形式，被视为老挝民族特色之一，会有电视节目播放莫兰直播，在大城市也可以购买到莫兰歌曲的CD<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:59。 在21世纪之前，老挝语流行音乐仅限“乡村民谣”（luuk thung），是以<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E6%81%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="恰恰">恰恰舞曲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8E%B1%E7%BD%97" title="博莱罗">博莱罗舞曲</a>的节奏改编的老挝民歌乐曲。2003年，老挝政府决定开放<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="流行音乐">流行音乐</a>的表演禁令，老挝语流行音乐开始发展。著名的歌手和乐队包括提达万（Thidavanh Bounxouay）、舞翻天（Overdance）、细胞（Cells）、LOG和阿鲁纳（Aluna）等。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B4%E5%94%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="说唱">说唱</a>组合LOG在泰国颇受欢迎，其单曲曾在2006年问鼎泰国流行乐排行榜<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:58。 老挝舞蹈可以分为老挝宫廷舞蹈和老挝民间舞蹈两种。老挝宫廷舞蹈是宫廷舞剧<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%89%A7" title="孔剧">孔剧</a>的一部分，源于高棉，因此和泰国、柬埔寨的宫廷舞蹈近似<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a>。宫廷舞有68个基本姿势，节奏安详平缓，有宫廷乐曲和歌曲伴奏<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:265。在老挝《罗摩衍那》和本生经故事舞剧展出时，就会出现此类舞蹈形式<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>。老挝民间舞蹈因地区不同形式各异，主要形式包括由宫廷舞发展而来的占芭花灯舞、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%B9%B2%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="宋干节">宋干节</a>期间表演的象脚鼓舞、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="黑泰">黑泰</a>的集体舞登沙舞，以及民间流行甚广的南旺舞（ລຳວົງ）<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:265-266。南旺舞为圆圈舞形式<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:59，表演内容十分多样，常常在节庆或婚礼期间表演<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="电影">电影</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：电影">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝电影（页面不存在）">老挝电影</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" class="extiw" title="en:Cinema of Laos">Cinema of Laos</a>）</div> 自巴特寮建政以来，老挝拍摄的电影数量比较少<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a>。老挝国内首部电影是1983年的《石缸平原的枪声》，由宋芝·波塞纳（Somchith Pholsena）执导，被审查部门禁止公映<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a>。21世纪以来老挝电影业有所发展，2008年的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E5%AE%89%EF%BC%81%E7%90%85%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="早安！琅勃拉邦">早安！琅勃拉邦</a>》是一部比较成功的商业长篇影片<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a>。2017年的一部讲述老挝内战时期小人物故事的纪录片《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血之路（页面不存在）">血之路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Road_(film)" class="extiw" title="en:Blood Road (film)">Blood Road (film)</a>）》夺得了2018年的新闻与纪录节目<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%BE%8E%E5%A5%96" title="艾美奖">艾美奖</a>，该片基本在老挝境内拍摄，且得到了老挝政府的协助<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a>。 2013年上映的电影《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD_(2013%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火箭 (2013年电影)（页面不存在）">火箭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocket_(2013_film)" class="extiw" title="en:The Rocket (2013 film)">The Rocket (2013 film)</a>）》讲述了老挝北部的家庭故事，全程使用老挝语，由澳大利亚导演金·莫登特（Kim Mordount）执导。该片斩获了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="柏林国际电影节">柏林国际电影节</a>三项大奖，并获澳大利亚方面提名角逐<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC86%E5%B1%86%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%91%E5%83%8F%E7%8D%8E" title="第86屆奧斯卡金像獎">第86届奥斯卡金像奖</a>最佳外语片，最终未能入围<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a>。老挝国内电影中，阿尼赛·胶拉（Anysay Keola）执导、老挝新浪潮电影制片的《地平线上》曾在2012年OzAsia电影节上展映<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a>；2013年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马蒂·杜（页面不存在）">马蒂·杜</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattie_Do" class="extiw" title="en:Mattie Do">Mattie Do</a>）执导的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="恐怖片">恐怖片</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A0%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="占塔利（页面不存在）">占塔利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanthaly" class="extiw" title="en:Chanthaly">Chanthaly</a>）》在美国<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="奇幻电影节">奇幻电影节</a>上展映<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a>。2016年，马蒂·杜的恐怖片新作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AC%BC%E5%A7%90%E5%A7%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鬼姐姐（页面不存在）">鬼姐姐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearest_Sister" class="extiw" title="en:Dearest Sister">Dearest Sister</a>）》被老挝方面提名<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC90%E5%B1%86%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%91%E5%83%8F%E7%8D%8E" title="第90屆奧斯卡金像獎">第90届奥斯卡金像奖</a>最佳外语片，是为老挝首次提名角逐奥斯卡金像奖的影片<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a>。 截至2018年，老挝境内共有三家电影院提供电影放映服务<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="媒体">媒体</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：媒体">编辑</a>]</div> 老挝官方实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="内容审查">媒体内容审查</a>，仅允许国营媒体运作，而擅自发布批评政府言论者可遭司法机关治罪<a href="#cite_note-state-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-atimes-184">[184]</a>，因此媒体<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="自我审查">自我审查</a>现象非常显著<a href="#cite_note-a-185">[185]</a>:258，更被视为执政党<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="老挝人民革命党">人民革命党</a>及政府的扬声器，以向该国民众传播党和国家的政策，以及政府的运作状况为主要任务<a href="#cite_note-a-185">[185]</a>:257。老挝人民革命党的机关报是《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%A5_(%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D)" title="人民报 (老挝)">人民报</a>》，1950年8月创办<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a>，登载老挝人革党和老挝政治、经济和民生新闻。其他官方发行的老挝文报刊还有巴特寮通讯社的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%AE%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴特寮新闻（页面不存在）">巴特寮新闻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathet_Lao_(newspaper)" class="extiw" title="en:Pathet Lao (newspaper)">Pathet Lao (newspaper)</a>）》、万象市委的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E6%8A%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新万象报（页面不存在）">新万象报</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane_Mai" class="extiw" title="en:Vientiane Mai">Vientiane Mai</a>）》、老挝人民革命青年团的《老挝青年报》等<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:269。老挝信息与文化部还负责发行英文和中文报刊《<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%B1%A1%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="萬象時報">万象时报</a>》以及法文报刊《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%B0%E8%80%85_(%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="革新者 (报刊)（页面不存在）">革新者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9novateur" class="extiw" title="en:Le Rénovateur">Le Rénovateur</a>）》。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="巴特寮通讯社">巴特寮通讯社</a>是老挝官方通讯社，建立于1968年<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:270。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="老挝国家广播电台">老挝国家广播电台</a>建于1960年，提供老挝语、苗语、克木语、泰语、越南语、高棉语、英语、法语、汉语多语种广播，全国的广播电台每日累计广播共700个小时<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:270。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" title="老挝国家电视台">老挝国家电视台</a>建于1983年，最早由苏联援助建成，是老挝国内最主要的电视台，已覆盖老挝城乡。2015年国内共有电视台37家，国家级9家，省级17家，县级11家<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:271。由于老挝政府对<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="衛星電視">衛星電視</a>接收器的管制薄弱<a href="#cite_note-a-185">[185]</a>:257，加之<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>电视网络已经覆盖老挝的大部分地区，大部分老挝居民更喜爱收看泰国电视节目<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:271。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="飲食">飲食</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：飲食">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="老挝饮食">老挝饮食</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaoFood_StickyRicePapayaSalad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/LaoFood_StickyRicePapayaSalad.JPG/220px-LaoFood_StickyRicePapayaSalad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/LaoFood_StickyRicePapayaSalad.JPG/330px-LaoFood_StickyRicePapayaSalad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/LaoFood_StickyRicePapayaSalad.JPG/440px-LaoFood_StickyRicePapayaSalad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>老挝菜肴，当中<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%9C%A8%E7%93%9C%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89" title="青木瓜沙拉">青木瓜沙拉</a>配以用于包裹菜肴的菜叶，且以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%AF%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="糯米">糯米</a>为主食</figcaption></figure> 老挝人的主食通常是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%AF%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="糯米">糯米</a>，老挝人是世界最常食用糯米的人群<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a>。老挝饮食的三大特色是糯米、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95_(%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE)" class="mw-redirect" title="拉帕 (老撾)">拉帕</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%9C%A8%E7%93%9C%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89" title="青木瓜沙拉">青木瓜沙拉</a>。拉帕被视为老挝国菜<a href="#cite_note-Webb_Roten_2009_p._94-188">[188]</a>，用剁碎的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A1%E8%82%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鸡肉">鸡肉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%89" title="牛肉">牛肉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%A8%E8%82%89" title="鴨肉">鸭肉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%82%89" class="mw-redirect" title="魚肉">鱼肉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E8%82%89" class="mw-redirect" title="猪肉">猪肉</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%91%E8%8F%87" class="mw-redirect" title="蘑菇">蘑菇</a>，混合<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%BC%E9%9C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="鱼露">鱼露</a>、青柠汁、蒜末和糯米粉制成，使用的肉可以是生肉也可以是熟肉<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a>。 老挝菜擅长随意混搭新鲜食材，喜爱辣椒，亦喜爱烘烤、烧烤或烩炒熟食。常用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="罗勒">罗勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E8%8D%B7" title="薄荷">薄荷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AB%E8%8D%BD" title="芫荽">芫荽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E8%8D%89" title="柠檬草">柠檬草</a>等香菜，以植物根茎营造辣苦味，以酸橙汁、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%AD%E5%8F%B6%E6%A9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="箭叶橙">箭叶橙汁</a>营造酸味，以鱼汁、鱼露和虾酱营造咸鲜味，以辣椒营造辣味。主食原料还包括鱼肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、猪肉、牛肉和水牛肉<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:72。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%BF" title="米线">米线</a>（Khao piak sen）是当地人喜爱的早餐小吃，还会和中式<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%9D%A1" title="油条">油条</a>（khao-nom khuu）一同食用。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E8%93%AC_(%E9%9D%A2%E9%A3%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考蓬 (面食)（页面不存在）">甜辣酱面</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_poon" class="extiw" title="en:Khao poon">Khao poon</a>）是常见的一种凉拌面食，上浇甜辣味的椰汁。在大城市内流行食用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E9%9D%A2%E5%8C%85" class="mw-redirect" title="法式面包">法式面包</a>和热牛奶咖啡<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:73。 老挝人一般是集体用餐。大部分老挝菜都需要和糯米饭一同食用，通常是用手抓一团糯米捏成饭团，蘸菜进食。在餐馆聚餐时，习惯上每个人点一道菜，菜肴同时上齐。老挝人通常不关心食品是否温热，急于进食滚烫的菜肴会被视为无礼<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:76。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="体育">体育</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：体育">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%8B%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝拳（页面不存在）">老挝拳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Lao" class="extiw" title="en:Muay Lao">Muay Lao</a>）被视为老挝的国技<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%8B%B3" title="泰拳">泰拳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E6%8B%B3" title="緬甸拳">缅甸拳</a>有一定相似之处<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a>。在老挝拳中，身体的任何部位都可视为攻击目标，并且可以使用除头之外的任何部位攻击，高踢颈部、肘击脸部、屈膝撞肋、扫踢小腿都是常见的招式<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:61。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83" title="足球">足球</a>是老挝最受欢迎的运动<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a>，国内顶级的足球俱乐部赛事称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD" title="老撾超級足球聯賽">老挝超级足球联赛</a><a href="#cite_note-Lao_Premier_League_Website-194">[194]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝军队足球俱乐部（页面不存在）">老挝军队足球俱乐部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Army_F.C." class="extiw" title="en:Lao Army F.C.">Lao Army F.C.</a>）曾8次夺得国内联赛冠军，是目前国内最成功的足球俱乐部<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%9A%8A" title="老撾國家足球隊">老挝国家足球队</a>至今未曾入围过<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E6%9D%AF%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="亚洲杯足球赛">亚洲杯足球赛</a>，长期于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%9B%9F%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%8C%A6%E6%A8%99%E8%B3%BD" title="東盟足球錦標賽">东盟足球锦标赛</a>角逐，但亦未曾自小组赛阶段突围。老挝国家足球队曾获得的国际赛事最佳成绩是在2016年的<a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%9E%E8%B6%B3%E8%81%AF%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E7%9B%83" title="2016年亞足聯團結盃">亚足联团结杯</a>，老挝队最终夺得季军<a href="#cite_note-LINE-UP_FINALISED-196">[196]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E7%90%83" title="藤球">藤球</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BE%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="滾球">滚球</a>也都是老挝国内颇受欢迎的传统运动<a href="#cite_note-LP-95">[95]</a>:61。 <a href="/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1980年夏季奥林匹克运动会">1980年</a>是老挝第一次派代表队参与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="夏季奥林匹克运动会">夏季奥林匹克运动会</a>，此后派队参与了1988年、1992年、1996年、2000年、2004年、<a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%9B%A2" title="2008年夏季奥林匹克运动会老挝代表团">2008年</a>和<a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%9C%98" title="2012年夏季奧林匹克運動會寮國代表團">2012年</a>、<a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%9C%98" title="2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會寮國代表團">2016年</a>、<a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%9C%98" title="2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會寮國代表團">2021年</a>的夏季奥运会，但尚未夺得奖牌<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="节日">节日</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：节日">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lao_New_Year,_dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg/220px-Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg/330px-Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg/440px-Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝新年（页面不存在）">老挝新年</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_New_Year" class="extiw" title="en:Lao New Year">Lao New Year</a>）期间头戴面具的舞者</figcaption></figure> 老挝人在一年中有多个节日，不少和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>信仰有关，其中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝新年（页面不存在）">老挝新年</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_New_Year" class="extiw" title="en:Lao New Year">Lao New Year</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%87%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高升节（页面不存在）">高升节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Festival" class="extiw" title="en:Rocket Festival">Rocket Festival</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E9%8A%AE%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔銮节（页面不存在）">塔銮节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha_That_Luang_Festival" class="extiw" title="en:Pha That Luang Festival">Pha That Luang Festival</a>）是具有老挝民族特色的盛大节庆。老挝新年的庆典最长可持续一周，其中前三日是公共假日。在此期间，老挝人要举行浴佛、泼水、拴线、堆沙、放生等庆祝仪式，还会举行各种舞剧、山歌表演。高升节源于婆罗门教祭拜火神的典礼，家家户户值此之际会放飞竹筒火箭，以期赶走灾祸，场面颇为壮观。塔銮节期间，全国各地的僧侣和佛教徒都会前往万象<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%91%BE" title="塔鑾">塔銮</a>进行膜拜，携带食物、鲜花和香烛布施，并举行盛大的歌舞表演<a href="#cite_note-LGZh-48">[48]</a>:45-46。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>日期</th> <th>节日</th> <th>老挝文</th> <th>备注 </th></tr> <tr> <td>公历1月1日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6" title="元旦">元旦</a></td> <td>ວັນປີໃໝ່ສາກົນ</td> <td>公共假日 </td></tr> <tr> <td>公历1月20日</td> <td>建军节</td> <td></td> <td>庆祝老挝人民军成立，公共假日 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%8E%86" class="mw-redirect" title="农历">农历</a>新年</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%AF%80" title="春節">春節</a></td> <td>ປີໃຫມ່ຈີນ/ຫວຽດນາມ </td> <td>包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4" title="越南新年">越南新年</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%8E%86" class="mw-redirect" title="佛历">佛历</a>2月</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%BB%E9%AD%82%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="稻魂节（页面不存在）">稻魂节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boun_Khun_Khao" class="extiw" title="en:Boun Khun Khao">Boun Khun Khao</a>）</td> <td>ບຸນຄູນເຂົ້າ </td> <td>庆祝稻谷丰收，祭祀鬼神和祖先 </td></tr> <tr> <td>公历3月8日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3%E8%8A%82" title="国际妇女节">国际妇女节</a></td> <td>ວັນແມ່ຍິງສາກົນ</td> <td>公共假日 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历3月15日</td> <td>涅槃节</td> <td>ບຸນມາຂະບູຊາ </td> <td>纪念佛祖涅槃及佛祖训喻1,250名门徒、继续传播佛教的日子 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历4月</td> <td>维散顿佛节</td> <td>ບຸນພະເຫວດ </td> <td>纪念<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="本生經">本生经</a>中佛祖的前世<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%81%94%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須達拿太子">须达拿太子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>公历5月1日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E8%8A%82" title="国际劳动节">国际劳动节</a></td> <td>ບຸນປີໃໝ່</td> <td>公共假日 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历5月</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝新年（页面不存在）">老挝新年</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_New_Year" class="extiw" title="en:Lao New Year">Lao New Year</a>）</td> <td>ບຸນປີໃໝ່</td> <td>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BC%E6%B0%B4%E8%8A%82" title="泼水节">宋干节</a>同期，老挝民间最隆重的节庆，公共假日 </td></tr> <tr> <td>公历5月首个月圆之日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8A%82" title="卫塞节">卫塞节</a></td> <td>ວັນວິສາຂະບູຊາ </td> <td>纪念佛祖诞生、成道、涅槃 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历6月15日</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%87%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高升节（页面不存在）">高升节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Festival" class="extiw" title="en:Rocket Festival">Rocket Festival</a>）</td> <td>ບຸນບັ້ງໄຟ</td> <td>又称火箭节，当日放飞竹筒火箭，以期送走灾祸、迎来幸福 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历8月</td> <td>迎水节</td> <td>ເຂົ້າພັນສາ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E5%A4%8F%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%85" title="結夏安居">結夏安居</a>的开始，祈求雨季平安 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历9月</td> <td>先人节</td> <td>ບຸນເຂົ້າປະດັບດິນ </td> <td>又称祭鬼节，供奉死去的祖先 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历11月</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%B4%E8%8A%82" title="送水节">送水節</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boun_Suang_Huea" class="extiw" title="en:Boun Suang Huea">Boun Suang Huea</a>）</td> <td>ບຸນຊ່ວງເຮືອ</td> <td>庆祝雨季结束，民众制作登船，举办龙舟比赛 </td></tr> <tr> <td>公历11月</td> <td>苗历新年</td> <td>ບຸນປີໃຫມ່ຊົນເຜົ່າລາວສູງ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历11月</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%87%88%E7%AF%80_(%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E)" title="水燈節 (東南亞)">水燈節</a></td> <td>ລອຍກະທົງ </td> <td>庆祝丰收，民众制作竹船，在其上点亮蜡烛放入河中，燃放烟花庆祝 </td></tr> <tr> <td>佛历12月</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E9%8A%AE%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔銮节（页面不存在）">塔銮节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha_That_Luang_Festival" class="extiw" title="en:Pha That Luang Festival">Pha That Luang Festival</a>）</td> <td>ບຸນພະທາດຫຼວງ </td> <td>老挝人的盛大节日，民众聚集于万象塔銮，进行朝拜和庆祝 </td></tr> <tr> <td>公历12月2日</td> <td>国庆节</td> <td>ວັນຊາດ</td> <td>纪念老挝人民民主共和国成立 </td></tr> <tr> <td>公历12月</td> <td>克木人新年</td> <td>ບຸນປີໃຫມ່ເຜົ່າຂະມຸ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SE-asia.png/32px-SE-asia.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SE-asia.png/48px-SE-asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SE-asia.png/64px-SE-asia.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="177" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:东南亚">东南亚主题</a></li> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/28px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/42px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/56px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:共产主义">共产主义主题</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="老撾政治">老挝政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="老挝经济">老挝经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="老撾鐵路運輸">老挝铁路运输</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="老挝地理">老挝地理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝社会（页面不存在）">老挝社会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_society" class="extiw" title="en:Laotian society">Laotian society</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="寮國人權">老挝人权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7" title="老挝女性">老挝女性</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="老挝佛教">老挝佛教</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census2015-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2015_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153132/https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf">Results of Population and Housing Census 2015</a> (PDF). 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[2014-08-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812135345/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/lao_e.htm">存档</a>于2014-08-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.btitle=Lao+People%27s+Democratic+Republic+and+the+WTO&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fcountries_e%2Flao_e.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-laozhua-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laozhua_23-0">23.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laozhua_23-1">23.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laozhua_23-2">23.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laozhua_23-3">23.3</a> <cite class="citation web">杨舟. 陈立希 , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-07/20/c_128038729.htm">老挝应该读“老抓”？</a>. 新华网. 2015-07-20. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123074425/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-07/20/c_128038729.htm">存档</a>于2016-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E8%88%9F&rft.btitle=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E8%AF%BB%E2%80%9C%E8%80%81%E6%8A%93%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fworld%2F2015-07%2F20%2Fc_128038729.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dict-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dict_24-0">24.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict_24-1">24.1</a> <cite class="citation book">中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/xiandaihanyucidi0000unse">《现代汉语词典》（2002年增补本）</a>. 北京市: 商务印书馆. 2002年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100034777" title="Special:网络书源/9787100034777">ISBN 9787100034777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%A4+%E7%BC%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%882002%E5%B9%B4%E5%A2%9E%E8%A1%A5%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787100034777&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fxiandaihanyucidi0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> 明代<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/File:華夷譯語(一).pdf">《华夷译语·八百馆杂字》</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220321091106/https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/File%3A%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E8%AD%AF%E8%AA%9E%28%E4%B8%80%29.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-Kislenko2009-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Kislenko2009_26-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kislenko, Arne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6CuONua48MC&pg=PR20">Culture and customs of Laos</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2009: 20 [2019-07-01]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-313-33977-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-313-33977-6">ISBN 978-0-313-33977-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205131619/https://books.google.com/books?id=D6CuONua48MC&pg=PR20">存档</a>于2016-12-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft.aulast=Kislenko&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Laos&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33977-6&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6CuONua48MC%26pg%3DPR20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_071_0g-27"><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_071_0g_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Terwiel, Barend Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103171209/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf">Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society</a> (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siamese Heritage Trust). 1983,. JSS Vol. 71.0 (digital): image 4 [2013-03-07]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2013-11-03）. <q>khun : ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a mu'ang. In older sources the prefix ph'o ("father") is sometimes used as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Ahom+and+the+Study+of+Early+Thai+Society&rft.aufirst=Barend+Jan&rft.aulast=Terwiel&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=digital&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.pages=image+4&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+71.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1981%2FJSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_083_0j_Vickery-28"><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_083_0j_Vickery_28-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Vickery, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227153230/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1991/JSS_083_0j_Vickery_Piltdown3RamKhamhaengInscription.pdf">Piltdown3: Further Discussion of The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription</a> (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). 1995,. JSS Vol. 83.0j (digital): image 11 [2013-08-03]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1991/JSS_083_0j_Vickery_Piltdown3RamKhamhaengInscription.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2014-02-27）. <q>Examples of the first are söaṅ, the name of Ram Khamhaeng's mother, and möaṅ. Khun Phasit said that these terms should in fact be read as /söŋ/ and /möŋ/....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Piltdown3%3A+Further+Discussion+of+The+Ram+Khamhaeng+Inscription&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=digital&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.pages=image+11&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+83.0j&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1991%2FJSS_083_0j_Vickery_Piltdown3RamKhamhaengInscription.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Wyatt" class="mw-redirect" title="David K. Wyatt">Wyatt, D.K.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822070151/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/wyatt1991contextual.pdf">Chapter 11: Contextual arguments for the authenticity of the Ram Khamhaeng inscription</a> (PDF). Chamberlain, J.R. (编). The Ram Khamhaeng Controversy (PDF)使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|format=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#format_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>). Bangkok: The Siam Society. 1991. Quoted text is found in image 7 [2013-06-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/wyatt1991contextual.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2014-08-22）. <q>...Lord Sam Chon, the ruler of Müang Chot, came to attack Müang Tak....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+Contextual+arguments+for+the+authenticity+of+the+Ram+Khamhaeng+inscription&rft.aufirst=D.K.&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.btitle=The+Ram+Khamhaeng+Controversy&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=Quoted+text+is+found+in+image+7&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=The+Siam+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fwyatt1991contextual.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-baike-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baike_30-0">30.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baike_30-1">30.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baike_30-2">30.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baike_30-3">30.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baike_30-4">30.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baike_30-5">30.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baike_30-6">30.6</a> <cite class="citation book">中国大百科全书出版社汇编. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="中国大百科全书">中国大百科全书</a>. 外国历史（一）第一版. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> ，第535页。 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Demeter, F; Shackelford, L. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012, 109 (36): 14375–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">ISSN 0027-8424</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437904">PMC 3437904</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22908291">PMID 22908291</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1208104109">doi:10.1073/pnas.1208104109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Anatomically+modern+human+in+Southeast+Asia+%28Laos%29+by+46+ka&rft.au=Bacon%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Braga%2C+J&rft.au=Duringer%2C+P&rft.au=Karpoff%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Khamdalavong%2C+P&rft.au=Lundstrom%2C+C&rft.au=Patole-Edoumba%2C+E&rft.au=Ponche%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Sayavongkhamdy%2C+T&rft.au=Shackelford%2C+L.+L.&rft.au=Sichanthongtip%2C+P&rft.au=Wang%2C+H&rft.au=Westaway%2C+K&rft.aufirst=F&rft.aulast=Demeter&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.issue=36&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=14375-80&rft.volume=109&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437904&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1208104109&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22908291&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">White, J.C.; Lewis, H.; Bouasisengpaseuth, B.; Marwick, B.; Arrell, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/white/">Archaeological investigations in northern Laos: New contributions to Southeast Asian prehistory</a>. Antiquity. 2009, 83 (319) [2019-07-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191403/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/white/">存档</a>于2017-10-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Archaeological+investigations+in+northern+Laos%3A+New+contributions+to+Southeast+Asian+prehistory&rft.au=Arrell%2C+K&rft.au=Bouasisengpaseuth%2C+B.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+H.&rft.au=Marwick%2C+B.&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft.aulast=White&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=319&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.volume=83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fprojgall%2Fwhite%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Marwick, Ben; Bouasisengpaseuth, Bounheung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706125232/https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/75zhc/">History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos</a>. Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (编). Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology. 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Refugee Educators' Network. [2017-12-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509085854/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2018-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=Maha+Sila+Viravond&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+LAOS&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Refugee+Educators%27+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reninc.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fhistory_of_laos_viravong.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Manich-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manich_35-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manich_35-1">35.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manich_35-2">35.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manich_35-3">35.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manich_35-4">35.4</a> <cite class="citation web">M.L. Manich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf">HISTORY OF LAOS (includlng the hlstory of Lonnathai, Chiangmai)</a> (PDF). Refugee Educators' Network. [2017-12-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517084823/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017-05-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=M.L.+Manich&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+LAOS+%28includlng+the+hlstory+of+Lonnathai%2C+Chiangmai%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Refugee+Educators%27+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reninc.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fhistory_of_laos_manich.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tarling, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=0b-6wpalR40C&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=%5B%5BNeolithic+Revolution%7Cagricultural+expansion%5D%5D+Southeast+asia#v=onepage&q=%5B%5BNeolithic%20Revolution%7Cagricultural%20expansion%5D%5D%20Southeast%20asia&f=false">The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One, Part One</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1999 [2017-01-03]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-66369-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-66369-4">ISBN 978-0-521-66369-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia%2C+Volume+One%2C+Part+One&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66369-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0b-6wpalR40C%26pg%3DPA102%26lpg%3DPA102%26dq%3D%255B%255BNeolithic%2BRevolution%257Cagricultural%2Bexpansion%255D%255D%2BSoutheast%2Basia%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%255B%255BNeolithic%2520Revolution%257Cagricultural%2520expansion%255D%255D%2520Southeast%2520asia%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WJB-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-0">37.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-1">37.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-2">37.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-3">37.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-4">37.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-5">37.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-6">37.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-7">37.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-8">37.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-9">37.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-10">37.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-11">37.11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJB_37-12">37.12</a> <cite class="citation web">中华人民共和国外交部. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/yz_676205/1206_676644/1206x0_676646/">老挝国家概况</a>. [2019-06-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822055451/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/yz_676205/1206_676644/1206x0_676646/">存档</a>于2018-08-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8&rft.btitle=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Fweb%2Fgjhdq_676201%2Fgj_676203%2Fyz_676205%2F1206_676644%2F1206x0_676646%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hal1985-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Hal1985_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kenneth R. Hal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings&dq=funan+mountain+kings">Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia</a>. University of Hawaii Press. 1985: 63. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8248-0843-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8248-0843-3">ISBN 978-0-8248-0843-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=Kenneth+R.+Hal&rft.btitle=Maritime+Trade+and+State+Development+in+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DncqGAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfunan%2Bmountain%2Bkings%26dq%3Dfunan%2Bmountain%2Bkings&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> National Library of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/form/coedes2.html">Asia's French Connection : George Coedes and the Coedes Collection</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111021052224/http://www.nla.gov.au/asian/form/coedes2.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-40"><a href="#cite_ref-PittayawatPittayaporn_40-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150627063518/http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, Special Issue No 20: 47–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Coedès, George. Walter F. Vella , 编. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 1968. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8248-0368-1">ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Simms, Peter and Sanda (1999). The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History. Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0700715312" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7007-1531-2</a>. P. 71-73. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998). The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline. White Lotus Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9748434338" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 974-8434-33-8</a>. P. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-vietnam337-44"><a href="#cite_ref-vietnam337_44-0">^</a> 《越南史略》，337~339頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Carine Hahn, Le Laos, Karthala, 1999, pages 60-64 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Carine Hahn, Le Laos, Karthala, 1999, pages 66-67 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://croisieres-nil.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/chronologie_laos_le_laos_dans_l_indochine_francaise.asp">Chronologie du Laos</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130515160926/http://croisieres-nil.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/chronologie_laos_le_laos_dans_l_indochine_francaise.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Clio. </li> <li id="cite_note-LGZh-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-0">48.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-1">48.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-2">48.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-3">48.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-4">48.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-5">48.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-6">48.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-7">48.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-8">48.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-9">48.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-10">48.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-11">48.11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-12">48.12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-13">48.13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-14">48.14</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-15">48.15</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-16">48.16</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-17">48.17</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-18">48.18</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-19">48.19</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-20">48.20</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-21">48.21</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-22">48.22</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-23">48.23</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-24">48.24</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-25">48.25</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-26">48.26</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-27">48.27</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-28">48.28</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-29">48.29</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-30">48.30</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-31">48.31</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-32">48.32</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-33">48.33</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-34">48.34</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-35">48.35</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-36">48.36</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-37">48.37</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-38">48.38</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-39">48.39</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-40">48.40</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-41">48.41</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-42">48.42</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-43">48.43</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-44">48.44</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-45">48.45</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-46">48.46</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-47">48.47</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-48">48.48</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-49">48.49</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGZh_48-50">48.50</a> <cite class="citation book">方芸; 马树洪. 老挝. 列国志（新版） 2018年11月第2版. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. 2018年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787520131698" title="Special:网络书源/9787520131698">ISBN 9787520131698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=%E6%96%B9%E8%8A%B8&rft.au=%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%91%E6%B4%AA&rft.btitle=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.date=2018&rft.edition=2018%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%E7%AC%AC2%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787520131698&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E5%88%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%97%EF%BC%88%E6%96%B0%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Carine Hahn, Le Laos, Karthala, 1999, pages 69-72 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Martin Stuart-Fox, A History of Laos, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 05215972356, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Carine Hahn, Le Laos, Karthala, 1999, pages 72-76 </li> <li id="cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-52"><a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+la0026%29">Library of Congress Country Studies - Laos, Events in 1945</a>. [2019-09-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402162146/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+la0026%29">存档</a>于2017-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+-+Laos%2C+Events+in+1945&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%2Bla0026%2529&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Jean Deuve, Guérilla au Laos, L'Harmattan, 1997 (1ere édtion en 1966, sous le nom de Michel Caply), p.226 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Carine Hahn, Le Laos, Karthala, 1999, pages 88-89 </li> <li id="cite_note-hahn-118-120-55"><a href="#cite_ref-hahn-118-120_55-0">^</a> Carine Hahn, Le Laos, Karthala, 1999, pages 118-120 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith. Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 2018, 48: 693–716. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849">doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Conceptualising+Party-State+Governance+and+Rule+in+Laos&rft.au=Barney%2C+Keith&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.aulast=Creak&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.pages=693-716&rft.volume=48&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1494849&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482">Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme</a>. <a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a>. 2008, 336 (7659): 1482–6 [2019-07-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905">PMC 2440905</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566045">PMID 18566045</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a137">doi:10.1136/bmj.a137</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622004104/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482">存档</a>于2019-06-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+violent+war+deaths+from+Vietnam+to+Bosnia%3A+analysis+of+data+from+the+world+health+survey+programme&rft.au=Gakidou%2C+Emmanuela&rft.au=Murray%2C+Christopher+J.+L.&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rft.aulast=Obermeyer&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7659&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.pages=1482-6&rft.volume=336&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440905&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F336%2F7659%2F1482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.a137&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18566045&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  See Table 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kiernan, Ben; Owen, Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal. 2015-04-26 [2016-09-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918160433/http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">存档</a>于2016-09-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Making+More+Enemies+than+We+Kill%3F+Calculating+U.S.+Bomb+Tonnages+Dropped+on+Laos+and+Cambodia%2C+and+Weighing+Their+Implications&rft.au=Owen%2C+Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2015%2F13%2F16%2FBen-Kiernan%2F4313.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Wright, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/05/asia/united-states-laos-secret-war/">'My friends were afraid of me': What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 2016-09-06 [2016-09-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917085748/http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/05/asia/united-states-laos-secret-war/">存档</a>于2016-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=%27My+friends+were+afraid+of+me%27%3A+What+80+million+unexploded+US+bombs+did+to+Laos&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F05%2Fasia%2Funited-states-laos-secret-war%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060643/http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/B3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7?OpenDocument">Disarmament</a>. The United Nations Office at Geneva. United Nations. 2011-11-01 [2013-09-20]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/B3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7?OpenDocument">原始内容</a>存档于2013-09-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Disarmament&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Nations+Office+at+Geneva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unog.ch%2F80256EE600585943%2F%28httpPages%29%2FB3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7%3FOpenDocument&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/201609/201609061795016.html">美撥9千萬美元清除寮國未爆彈</a>. 華視新聞. 2016-09-06 [2019-08-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073616/http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/201609/201609061795016.html">存档</a>于2019-01-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=%E7%BE%8E%E6%92%A59%E5%8D%83%E8%90%AC%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83+%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AA%E7%88%86%E5%BD%88&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%8F%AF%E8%A6%96%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cts.com.tw%2Fcts%2Finternational%2F201609%2F201609061795016.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-LWS-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LWS_62-0">62.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWS_62-1">62.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWS_62-2">62.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWS_62-3">62.3</a> <cite class="citation book">格兰特·埃文斯. 老挝史. 由郭继光等翻译. 东方出版中心. 2011年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787547303788" title="Special:网络书源/9787547303788">ISBN 9787547303788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.au=%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF&rft.btitle=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787547303788&rft.pub=%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-VangPobzeb-63"><a href="#cite_ref-VangPobzeb_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Vang, Pobzeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/167812/content/5-27.pdf">White Paper on Vietnamese Aggressions in Laos: 1954-1990</a> (PDF). Digital Repository, Arizona State University: 24–25. 1990 [2018-04-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032103/https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/167812/content/5-27.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2018-04-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.aufirst=Pobzeb&rft.aulast=Vang&rft.btitle=White+Paper+on+Vietnamese+Aggressions+in+Laos%3A+1954-1990&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Digital+Repository%2C+Arizona+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.asu.edu%2Fattachments%2F167812%2Fcontent%2F5-27.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Stuart-Fox-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Stuart-Fox_64-0">64.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Stuart-Fox_64-1">64.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Stuart-Fox_64-2">64.2</a> Stuart-Fox, Martin (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908403?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">LAOS: The Vietnamese Connection</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211013074847/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908403?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. In Suryadinata, L (Ed.), Southeast Asian Affairs 1980. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Stuides, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Savada-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Savada_65-0">65.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savada_65-1">65.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savada_65-2">65.2</a> Savada, Andrea M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/Laos%20-%20a%20country%20study.pdf">Laos: a country study</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180419183125/http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/Laos%20-%20a%20country%20study.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, p. 271. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8444-0832-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-8444-0832-8">0-8444-0832-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DamienKingsbury-66"><a href="#cite_ref-DamienKingsbury_66-0">^</a> Kingsbury, Damien (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false">Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180615004440/https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Taylor & Francis, p. 50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-317-49628-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-317-49628-1">978-1-317-49628-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prayaga-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prayaga_67-0">67.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prayaga_67-1">67.1</a> Prayaga, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/103010/8/08_chapter-iv.pdf">Renovation in vietnam since 1988 a study in political, economic and social change</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180419122734/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/103010/8/08_chapter-iv.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (PhD thesis). Sri Venkateswara University. Chapter IV: The Metamorphosed Foreign Relations, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> 陈瑞语. 建国以来老挝人民革命党对老挝社会主义道路的探索研究.广西民族大学, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> 蔡文. 老挝的改革. 东南亚研究, 1988(3):49-54. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web">章建华. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/2021-01/15/c_1126988218.htm">老挝人民革命党第十一次全国代表大会在万象闭幕</a>. 新华网. 2021-01-15 [2021-01-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507083710/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2021-01/15/c_1126988218.htm">存档</a>于2021-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%87%E8%B1%A1%E9%97%AD%E5%B9%95&rft.au=%E7%AB%A0%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2F2021-01%2F15%2Fc_1126988218.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCPf-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPf_71-0">71.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPf_71-1">71.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPf_71-2">71.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPf_71-3">71.3</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15351898">Laos profile</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">BBC</a>. 2018-01-09 [2019-04-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180725110019/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15351898">存档</a>于2018-07-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Laos+profile&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-15351898&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_72-0">72.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_72-1">72.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123082302/http://www.nsc.gov.la/Products/Populationcensus2005/PopulationCensus2005_chapter2.htm">Nsc Lao Pdr</a>. 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[2018-05-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513011307/https://www.globalpartnership.org/country/lao-pdr">存档</a>于2018-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.btitle=education+in+LAO-PDR&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpartnership.org%2Fcountry%2Flao-pdr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">朱欣. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219162956/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JYXI200907043.htm">老挝高等教育现状与发展方向探讨</a>. 《世界教育信息》. 2009年, (7): 74 [2023-09-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JYXI200907043.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2020-02-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%B0%E7%8A%B6%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E6%8E%A2%E8%AE%A8&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E6%AC%A3&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E3%80%8B&rft.pages=74&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTOTAL-JYXI200907043.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_147-0">147.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_147-1">147.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_LAO.html">Human Development Report 2009. 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Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00stua/page/n267">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0810856247" title="Special:网络书源/0810856247">ISBN 0810856247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Stuart-Fox&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Laos&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0810856247&rft.pages=200&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00stua&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hundius, Harald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/JLS-v2-i2-Nov2011-hundius-wharton.pdf">The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts</a> (PDF). The Journal of Lao Studies. November 2011, 2 (2): 68 [2016-02-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217034038/http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/JLS-v2-i2-Nov2011-hundius-wharton.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2016-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=The+Digital+Library+of+Lao+Manuscripts&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hundius&rft.date=2011-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Lao+Studies&rft.pages=68&rft.volume=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laostudies.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fsubscription%2FJLS-v2-i2-Nov2011-hundius-wharton.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kislenko, Arne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsla00kisl">Culture and Customs of Laos</a>. 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France: UNESCO. 2003: 68 [2016-02-22]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/92-3-103891-5" title="Special:网络书源/92-3-103891-5">ISBN 92-3-103891-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616025300/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001309/130985e.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.aulast=Goudineau&rft.btitle=Laos+and+Ethnic+Minority+Cultures%3A+Promoting+Heritage&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=92-3-103891-5&rft.pages=68&rft.place=France&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0013%2F001309%2F130985e.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_153-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Smyth, David; Koret, Peter. 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[2020-01-26]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624002036/https://laoleague.com/">存档</a>于2021-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=Lao+League&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laoleague.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaoleague.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/laoschamp.html">Laos – List of Champions</a>. RSSSF. [2020-11-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113160830/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/laoschamp.html">存档</a>于2010-01-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.btitle=Laos+%E2%80%93+List+of+Champions&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=RSSSF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.com%2Ftablesl%2Flaoschamp.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-LINE-UP_FINALISED-196"><a href="#cite_ref-LINE-UP_FINALISED_196-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-afc.com/afc-solidarity-cup-2016/afc-solidarity-cup-2016-line-up-finalised">AFC Solidarity Cup 2016 line-up finalised</a>. The AFC. [2016-10-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112213824/http://www.the-afc.com/afc-solidarity-cup-2016/afc-solidarity-cup-2016-line-up-finalised">存档</a>于2017-11-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.btitle=AFC+Solidarity+Cup+2016+line-up+finalised&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+AFC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-afc.com%2Fafc-solidarity-cup-2016%2Fafc-solidarity-cup-2016-line-up-finalised&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite class="citation news">菅沼遼. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASP363FHVP35TIPE01Q.html"><bdi lang="ja">東京パラは「無理」　ラオスの水泳チーム、目標はパリへ</bdi></a><img alt="需要付费订阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" title="朝日新聞">朝日新聞</a> (朝日新聞社). 2021-03-07 [2023-09-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927032916/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASP363FHVP35TIPE01Q.html">存档</a>于2023-09-27） （日语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&rft.atitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%81%AF%E3%80%8C%E7%84%A1%E7%90%86%E3%80%8D%E3%80%80%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%B4%E6%B3%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%80%81%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99%E3%81%AF%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E3%81%B8&rft.au=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22ja%22%3E-%7B%E8%8F%85%E6%B2%BC%E9%81%BC%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3A%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASP363FHVP35TIPE01Q.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E8%A8%82%E9%96%B1%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：外部链接">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相關的多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" class="extiw" title="commons:ປະເທດລາວ">老挝</a>（<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Laos">分類</a>）</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8E%E9%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="維基導遊">維基導遊</a>上的相關旅行指南：<a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" class="extiw" title="voy:老挝">老挝</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022074225/http://www.laopdr.gov.la/">老挝政府网站</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%AE%A2%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C" title="维客旅行">維客旅行</a>上的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikitravel.org/en/Laos">老挝</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200824173915/http://wikitravel.org/en/Laos">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>上有關<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/49903">老挝</a>的地理信息</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//maps.google.com/maps?q=Laos">谷歌地圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/15px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/23px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/30px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Laos" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Laos">維基媒體的老挝地圖集</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/15px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/23px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a>（英文）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Laos">老挝</a>”（英文）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <table class="noprint metadata" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:80%; margin:0.5em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:0%; padding-right:5px" rowspan="5"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">緬甸</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a> </td> <td style="width:0%; padding-left:5px" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/33px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/44px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰國</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /><figcaption>西</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:0%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap">  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/22px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/33px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/44px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82757201"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D&params=17_58_N_102_36_E_region:LA_type:country&title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D">17°58′N 102°36′E / 17.967°N 102.600°E / 17.967; 102.600 (老挝)</a>   </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /><figcaption>東</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/33px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/44px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰國</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="亚洲" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:亞洲"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="亚洲" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A" title="东亚">东亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">韩国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古国">蒙古</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1" title="汶莱">文莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律宾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB" title="马尔代夫">马尔代夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦">塔吉克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦">土库曼斯坦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞">亞美尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF" title="南奥塞梯">南奥塞梯</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2" title="阿布哈茲">阿布哈茲</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林">巴林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔">卡塔尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿拉伯联合酋长国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门">也门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特">科威特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦">约旦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國">巴勒斯坦</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="北賽普勒斯">北賽普勒斯</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%9A" title="北亚">北亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">海外<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">屬地</a>與 其他特殊政區</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞">阿克罗蒂里和泽凯利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="英屬印度洋領地">英屬印度洋領地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E5%B2%9B" title="圣诞岛">圣诞岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E5%9F%BA%E6%9E%97%EF%BC%89%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="科科斯（基林）群島">科科斯（基林）群島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">註1：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="有限承认国家">未受国际普遍承认国家</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="世界政區索引">世界政區索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2" title="大洋洲">大洋洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国首都列表">各国首都列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="亚洲各国家和地區" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE" title="Template:亚洲题目"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE" title="Template talk:亚洲题目"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:亚洲题目"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="亚洲各国家和地區" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>各国家和地區</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%93%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="聯合國會員國列表">聯合國會員國</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞">亞美尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">亞塞拜然</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林">巴林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊">汶萊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="約旦">約旦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩国">韩国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特">科威特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">寮國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB" title="马尔代夫">馬爾地夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古国">蒙古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔">卡塔尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">敘利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦">塔吉克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">東帝汶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦">土库曼斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿联酋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门">葉門</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%A1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="聯合國大會觀察員列表">聯合國观察员</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國">巴勒斯坦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="有限承认国家列表">未受国际普遍承认国家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2" title="阿布哈茲">阿布哈茲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="北賽普勒斯">北賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF" title="南奥塞梯">南奥塞梯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">属地</a>和其他特殊政區</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞">阿克罗蒂里和泽凯利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="英屬印度洋領地">英属印度洋领地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E5%B2%9B" title="圣诞岛">圣诞岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E5%9F%BA%E6%9E%97%EF%BC%89%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="科科斯（基林）群島">科科斯（基林）群岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳门</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="现存社会主义国家" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%8E%B0%E5%AD%98%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Template:现存社会主义国家"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%8E%B0%E5%AD%98%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Template talk:现存社会主义国家"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%8E%B0%E5%AD%98%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:现存社会主义国家"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="现存社会主义国家" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">现存<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义国家</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴"><img alt="古巴" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝"><img alt="老挝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/22px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/33px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/44px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝人民民主共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南"><img alt="越南" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南社会主义共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙"><img alt="葡萄牙" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡"><img alt="斯里蘭卡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那"><img alt="圭亚那" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那">圭亚那合作共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚"><img alt="坦桑尼亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚联合共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国"><img alt="孟加拉国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉人民共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度"><img alt="印度" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔"><img alt="尼泊尔" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔联邦民主共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜"><img alt="尼加拉瓜" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜">尼加拉瓜共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国"><img alt="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 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style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;"><div style="padding:0px;"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=东南亚国家联盟&#124;link=东南亚国家联盟_-&#123;zh-hans:东南亚国家联盟;zh-hk:東南亞國家聯盟;zh-sg:亚细安;zh-tw:東南亞國協;&#125;-（ASEAN）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="Template:东南亚国家联盟"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="Template talk:东南亚国家联盟"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="东南亚国家联盟">东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="东盟成员国列表">成员国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="中南半島">中南半島</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/33px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/44px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰國</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="马来西亚半岛地区">西马</a>）  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/22px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/33px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/44px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">緬甸</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="马来群岛">马来群岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%A6%AC" title="東馬">東馬</a>）  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/33px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/44px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律賓</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊">文莱</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">候选国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">观察员国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/33px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/44px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="巴布亚新几内亚">巴布亚新几内亚</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">东盟制度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%9B%9F%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="東盟憲章">宪章</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%B0%E5%AE%89%E6%9C%83%E6%97%97" title="亞細安會旗">会旗</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%9B%9F%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="東盟之路">盟歌</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="东盟首脑会议">首脑会议</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%8C%BA" title="东盟自由贸易区">东盟自由贸易区</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="东盟政府间人权委员会">东盟政府间人权委员会</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">区域合作</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%94%E5%8D%81%E5%8A%A0%E4%B8%89" title="東協十加三">东盟十加三</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E2%80%94%E4%B8%9C%E7%9B%9F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%8C%BA" title="中国—东盟自由贸易区">中国—东盟自由贸易区</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3%E6%AC%A1%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C" title="大湄公河次区域经济合作">大湄公河次区域经济合作</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="南海各方行為宣言">南海各方行為宣言</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="东南亚友好合作条约">东南亚友好合作条约</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="东亚峰会">东亚峰会</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="区域全面经济伙伴关系协定">区域全面经济伙伴关系协定</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="不结盟运动" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%8D%E7%B5%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="Template:不結盟運動"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%8D%E7%B5%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="Template talk:不結盟運動"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%8D%E7%B5%90%E7%9B%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:不結盟運動"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="不结盟运动" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟运动</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">成員國</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚">阿尔及利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="安哥拉">安哥拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE" title="安提瓜和巴布达">安提瓜和巴布达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC" title="巴哈马">巴哈马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林">巴林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" title="巴巴多斯">巴巴多斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B9" title="伯利兹">伯利兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%AE%81" title="贝宁">贝宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞">玻利維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3" title="波札那">博茨瓦纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1" title="汶莱">汶莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2" title="布吉納法索">布基纳法索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0" title="蒲隆地">蒲隆地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆">喀麦隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中非共和國">中非共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得">乍得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%91%A9" title="葛摩">葛摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果共和国">刚果共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6" title="科特迪瓦">科特迪瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鲜民主主义人民共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国">刚果民主共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90" title="吉布提">吉布地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="多明尼克">多明尼克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0" title="多明尼加">多明尼加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="赤道几内亚">赤道几内亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="厄立特里亚">厄立特里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">埃塞俄比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="斐济">斐济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%93%AC" title="加蓬">加彭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="冈比亚">冈比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3" title="加纳">加纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E8%BE%BE" title="格林纳达">格林纳达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89" title="危地马拉">危地马拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="几内亚">几内亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2" title="幾內亞比索">幾內亞比索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那">圭亚那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地">海地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="洪都拉斯">洪都拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0" title="牙买加">牙买加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦">约旦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="肯尼亚">肯尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特">科威特</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98" title="莱索托">莱索托</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="利比里亚">利比里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚">利比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="马达加斯加">马达加斯加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4" title="马拉维">马拉维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB" title="马尔代夫">马尔代夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里">马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="毛里塔尼亚">毛里塔尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF" title="毛里求斯">毛里求斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古国">蒙古国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" title="莫桑比克">莫桑比克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="纳米比亚">纳米比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜">尼加拉瓜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94" title="尼日尔">尼日尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞">奈及利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國">巴勒斯坦國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC" title="巴拿马">巴拿马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B0%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="巴布亚新几内亚">巴布亚新几内亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81" title="秘鲁">秘鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律宾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔">卡塔尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%97%BA%E8%BE%BE" title="卢旺达">卢安达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%8F%8A%E5%B0%BC%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF" title="聖克里斯多福及尼維斯">聖克里斯多福及尼維斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="圣卢西亚">圣卢西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%81%E6%96%AF" title="圣文森特和格林纳丁斯">圣文森特和格林纳丁斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94" title="圣多美和普林西比">圣多美和普林西比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙特阿拉伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔">塞内加尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%88%8C%E5%B0%94" title="塞舌尔">塞舌尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="塞拉利昂">塞拉利昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97" title="蘇利南">蘇利南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%9D%E5%B0%BC" title="史瓦帝尼">史瓦帝尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥">多哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%98%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" title="千里達及托巴哥">千里達及托巴哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="突尼西亞">突尼西亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦">土库曼斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE" title="乌干达">乌干达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿拉伯联合酋长国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="瓦努阿图">瓦努阿图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉">委內瑞拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门">也门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="赞比亚">赞比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A8%81" title="辛巴威">辛巴威</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NAM_Members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NAM_Members.svg/200px-NAM_Members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NAM_Members.svg/300px-NAM_Members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NAM_Members.svg/400px-NAM_Members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">觀察員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞">亞美尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0" title="哥斯达黎加">哥斯达黎加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A" title="萨尔瓦多">萨尔瓦多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">蒙特內哥羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="巴拉圭">巴拉圭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦">塔吉克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="乌拉圭">乌拉圭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="非洲联盟">非洲联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="阿拉伯国家联盟">阿拉伯国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="伊斯兰合作组织">伊斯兰合作组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="法语国家及地区国际组织" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Template:法语国家及地区国际组织"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Template talk:法语国家及地区国际组织"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:法语国家及地区国际组织"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="法语国家及地区国际组织" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="法语国家及地区国际组织">法语国家及地区国际组织</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="法语国家及地区国际组织成员列表">成員</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">會員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94" title="安道尔">安道尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞">亞美尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%AE%81" title="贝宁">贝宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2" title="布吉納法索">布吉納法索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0" title="蒲隆地">蒲隆地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆">喀麦隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></li> <li>加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%8D%E5%80%AB%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="新不倫瑞克省">新布藍茲維</a></li> <li>加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="魁北克省">魁北克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%91%A9" title="葛摩">葛摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果共和国">刚果共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国">刚果民主共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6" title="科特迪瓦">科特迪瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90" title="吉布提">吉布提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="多米尼克">多米尼克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%93%AC" title="加蓬">加蓬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="几内亚">几内亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2" title="幾內亞比索">幾內亞比索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="赤道几内亚">赤道几内亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地">海地</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓">北馬其頓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="马达加斯加">马达加斯加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里">马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF" title="毛里求斯">毛里求斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="毛里塔尼亚">毛里塔尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦">摩尔多瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥">摩纳哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94" title="尼日尔">尼日尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中非共和國">中非</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%97%BA%E8%BE%BE" title="卢旺达">卢旺达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="圣卢西亚">圣卢西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94" title="圣多美和普林西比">圣多美和普林西比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔">塞内加尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%88%8C%E5%B0%94" title="塞舌尔">塞舌尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得">乍得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥">多哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="突尼西亞">突尼西亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="瓦努阿图">瓦努阿图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a></li> <li>比利時<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4" title="比利时法语社群">瓦隆尼亞－布魯塞爾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">準會員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿联酋</a></li> <li>法國<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%96%80%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="新喀里多尼亞">新喀里多尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3" title="加纳">加纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔">卡塔尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">觀察員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></li> <li>加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E7%9C%81" title="安大略省">安大略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">南韓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0" title="哥斯达黎加">哥斯达黎加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0" title="多明尼加">多明尼加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="冈比亚">冈比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li> <li>美國<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="路易斯安那州">路易斯安那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">马耳他</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">蒙特內哥羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" title="莫桑比克">莫桑比克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛文尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="乌拉圭">乌拉圭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="法語國家及地區國際組織旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/100px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/150px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/200px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%A7%98%E6%9B%B8%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法語國家及地區國際組織秘書長（页面不存在）">秘書長</a>（法语：<a 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talk:经济互助委员会（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:经济互助委员会"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="经济互助委员会（1988年）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a>（1988年）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">成员国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="波兰人民共和国">波蘭人民共和國</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马尼亚社会主义共和国">羅馬尼亞社會主義共和國</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国">捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="保加利亞人民共和國">保加利亞人民共和國</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic_%281945%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古人民共和国">蒙古人民共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="东德">德意志民主共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南社会主义共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="匈牙利人民共和国">匈牙利人民共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴共和国</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Comecon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="经互会会旗"><img alt="经互会会旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Comecon.svg/70px-Flag_of_Comecon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Comecon.svg/105px-Flag_of_Comecon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Comecon.svg/140px-Flag_of_Comecon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">咨询国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国">南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">退出的成员国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国">阿爾巴尼亞社會主義人民共和國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">观察员国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/22px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/33px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/44px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">老挝人民民主共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="阿富汗民主共和国">阿富汗民主共和國</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/22px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/33px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/44px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="安哥拉人民共和国">安哥拉人民共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国">衣索比亞人民民主共和國</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="莫桑比克人民共和国">莫桑比克人民共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="也门民主人民共和国">也门民主人民共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鮮民主主義人民共和國</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜">尼加拉瓜共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰共和国</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="伊拉克复兴党政权">伊拉克共和國</a> · <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥合众国</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">退出的观察员国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210322/">FAST</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404998314">ISNI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122772641">VIAF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxrKHVvQQHCWG3XrVwG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575500">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932228w">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932228w">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4034571-3">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559626305171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80128712">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569296">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129766&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35755455">澳大利亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c81cb1f4-0858-3f28-9082-c06e2ce24bea">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/7ca16ebe-d8d6-4e79-92cc-47ba5be3fae5">KulturNav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/mg6jlLo6">英国议会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53209">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003418">瑞士历史词典</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035723">NARA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028193431">IdRef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=老挝&oldid=84908099">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=老挝&oldid=84908099</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" 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