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milurtekoa.\u003C/center\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sarrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sarrera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilakaera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilakaera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bilakaera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilakaera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funtzionamendua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funtzionamendua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Funtzionamendua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funtzionamendua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoria-gelaxkaren_diseinua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoria-gelaxkaren_diseinua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memoria-gelaxkaren diseinua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoria-gelaxkaren_diseinua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paketatzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paketatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Paketatzea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paketatzea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Paketatzea azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paketatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memoria-modulua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoria-modulua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Memoria-modulua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoria-modulua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DRAM_txertatua_(EDRAM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DRAM_txertatua_(EDRAM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>DRAM txertatua (EDRAM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DRAM_txertatua_(EDRAM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segurtasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segurtasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Segurtasuna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Segurtasuna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Segurtasuna azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Segurtasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Datuen_iraupena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datuen_iraupena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Datuen iraupena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datuen_iraupena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoria_hondatzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoria_hondatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Memoria hondatzea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoria_hondatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DRAM</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 45 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamiese_ewetoeganklike_geheue" title="Dinamiese ewetoeganklike geheue – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dinamiese ewetoeganklike geheue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ذاكرة وصول عشوائي حركية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذاكرة وصول عشوائي حركية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF" title="Динамична памет с произволен достъп – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Динамична памет с произволен достъп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Random_Access_Memory" title="Dynamic Random Access Memory – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dynamic Random Access Memory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dynamic random-access memory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnaamiline_muutm%C3%A4lu" title="Dünaamiline muutmälu – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dünaamiline muutmälu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="حافظه تصادفی پویا – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حافظه تصادفی پویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_vive_dynamique" title="Mémoire vive dynamique – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mémoire vive dynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memori_akses_acak_dinamis" title="Memori akses acak dinamis – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Memori akses acak dinamis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Random_Access_Memory" title="Dynamic Random Access Memory – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Dynamic Random Access Memory" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Динамикалық жад – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Динамикалық жад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%81_%EB%9E%A8" title="동적 램 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동적 램" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_volatilis_dynamica" title="Memoria volatilis dynamica – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Memoria volatilis dynamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamin%C4%97_atmintis" title="Dinaminė atmintis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dinaminė atmintis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Динамичка меморија со случаен пристап – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Динамичка меморија со случаен пристап" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഡൈനാമിക് റാൻഡം-ആക്സസ് മെമ്മറി – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡൈനാമിക് റാൻഡം-ആക്സസ് മെമ്മറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dynamic random-access memory" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pami%C4%99%C4%87_dynamiczna_(informatyka)" title="Pamięć dynamiczna (informatyka) – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pamięć dynamiczna (informatyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory" title="Dynamic random access memory – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dynamic random access memory" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorie_DRAM" title="Memorie DRAM – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Memorie DRAM" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinami%C4%8Dki_RAM" title="Dinamički RAM – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinamički RAM" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dynamic random-access memory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujtes%C3%AB_hyr%C3%ABse_e_fuqishme_rast%C3%ABsore" title="Kujtesë hyrëse e fuqishme rastësore – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kujtesë hyrëse e fuqishme rastësore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_RAM" title="Динамички RAM – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Динамички RAM" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamiskt_minne" title="Dynamiskt minne – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dynamiskt minne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="หน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่มแบบพลวัต – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่มแบบพลวัต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM_(bilgisayar)" title="DRAM (bilgisayar) – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DRAM (bilgisayar)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="RAM động – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="RAM động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8" title="动态随机存取存储器 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="动态随机存取存储器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8" title="动态随机存储器 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动态随机存储器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM" title="DRAM – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="DRAM" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/DRAM" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&oldid=9925233" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=DRAM&id=9925233&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDRAM"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDRAM"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=DRAM"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=DRAM&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DRAM" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189396" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/MT4C1024-HD.jpg/536px-MT4C1024-HD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/MT4C1024-HD.jpg/714px-MT4C1024-HD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10944" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>1 <a href="/wiki/Megabit" title="Megabit">megabit</a>-eko DRAM zirkuitu integratua. MT4C1024, Micron Technology (1994).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>DRAM memoria</b> (<b>RAM dinamikoa</b>, <b>DRAM</b>, <b>D</b>ynamic <b>R</b>andom <b>A</b>ccess <b>M</b>emory edo <b>Ausazko sarbidedun memoria dinamikoa</b>) <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">kondentsadoreez</a> osatutako <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> memoria mota bat da.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kondentsadoreek karga elektrikoa gordetzen dute eta kargatuta edo deskargatuta egon daitezke, bit-aren bi balio posibleak adierazteko: 0 edo 1. Denborarekin karga galdu egiten dutenez, memoria freskatzea beharrezkoa gertatzen da, 1 balio bitarra gordeta duten kondentsadoreak birkargatzeko. <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">Ordenagailuen</a> memoria nagusia (<a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Txartel_grafiko" title="Txartel grafiko">txartel grafikoa</a> DRAM memoriez osatua egoten da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarrera">Sarrera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sarrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sarrera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>DRAM memoria</b> ausazko sarbidea onartzen duen konputagailu-memoria erdieroale mota bat da. <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a> bakoitza <a href="/wiki/Memoria_gelaxka" title="Memoria gelaxka">memoria-gelaxka</a> batean gordetzen da. Gelaxkak, normalean, <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">metal oxido erdieroaleen</a> (MOS) teknologian oinarritzen diren <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">kondentsadore</a> oso txiki batez eta <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">transistore</a> batez osatzen dira. Hala ere, badira bi transistoreko eta kondentsadorerik gabeko diseinua duten DRAM memoria-gelaxkak. Kondentsadorea baduten diseinueetan, kondentsadorea kargatuta edo deskargatuta egon daiteke. Bi egoera horien bidez bit-aren bi balio posibleak adierazten: 0 eta 1. </p><p>Kondentsadorean gordeta dagoen <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">karga elektrikoa</a> pixkanaka galdu egiten denez, beharrezkoa gertatzen da memoria freskatzea. Hori egin ezean, kondentsadorean gordetako datuak galduko lirateke. Horretarako, DRAM memoriek kanpoko zirkuitu bat behar dute, aldian-aldian kondentsadoreetako datuak berridazteko eta jatorrizko kargara itzultzeko. Freskatze-prozesu hori DRAM memorien ezaugarri bat da, RAM memoria estatikoetatik (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRAM (sortu gabe)">SRAM</a>, <i>Static RAM</i>) bereizten duena, azken horrek ez baitu datuak freskatzeko beharrik. <a href="/wiki/Flash_memoria" title="Flash memoria">Flash memoria</a> ez bezala, DRAM <a href="/wiki/Memoria_hegazkor" title="Memoria hegazkor">memoria hegazkorra</a> da, datuak azkar galtzen ditu <a href="/wiki/Elikatze-iturri" title="Elikatze-iturri">elikatze-iturria</a> deskonektatzen denean. DRAM memorietan <a href="/wiki/Datu_hondar" title="Datu hondar">datu-hondarren</a> arazoa neurri batean ematen da. </p><p>DRAM memoriak <a href="/wiki/Txip" title="Txip">zirkuitu integratuko</a> txip baten forma izaten du. Bertan, milaka milioi memoria-gelaxka egon daitezke. <a href="/wiki/Elektronika_digital" title="Elektronika digital">Elektronika digitalean</a> asko erabiltzen dira, kostu txikiko eta ahalmen handiko memoriak behar direnean. <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">Ordenagailuen</a> memoria nagusia (<a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Txartel_grafiko" title="Txartel grafiko">txartel grafikoa</a> DRAM memoriez osatua egoten da. <a href="/wiki/Gailu_mugikor" title="Gailu mugikor">Gailu mugikorretan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bideokontsola" title="Bideokontsola">bideokontsoletan</a> ere asko erabiltzen dira. SRAM memoria, aldiz, DRAM baino azkarragoa baina garestiagoa denez, lortu nahi den abiadura memoriaren kostua eta tamaina baino garrantzitsuagoa denean erabiltzen da, <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">prozesadoreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Cache_memoria" title="Cache memoria">cache memorian</a>, adibidez. </p><p>DRAM memoria etengabe freskatu behar denez, SRAM memoriak baino zirkuitu eta prozesu konplexuagoak behar ditu. Hala ere, konplexutasun hori DRAM memorien gelaxken egituraren sinpletasunarekin konpentsatu egiten da: DRAMean bit bakoitzeko transistore bat eta kondentsadore bat besterik ez dira behar, SRAMean, aldiz, lau edo sei transistore behar dira bit bakoitzeko. Horri esker, DRAM memoriek bit kantitate altuak biltegiratzeko ahalmena lor dezakete, bit bakoitzeko kostua murriztuz. Datuak freskatu (eguneratu) beharrak energia kontsumitzen duenez, kontsumo hori kudeatzeko hainbat teknika erabiltzen dira. </p><p>2017an DRAMen bit bakoitzeko prezioa %47 igo zen, azken 30 urteetan izandako igoerarik handiena, 1988an %45a igo ondoren. Azken urteotan prezioa behera egin ari da.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">Bigarren Mundu Gerran</a> Bletchley Park-en mezuak deszifratzeko lanean ari zirenean garatu zuten "Aquarius" makina <a href="/wiki/Kriptoanalisi" title="Kriptoanalisi">kriptanalitikoak</a> memoria dinamiko kableatua erabiltzen zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:64MB_Toshiba_SDRAM_stick.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/64MB_Toshiba_SDRAM_stick.JPG/220px-64MB_Toshiba_SDRAM_stick.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/64MB_Toshiba_SDRAM_stick.JPG/330px-64MB_Toshiba_SDRAM_stick.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/64MB_Toshiba_SDRAM_stick.JPG/440px-64MB_Toshiba_SDRAM_stick.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>64MB Toshiba SDRAM</figcaption></figure> <p>Gerora, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> korporazioak <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a> memoria dinamiko bat asmatu zuen "Toscal" BC-1411 <a href="/wiki/Kalkulagailu" title="Kalkulagailu">kalkulagailu</a> elektronikorako. 1967an, Toshiba enpresako Tomohisa Yoshimaru-k eta Hiroshi Komikawa-k asmakizuna <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">patentatu</a> zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lehen DRAM horrek <a href="/wiki/Transistore_bipolar" title="Transistore bipolar">transistore bipolarrak</a> erabiltzen zituen eta <a href="/wiki/Nukleo_magnetikozko_memoria" title="Nukleo magnetikozko memoria">nukleo magnetikozko memoriak</a> baino errendimendu hobea eskaintzen zuen. Hala ere, garai hartan oso erabiliak zen nukleo magnetikozko memoria baino garestiagoa zenez, ezin zuen harekin lehiatu.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordurako, kondentsadoreak beste memoria batzuren diseinuan erabili ziren, hala nola <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">Atanasoff-ek</a> eta Berry-k asmatutako "<i>Atanasoff-Berry computer</i>" ordenagailuaren danborrean,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>Williams tube</i>" hodian<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta "<i>Selectron tube</i>" hodian.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1966an, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBMko</a> "<i>Thomas J. Watson Research Center</i>" ikerketa zentroko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Dennard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Dennard (sortu gabe)">Robert Dennard</a> ikerlaria SRAM (<i>Static RAM</i>) memoriaren alternatiba baten bila lanean ari zen. <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS</a> teknologia ikertzen ari zela, SRAMak behar zituen 6 MOS transistoreen ordez, bit-aren 0 eta 1 balioak adierazteko <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">kondentsadore</a> bakarra eta <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">transistore</a> bakarra erabiltzea posiblea zela aurkitu zuen. Horri esker, DRAM memorietarako transistore bakarreko gelaxkak garatu ahal izan zituzten. 1968an, asmakizuna patentatu egin zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOS DRAM memoriak <a href="/wiki/Nukleo_magnetikozko_memoria" title="Nukleo magnetikozko memoria">nukleo magnetikozko memoriak</a> baino errendimendu hobea eskaintzen zuen, merkeagoa zen eta <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> gutxiago kontsumitzen zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1969an, "<i>Advanced Memory System</i>s" enpresak (<a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale_(Kalifornia)" title="Sunnyvale (Kalifornia)">Sunnyvaleko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalifornia" title="Kalifornia">Kalifornia</a>) MOS DRAM txipak merkaturatu zituen. 1024 biteko txipa zen eta hainbat enpresa teknologia berri hori erabiltzen hasi ziren: <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, Raytheon, Wang Laboratories, etab. Urte berean, Honeywell enpresak haiek garatutako hiru transistoreko <a href="/wiki/Memoria_gelaxka" title="Memoria gelaxka">memoria-gelaxkako</a> DRAM memoria bat diseinatzeko eskatu zion <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> enpresari. Horrela sortu zen 1970. urte hasieran "<i>Intel 1102</i>" DRAM txipa. Hala ere, <i>i1102</i>-ak arazoak ematen zituenez, diseinua hobetzeko lanean hasi zen Intel enpresa ezkutuan, Honeywell-ekin gatazka saihesteko. 1970eko urrian, merkatuan eskuragarri egon zen lehen DRAM memoria agertu zen: "<i>Intel 1103</i>", Joel Karp-ek diseinatua eta Pat Earhart-ek aurkeztua.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseinu berri horrek ere hasieran arazoak eman zituen eta errendimendu txikikoa zen. Denborarekin, txipak ekoizteko erabiltzen ziren maskarak hobetu zituzten eta arazoak konpondu ziren. Barbara Maness eta Judy García aritu ziren maskaren arazoa konpontzen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Intel_C1103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Intel_C1103.jpg/158px-Intel_C1103.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Intel_C1103.jpg/237px-Intel_C1103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Intel_C1103.jpg/316px-Intel_C1103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>i1103, Intel 1103 DRAM txipa</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Intel_i1103.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intel_i1103.JPG/161px-Intel_i1103.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intel_i1103.JPG/242px-Intel_i1103.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intel_i1103.JPG/322px-Intel_i1103.JPG 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>i1103-ren memoria gelaxka</figcaption></figure> <p>1970eko hamarkadaren hasieran, MOS teknologian oinarritutako memoriek nukleo magnetikozko memoriei aurrea hartu zieten; teknologia berria memorien fabrikazioan nagusi bilakatu zen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1973an Robert Proebsting-ek diseinatutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mostek_(enpresa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mostek (enpresa) (sortu gabe)">Mostek</a> "<i>MK4096"</i> DRAM memoria aurkeztu zuten. 4 <a href="/wiki/Kilobit" title="Kilobit">Kilobit-eko</a> memoria zen eta gelaxkak helbideratzeko sisteman errenkadak eta zutabeak <a href="/wiki/Multiplexazio" title="Multiplexazio">multiplexatuak</a> zituen lehena izan zen. Helbideratze-sistema horrek pin (orratz) berbera erabiltzen zuen memoria-gelaxkaren helbidearen beheko erdia eta goiko erdia jasotzeko, bi zatien artean bus-zikloak txandakatzen zituelarik. Hori aurrerapen handia izan zen, helbideratze-lerroen kopurua erdira jaistea lortu zelako eta beraz, memoria txip-ean orratz kopuru txikiagoa behar zelako. Ondorioz, txipa merketu egin zen eta abantaila ekonomikoa memorien biltegiratze-ahalmena handituz joan zen neurrian gero eta nabarmenagoa egin zen. "<i>MK4096"</i> DRAM memoriaren diseinua sendoa zen. 1976an, 16 <a href="/wiki/Kilobit" title="Kilobit">Kilobit-eko</a> dentsitateko "<i>Mostek MK4116 DRAM</i>" memoria aurkeztu zuten eta munduko merkatuaren %75a gainditu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1980ko hamarkadaren hasieran, memorien dentsitatea 64 Kbitera igotzea lortu zenean, fabrikatzaile japoniarrek ordura arte memorien merkatuan lider izan zirenei aurrea hartu eta merkatua mundu-mailan menderatu zuten 80ko eta 90eko hamarkadetan zehar. 1985ean, Intel-eko <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore-k</a> DRAM-en produkzioa etetea erabaki zuen. 1986rako, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako</a> txip-fabrikatzaile guztiek DRAM memorien fabrikazioa eten zuten. Memoria-txipen negoziotik kanporatzeko helburuarekin, esportazioetan <a href="/wiki/Dumping" title="Dumping">dumpinga</a> egiten zietela leporatu zieten <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japoniako</a> enpresei Estatu Batuetako erdieroaleen fabrikatzaileek .<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prezioak asko jaitsi ziren: 18 hilabetetan, 64Kbit-eko txipak 3,50 dolarreko preziotik 35 zentimora jaitsi ziren, eta AEBko enpresa askok arazo ekonomiko larriak izan zituzten. 1985eko abenduaren 4an, AEBetako Nazioarteko Merkataritzaren Administrazioak haien aldeko epaia eman zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1992an, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> enpresa korearrak garatutako <a href="/wiki/SDRAM" title="SDRAM">atzipen sinkronoko memoria hegazkorra (SDRAM)</a> (ingelesez, <i>Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory</i>) aurkeztu zen. Merkaturatu zen lehen SDRAM txipa "<i>KM48SL2000</i>" izan zen eta 16 <a href="/wiki/Megabit" title="Megabit">Mb</a>-eko ahalmena zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1998an Samsung-ek lehen <a href="/wiki/DDR-SDRAM" title="DDR-SDRAM">DDR SDRAM</a> memoria-txipa merkaturatu zuen, 64 Mb-ekoa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2001ean, DRAM memorien ekoizle japoniarrek dumpinga leporatu zieten <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">korearrei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2002an, AEBetako ordenagailu-fabrikatzaileek DRAMen prezioen ezarpena salatu zuten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilakaera">Bilakaera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bilakaera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bilakaera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DRAM memoriek bilakaera handia izan dute azken urteetan, txipen integrazioa asko hobetzen ari delako. Denbora gutxian memorien ahalmena izugarri handitu da 16 Gb-etara (<a href="/wiki/Gigabit" title="Gigabit">Gigabits</a>) iritsi arte.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boltaiari dagokionez, txipak 5 Volt-etik 1,8 Volt-era murrizteak energiaren kontsumoa eta sortutako beroa gutxitzea eragin du. </p><p>Agertu ziren lehen DRAM memoriak asinkronoak ziren, hau da, haien <a href="/wiki/Bus_(informatika)" title="Bus (informatika)">busek</a> ez zuten <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">prozesatzeko unitate zentralaren (PUZ)</a> <a href="/wiki/Erloju-frekuentzia" title="Erloju-frekuentzia">erloju-frekuentziaren</a> maiztasun bera edo haren multiplo bat erabiltzen. Horren ondorioz, itxarote-denborak (<a href="/wiki/Latentzia_(teknologia)" title="Latentzia (teknologia)">latentziak</a>) altuagoak ziren, sinkronizatu egin behar baitziren. Itxaronaldi horiek hobetzeko, datuak transferitzeko modu jarraitua (ingelesez, <i>burst mode</i>) izeneko prozedura garatu zen. Prozedura horrekin, datuak busean jartzean <i>prefetching</i> izenez ezagutzen den teknika aplikatzen zen, memoriarako atzipena egitean erloju-zikloak murriztuz. </p><p>Metodo horrekin, helbideen sinkronizaziorako RAS (<i>Row Address Strobe</i>) eta CAS (<i>Column Address Strobe</i>) seinaleen sekuentzia bakoitzean lau aldiz datu gehiago bidaltzea lortzen zen, itxarote-denborak murriztuz. Hasierako sistemetan 64 biteko bloke bakoitzeko CAS eta RAS sinkronizazio-seinale bana behar izaten ziren. </p><p>Hobekuntza horiekin, sinkronizazio ezak eragindako itxarote-denborak arintzea lortzen zen. Hala ere, prozesatzeko unitate zentralaren erlojuarekin modu sinkronoan lan egiteko gai ziren DRAM memoriak laster agertu ziren: <a href="/wiki/SDRAM" title="SDRAM">SDRAM</a> memoriak (<i>Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funtzionamendua">Funtzionamendua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Funtzionamendua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Funtzionamendua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.svg/220px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.svg/330px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.svg/440px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_read.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Irakurketa, 4x4 gelaxkako taularen adibidea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Memoria-gelaxka edozein memoriaren oinarrizko unitatea da, sistema digitaletan <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> bat gordetzeko gai dena. Gelaxkaren eraikuntzak gelaxkaren funtzionamendua definitzen du, DRAM modernoaren kasuan, eremu-efektuko <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">transistore</a> bat (<i>FET</i>, <i>Field-Effect Transistor)</i> eta <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">kondentsadore</a> bat dira. Oinarrizko funtzionamenduaren printzipioa sinplea da: karga bat kondentsadorean biltegiratzen bada 1 balioa adierazten du, eta kargarik gabe dagoenean 0. Transistoreak kondentsadorea konektatu eta deskonektatzen duen etengailu gisa funtzionatzen du. Mekanismo hori gailu diskretuekin inplementa daiteke. Izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Erdieroale" title="Erdieroale">erdieroaleen</a> garaia baino lehenagoko memoria asko transistore-kondentsadore gelaxken tauletan oinarritzen ziren. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png/220px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png/330px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png/440px-Square_array_of_mosfet_cells_write.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Idazketa, 4x4 gelaxkako taularen adibidea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Edozein memoria-sistemako gelaxkak bi dimentsioko matrizeen forman antolatzen dira, eta gelaxkak errenkaden eta zutabeen bidez atzitzen dira. DRAM memorian egitura horiek milioika gelaxka dituzte, <a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">siliziozko</a> <a href="/wiki/Txip" title="Txip">txip-en</a> gainazalean fabrikatzen dira eta osatzen dituzten eremuak begi hutsez ikusi egiten dira. Irudietako adibidean, 4x4 gelaxkako taula ikus daiteke; bertan, FET transistoreen ateetara konektatutako lerro horizontalak errenkadak deitzen dira, eta kanaletara konektatutako lerro bertikalak zutabeak. </p><p>Memoria-posizio bat atzitzeko, 4 biteko helbidea behar da, baina DRAM memorietan helbideak denboran multiplexatuta daude, hau da, erdika bidaltzen dira (erdia eta erdia). Sarreran a0 eta a1 moduan markatutakoak helbide-busak dira, eta bertatik sartzen dira lehenengo errenkadaren helbidea eta ondoren zutabearena. Helbideak sinkronizazio-seinaleen bidez bereizten dira: RAS (ingelesez, <i>Row Address Strobe</i>) eta CAS (<i>Column Address Strobe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hauek dira irakurketa egiteko urrats nagusiak: </p> <ul><li>Zutabeak 1-eko logikoari dagokion <a href="/wiki/Tentsio_(elektrizitatea)" title="Tentsio (elektrizitatea)">tentsioaren (boltaiaren)</a> erdiarekin kargatzen dira. Hori egin daiteke, lerroek kondentsadore handien gisa jokatzen dutelako, eta haien luzeragatik gelaxketako kondentsadoreek duten balioa baino altuagoagoa dutelako.</li></ul> <ul><li>Errenkaden deskodegailuak RAS helbidea eta seinalea jasotzen dituenean, errenkadak energia jasotzen du. Horri esker, errenkada batera konektatutako transistoreek energia eroan egiten dute, errenkada horretako eta zutabeetako lerroen arteko konexio elektrikoa ahalbidetuz. Horrela, bi kondentsadore (bata kargatua eta bestea karga ezezagunekoa) elkarri konektatzen zaizkionean lortzen den efektu bera lortzen da: karga partekatuz orekatu egiten dira eta biak oso antzeko tentsioarekin geratzen dira. Azken emaitza zutabe bakoitzera konektatutako gelaxkako kondentsadoreko karga-balioaren araberakoa izango da. Aldaketa txikia da, zutabe-lerroa gelaxkakoa baino kondentsadore handiagoa baita.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atzeraeragin_positibo" title="Atzeraeragin positibo">Atzeraeragin positiboko</a> zirkuituak dituen atal batek aurreko urratsean aipatutako tentsio elektrikoaren aldaketa neurtu eta anplifikatu egiten ditu: neurtutako balioa 1 logikoari dagokion tentsioaren erdia baino txikiagoa bada, irteerako balioa 0 izango da, aldiz, handiagoa bada, irteerako balioa 1 izango da. <a href="/wiki/Biribiltze" title="Biribiltze">Biribiltzea</a> egitearen pareko funtzioa betetzen dute.</li></ul> <ul><li>Irakurketa errenkadako posizio guztietan egiten da, eta, horrela, helbidearen bigarren zatira iristean, atzitu nahi den gelaxka zein den erabakitzen da. Hori CAS seinalearekin gertatzen da. Datua datu-busari ematen zaio DO (<i>Data Out</i>) linearen bidez (ikus irudia), eta prozesuan inplikatutako gelaxkak berridatzi egiten dira, hau da, posizio horietan datu berriak gordetzen dira, DRAMaren irakurketa suntsitzailea baita.</li></ul> <p>Memoria-posizio batean idazteko, goian azaldutako prozesuaren antzekoa gertatzen da, baina balioa irakurri beharrean, zutabeko lerroa balio jakin batera eramaten da DI (<i>Data In</i>) lerroaren bidez eta kondentsadorea kargatu edo deskargatu egiten da. Irudian, datuaren fluxua marra lodi baten bidez erakusten da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memoria-gelaxkaren_diseinua">Memoria-gelaxkaren diseinua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Memoria-gelaxkaren diseinua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Memoria-gelaxkaren diseinua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DRAM memorian <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit-a</a> adierazteko <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">karga elektriko</a> positibo edo negatiboa gordetzen da <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">kondentsadoreez</a> osatutako egitura batean (egitura kapazitiboa). Karga gordetzeko <a href="/wiki/Kapazitantzia" title="Kapazitantzia">kapazitantzia</a> ematen duen egiturak eta haren atzipena kontrolatzen duten <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">transistoreek</a> "<b>DRAM gelaxka</b>" osatzen dute. Gelaxka horiek dira DRAM memorien oinarrizko blokeak; haiekin osatzen dira "matrize" edo "taula" terminoez adierazten diren memoria-egiturak. </p><p>DRAM-gelaxkaren definizio horren aldaerak dauden arren, DRAM moderno gehienetan erabiltzen dena transistore batez eta kondentsadore batez osatutakoa da (1T1C, <i>1-transistor</i> <i>1-capacitor</i>). Memorian idazteko eragiketa egin nahi denean transistoreak kondentsadorean <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektrikoa</a> sartzen uzten du; irakurketa egiteko, aldiz, kondentsadorea deskargatzen uzten du. Transistoreak potentzia maximizatzeko eta korronte elektrikoaren galera minimizatzeko diseinatuta daude. </p><p>Kondentsadoreak bi terminal ditu: bata atzipena ahalbidetzen duen transistorera konektatuta dago eta bestea lurrera edo V<sub>CC</sub>/2 (elikatze-tentsioaren erdira). 1eko logikoa adierazteko, kondentsadorean +V<sub>CC</sub>/2-ko <a href="/wiki/Tentsio_(elektrizitatea)" title="Tentsio (elektrizitatea)">tentsioa</a> gorde behar da eta 0 (zero) logikoa adierazteko -V<sub>CC</sub>/2-koa. Metatutako karga elektrikoa <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb-etan</a> neurtzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Horrela, 1eko logikoa (boolearra) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={V_{CC} \over 2}\cdot C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={V_{CC} \over 2}\cdot C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d593404706025de6bf0253d85a49728404fe791e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.304ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={V_{CC} \over 2}\cdot C}" /></span> da, eta zero logikoa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q={-V_{CC} \over 2}\cdot C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q={-V_{CC} \over 2}\cdot C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/210ad4eea271a653401a5f6df1c3fb0f499edec2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.112ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q={-V_{CC} \over 2}\cdot C}" /></span>, non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" /></span> karga den (coulomb-etan neurtua) eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" /></span> kapazitantzia (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">Farad-etan</a> neurtua). </p><p>1eko logiko bat irakurtzeko edo idazteko, <a href="/wiki/Tentsio_(elektrizitatea)" title="Tentsio (elektrizitatea)">tentsioa</a> V<sub>CC</sub>-en eta atzipena ematen duen transistorearen V<sub>TH</sub> atalase-tentsioaren batura baino altuagoa den balio batera eraman behar da. Tentsio horri "ponpatutako V<sub>CC</sub>" deritzo (V<sub>CCP</sub>, <i>V<sub>CC</sub> pumped)</i>. </p><p>Kondentsadorea deskargatzeko behar den denbora kondentsadorean gordetako balio logikoaren araberakoa da. Horrela, 1eko logikoa gordeta duen kondentsadorea deskargatzen hasten da atzipen-transistorearen ateko terminaleko tentsioa V<sub>CCP</sub> balioaren gainetik dagoenean. Zero logikorako, aldiz, kondentsadorea deskargatzen hasten da atearen terminaleko tentsioa V<sub>TH</sub> balioaren gainetik dagoenean.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paketatzea">Paketatzea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paketatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Paketatzea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoria-modulua">Memoria-modulua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Memoria-modulua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Memoria-modulua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DRAM zirkuitu integratuak (<a href="/wiki/Txip" title="Txip">txipak</a>) erretina moldeatuko kaxetan paketatzen dira, siliziozko txiparen eta paketeko kableen arteko konexioetarako barne-marko bat erabiliz. </p><p>Erabilgarritasuna errazteko, hainbat DRAM zirkuitu integratu munta daitezke memoria-modulu bakar batean. Horri esker, 16, 32 edo 64 biteko memoriak koka daitezke unitate bakar batean, instalatzaileri lana erraztuz. Gainera, <a href="/wiki/Paritate_bit" title="Paritate bit">paritatea</a> egiaztatzeko eta akatsak zuzentzeko gailu gehigarriak izan ditzakete. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">Mahai gaineko ordenagailuen</a> bilakaeran zehar, memoria-modulu estandar desberdinak garatu izan dira. Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu_eramangarri" title="Ordenagailu eramangarri">ordenagailu eramangarriek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bideokontsola" title="Bideokontsola">bideokontsolek</a> eta gailu espezializatuek formato bereziko memoria-moduluak izan ditzakete, paketatze- edo jabetza-arrazoiengatik mahai gaineko ordenagailuen pieza estandarrekin trukatu ezin direnak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DRAM_txertatua_(EDRAM)"><span id="DRAM_txertatua_.28EDRAM.29"></span>DRAM txertatua (EDRAM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «DRAM txertatua (EDRAM)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: DRAM txertatua (EDRAM)"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prozesu optimizatu baten bidez diseinatutako txip batean txertatutako DRAM memoriari <b>DRAM txertatua</b> (<b>EDRAM,</b> <i>Embedded DRAM</i>) esaten zaio. EDRAM memorietan beharrezkoa da DRAM memorien gelaxken diseinuan, errendimendu handiko logikan erabiltzen diren kommutazio azkarreko transistoreak fabrikatu ahal izatea. Horrez gain, oinarrizko prozesu optimizatuaren teknologia aldatzea beharrezkoa da, DRAM gelaxken egiturak eraiki ahal izateko eman behar diren urrats guztiak eman ahal izateko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Segurtasuna">Segurtasuna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Segurtasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Segurtasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Datuen_iraupena">Datuen iraupena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Datuen iraupena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Datuen iraupena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Memoria dinamiko mota honetan gordeta dagoen informazioa mantentzeko, berez beharrezkoa da elikadura-iturria konektatuta izatea eta sarri freskatzea (64 <a href="/wiki/Milisegundo" title="Milisegundo">ms</a>-ko sarritasunez, kasu askotan). Hala ere, gelaxketako kondentsadoreek gordeta duten balioa denbora gehiagoz mantentzeko ahalmena dute, batez ere tenperatura baxuetan. Batzuetan, baldintza batzuk betetzen badira, DRAM memorian gordetako datu gehienak berreskura daitezke, freskatzea zenbait minututan egin gabe egon arren. </p><p>Hori dela eta, nahiz eta teorian ordenagailua itzaltzean memoria nagusiko informazioa suntsitu egiten den, itzali ondoren berehala piztuz gero memoriako informazioa berreskuratzea posiblea izan daiteke. Beste aukera bat, DRAM memoria ordenagailutik ateratzea eta hoztea da, datuen iraupena luzatzeko eta beste ordenagailu batean informazioa irakurri ahal izateko. </p><p>Horrek guztiak segurtasun arazoak sor ditzake. Ordenagailuaren aurkako eraso mota horri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotzeko_abio-eraso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotzeko abio-eraso (sortu gabe)">hotzeko abio-eraso</a> esaten zaio. Halako erasoek diskoa <a href="/wiki/Zifratze" title="Zifratze">zifratzeko</a> sistemak engainatu izan dituzte, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Kode_irekiko_software" title="Kode irekiko software">kode irekiko</a> "<i>TrueCrypt</i>" sistema, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>-en "<i>BitLocker Drive Encryption</i>" eta <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>-en "<i>FileVault</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoria_hondatzea">Memoria hondatzea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Memoria hondatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Memoria hondatzea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Memoria dinamikoa, definizioz, aldizka freskatu egin behar da. Gainera, memoria dinamikoan irakurtzea eragiketa suntsitzailea da, irakurtzeko eragiketa burutu den ilarako gelaxkak kargatu behar direlako. </p><p>Prozesu horiek ez badira ondo burutzen, freskatze-prozesuak edo irakurketa-eragiketak akatsak eragin ditzake. Izan ere, gelaxka bateko karga ihesi eta inguruko gelaxketara hedatzeko arriskua existitzen da. Hori gertatuko balitz, irakurketa edo freskatzea egin den errenkadaren ondoan edo gertu dagoen beste batean perturbazio-errorea sor daiteke. </p><p>1970eko hamarkadaren hasieran lehen DRAM memoriak merkaturatu zirenean ("<i>Intel 1103</i>"), lehen perturbazio-erroreak sumatu ziren. 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Wiley & Sons 2008 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-470-18475-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-470-18475-2">978-0-470-18475-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJ._Alex_Halderman,_Seth_D._Schoen,_Nadia_Heninger,_William_Clarkson,_William_Paul,_Joseph_A._Calandrino,_Ariel_J._Feldman,_Jacob_Appelbaum,_and_Edward_W._Felten.2008">J. Alex Halderman, Seth D. Schoen, Nadia Heninger, William Clarkson, William Paul, Joseph A. Calandrino, Ariel J. Feldman, Jacob Appelbaum, and Edward W. Felten..  (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citp.princeton.edu/our-work/memory/">«Lest We Remember: Cold Boot Attacks on Encryption Keys»</a> <i>Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton University</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Yoongu Kim; Ross Daly; Jeremie Kim; Chris Fallin; Ji Hye Lee; Donghyuk Lee; Chris Wilkerson; Konrad Lai; Onur Mutlu (June 24, 2014). " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/dram-row-hammer_kim_talk_isca14.pdf">Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: DRAM Disturbance Errors</a>" (PDF). ece.cmu.edu. </span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirkuitu_inprimatu" title="Zirkuitu inprimatu">Zirkuitu inprimatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txip" title="Txip">Txip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memory" title="Random Access Memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoria_(informatika)" title="Memoria (informatika)">Memoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_Only_Memory" title="Read Only Memory">ROM</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DRAM&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hwlibre.com/eu/memoria-motak/">RAM motak: memoria nagusiari buruz jakin behar duzun guztia</a> Hardwarepounds euskaraz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hwlibre.com/eu">https://www.hwlibre.com/eu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ueu.eus/argitaletxea/liburuak/sistema-digitalen-diseinu-hastapenak-oinarrizko-kontzeptuak-eta-adibideak">Sistema digitalen diseinu-hastapenak: Oinarrizko kontzeptuak eta adibideak</a> UEU (2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010655/http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=6609">Ordenadoreen memoria</a> Romo Uriarte, Jesus Maria, Elhuyar, Zientzia.net (1993)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/ordenadoreen-memoria-hedatua/">Ordenadoreen memoria hedatua</a> Romo Uriarte, Jesus Maria, Elhuyar, Zientzia.net (1993)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/ordenadoreen-memoria-zabaldua/">Ordenadoreen Memoria Zabaldua</a> Romo Uriarte, 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