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S. Eliot</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:T._S._Eliot" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=T.+S.+Eliot" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Thomas Eliot, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eliot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Thomas Eliot (disambiguation)">Thomas Eliot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Thomas Stearns Eliot <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a> (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965) was a <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>.<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-1">[1]</a> He was a leading figure in <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry_in_English" title="Modernist poetry in English">English-language Modernist poetry</a> where he reinvigorated the art through the use of language, writing style, and verse structure. He is also noted for his critical essays, which often re-evaluated long-held cultural beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">T. S. Eliot</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_(1934).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eliot in 1934"><img alt="Eliot in 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/220px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/330px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="500"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Eliot in 1934</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-09-26)26 September 1888 <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">4 January 1965(1965-01-04) (aged 76) <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Poet</li><li>essayist</li><li>playwright</li><li>publisher</li><li>critic</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>United States (1888–1927)</li><li>United Kingdom (1927–1965)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">AM</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1905–1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry_in_English" title="Modernist poetry in English">Modernism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a>" (1915)</li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Men" title="The Hollow Men">The Hollow Men</a> (1925)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_in_the_Cathedral" title="Murder in the Cathedral">Murder in the Cathedral</a> (1935)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Quartets" title="Four Quartets">Four Quartets</a> (1943)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (1948)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (1948)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivienne Haigh-Wood">Vivienne Haigh-Wood</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1915; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> 1932)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Eliot" title="Valerie Eliot">Esmé Valerie Fletcher</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1957)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ware_Eliot" title="Henry Ware Eliot">Henry Ware Eliot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Champe_Stearns" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Champe Stearns">Charlotte Champe Stearns</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_family_(America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot family (America)">Eliot family</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:TS_Eliot_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TS_Eliot_Signature.svg/150px-TS_Eliot_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TS_Eliot_Signature.svg/225px-TS_Eliot_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TS_Eliot_Signature.svg/300px-TS_Eliot_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="67"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Born in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, to a prominent <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmin</a> family, he moved to England in 1914 at the age of 25 and went on to settle, work, and marry there.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He became a <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British subject</a> in 1927 at the age of 39 and renounced his <a href="/wiki/American_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="American citizenship">American citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Eliot first attracted widespread attention for his poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a>" from 1914 to 1915, which, at the time of its publication, was considered outlandish.<a href="#cite_note-Eliot2010-5">[5]</a> It was followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922), "<a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Men" title="The Hollow Men">The Hollow Men</a>" (1925), "<a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_(poem)" title="Ash Wednesday (poem)">Ash Wednesday</a>" (1930), and <a href="/wiki/Four_Quartets" title="Four Quartets">Four Quartets</a> (1943).<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a> He wrote seven plays, notably <a href="/wiki/Murder_in_the_Cathedral" title="Murder in the Cathedral">Murder in the Cathedral</a> (1935) and <a href="/wiki/The_Cocktail_Party" title="The Cocktail Party">The Cocktail Party</a> (1949). He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948 Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life">1 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life_and_education">1.1 Early life and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Marriage">1.2 Marriage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Teaching,_banking,_and_publishing">1.3 Teaching, banking, and publishing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Conversion_to_Anglicanism_and_British_citizenship">1.4 Conversion to Anglicanism and British citizenship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Separation_and_remarriage">1.5 Separation and remarriage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Death_and_honours">1.6 Death and honours</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Poetry">2 Poetry</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#%22The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock%22">2.1 "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_Waste_Land">2.2 The Waste Land</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#%22The_Hollow_Men%22">2.3 "The Hollow Men"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#%22Ash-Wednesday%22">2.4 "Ash-Wednesday"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Old_Possum's_Book_of_Practical_Cats">2.5 Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Four_Quartets">2.6 Four Quartets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Plays">3 Plays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Literary_criticism">4 Literary criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Critical_reception">5 Critical reception</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Responses_to_his_poetry">5.1 Responses to his poetry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Antisemitism">5.2 Antisemitism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Influence">6 Influence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Honours_and_awards">7 Honours and awards</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#National_or_state_honours">7.1 National or state honours</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Literary_awards">7.2 Literary awards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Drama_awards">7.3 Drama awards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Music_awards">7.4 Music awards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Academic_awards">7.5 Academic awards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Other_honours">7.6 Other honours</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Works">8 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Earliest_works">8.1 Earliest works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Poetry_2">8.2 Poetry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Plays_2">8.3 Plays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Non-fiction">8.4 Non-fiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Posthumous_publications">8.5 Posthumous publications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Critical_editions">8.6 Critical editions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Biography">11.1 Biography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Works_2">11.2 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Websites">11.3 Websites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Archives">11.4 Archives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Miscellaneous">11.5 Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Eliot_family_(America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot family (America)">Eliots</a> were a Boston elite family, with roots in England and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. Eliot's paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/William_Greenleaf_Eliot" title="William Greenleaf Eliot">William Greenleaf Eliot</a>, had moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri,<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> to establish a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> Christian church there. His father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ware_Eliot" title="Henry Ware Eliot">Henry Ware Eliot</a>, was a successful businessman, president and treasurer of the Hydraulic-Press Brick Company in St Louis. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Champe_Stearns" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Champe Stearns">Charlotte Champe Stearns</a>, who wrote poetry, was a <a href="/wiki/Social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Social worker">social worker</a>, which was a new profession in the U.S. in the early 20th century. Eliot was the last of six surviving children. Known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliot's childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors. First, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">inguinal hernia</a>, he could not participate in many physical activities and thus was prevented from socialising with his peers. As he was often isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the young boy immediately became obsessed with books, favouring tales of savage life, the Wild West, or <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer">Tom Sawyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In his memoir about Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot "would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision: "It is self-evident that St. Louis affected me more deeply than any other environment has ever done. I feel that there is something in having passed one's childhood beside the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">big river</a>, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been born here, rather than in Boston, or New York, or London."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended <a href="/wiki/Mary_Institute_and_St._Louis_Country_Day_School" title="Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School">Smith Academy</a>, the boys college preparatory division of <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a>, where his studies included <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. He began to write poetry when he was 14 under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_(poet)" title="Edward FitzGerald (poet)">Edward Fitzgerald</a>'s translation of the <a href="/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam" title="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam">Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam</a>. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them.<a href="#cite_note-hall_interview-13">[13]</a> His first published poem, "A Fable For Feasters", was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup-14">[14]</a> Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript, an untitled lyric, later revised and reprinted as "Song" in <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate" title="The Harvard Advocate">The Harvard Advocate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s student literary magazine.<a href="#cite_note-earlyyouth-15">[15]</a> He published three short stories in 1905, "Birds of Prey", "A Tale of a Whale" and "The Man Who Was King". The last mentioned story reflected his exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot Village</a> while visiting the <a href="/wiki/1904_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 World's Fair">1904 World's Fair</a> of St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His interest in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> thus predated his anthropological studies at Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Eliot lived in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, for the first 16 years of his life at the house on <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street_(St._Louis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Locust Street (St. Louis)">Locust Street</a> where he was born. After going away to school in 1905, he returned to St. Louis only for vacations and visits. Despite moving away from the city, Eliot wrote to a friend that "<a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">the Mississippi</a> have made a deeper impression on me than any other part of the world."<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a> Following graduation from Smith Academy, Eliot attended <a href="/wiki/Milton_Academy" title="Milton Academy">Milton Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> for a preparatory year, where he met <a href="/wiki/Scofield_Thayer" title="Scofield Thayer">Scofield Thayer</a> who later published <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a>. He studied at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> from 1906 to 1909, earning a Bachelor of Arts in an elective program similar to comparative literature in 1909 and a Master of Arts in English literature the following year.<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a> Because of his year at Milton Academy, Eliot was allowed to earn his Bachelor of Arts after three years instead of the usual four.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kermode" title="Frank Kermode">Frank Kermode</a> writes that the most important moment of Eliot's undergraduate career was in 1908 when he discovered <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Arthur Symons</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Symbolist_Movement_in_Literature" title="The Symbolist Movement in Literature">The Symbolist Movement in Literature</a>. This introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Jules_Laforgue" title="Jules Laforgue">Jules Laforgue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>. Without Verlaine, Eliot wrote, he might never have heard of <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="Tristan Corbière">Tristan Corbière</a> and his book Les amours jaunes, a work that affected the course of Eliot's life.<a href="#cite_note-Kermode-22">[22]</a> The Harvard Advocate published some of his poems and he became lifelong friends with <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Aiken" title="Conrad Aiken">Conrad Aiken</a>, the American writer and critic.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> After working as a philosophy assistant at Harvard from 1909 to 1910, Eliot moved to Paris where, from 1910 to 1911, he studied philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>. He attended lectures by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> and read poetry with <a href="/wiki/Alain-Fournier" title="Alain-Fournier">Henri Alban-Fournier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kermode-22">[22]</a> From 1911 to 1914, he was back at Harvard studying Indian philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Whilst a member of the Harvard Graduate School, Eliot met and fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hale" title="Emily Hale">Emily Hale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[25]</a> Eliot was awarded a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>, in 1914. He first visited <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, Germany, where he planned to take a summer programme, but when the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> broke out he went to Oxford instead. At the time so many American students attended Merton that the <a href="/wiki/Junior_Common_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior Common Room">Junior Common Room</a> proposed a motion "that this society abhors the <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> of Oxford". It was defeated by two votes after Eliot reminded the students how much they owed American culture.<a href="#cite_note-SeymourJones1-26">[26]</a> Eliot wrote to Conrad Aiken on New Year's Eve 1914: "I hate university towns and university people, who are the same everywhere, with pregnant wives, sprawling children, many books and hideous pictures on the walls [...] Oxford is very pretty, but I don't like to be dead."<a href="#cite_note-SeymourJones1-26">[26]</a> Escaping Oxford, Eliot spent much of his time in London. This city had a monumental and life-altering effect on Eliot for several reasons, the most significant of which was his introduction to the influential American literary figure <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>. A connection through Aiken resulted in an arranged meeting and on 22 September 1914, Eliot paid a visit to Pound's flat. Pound instantly deemed Eliot "worth watching" and was crucial to Eliot's fledgling career as a poet, as he is credited with promoting Eliot through social events and literary gatherings. Thus, according to biographer John Worthen, during his time in England Eliot "was seeing as little of Oxford as possible". He was instead spending long periods of time in London, in the company of Ezra Pound and "some of the modern artists whom the war has so far spared [...] It was Pound who helped most, introducing him everywhere."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the end, Eliot did not settle at Merton and left after a year. In 1915 he taught English at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck College, University of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1916, he completed a doctoral dissertation for Harvard on "Knowledge and Experience in the Philosophy of <a href="/wiki/F._H._Bradley" title="F. H. Bradley">F. H. Bradley</a>", but failed to return for the <a href="/wiki/Thesis_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis defence">viva voce examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg/220px-Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="494"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg/220px-Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg/330px-Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot_1920.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood_Eliot" title="Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot">Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot</a>, passport photograph from 1920</figcaption></figure> Before leaving the US, Eliot had told Emily Hale that he was in love with her. He exchanged letters with her from Oxford during 1914 and 1915, but they did not meet again until 1927.<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In a letter to Aiken late in December 1914, Eliot, aged 26, wrote: "I am very dependent upon women (I mean female society)."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Less than four months later, Thayer introduced Eliot to <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Haigh-Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivienne Haigh-Wood">Vivienne Haigh-Wood</a>, a Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>. They were married at Hampstead Register Office on 26 June 1915.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> After a short visit, alone, to his family in the United States, Eliot returned to London and took several teaching jobs, such as lecturing at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> took an interest in Vivienne while the newlyweds stayed in his flat. Some scholars have suggested that she and Russell had an affair, but the allegations were never confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The marriage seems to have been markedly unhappy, in part because of Vivienne's health problems. In a letter addressed to Ezra Pound, she covers an extensive list of her symptoms, which included a habitually high temperature, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">colitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This, coupled with apparent mental instability, meant that she was often sent away by Eliot and her doctors for extended periods of time in the hope of improving her health. As time went on, he became increasingly detached from her. According to witnesses, both Eliots were frequent complainers of illness, physical and mental, while Eliot would drink excessively and Vivienne is said to have developed a liking for opium and ether, drugs prescribed for medical issues. It is claimed that the couple's wearying behaviour caused some visitors to vow never to spend another evening in the company of both together.<a href="#cite_note-In_the_Hyacinth_Garden-35">[35]</a> The couple formally separated in 1933, and in 1938 Vivienne's brother, Maurice, had her committed to a mental hospital, against her will, where she remained until her death of heart disease in 1947. When told via a phone call from the asylum that Vivienne had died unexpectedly during the night, Eliot is said to have buried his face in his hands and cried out 'Oh God, oh God.'<a href="#cite_note-In_the_Hyacinth_Garden-35">[35]</a> Their relationship became the subject of a 1984 play <a href="/wiki/Tom_%26_Viv_(play)" title="Tom & Viv (play)">Tom & Viv</a>, which in 1994 was adapted as a <a href="/wiki/Tom_%26_Viv" title="Tom & Viv">film of the same name</a>. In a private paper written in his sixties, Eliot confessed: "I came to persuade myself that I was in love with Vivienne simply because I wanted to burn my boats and commit myself to staying in England. And she persuaded herself (also under the influence of [Ezra] Pound) that she would save the poet by keeping him in England. To her, the marriage brought no happiness. To me, it brought the state of mind out of which came The Waste Land."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching,_banking,_and_publishing">Teaching, banking, and publishing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teaching, banking, and publishing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSEliotFaberHouse_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/TSEliotFaberHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-TSEliotFaberHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/TSEliotFaberHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-TSEliotFaberHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/TSEliotFaberHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-TSEliotFaberHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/TSEliotFaberHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A plaque at <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">SOAS</a>'s Faber Building, 24 <a href="/wiki/Russell_Square" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a>, London</figcaption></figure> After leaving Merton, Eliot worked as a schoolteacher, most notably at <a href="/wiki/Highgate_School" title="Highgate School">Highgate School</a> in London, where he taught French and Latin: his students included <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a> He subsequently taught at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Grammar_School,_High_Wycombe" title="Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe">Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>. To earn extra money, he wrote book reviews and lectured at evening extension courses at University College London and Oxford. In 1917, he took a position at <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> in London, working on foreign accounts. On a trip to Paris in August 1920 with the artist <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a>, he met the writer <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>. Eliot said he found Joyce arrogant, and Joyce doubted Eliot's ability as a poet at the time, but the two writers soon became friends, with Eliot visiting Joyce whenever he was in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Eliot and Wyndham Lewis also maintained a close friendship, leading to Lewis's later making <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_T._S._Eliot" title="Portrait of T. S. Eliot">his well-known portrait painting of Eliot</a> in 1938. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Whibley" title="Charles Whibley">Charles Whibley</a> recommended T. S. Eliot to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Faber" title="Geoffrey Faber">Geoffrey Faber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RK-38">[38]</a> In 1925 Eliot left Lloyds to become a director in the publishing firm <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Gwyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Gwyer">Faber and Gwyer</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>), where he remained for the rest of his career.<a href="#cite_note-Harding2011-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pinion1986-40">[40]</a> At Faber and Faber, he was responsible for publishing distinguished English poets, including <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Madge" title="Charles Madge">Charles Madge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-learner.org-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Anglicanism_and_British_citizenship">Conversion to Anglicanism and British citizenship</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conversion to Anglicanism and British citizenship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T.S._Eliot_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/T.S._Eliot_house.jpg/170px-T.S._Eliot_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/T.S._Eliot_house.jpg/170px-T.S._Eliot_house.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/T.S._Eliot_house.jpg/255px-T.S._Eliot_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/T.S._Eliot_house.jpg/340px-T.S._Eliot_house.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a> building where Eliot worked from 1925 to 1965; the commemorative plaque is under the right-hand arch.</figcaption></figure> On 29 June 1927, Eliot converted from <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, and in November that year he took <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British citizenship</a>, thereby renouncing his United States citizenship in the event he had not officially done so previously.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> He became a <a href="/wiki/Churchwarden" title="Churchwarden">churchwarden</a> of his parish church, <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s,_Gloucester_Road" title="St Stephen's, Gloucester Road">St Stephen's, Gloucester Road</a>, London, and a life member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_King_Charles_the_Martyr" title="Society of King Charles the Martyr">Society of King Charles the Martyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He specifically identified as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a>, proclaiming himself "<a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicist</a> in literature, <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> in politics, and anglo-catholic [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] in religion".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> About 30 years later Eliot commented on his religious views that he combined "a Catholic cast of mind, a Calvinist heritage, and a Puritanical temperament".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He also had wider spiritual interests, commenting that "I see the path of progress for modern man in his occupation with his own self, with his inner being" and citing <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> as exemplars of such a direction.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> One of Eliot's biographers, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a>, commented that "the purposes of [Eliot's conversion] were two-fold. One: the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> offered Eliot some hope for himself, and I think Eliot needed some resting place. But secondly, it attached Eliot to the English community and English culture."<a href="#cite_note-learner.org-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_and_remarriage">Separation and remarriage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Separation and remarriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By 1932, Eliot had been contemplating a separation from his wife for some time. When Harvard offered him the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton_professorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Eliot Norton professorship">Charles Eliot Norton professorship</a> for the 1932–1933 academic year, he accepted and left Vivienne in England. Upon his return, he arranged for a formal separation from her, avoiding all but one meeting with her between his leaving for America in 1932 and her death in 1947. Vivienne was committed to the Northumberland House mental hospital in Woodberry Down, <a href="/wiki/Manor_House,_London#Early_development" title="Manor House, London">Manor House, London</a>, in 1938, and remained there until she died. Although Eliot was still legally her husband, he never visited her.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> From 1933 to 1946 Eliot had a close emotional relationship with <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hale" title="Emily Hale">Emily Hale</a>. Eliot later destroyed Hale's letters to him, but Hale donated Eliot's to Princeton University Library where they were <a href="/wiki/List_of_sealed_archives" title="List of sealed archives">sealed</a>, following Eliot's and Hale's wishes, for 50 years after both had died, until 2020.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> When Eliot heard of the donation he deposited his own account of their relationship with Harvard University to be opened whenever the Princeton letters were.<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[25]</a> From 1938 to 1957 Eliot's public companion was <a href="/wiki/Mary_Trevelyan" title="Mary Trevelyan">Mary Trevelyan</a> of London University, who wanted to marry him and left a detailed memoir.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> From 1946 to 1957, Eliot shared a flat at 19 <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Mansions" title="Carlyle Mansions">Carlyle Mansions</a>, Chelsea, with his friend <a href="/wiki/John_Davy_Hayward" title="John Davy Hayward">John Davy Hayward</a>, who collected and managed Eliot's papers, styling himself "Keeper of the Eliot Archive".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Hayward also collected Eliot's pre-Prufrock verse, commercially published after Eliot's death as Poems Written in Early Youth. When Eliot and Hayward separated their household in 1957, Hayward retained his collection of Eliot's papers, which he bequeathed to <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, in 1965. On 10 January 1957, at the age of 68, Eliot married <a href="/wiki/Esm%C3%A9_Valerie_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmé Valerie Fletcher">Esmé Valerie Fletcher</a>, who was 30. In contrast to his first marriage, Eliot knew Fletcher well, as she had been his secretary at Faber and Faber since August 1949. They kept their wedding secret; the ceremony was held in St Barnabas Church, <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, London,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> at 6:15 am with virtually no one in attendance other than his wife's parents. In the early 1960s, by then in failing health, Eliot worked as an editor for the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>, seeking new poets in Europe for publication. After Eliot's death, Valerie dedicated her time to preserving his legacy, by editing and annotating The Letters of T. S. Eliot and a facsimile of the draft of The Waste Land.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Valerie Eliot died on 9 November 2012 at her home in London.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Eliot had no children with either of his wives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_honours">Death and honours</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg/220px-T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1836"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg/220px-T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg/330px-T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg/440px-T_S_Eliot_3_Kensington_Court_Gardens_blue_plaque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Blue plaque, 3 Kensington Court Gardens, Kensington, London, home from 1957 until his death in 1965</figcaption></figure> Eliot died of <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> at his home in <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a> in London, on 4 January 1965,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In accordance with his wishes, his ashes were taken to <a href="/wiki/St_Michael_and_All_Angels%27_Church,_East_Coker" title="St Michael and All Angels' Church, East Coker">St Michael and All Angels' Church, East Coker</a>, the village in Somerset from which his Eliot ancestors had emigrated to America.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A wall plaque in the church commemorates him with a quotation from his poem East Coker: "In my beginning is my end. In my end is my beginning."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 1967, on the second anniversary of his death, Eliot was commemorated by the placement of a large stone in the floor of <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a> in London's <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The stone, cut by designer <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Stone" title="Reynolds Stone">Reynolds Stone</a>, is inscribed with his life dates, his <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>, and a quotation from his poem <a href="/wiki/Little_Gidding_(poem)" title="Little Gidding (poem)">Little Gidding</a>, "the communication / of the dead is tongued with fire beyond / the language of the living."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1986, a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> was placed on the apartment block - No. 3 <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Court_Gardens" title="Kensington Court Gardens">Kensington Court Gardens</a> - where he lived and died.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poetry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> For a poet of his stature, Eliot produced relatively few poems. He was aware of this even early in his career; he wrote to J. H. Woods, one of his former Harvard professors, "My reputation in London is built upon one small volume of verse, and is kept up by printing two or three more poems in a year. The only thing that matters is that these should be perfect in their kind, so that each should be an event."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Typically, Eliot first published his poems individually in periodicals or in small books or pamphlets and then collected them in books. His first collection was Prufrock and Other Observations (1917). In 1920, he published more poems in Ara Vos Prec (London) and Poems: 1920 (New York). These had the same poems (in a different order) except that "Ode" in the British edition was replaced with "Hysteria" in the American edition. In 1925, he collected The Waste Land and the poems in Prufrock and Poems into one volume and added The Hollow Men to form Poems: 1909–1925. From then on, he updated this work as Collected Poems. Exceptions are Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939), a collection of light verse; Poems Written in Early Youth, posthumously published in 1967 and consisting mainly of poems published between 1907 and 1910 in <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate" title="The Harvard Advocate">The Harvard Advocate</a>, and Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917, material Eliot never intended to have published, which appeared posthumously in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> During an interview in 1959, Eliot said of his nationality and its role in his work: "I'd say that my poetry has obviously more in common with my distinguished contemporaries in America than with anything written in my generation in England. That I'm sure of. ... It wouldn't be what it is, and I imagine it wouldn't be so good; putting it as modestly as I can, it wouldn't be what it is if I'd been born in England, and it wouldn't be what it is if I'd stayed in America. It's a combination of things. But in its sources, in its emotional springs, it comes from America."<a href="#cite_note-hall_interview-13">[13]</a> Cleo McNelly Kearns notes in her biography that Eliot was deeply influenced by Indic traditions, notably the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. From the Sanskrit ending of The Waste Land to the "What Krishna meant" section of Four Quartets shows how much Indic religions and more specifically Hinduism made up his philosophical basic for his thought process.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It must also be acknowledged, as <a href="/wiki/Chinmoy_Guha" title="Chinmoy Guha">Chinmoy Guha</a> showed in his book Where the Dreams Cross: T S Eliot and French Poetry (Macmillan, 2011) that he was deeply influenced by French poets from Baudelaire to Paul Valéry. He himself wrote in his 1940 essay on <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W.B. Yeats</a>: "The kind of poetry that I needed to teach me the use of my own voice did not exist in English at all; it was only to be found in French." ("Yeats", On Poetry and Poets, 1948). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock"'>"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=9" title='Edit section: "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a></div> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, overseas editor of <a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)">Poetry</a> magazine, recommended to <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Monroe" title="Harriet Monroe">Harriet Monroe</a>, the magazine's founder, that she should publish "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Although the character Prufrock seems to be middle-aged, Eliot wrote most of the poem when he was only twenty-two. Its now-famous opening lines, comparing the evening sky to "a patient etherised upon a table", were considered shocking and offensive, especially at a time when <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Poetry" title="Georgian Poetry">Georgian Poetry</a> was hailed for its derivations of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic Poets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The poem's structure was heavily influenced by Eliot's extensive reading of <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> and refers to a number of literary works, including <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> and those of the French Symbolists. Its reception in London can be gauged from an unsigned review in <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a> on 21 June 1917. "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone, even to himself. They certainly have no relation to poetry."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Waste_Land">The Waste Land</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Waste Land" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T.S._Eliot,_1923.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG/220px-T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="1580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG/220px-T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG/330px-T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG/440px-T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Eliot in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell" title="Lady Ottoline Morrell">Lady Ottoline Morrell</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></div> In October 1922, Eliot published The Waste Land in <a href="/wiki/The_Criterion" title="The Criterion">The Criterion</a>. Eliot's dedication to il miglior fabbro ('the better craftsman') refers to Ezra Pound's significant hand in editing and reshaping the poem from a longer manuscript to the shortened version that appears in publication.<a href="#cite_note-MillerJames_E._Hughes_Jr2005-71">[71]</a> It was composed during a period of personal difficulty for Eliot—his marriage was failing, and both he and Vivienne were suffering from nervous disorders.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Before the poem's publication as a book in December 1922, Eliot distanced himself from its vision of despair. On 15 November 1922, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Richard Aldington</a>, saying, "As for The Waste Land, that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The poem is often read as a representation of the disillusionment of the post-war generation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Dismissing this view, Eliot commented in 1931, "When I wrote a poem called The Waste Land, some of the more approving critics said that I had expressed 'the disillusion of a generation', which is nonsense. I may have expressed for them their own illusion of being disillusioned, but that did not form part of my intention."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The poem is known for its disjointed nature due to its usage of allusion and quotation and its abrupt changes of speaker, location, and time. This structural complexity is one of the reasons that the poem has become a touchstone of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry_in_English" title="Modernist poetry in English">modern literature</a>, a poetic counterpart to a novel published in the same year, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Among its best-known phrases are "April is the cruellest month", "I will show you fear in a handful of dust", and "These fragments I have shored against my ruins".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"The_Hollow_Men"'>"The Hollow Men"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=11" title='Edit section: "The Hollow Men"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Men" title="The Hollow Men">The Hollow Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Men_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hollow Men in popular culture">The Hollow Men in popular culture</a></div> "The Hollow Men" appeared in 1925. For the critic <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>, it marked "The nadir of the phase of despair and desolation given such effective expression in 'The Waste Land'."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> It is Eliot's major poem of the late 1920s. Similar to Eliot's other works, its themes are overlapping and fragmentary. Post-war Europe under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (which Eliot despised), the difficulty of hope and religious conversion, Eliot's failed marriage.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Tate" title="Allen Tate">Allen Tate</a> perceived a shift in Eliot's method, writing, "The mythologies disappear altogether in 'The Hollow Men'." This is a striking claim for a poem as indebted to <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> as anything else in Eliot's early work, to say little of the modern English mythology—the "Old <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a>—or the colonial and <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> mythos of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a>, which, at least for reasons of textual history, echo in The Waste Land.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The "continuous parallel between contemporaneity and antiquity" that is so characteristic of his mythical method remained in fine form.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> "The Hollow Men" contains some of Eliot's most famous lines, notably its conclusion: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"Ash-Wednesday"'>"Ash-Wednesday"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=12" title='Edit section: "Ash-Wednesday"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_(poem)" title="Ash Wednesday (poem)">Ash Wednesday (poem)</a></div> "Ash-Wednesday" is the first long poem written by Eliot after his 1927 conversion to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. Published in 1930, it deals with the struggle that ensues when a person who has lacked faith acquires it. Sometimes referred to as Eliot's "conversion poem", it is richly but ambiguously allusive, and deals with the aspiration to move from spiritual barrenness to hope for human <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>. Eliot's style of writing in "Ash-Wednesday" showed a marked shift from the poetry he had written prior to his 1927 conversion, and his post-conversion style continued in a similar vein. His style became less ironic, and the poems were no longer populated by multiple characters in dialogue. Eliot's subject matter also became more focused on his spiritual concerns and his Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Many critics were particularly enthusiastic about "Ash-Wednesday". <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Muir" title="Edwin Muir">Edwin Muir</a> maintained that it is one of the most moving poems Eliot wrote, and perhaps the "most perfect", though it was not well received by everyone. The poem's groundwork of orthodox Christianity discomfited many of the more secular <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">literati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Untermeyer-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Possum's_Book_of_Practical_Cats">Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats" title="Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats">Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats</a></div> In 1939, Eliot published a book of <a href="/wiki/Light_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Light verse">light verse</a>, Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. ("Old Possum" was <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>'s friendly nickname for Eliot.) The first edition had an illustration of the author on the cover. In 1954, the composer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rawsthorne" title="Alan Rawsthorne">Alan Rawsthorne</a> set six of the poems for speaker and orchestra in a work titled Practical Cats. After Eliot's death, the book was the basis of the musical <a href="/wiki/Cats_(musical)" title="Cats (musical)">Cats</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>, first produced in London's West End in 1981 and opening on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_Quartets">Four Quartets</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Four Quartets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Four_Quartets" title="Four Quartets">Four Quartets</a></div> Eliot regarded Four Quartets as his masterpiece, and it is the work that most of all led him to being awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-6">[6]</a> It consists of four long poems, each first published separately: "<a href="/wiki/Burnt_Norton" title="Burnt Norton">Burnt Norton</a>" (1936), "<a href="/wiki/East_Coker_(poem)" title="East Coker (poem)">East Coker</a>" (1940), "<a href="/wiki/The_Dry_Salvages" title="The Dry Salvages">The Dry Salvages</a>" (1941) and "<a href="/wiki/Little_Gidding_(poem)" title="Little Gidding (poem)">Little Gidding</a>" (1942). Each has five sections. Although they resist easy characterisation, each poem includes meditations on the nature of time in some important respect—<a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a>, historical, physical—and its relation to the human condition. Each poem is associated with one of the four <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a>, respectively: air, earth, water, and fire. "Burnt Norton" is a meditative poem that begins with the narrator trying to focus on the present moment while walking through a garden, focusing on images and sounds such as the bird, the roses, clouds and an empty pool. The meditation leads the narrator to reach "the still point" in which there is no attempt to get anywhere or to experience place and/or time, instead experiencing "a grace of sense". In the final section, the narrator contemplates the arts ("words" and "music") as they relate to time. The narrator focuses particularly on the poet's art of manipulating "Words [which] strain, / Crack and sometimes break, under the burden [of time], under the tension, slip, slide, perish, decay with imprecision, [and] will not stay in place, / Will not stay still." By comparison, the narrator concludes that "Love is itself unmoving, / Only the cause and end of movement, / Timeless, and undesiring." "East Coker" continues the examination of time and meaning, focusing in a famous passage on the nature of language and poetry. Out of darkness, Eliot offers a solution: "I said to my soul, be still, and wait without hope." "The Dry Salvages" treats the element of water, via images of river and sea. It strives to contain opposites: "The past and future / Are conquered, and reconciled." "Little Gidding" (the element of fire) is the most anthologised of the Quartets.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Eliot's experiences as an air raid warden in <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> power the poem, and he imagines meeting <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> during the German bombing. The beginning of the Quartets ("Houses / Are removed, destroyed") had become a violent everyday experience; this creates an animation, where for the first time he talks of love as the driving force behind all experience. From this background, the Quartets end with an affirmation of <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a>: "All shall be well and / All manner of thing shall be well."<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[86]</a> The Four Quartets draws upon Christian theology, art, symbolism and language of such figures as Dante, and mystics <a href="/wiki/St._John_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John of the Cross">St. John of the Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[86]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Plays">Plays</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plays" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Agonistes" title="Sweeney Agonistes">Sweeney Agonistes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder_in_the_Cathedral" title="Murder in the Cathedral">Murder in the Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(play)" title="The Rock (play)">The Rock (play)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Family_Reunion" title="The Family Reunion">The Family Reunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cocktail_Party" title="The Cocktail Party">The Cocktail Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Confidential_Clerk" title="The Confidential Clerk">The Confidential Clerk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Statesman_(play)" title="The Elder Statesman (play)">The Elder Statesman (play)</a></div> With the important exception of Four Quartets, Eliot directed much of his creative energies after Ash Wednesday to writing plays in verse, mostly comedies or plays with redemptive endings. He was long a critic and admirer of <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_English#Jacobean_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in English">Jacobean</a> verse drama; witness his allusions to <a href="/wiki/John_Webster" title="John Webster">Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kyd" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a> in The Waste Land. In a 1933 lecture he said "Every poet would like, I fancy, to be able to think that he had some direct social utility . . . . He would like to be something of a popular entertainer and be able to think his own thoughts behind a tragic or a comic mask. He would like to convey the pleasures of poetry, not only to a larger audience but to larger groups of people collectively; and the theatre is the best place in which to do it."<a href="#cite_note-upuc-87">[87]</a> After The Waste Land (1922), he wrote that he was "now feeling toward a new form and style". One project he had in mind was writing a play in verse, using some of the rhythms of early <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. The play featured "Sweeney", a character who had appeared in a number of his poems. Although Eliot did not finish the play, he did publish two scenes from the piece. These scenes, titled Fragment of a Prologue (1926) and Fragment of an Agon (1927), were published together in 1932 as <a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Agonistes" title="Sweeney Agonistes">Sweeney Agonistes</a>. Although Eliot noted that this was not intended to be a one-act play, it is sometimes performed as one.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup-14">[14]</a> A pageant play by Eliot called The Rock was performed in 1934 for the benefit of churches in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">Diocese of London</a>. Much of it was a collaborative effort; Eliot accepted credit only for the authorship of one scene and the choruses.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_(bishop)" title="George Bell (bishop)">George Bell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester" title="Bishop of Chichester">Bishop of Chichester</a>, had been instrumental in connecting Eliot with producer <a href="/wiki/E._Martin_Browne" title="E. Martin Browne">E. Martin Browne</a> for the production of The Rock, and later commissioned Eliot to write another play for the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Festival" title="Canterbury Festival">Canterbury Festival</a> in 1935. This one, Murder in the Cathedral, concerning the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, was more under Eliot's control. Eliot biographer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a> comments that "for [Eliot], Murder in the Cathedral and succeeding verse plays offered a double advantage; it allowed him to practice poetry but it also offered a convenient home for his religious sensibility."<a href="#cite_note-learner.org-41">[41]</a> After this, he worked on more "commercial" plays for more general audiences: The Family Reunion (1939), The Cocktail Party (1949), The Confidential Clerk, (1953) and The Elder Statesman (1958) (the latter three were produced by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sherek" title="Henry Sherek">Henry Sherek</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/E._Martin_Browne" title="E. Martin Browne">E. Martin Browne</a><a href="#cite_note-Darlington-88">[88]</a>). The Broadway production in New York of The Cocktail Party received the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> for Best Play. Eliot wrote The Cocktail Party while he was a visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Regarding his method of playwriting, Eliot explained, "If I set out to write a play, I start by an act of choice. I settle upon a particular emotional situation, out of which characters and a plot will emerge. And then lines of poetry may come into being: not from the original impulse but from a secondary stimulation of the unconscious mind."<a href="#cite_note-learner.org-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Eliot also made significant contributions to the field of <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>, and strongly influenced the school of <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a>. He was somewhat self-deprecating and minimising of his work and once said his criticism was merely a "by-product" of his "private poetry-workshop". But the critic <a href="/wiki/William_Empson" title="William Empson">William Empson</a> once said, "I do not know for certain how much of my own mind [Eliot] invented, let alone how much of it is a reaction against him or indeed a consequence of misreading him. He is a very penetrating influence, perhaps not unlike the east wind."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In his critical essay "<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>", Eliot argues that art must be understood not in a vacuum, but in the context of previous pieces of art. "In a peculiar sense [an artist or poet] ... must inevitably be judged by the standards of the past."<a href="#cite_note-bartleby1-92">[92]</a> This essay was an important influence over the New Criticism by introducing the idea that the value of a work of art must be viewed in the context of the artist's previous works, a "simultaneous order" of works (i.e., "tradition"). Eliot himself employed this concept on many of his works, especially on his long-poem The Waste Land.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Also important to New Criticism was the idea—as articulated in Eliot's essay "<a href="/wiki/Hamlet_and_His_Problems" title="Hamlet and His Problems">Hamlet and His Problems</a>"—of an "<a href="/wiki/Objective_correlative" title="Objective correlative">objective correlative</a>", which posits a connection among the words of the text and events, states of mind, and experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Hamlet-94">[94]</a> This notion concedes that a poem means what it says, but suggests that there can be a non-subjective judgment based on different readers' different—but perhaps corollary—interpretations of a work. More generally, New Critics took a cue from Eliot in regard to his "'classical' ideals and his religious thought; his attention to the poetry and drama of the early seventeenth century; his deprecation of the Romantics, especially <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a>; his proposition that good poems constitute 'not a turning loose of emotion but an escape from emotion'; and his insistence that 'poets... at present must be difficult'."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Eliot's essays were a major factor in the revival of interest in the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">metaphysical poets</a>. Eliot particularly praised the metaphysical poets' ability to show experience as both psychological and sensual, while at the same time infusing this portrayal with—in Eliot's view—wit and uniqueness. Eliot's essay "The Metaphysical Poets", along with giving new significance and attention to metaphysical poetry, introduced his now well-known definition of "unified sensibility", which is considered by some to mean the same thing as the term "metaphysical".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> His 1922 poem The Waste Land<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> also can be better understood in light of his work as a critic. He had argued that a poet must write "programmatic criticism", that is, a poet should write to advance his own interests rather than to advance "historical scholarship". Viewed from Eliot's critical lens, The Waste Land likely shows his personal despair about the First World War rather than an objective historical understanding of it.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Late in his career, Eliot focused much of his creative energy on writing for the theatre; some of his earlier critical writing, in essays such as "Poetry and Drama",<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> "Hamlet and his Problems",<a href="#cite_note-Hamlet-94">[94]</a> and "The Possibility of a Poetic Drama",<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> focused on the aesthetics of writing drama in verse. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Critical reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses_to_his_poetry">Responses to his poetry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Responses to his poetry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The writer Ronald Bush noted that Eliot's early poems like "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", "Portrait of a Lady", "La Figlia Che Piange", "Preludes", and "Rhapsody on a Windy Night" had "[an] effect [that] was both unique and compelling, and their assurance staggered [Eliot's] contemporaries who were privileged to read them in manuscript. [Conrad] Aiken, for example, marveled at 'how sharp and complete and <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> the whole thing was, from the outset. The wholeness is there, from the very beginning.'"<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-1">[1]</a> The initial critical response to Eliot's The Waste Land was mixed. Bush noted that the piece was at first correctly perceived as a work of jazz-like syncopation—and, like 1920s <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, essentially iconoclastic."<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-1">[1]</a> Some critics, like <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Aiken" title="Conrad Aiken">Conrad Aiken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Seldes" title="Gilbert Seldes">Gilbert Seldes</a> thought it was the best poetry being written in the English language while others thought it was esoteric and wilfully difficult. Edmund Wilson, being one of the critics who praised Eliot, called him "one of our only authentic poets".<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_Edmund_1922-102">[102]</a> Wilson also pointed out some of Eliot's weaknesses as a poet. In regard to The Waste Land, Wilson admits its flaws ("its lack of structural unity"), but concluded, "I doubt whether there is a single other poem of equal length by a contemporary American which displays so high and so varied a mastery of English verse."<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_Edmund_1922-102">[102]</a> Charles Powell was critical in his assessment of Eliot, calling his poems incomprehensible.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> And the writers of Time magazine were similarly baffled by a challenging poem like The Waste Land.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">John Crowe Ransom</a> wrote negative criticisms of Eliot's work but also had positive things to say. For instance, though Ransom negatively criticised The Waste Land for its "extreme disconnection", Ransom was not completely condemnatory of Eliot's work and admitted that Eliot was a talented poet.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Addressing some of the common criticisms directed against The Waste Land at the time, Gilbert Seldes stated, "It seems at first sight remarkably disconnected and confused... [however] a closer view of the poem does more than illuminate the difficulties; it reveals the hidden form of the work, [and] indicates how each thing falls into place."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Eliot's reputation as a poet, as well as his influence in the academy, peaked following the publication of The Four Quartets. In an essay on Eliot published in 1989, the writer <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Ozick" title="Cynthia Ozick">Cynthia Ozick</a> refers to this peak of influence (from the 1940s through the early 1960s) as "the Age of Eliot" when Eliot "seemed pure zenith, a colossus, nothing less than a permanent luminary, fixed in the firmament like the sun and the moon".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> But during this post-war period, others, like Ronald Bush, observed that this time also marked the beginning of the decline in Eliot's literary influence: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As Eliot's conservative religious and political convictions began to seem less congenial in the postwar world, other readers reacted with suspicion to his assertions of authority, obvious in Four Quartets and implicit in the earlier poetry. The result, fueled by intermittent rediscovery of Eliot's occasional anti-Semitic rhetoric, has been a progressive downward revision of his once towering reputation.<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-1">[1]</a></blockquote> Bush also notes that Eliot's reputation "slipped" significantly further after his death. He writes, "Sometimes regarded as too academic (<a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>'s view), Eliot was also frequently criticized for a deadening <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassicism</a> (as he himself—perhaps just as unfairly—had criticized <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>). However, the multifarious tributes from practicing poets of many schools published during his centenary in 1988 was a strong indication of the intimidating continued presence of his poetic voice."<a href="#cite_note-english.illinois.edu-1">[1]</a> Literary scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Norton-109">[109]</a> acknowledge Eliot's poetry as central to the literary English canon. For instance, the editors of The Norton Anthology of English Literature write, "There is no disagreement on [Eliot's] importance as one of the great renovators of the English poetry dialect, whose influence on a whole generation of poets, critics, and intellectuals generally was enormous. [However] his range as a poet [was] limited, and his interest in the great middle ground of human experience (as distinct from the extremes of saint and sinner) [was] deficient." Despite this criticism, these scholars also acknowledge "[Eliot's] poetic cunning, his fine craftsmanship, his original accent, his historical and representative importance as the poet of the modern <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical</a> tradition".<a href="#cite_note-Norton-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Antisemitism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The depiction of Jews in some of Eliot's poems has led several critics to accuse him of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, most forcefully <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Julius" title="Anthony Julius">Anthony Julius</a> in his book T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form (1996).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In "<a href="/wiki/Gerontion" title="Gerontion">Gerontion</a>", Eliot writes, in the voice of the poem's elderly narrator, "And the jew squats on the window sill, the owner [of my building] / Spawned in some <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/estaminet" class="extiw" title="wikt:estaminet">estaminet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Another example appears in the poem, "Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar" in which Eliot wrote, "The rats are underneath the piles. / The jew is underneath the lot. / Money in furs."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Julius writes: "The anti-Semitism is unmistakable. It reaches out like a clear signal to the reader." Julius' viewpoint has been supported by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Christopher Ricks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dean-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">George Steiner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dean-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Paulin" title="Tom Paulin">Tom Paulin</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Fenton" title="James Fenton">James Fenton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dean-115">[115]</a> In lectures delivered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> in 1933 (published in 1934 under the title After Strange Gods: A Primer of Modern Heresy), Eliot wrote of societal tradition and coherence, "What is still more important [than cultural homogeneity] is unity of religious background, and reasons of race and religion combine to make any large number of free-thinking Jews undesirable."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Eliot never re-published this book/lecture.<a href="#cite_note-Dean-115">[115]</a> In his 1934 pageant play The Rock, Eliot distances himself from <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> movements of the 1930s by caricaturing <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blackshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackshirt">Blackshirts</a>, who "firmly refuse/ To descend to palaver with anthropoid Jews".<a href="#cite_note-Rock44-118">[118]</a> The "new evangels"<a href="#cite_note-Rock44-118">[118]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> are presented as antithetic to the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. In In Defence of T. S. Eliot (2001) and T. S. Eliot (2006), <a href="/wiki/Craig_Raine" title="Craig Raine">Craig Raine</a> defended Eliot from the charge of anti-Semitism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Paul Dean was not convinced by Raine's argument but nevertheless concluded, "Ultimately, as both Raine and, to do him justice, Julius insist, however much Eliot may have been compromised as a person, as we all are in our several ways, his greatness as a poet remains."<a href="#cite_note-Dean-115">[115]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a> also questioned the entire basis for Raine's book, writing, "Why do critics feel a need to defend the authors they write on, like doting parents deaf to all criticism of their obnoxious children? Eliot's well-earned reputation [as a poet] is established beyond all doubt, and making him out to be as unflawed as the <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Archangel Gabriel</a> does him no favours."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Eliot influenced many poets, novelists, and songwriters, including <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Ríordáin">Seán Ó Ríordáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_D%C3%ADre%C3%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Máirtín Ó Díreáin">Máirtín Ó Díreáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Tate" title="Allen Tate">Allen Tate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Nunn" title="Trevor Nunn">Trevor Nunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hill" title="Geoffrey Hill">Geoffrey Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Seferis" class="mw-redirect" title="George Seferis">George Seferis</a> (who in 1936 published a modern Greek translation of The Waste Land) and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:T._S._Eliot#Influenced" title="Talk:T. S. Eliot">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> T. S. Eliot was a strong influence on 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_poetry" title="Caribbean poetry">Caribbean poetry</a> written in English, including the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Omeros" title="Omeros">Omeros</a> (1990) by Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and Islands (1969) by Barbadian <a href="/wiki/Kamau_Brathwaite" title="Kamau Brathwaite">Kamau Brathwaite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honours and awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Below is a partial list of honours and awards received by Eliot or bestowed or created in his honour. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_or_state_honours">National or state honours</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National or state honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> These honours are displayed in order of precedence based on Eliot's nationality and rules of protocol, not awarding date. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf; text-align:left;"> <td colspan="4">National or State Honours </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/100px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/100px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/150px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/200px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a></td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>1948<a href="#cite_note-history-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_(ribbon).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/100px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/100px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/150px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/200px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/100px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/100px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/150px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/200px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_d%27Honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion d'Honneur">Officier de la Légion d'honneur</a></td> <td>France</td> <td>1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/100px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/100px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/150px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/200px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a></td> <td>France</td> <td>1960 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_awards">Literary awards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literary awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry" (1948)<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Goethe_Prize" title="Hanseatic Goethe Prize">Hanseatic Goethe Prize</a> (of Hamburg) (1955)</li> <li>Dante Medal (of Florence) (1959)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama_awards">Drama awards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Drama awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Play" title="Tony Award for Best Play">Tony Award for Best Play</a> for the Broadway production of The Cocktail Party</li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Book_of_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical">Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical</a> for his poems used in the musical <a href="/wiki/Cats_(musical)" title="Cats (musical)">Cats</a> (posthumous award) </li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Tony Award for Best Original Score">Tony Award for Best Original Score</a> for his poems used in the musical <a href="/wiki/Cats_(musical)" title="Cats (musical)">Cats</a> (shared with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>) (posthumous award) <a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_awards">Music awards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivor Novello Award">Ivor Novello Award</a> for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for his poems used in the song "<a href="/wiki/Memory_(Cats_song)" title="Memory (Cats song)">Memory</a>" (1982)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_awards">Academic awards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Academic awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Inducted into <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> (1935)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>Elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1954)<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>Elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1960)<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Thirteen Honorary Doctorates (Including ones from Oxford, Cambridge, the Sorbonne, and Harvard)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_honours">Other honours</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_College,_Kent" title="Eliot College, Kent">Eliot College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a>, England, named in his honour</li> <li>Celebrated on U.S. <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative postage stamps</a></li> <li>Star on the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Walk_of_Fame" title="St. Louis Walk of Fame">St. Louis Walk of Fame</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot_bibliography" title="T. S. Eliot bibliography">T. S. Eliot bibliography</a></div> Source: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107113553/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/eliot-bibl.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 | T.S. Eliot | Bibliography"</a>. nobelprize.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/eliot-bibl.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1948+%7C+T.S.+Eliot+%7C+Bibliography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1948%2Feliot-bibl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_works">Earliest works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Earliest works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Prose <ul><li>"The Birds of Prey" (a short story; 1905)<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>"A Tale of a Whale" (a short story; 1905)</li> <li>"The Man Who Was King" (a short story; 1905)<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li>"The Wine and the Puritans" (review, 1909)</li> <li>"The Point of View" (1909)</li> <li>"Gentlemen and Seamen" (1909)</li> <li>"Egoist" (review, 1909)</li></ul></li> <li>Poems <ul><li>"A Fable for Feasters" (1905)</li> <li>"[A Lyric:]'If Time and Space as Sages say'" (1905)</li> <li>"[At Graduation 1905]" (1905)</li> <li>"Song: 'If space and time, as sages say'" (1907)</li> <li>"Before Morning" (1908)</li> <li>"Circe's Palace" (1908)</li> <li>"Song: 'When we came home across the hill'" (1909)</li> <li>"On a Portrait" (1909)</li> <li>"Song: 'The moonflower opens to the moth'" (1909)<a href="#cite_note-harvard-133">[133]</a></li> <li>"Nocturne" (1909)</li> <li>"Humoresque" (1910)</li> <li>"Spleen" (1910)</li> <li>"[Class] Ode" (1910)</li> <li>"The Death of Saint Narcissus" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1911-15)<a href="#cite_note-harvard-133">[133]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_2">Poetry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Poetry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Prufrock_and_Other_Observations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Prufrock and Other Observations">Prufrock and Other Observations</a> (1917) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Lady_(poem)" title="Portrait of a Lady (poem)">Portrait of a Lady</a></li> <li>Preludes</li> <li>Rhapsody on a Windy Night</li> <li>Morning at the Window</li> <li>The Boston Evening Transcript (about the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Evening_Transcript" title="Boston Evening Transcript">Boston Evening Transcript</a>)</li> <li>Aunt Helen</li> <li>Cousin Nancy</li> <li>Mr. Apollinax</li> <li>Hysteria</li> <li>Conversation Galante</li> <li>La Figlia Che Piange</li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_(Eliot)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Poems (Eliot)">Poems</a> (1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontion" title="Gerontion">Gerontion</a></li> <li>Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar</li> <li>Sweeney Erect</li> <li>A Cooking Egg</li> <li>Le Directeur</li> <li>Mélange Adultère de Tout</li> <li>Lune de Miel</li> <li>The Hippopotamus</li> <li>Dans le Restaurant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whispers_of_Immortality" title="Whispers of Immortality">Whispers of Immortality</a></li> <li>Mr. Eliot's Sunday Morning Service</li> <li>Sweeney Among the Nightingales</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Men" title="The Hollow Men">The Hollow Men</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot%27s_Ariel_poems" title="T. S. Eliot's Ariel poems">Ariel Poems</a> (1927–1954) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_for_Simeon" title="A Song for Simeon">A Song for Simeon</a> (1928)</li> <li>Animula (1929)</li> <li>Marina (1930)</li> <li>Triumphal March (1931)</li> <li>The Cultivation of Christmas Trees (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macavity" title="Macavity">Macavity</a>:The Mystery Cat</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_(poem)" title="Ash Wednesday (poem)">Ash Wednesday</a> (1930)</li> <li>Coriolan (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats" title="Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats">Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats</a> (1939)</li> <li>The Marching Song of the Pollicle Dogs and Billy M'Caw: The Remarkable Parrot (1939) in <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Book_of_the_Red_Cross" title="The Queen's Book of the Red Cross">The Queen's Book of the Red Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Quartets" title="Four Quartets">Four Quartets</a> (1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays_2">Plays</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Plays" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Agonistes" title="Sweeney Agonistes">Sweeney Agonistes</a> (published in 1926, first performed in 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(play)" title="The Rock (play)">The Rock</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_in_the_Cathedral" title="Murder in the Cathedral">Murder in the Cathedral</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_Reunion" title="The Family Reunion">The Family Reunion</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cocktail_Party" title="The Cocktail Party">The Cocktail Party</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Confidential_Clerk" title="The Confidential Clerk">The Confidential Clerk</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Statesman_(play)" title="The Elder Statesman (play)">The Elder Statesman</a> (first performed in 1958, published in 1959)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Non-fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Christianity & Culture (1939, 1948)</li> <li>The Second-Order Mind (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a> (1920)</li> <li>The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism (1920) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hamlet_and_His_Problems" title="Hamlet and His Problems">Hamlet and His Problems</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>Homage to John Dryden (1924)</li> <li>Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca (1928)</li> <li>For Lancelot Andrewes (1928)</li> <li>Dante (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selected_Essays,_1917-1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Selected Essays, 1917-1932">Selected Essays, 1917-1932</a> (1932)</li> <li>The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (1933)</li> <li>After Strange Gods (1934)</li> <li>Elizabethan Essays (1934)</li> <li>Essays Ancient and Modern (1936)</li> <li>The Idea of a Christian Society (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse" title="A Choice of Kipling's Verse">A Choice of Kipling's Verse</a> (1941) made by Eliot, with an essay on <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li>Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (1948)</li> <li>Poetry and Drama (1951)</li> <li>The Three Voices of Poetry (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frontiers_of_Criticism" title="The Frontiers of Criticism">The Frontiers of Criticism</a> (1956)</li> <li>On Poetry and Poets (1943)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_publications">Posthumous publications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Posthumous publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>To Criticize the Critic (1965)</li> <li>Poems Written in Early Youth (1967)</li> <li>The Waste Land: Facsimile Edition (1974)</li> <li>Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917 (1996)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_editions">Critical editions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Critical editions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Collected Poems, 1909–1962 (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0151189781/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, Illustrated Edition (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0151686564/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Selected Prose of T.S. Eliot, edited by Frank Kermode (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0156806541/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>The Waste Land (Norton Critical Editions), edited by Michael North (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393974995/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>The Poems of T.S. Eliot, volume 1 (Collected & Uncollected Poems) and volume 2 (Practical Cats & Further Verses), edited by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Christopher Ricks</a> and Jim McCue (2015), Faber & Faber</li> <li>Selected Essays (1932); enlarged (1960)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton, Volume 1: 1898–1922 (1988, revised 2009)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton, Volume 2: 1923–1925 (2009)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 3: 1926–1927 (2012)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 4: 1928–1929 (2013)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 5: 1930–1931 (2014)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 6: 1932–1933 (2016)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 7: 1934–1935 (2017)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 8: 1936–1938 (2019)</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 9: 1939–1941 (2021)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-english.illinois.edu-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-english.illinois.edu_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.illinois.edu_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.illinois.edu_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.illinois.edu_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.illinois.edu_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.illinois.edu_1-5">f</a> Bush, Ronald. "T. S. Eliot's Life and Career", in John A Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (eds), American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, via <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.modernamericanpoetry.org/content/ronald-bush-t-s-eliots-life-and-career">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417070032/https://www.modernamericanpoetry.org/content/ronald-bush-t-s-eliots-life-and-career">Archived</a> 2022-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot">"T.S. Eliot | Biography, Poems, Works, Importance, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved 12 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=T.S.+Eliot+%7C+Biography%2C+Poems%2C+Works%2C+Importance%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FT-S-Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1948/eliot/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1948%2Feliot%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanna2003" class="citation book cs1">Sanna, Ellyn (2003). "Biography of T. S. Eliot". In Bloom, Harold (ed.). T.S. Eliot. Bloom's Biocritiques. Broomall: Chelsea House Publishing. pp. (3–44) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ut4QeGjUGYC&pg=PA30">30</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biography+of+T.+S.+Eliot&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot&rft.place=Broomall&rft.series=Bloom%27s+Biocritiques&rft.pages=%283-44%29+30&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sanna&rft.aufirst=Ellyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliot2010-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Eliot2010_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot2010" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, T. S. (21 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUVrhzxW3xIC&pg=PA133">The Waste Land and Other Poems</a>. Broadview Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-267-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-267-8"><bdi>978-1-77048-267-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waste+Land+and+Other+Poems&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft.isbn=978-1-77048-267-8&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtUVrhzxW3xIC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> (citing an unsigned review in Literary World. 5 July 1917, vol. lxxxiii, 107.) </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_6-8">i</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/184705/T-S-Eliot">"Thomas Stearns Eliot"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1948&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1948%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_8-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/eliot-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 – T.S. Eliot"</a>, Nobel Foundation, taken from Frenz, Horst (ed). Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901–1967. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1969. Retrieved 6 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1991" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Ronald (1991). T. S. Eliot: The Modernist in History. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52139-074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52139-074-3"><bdi>978-0-52139-074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot%3A+The+Modernist+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-52139-074-3&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthen2009" class="citation book cs1">Worthen, John (2009). T.S. Eliot: A Short Biography. London: Haus Publishing. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot%3A+A+Short+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Worthen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSencourt1971" class="citation book cs1">Sencourt, Robert (1971). T.S. Eliot, A Memoir. London: Garnstone Limited. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot%2C+A+Memoir&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Garnstone+Limited&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Sencourt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Letter to Marquis Childs quoted in St. Louis Post Dispatch (15 October 1930) and in the address "American Literature and the American Language" delivered at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> (9 June 1953), published in Washington University Studies, New Series: Literature and Language, no. 23 (St. Louis: Washington University Press, 1953), pg. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-hall_interview-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall_interview_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_interview_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1959" class="citation interview cs1">Eliot, T.S. (Spring–Summer 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4738/the-art-of-poetry-no-1-t-s-eliot">"The Art of Poetry No. 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a> (Interview). No. 21. Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hall" title="Donald Hall">Donald Hall</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003162716/http://www.parisreview.com/media/4738_ELIOT4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Poetry+No.+1&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F4738%2Fthe-art-of-poetry-no-1-t-s-eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1969" class="citation book cs1">Gallup, Donald (1969). T.S. Eliot: A Bibliography (A Revised and Extended ed.). New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000TM4Z00">B000TM4Z00</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=195&rft.edition=A+Revised+and+Extended&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000TM4Z00%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyyouth-15"><a href="#cite_ref-earlyyouth_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1967" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, T. S. (1967). <a href="/wiki/John_Davy_Hayward" title="John Davy Hayward">Hayward, John Davy</a> (ed.). Poems Written in Early Youth. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. pp. 33–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+Written+in+Early+Youth&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarita1994" class="citation journal cs1">Narita, Tatsushi (November 1994). "The Young T. S. Eliot and Alien Cultures: His Philippine Interactions". <a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_English_Studies" title="The Review of English Studies">The Review of English Studies</a>. 45 (180): 523–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2FXLV.180.523">10.1093/res/XLV.180.523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Young+T.+S.+Eliot+and+Alien+Cultures%3A+His+Philippine+Interactions&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=180&rft.pages=523-525&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2FXLV.180.523&rft.aulast=Narita&rft.aufirst=Tatsushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarita2013" class="citation book cs1">Narita, Tatsushi (2013). T. S. Eliot, The World Fair of St. Louis and "Autonomy". Nagoya, Japan: Kougaku Shuppan. pp. 9–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784903742212" title="Special:BookSources/9784903742212"><bdi>9784903742212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot%2C+The+World+Fair+of+St.+Louis+and+%22Autonomy%22&rft.place=Nagoya%2C+Japan&rft.pages=9-104&rft.pub=Kougaku+Shuppan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9784903742212&rft.aulast=Narita&rft.aufirst=Tatsushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1995" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Ronald (1995). "The Presence of the Past: Ethnographic Thinking/ Literary Politics". 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Eliot". <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Literary_Scholarship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Literary Scholarship (page does not exist)">American Literary Scholarship</a>. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+Scholarship&rft.atitle=Pound+and+T.+S.+Eliot&rft.pages=182&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Daumer%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LiterarySt.Louis">Literary St. Louis</a>. Associates of St. Louis University Libraries, Inc. and Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+St.+Louis&rft.pub=Associates+of+St.+Louis+University+Libraries%2C+Inc.+and+Landmarks+Association+of+St.+Louis%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLiterarySt.Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James Edwin (2001). T. S. Eliot: The Making of an American Poet, 1888–1922. State College, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271027622" title="Special:BookSources/0271027622"><bdi>0271027622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot%3A+The+Making+of+an+American+Poet%2C+1888%E2%80%931922&rft.place=State+College%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0271027622&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kermode-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kermode_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kermode_22-1">b</a> Kermode, Frank. "Introduction" to The Waste Land and Other Poems, Penguin Classics, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2008" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Garrick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EckLAQAAMAAJ">Praising it New: The Best of the New Criticism</a>. Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8040-1108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8040-1108-2"><bdi>978-0-8040-1108-2</bdi></a>. <q>A year after Eliot moved to London in 1914, he was introduced to Ezra Pound through a mutual friend, Conrad Aiken. Pound and Eliot soon became lifelong friends and literary allies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praising+it+New%3A+The+Best+of+the+New+Criticism&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Swallow+Press%2FOhio+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8040-1108-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Garrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEckLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Perl, Jeffry M., and Andrew P. Tuck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399046">"The Hidden Advantage of Tradition: On the Significance of T. S. Eliot's Indic Studies"</a>, Philosophy East & West V. 35, No. 2, April 1985, pp. 116–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tseliot.com/foundation/statement-by-t-s-eliot-on-the-opening-of-the-emily-hale-letters-at-princeton/">"Statement by T. S. Eliot on the opening of the Emily Hale letters at Princeton"</a>. T. S. Eliot. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T.+S.+Eliot&rft.atitle=Statement+by+T.+S.+Eliot+on+the+opening+of+the+Emily+Hale+letters+at+Princeton&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftseliot.com%2Ffoundation%2Fstatement-by-t-s-eliot-on-the-opening-of-the-emily-hale-letters-at-princeton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeymourJones1-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeymourJones1_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeymourJones1_26-1">b</a> Seymour-Jones, Carole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooks.com/ebooks/book_display.asp?IID=193222">Painted Shadow: The Life of Vivienne Eliot, First Wife of T. S. Eliot, Knopf Publishing Group, pg. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthen2009" class="citation book cs1">Worthen, John (2009). T.S. Eliot: A Short Biography. London: Haus Publishing. pp. 34–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot%3A+A+Short+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34-36&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Worthen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbk.ac.uk/about-us/notable-birkbeckians#:~:text=TS%20Eliot%20(1888%2D1965),a%20short%20time%20in%201915.">"Notable Birkbeckians"</a>. Birkbeck. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birkbeck&rft.atitle=Notable+Birkbeckians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbk.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fnotable-birkbeckians%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTS%2520Eliot%2520%281888%252D1965%29%2Ca%2520short%2520time%2520in%25201915.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> For a reading of the dissertation, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazeal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brazeal, Gregory (Fall 2007). "The Alleged Pragmatism of T.S. Eliot". Philosophy and Literature. 31 (1): 248–264. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1738642">1738642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Alleged+Pragmatism+of+T.S.+Eliot&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=248-264&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1738642%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Brazeal&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkemer2017" class="citation web cs1">Skemer, Don (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.princeton.edu/manuscripts/2017/05/16/sealed-treasure-t-s-eliot-letters-to-emily-hale/">"Sealed Treasure: T. S. Eliot Letters to Emily Hale"</a>. PUL Manuscripts News. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PUL+Manuscripts+News&rft.atitle=Sealed+Treasure%3A+T.+S.+Eliot+Letters+to+Emily+Hale&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft.aulast=Skemer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.princeton.edu%2Fmanuscripts%2F2017%2F05%2F16%2Fsealed-treasure-t-s-eliot-letters-to-emily-hale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Eliot, T. S. The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Volume 1, 1898–1922. p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(art_historian)" title="John Richardson (art historian)">Richardson, John</a>, Sacred Monsters, Sacred Masters. Random House, 2001, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Seymour-Jones, Carole. Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot. Knopf Publishing Group, 2001, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Letters of T.S. Eliot: Volume 1, 1898–1922. London: Faber and Faber. 1988. p. 533.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+T.S.+Eliot%3A+Volume+1%2C+1898%E2%80%931922&rft.place=London&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_the_Hyacinth_Garden-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Hyacinth_Garden_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_the_Hyacinth_Garden_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirier2003" class="citation journal cs1">Poirier, Richard (3 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n07/richard-poirier/in-the-hyacinth-garden">"In the Hyacinth Garden"</a>. London Review of Books. 25 (7).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=In+the+Hyacinth+Garden&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2003-04-03&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv25%2Fn07%2Frichard-poirier%2Fin-the-hyacinth-garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Eliot, T. S. The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Volume 1, 1898–1922. London: Faber and Faber. 1988. p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Ellmann, Richard</a>. James Joyce. pp. 492–495. </li> <li id="cite_note-RK-38"><a href="#cite_ref-RK_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKojecky1972" class="citation book cs1">Kojecky, Roger (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tseliotssocialcr00koje/page/55">T. S. Eliot's Social Criticism</a>. Faber & Faber. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tseliotssocialcr00koje/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571096923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571096923"><bdi>978-0571096923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot%27s+Social+Criticism&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0571096923&rft.aulast=Kojecky&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftseliotssocialcr00koje%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding2011-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Harding2011_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Harding2011" class="citation book cs1">Jason Harding (31 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDCJkvyg164C&pg=PA73">T. S. Eliot in Context</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50015-9"><bdi>978-1-139-50015-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot+in+Context&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50015-9&rft.au=Jason+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDCJkvyg164C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinion1986-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinion1986_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF_B_Pinion1986" class="citation book cs1">F B Pinion (27 August 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJKvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">A T.S. Eliot Companion: Life and Works</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-07449-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-07449-5"><bdi>978-1-349-07449-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+T.S.+Eliot+Companion%3A+Life+and+Works&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1986-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-07449-5&rft.au=F+B+Pinion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJKvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-learner.org-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-learner.org_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-learner.org_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-learner.org_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-learner.org_41-3">d</a> T.S. Eliot. Voices and Visions Series. New York Center of Visual History: PBS, 1988.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.learner.org/resources/series57.html?pop=yes&pid=595">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyagoda2015" class="citation web cs1">Boyagoda, Randy (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/t-s-eliot-american/">"T.S. Eliot, American"</a>. The American Conservative.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Conservative&rft.atitle=T.S.+Eliot%2C+American&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.aulast=Boyagoda&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Ft-s-eliot-american%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Plaque on interior wall of Saint Stephen's </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Obituary notice in Church and King, Vol. XVII, No. 4, 28 February 1965, pg. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Specific quote is "The general point of view [of the essays] may be described as classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] in religion", in preface by T. S. Eliot to For <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a>: Essays on style and order (1929). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215082548/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,756146,00.html">Books: Royalist, Classicist, Anglo-Catholic</a>, Time, 25 May 1936. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1986" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, T. S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onpoetrypoets00elio/page/209">On Poetry and Poets</a>. London: Faber & Faber. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onpoetrypoets00elio/page/209">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571089833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571089833"><bdi>978-0571089833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Poetry+and+Poets&rft.place=London&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0571089833&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonpoetrypoets00elio%2Fpage%2F209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Radio interview on 26 September 1959, Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, as cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1988" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Colin (1988). Beyond the Occult. London: Bantam Press. pp. 335–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Occult&rft.place=London&rft.pages=335-336&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Seymour-Jones, Carole. Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot. Constable 2001, p. 561. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmore2020" class="citation news cs1">Helmore, Edward (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/02/ts-eliot-hidden-love-letters-reveal-intense-heartbreaking-affair-emily-hale">"TS Eliot's hidden love letters reveal intense, heartbreaking affair"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=TS+Eliot%27s+hidden+love+letters+reveal+intense%2C+heartbreaking+affair&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Helmore&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Fjan%2F02%2Fts-eliot-hidden-love-letters-reveal-intense-heartbreaking-affair-emily-hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Bush, Ronald, T. S. Eliot: The Modernist in History 1991, p. 11: "Mary Trevelyan, then aged forty, was less important for Eliot's writing. Where Emily Hale and Vivienne were part of Eliot's private phantasmagoria, Mary Trevelyan played her part in what was essentially a public friendship. She was Eliot's escort for nearly twenty years until his second marriage in 1957. A brainy woman, with the bracing organizational energy of a <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a>, she propped the outer structure of Eliot's life, but for him she, too, represented .." </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Surette, Leon, The Modern Dilemma: Wallace Stevens, T.S. Eliot, and Humanism, 2008, p. 343: "Later, sensible, efficient Mary Trevelyan served her long stint as support during the years of penitence. For her their friendship was a commitment; for Eliot quite peripheral. His passion for immortality was so commanding that it allowed him to ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Haldar, Santwana, T. S. Eliot – A Twenty-first Century View 2005, p. xv: "Details of Eliot's friendship with Emily Hale, who was very close to him in his Boston days and with Mary Trevelyan, who wanted to marry him and left a riveting memoir of Eliot's most inscrutable years of fame, shed new light on this period in...." </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/9670663/Valerie-Eliot.html">"Valerie Eliot"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 11 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndall_Gordon" title="Lyndall Gordon">Gordon, Lyndall</a>. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. Norton 1998, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/frame/article/1957-01-11/10/3.html">"Marriage. Mr T. S. Eliot and Miss E. V. Fletcher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. No. 53736. 11 January 1957. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Marriage.+Mr+T.+S.+Eliot+and+Miss+E.+V.+Fletcher&rft.issue=53736&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1957-01-11&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Farchive%2Fframe%2Farticle%2F1957-01-11%2F10%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Gordon, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05E2D6143FF935A25753C1A9639C8B63&sel=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"The University of Verse"</a>, The New York Times, 16 October 2005; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleyan.edu/virtualtour/timeline.html">Wesleyan University Press timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201022906/http://wesleyan.edu/virtualtour/timeline.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1957. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawless2012" class="citation web cs1">Lawless, Jill (11 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/t-eliots-widow-valerie-eliot-dies-86-163116521.html">"T.S. Eliot's widow Valerie Eliot dies at 86"</a>. Associated Press via Yahoo News. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot%27s+widow+Valerie+Eliot+dies+at+86&rft.pub=Associated+Press+via+Yahoo+News&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft.aulast=Lawless&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ft-eliots-widow-valerie-eliot-dies-86-163116521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantq1997" class="citation book cs1">Grantq, Michael (1997). T.S. Eliot: The Critical Heritage, Volume 1. Psychology Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415159470" title="Special:BookSources/9780415159470"><bdi>9780415159470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot%3A+The+Critical+Heritage%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780415159470&rft.aulast=Grantq&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith2010" class="citation news cs1">McSmith, Andy (16 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/famous-names-whose-final-stop-was-golders-green-crematorium-1921813.html">"Famous names whose final stop was Golders Green crematorium"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/famous-names-whose-final-stop-was-golders-green-crematorium-1921813.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Famous+names+whose+final+stop+was+Golders+Green+crematorium&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft.aulast=McSmith&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Ffamous-names-whose-final-stop-was-golders-green-crematorium-1921813.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremier2014" class="citation news cs1">Premier (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premier.org.uk/Topics/Culture/Literature/National-Poetry-Day-on-Premier-2013">"National Poetry Day on Premier 2013 – Premier"</a>. Premier. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premier&rft.atitle=National+Poetry+Day+on+Premier+2013+%E2%80%93+Premier&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Premier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premier.org.uk%2FTopics%2FCulture%2FLiterature%2FNational-Poetry-Day-on-Premier-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2007" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Simon (6 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/apr/06/comment.poetry">"East Coker does not deserve the taint of TS Eliot's narcissistic gloom"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=East+Coker+does+not+deserve+the+taint+of+TS+Eliot%27s+narcissistic+gloom&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2007%2Fapr%2F06%2Fcomment.poetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/thomas-stearns-eliot">"Thomas Stearns Eliot"</a>. westminster-abbey.org. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Stearns+Eliot&rft.pub=westminster-abbey.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Four-history%2Fpeople%2Fthomas-stearns-eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/500">"T. S. Eliot Blue Plaque"</a>. openplaques.org. Retrieved 23 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot+Blue+Plaque&rft.pub=openplaques.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Eliot, T. S. "Letter to J. H. Woods, April 21, 1919." The Letters of T. S. Eliot, vol. I. Valerie Eliot (ed.), New York: Harcourt Brace, 1988, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworld.com/~raparker/exploring/tseliot/works/poems/eliot-harvard-poems.html">"T. S. Eliot: The Harvard Advocate Poems"</a>. Theworld.com. Retrieved 3 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot%3A+The+Harvard+Advocate+Poems&rft.pub=Theworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworld.com%2F~raparker%2Fexploring%2Ftseliot%2Fworks%2Fpoems%2Feliot-harvard-poems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearns1987" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, Cleo McNelly (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n01ymdF9_vsC">T. S. Eliot and Indic Traditions: A Study in Poetry and Belief</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52132-439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52132-439-7"><bdi>978-0-52132-439-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot+and+Indic+Traditions%3A+A+Study+in+Poetry+and+Belief&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-52132-439-7&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=Cleo+McNelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn01ymdF9_vsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Mertens, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0108/features/letter.html">"Letter By Letter"</a> in The University of Chicago Magazine (August 2001). Retrieved 23 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> See, for example, Eliot, T. S. (21 December 2010). The Waste Land and Other Poems. Broadview Press. p. 133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-267-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-267-8">978-1-77048-267-8</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2019. (citing an unsigned review in Literary World. 5 July 1917, vol. lxxxiii, 107.) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Waugh, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usask.ca/english/prufrock/recept1.htm">"The New Poetry"</a>, Quarterly Review, October 1916, p. 226, citing the Times Literary Supplement 21 June 1917, no. 805, 299; Wagner, Erica (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4250053,00.html">"An eruption of fury"</a>, The Guardian, letters to the editor, 4 September 2001. Wagner omits the word "very" from the quote. </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerJames_E._Hughes_Jr2005-71"><a href="#cite_ref-MillerJames_E._Hughes_Jr2005_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James H. Jr. (2005). T. S. Eliot: the making of an American poet, 1888–1922. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 387–388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02681-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02681-7"><bdi>978-0-271-02681-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot%3A+the+making+of+an+American+poet%2C+1888%E2%80%931922&rft.place=University+Park%2C+PA&rft.pages=387-388&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02681-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (1984). T. S. Eliot. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24766653M">24766653M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+S.+Eliot&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24766653M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Vol. 1, p. 596. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Pericles (2007). The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521828093" title="Special:BookSources/9780521828093"><bdi>9780521828093</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22749928M">22749928M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Modernism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22749928M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780521828093&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Pericles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The Poems of T.S. Eliot, Volume 1: Collected & Uncollected Poems. Edited by Christopher Ricks and Jim McCue, Faber & Faber, 2015, p. 576 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> MacCabe, Colin. T. S. Eliot. Tavistock: Northcote House, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTearle2021" class="citation web cs1">Tearle, Oliver (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interestingliterature.com/2021/02/ts-eliot-most-famous-lines-quotes/">"10 of the Most Famous Lines by T. S. Eliot"</a>. Interesting Literature. 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Norton & Co.: NY, NY, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gross" title="John Gross">Gross, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731045824/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/was-t-s--eliot-a-scoundrel--8635">Was T.S. Eliot a Scoundrel?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary magazine</a>, November 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Julius" title="Anthony Julius">Anthony, Julius</a>. T.S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form. Cambridge University Press, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58673-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58673-9">0-521-58673-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Eliot, T. S. "Gerontion". Collected Poems. Harcourt, 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Eliot, T. S. "Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar". Collected Poems. 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Eliot, The Rock (London: Faber and Faber, 1934), 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagleton2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Eagleton, Terry (22 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/rainessterilethunder/">"Raine's Sterile Thunder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=Raine%27s+Sterile+Thunder&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft.aulast=Eagleton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Frainessterilethunder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203184238/http://www.beingpoet.com/t-s-eliot/">"www.beingpoet.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beingpoet.com/t-s-eliot/">the original</a> on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.beingpoet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beingpoet.com%2Ft-s-eliot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorel1995" class="citation news cs1">Sorel, Nancy Caldwell (18 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/first-encounters--when-james-joyce-met-ts-eliot-1582565.html">"FIRST ENCOUNTERS : When James Joyce met TS Eliot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/first-encounters--when-james-joyce-met-ts-eliot-1582565.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=FIRST+ENCOUNTERS+%3A+When+James+Joyce+met+TS+Eliot&rft.date=1995-11-18&rft.aulast=Sorel&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Caldwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffirst-encounters--when-james-joyce-met-ts-eliot-1582565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington2020" class="citation web cs1">Washington, K. C. (6 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/derek-walcott-1930-2017/">"Derek Walcott (1930–2017)"</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2020. <q>Heavily influenced by the modernist poets T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, Walcott became internationally prominent with the collection In a Green Night: Poems 1948–1960 (1962).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Derek+Walcott+%281930%E2%80%932017%29&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fglobal-african-history%2Fderek-walcott-1930-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrathwaite1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Brathwaite, Kamau (1993). "Roots". History of the Voice. Ann Arbor, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Voice&rft.atitle=Roots&rft.pages=286&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Brathwaite&rft.aufirst=Kamau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-124"><a href="#cite_ref-history_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/poet-ts-eliot-dies-in-london">"Poet T.S. Eliot Dies in London"</a>. This Day in History. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Day+in+History&rft.atitle=Poet+T.S.+Eliot+Dies+in+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fpoet-ts-eliot-dies-in-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreery2005" class="citation book cs1">McCreery, Christopher (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4f_dQFXQpVkC&q=honours+and+awards+bestowed+upon+T.S.+Eliot&pg=PA90">The Order of Canada: Its Origins, History, and Development</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802039408" title="Special:BookSources/9780802039408"><bdi>9780802039408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Canada%3A+Its+Origins%2C+History%2C+and+Development&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780802039408&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4f_dQFXQpVkC%26q%3Dhonours%2Band%2Bawards%2Bbestowed%2Bupon%2BT.S.%2BEliot%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/person/ts-eliot-vault-0000007399">"T.S. Eliot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503120638/http://www.playbill.com/person/ts-eliot-vault-0000007399">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=T.S.+Eliot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Fperson%2Fts-eliot-vault-0000007399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1982">"The Ivors 1982"</a>. The Ivors Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190503084156/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1982">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ivors+1982&rft.pub=The+Ivors+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivorsacademy.com%2Fawards%2Fthe-ivors%2Farchive%2F%3Fay%3D1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> : <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/5K0L-ru3kX">"Instagram photo by The Phi Beta Kappa Society • Jul 15, 2015 at 7:44 pm UTC"</a>. instagram.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/5K0L-ru3kX/">the original</a> on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instagram+photo+by+The+Phi+Beta+Kappa+Society+%E2%80%A2+Jul+15%2C+2015+at+7%3A44+pm+UTC&rft.pub=instagram.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2F5K0L-ru3kX%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-stearns-eliot">"Thomas Stearns Eliot"</a>. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Thomas+Stearns+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fthomas-stearns-eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Thomas+S.+Eliot&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DThomas%2BS.%2BEliot%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> The three short stories published in the Smith Academy Record (1905) have never been recollected in any form and have virtually been neglected. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> As for a comparative study of this short story and <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King" title="The Man Who Would Be King">The Man Who Would Be King</a>", see Tatsushi Narita, T. S. Eliot and his Youth as "A Literary Columbus" (Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan, 2011), 21–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928150331/http://www.theworld.com/~raparker/exploring/tseliot/works/poems/eliot-harvard-poems.html">"T.S. Eliot's 'Harvard Advocate' Poems"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theworld.com/~raparker/exploring/tseliot/works/poems/eliot-harvard-poems.html#:~:text=The%20moonflower%20opens%20to%20the,Slips%20from%20the%20alder%20tree.">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.S.+Eliot%27s+%27Harvard+Advocate%27+Poems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheworld.com%2F~raparker%2Fexploring%2Ftseliot%2Fworks%2Fpoems%2Feliot-harvard-poems.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520moonflower%2520opens%2520to%2520the%2CSlips%2520from%2520the%2520alder%2520tree.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a>. T. S. Eliot: A Life (1984).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson, Donald</a> (ed.) and Sencourt, Robert. T. S. Eliot: A Memoir, <a href="/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_%26_Co." title="Dodd, Mead & Co.">Dodd Mead</a> (1971).</li> <li>Ali, Ahmed. Mr. Eliot's Penny World of Dreams: An Essay in the Interpretation of T.S. Eliot's Poetry, Published for the Lucknow University by New Book Co., Bombay, P.S. King & Staples Ltd, Westminster, London, 1942, 138 pp.</li> <li>Asher, Kenneth T. S. Eliot and Ideology (1995).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bottum_(author)" title="Joseph Bottum (author)">Bottum, Joseph</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9508/articles/bottum.html">"What T. S. Eliot Almost Believed"</a>, First Things 55 (August/September 1995): 25–30.</li> <li>Brand, Clinton A. "The Voice of This Calling: The Enduring Legacy of T. S. Eliot", Modern Age Volume 45, Number 4; Fall 2003, conservative perspective.</li> <li>Brown, Alec. "The Lyrical Impulse in Eliot's Poetry", <a href="/wiki/Scrutiny_(journal)" title="Scrutiny (journal)">Scrutiny</a>, vol. 2.</li> <li>Bush, Ronald. T. S. Eliot: A Study in Character and Style (1984).</li> <li>Bush, Ronald, 'The Presence of the Past: Ethnographic Thinking/ Literary Politics'. In Prehistories of the Future, ed. Elzar Barkan and Ronald Bush, Stanford University Press (1995).</li> <li>Crawford, Robert. The Savage and the City in the Work of T. S. Eliot (1987).</li> <li>Crawford, Robert. Young Eliot: From St Louis to "The Waste Land" (2015).</li> <li>Crawford, Robert. Eliot. After The Waste Land (2022).</li> <li>Christensen, Karen. "Dear Mrs. Eliot", The Guardian Review (29 January 2005).</li> <li>Das, Jolly. 'Eliot's Prismatic Plays: A Multifaceted Quest'. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2007.</li> <li>Dawson, J. L., P. D. Holland & D. J. McKitterick, A Concordance to "The Complete Poems and Plays of T.S. Eliot" Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster, E. M.</a> Essay on T. S. Eliot, in Life and Letters, June 1929.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(critic)" title="Helen Gardner (critic)">Gardner, Helen</a>. The Art of T. S. Eliot (1949).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndall_Gordon" title="Lyndall Gordon">Gordon, Lyndall</a>. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life (1998).</li> <li>Guha, Chinmoy. Where the Dreams Cross: T. S. Eliot and French Poetry (2000, 2011).</li> <li>Harding, W. D. T. S. Eliot, 1925–1935, Scrutiny, September 1936: A Review.</li> <li>Hargrove, Nancy Duvall. Landscape as Symbol in the Poetry of T. S. Eliot. University Press of Mississippi (1978).</li> <li>Hearn, Sheila G., Tradition and the Individual Scot]: Edwin Muir & T.S. Eliot, in <a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a> No. 13, Summer 1983, pp. 21–24, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li> <li>Hearn, Sheila G. T. S. Eliot's Parisian Year. University Press of Florida (2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Julius" title="Anthony Julius">Julius, Anthony</a>. T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form. Cambridge University Press (1995).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kenner" title="Hugh Kenner">Kenner, Hugh</a>. The Invisible Poet: T. S. Eliot (1969).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kenner" title="Hugh Kenner">Kenner, Hugh</a>. editor, T. S. Eliot: A Collection of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall (1962).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk, Russell</a> Eliot and His Age: T. S, Eliot's Moral Imagination in the Twentieth Century (Introduction by Benjamin G. Lockerd Jr.). Wilmington: <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a>, Republication of the revised second edition, 2008.</li> <li>Kojecky, Roger. T.S. Eliot's Social Criticism, Faber & Faber, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1972, revised Kindle edn. 2014.</li> <li>Lal, P. (editor), T. S. Eliot: Homage from India: A Commemoration Volume of 55 Essays & Elegies, Writer's Workshop Calcutta, 1965.</li> <li>The Letters of T. S. Eliot. Ed. Valerie Eliot. Vol. I, 1898–1922. San Diego [etc.], 1988. Vol. 2, 1923–1925. Edited by Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton, London: Faber, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-14081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-14081-7">978-0-571-14081-7</a></li> <li>Levy, William Turner and Victor Scherle. Affectionately, T. S. Eliot: The Story of a Friendship: 1947–1965 (1968).</li> <li>Matthews, T. S. Great Tom: Notes Towards the Definition of T. S. Eliot (1973)</li> <li>Maxwell, D. E. S. The Poetry of T. S. Eliot, Routledge and Kegan Paul (1960).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Miller" title="James E. Miller">Miller, James E., Jr.</a> T. S. Eliot. The Making of an American Poet, 1888–1922. The Pennsylvania State University Press. 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_North_(professor)" title="Michael North (professor)">North, Michael</a> (ed.) The Waste Land (Norton Critical Editions). New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Raine" title="Craig Raine">Raine, Craig</a>. T. S. Eliot. Oxford University Press (2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks, Christopher</a>.T. S. Eliot and Prejudice (1988).</li> <li>Robinson, Ian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgewaysbooks.com/Prophets.html">"The English Prophets"</a>, The Brynmill Press Ltd (2001)</li> <li>Schuchard, Ronald. Eliot's Dark Angel: Intersections of Life and Art (1999).</li> <li>Scofield, Dr. Martin, "T.S. Eliot: The Poems", Cambridge University Press (1988).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeferisMatthias2009" class="citation journal cs1">Seferis, George; Matthias, Susan (2009). "Introduction to T. S. Eliot by George Seferis". Modernism/Modernity. 16 (1): 146–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmod.0.0068">10.1353/mod.0.0068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143631556">143631556</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/258704">258704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modernism%2FModernity&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+T.+S.+Eliot+by+George+Seferis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=146-160&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmod.0.0068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143631556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seferis&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Matthias%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Seymour-Jones" title="Carole Seymour-Jones">Seymour-Jones, Carole</a>. Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot (2001).</li> <li>Sinha, Arun Kumar and Vikram, Kumar. T. S. Eliot: An Intensive Study of Selected Poems, New Delhi: Spectrum Books Pvt. Ltd (2005).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Spender, Stephen</a>. T. S. Eliot (1975)</li> <li>Spurr, Barry, Anglo-Catholic in Religion: T. S. Eliot and Christianity, The Lutterworth Press (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Tate" title="Allen Tate">Tate, Allen</a>, editor. T. S. Eliot: The Man and His Work (1966; republished by Penguin, 1971).</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> T. S. Eliot at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" class="extiw" title="c:Thomas Stearns Eliot">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" class="extiw" title="q:T. S. Eliot">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Thomas Stearns Eliot">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography">Biography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/t-s-eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oup.com/oupblog/2007/01/ts_eliot_an_exc.html">Biography From T. S. Eliot Lives' and Legacies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214003509/http://blog.oup.com/oupblog/2007/01/ts_eliot_an_exc.html">Archived</a> 14 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.his.com/~feliot/">Eliot family genealogy</a>, including T. S. Eliot</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/eliot.htm">Eliot's grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndall_Gordon" title="Lyndall Gordon">Lyndall Gordon</a>, Eliot's Early Years, Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812078-0">978-0-19-812078-0</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/t-s-eliot">T. S. Eliot Profile, Poems, Essays</a> at Poets.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/619">T. S. Eliot</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37767#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_2">Works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/t-s-eliot">Works by T. S. Eliot in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/599">Works by T. S. Eliot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Eliot%2C%20T.%20S.%20%28Thomas%20Stearns%29">Works by T. S. (Thomas Stearns) Eliot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%20Stearns%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eliot%2C%20T%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Stearns%20Eliot%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T%2E%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Stearns%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20Stearns%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%20Stearns%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20T%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20T%2E%20Stearns%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Stearns%20Eliot%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T%2E%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Stearns%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T%2E%20S%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%20Stearns%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Thomas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221888-1965%22%20AND%20Eliot%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about T. S. Eliot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/31">Works by T. S. Eliot</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tseliot.com/explore/works">official listing of T. S. Eliot's works with some available in full</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsE/eliot-t-s.html">doollee.com listing of T S Eliot's works written for the stage </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122185126/http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsE/eliot-t-s.html">Archived</a> 22 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=81338">Poems by T.S. Eliot and biography</a> at PoetryFoundation.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.std.com/~raparker/exploring/tseliot/works/poems/eliot-harvard-poems.html">Text of early poems (1907–1910)</a> printed in <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate" title="The Harvard Advocate">The Harvard Advocate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/people/Eliot-Th.html">T. S. Eliot Collection</a> at Bartleby.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatcat.org/cats-20th-century-cats-literature-t-s-eliots-cats/">T.S. Eliot's Cats</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t2b854500&view=1up&seq=7">The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism</a>. Knopf, 1921. Via HathiTrust.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Websites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tseliotsociety.uk">T. S. Eliot Society (UK) Resource Hub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.chello.nl/~a.vanarum8/EliotProject/">T. S. Eliot Hypertext Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tseliot.com/">Official (T. S. Eliot Estate) site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luc.edu/eliot">T. S. Eliot Society (US)</a> Home Page</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Archives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F257676">"Archival material relating to T. S. Eliot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+T.+S.+Eliot&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF257676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37767#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207050346/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/advancedsearch?_collection=oasis">Search for T.S. Eliot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/search/">T. S. Eliot Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228183134/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/search/">Archived</a> 28 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li>T. S. Eliot Collection at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voyager.library.uvic.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=2017034">T. S. Eliot collection</a> at University of Victoria, Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/108">T. S. Eliot collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.tseliot" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.tseliot">T. S. Eliot Collection</a>. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tseliotsociety.uk/ts-eliot-audio-recordings/">Links to audio recordings of Eliot reading his work</a></li> <li>An interview with Eliot: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Hall1959" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Donald Hall (Spring–Summer 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4738/the-art-of-poetry-no-1-t-s-eliot">"T. S. Eliot, The Art of Poetry No. 1"</a>. The Paris Review. Spring-Summer 1959 (21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=T.+S.+Eliot%2C+The+Art+of+Poetry+No.+1&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=Spring-Summer+1959&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Donald+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F4738%2Fthe-art-of-poetry-no-1-t-s-eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+S.+Eliot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922020850/http://oyc.yale.edu/english/modern-poetry/content/sessions/lecture10.html">Yale College Lecture on T. S. Eliot</a> audio, video and full transcripts from Open Yale Courses</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/t-s-eliot">T S Eliot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421105806/https://www.bl.uk/people/t-s-eliot">Archived</a> 21 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004648">Newspaper clippings about T. S. Eliot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&oldid=1258014669">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&oldid=1258014669</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 18:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B2.%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%B5._%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ቲ.ኤስ. ኤልየት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቲ.ኤስ. ኤልየት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA._%D8%B3._%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ت. س. إليوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ت. س. إليوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%9F" title="টি এছ ইলিয়ট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টি এছ ইলিয়ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Eliot" title="Tomas Eliot – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Eliot" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="تی. اس. الیوت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تی. اس. الیوت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%9F" title="টি এস এলিয়ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টি এস এলিয়ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Томас Стэрнз Эліят – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Стэрнз Эліят" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%91%D1%82" title="Томас Стэрнз Эліёт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Стэрнз Эліёт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Томас Стърнз Елиът – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Стърнз Елиът" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%84" title="Τόμας Στερνς Έλιοτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Στερνς Έλιοτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="تی. اس. الیوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تی. اس. الیوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%87" title="T. S. 엘리엇 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="T. S. 엘리엇" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A9" title="Թոմաս Սթեռնս Էլիոթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Սթեռնս Էլիոթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F" title="टी एस एलियट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टी एस एलियट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%22%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98" title="ת"ס אליוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ת"ס אליוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF._%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D._%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟಿ. ಎಸ್. ಎಲಿಯಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿ. ಎಸ್. ಎಲಿಯಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ტომას სტერნზ ელიოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას სტერნზ ელიოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Томас Стернз Элиот – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Стернз Элиот" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_St%C4%93rnss_Eliots" title="Tomass Stērnss Eliots – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Stērnss Eliots" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2._%D0%A1._%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Т. С. Елиот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Т. С. Елиот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടി.എസ്. എലിയറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടി.എസ്. എലിയറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F" title="टी.एस. इलियट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टी.एस. इलियट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ტომას სტერნზ ელიოტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას სტერნზ ელიოტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA._%D8%B3._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ت. س. اليوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ت. س. اليوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="توماس استرنز الیوت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="توماس استرنز الیوت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF._%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F" title="टि. एस. इलियट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टि. एस. इलियट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E3%83%BBS%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="T・S・エリオット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="T・S・エリオット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9F" title="ਟੀ ਐਸ ਈਲੀਅਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੀ ਐਸ ਈਲੀਅਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="ٹی ایس ایلیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹی ایس ایلیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%8A.%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3._%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BC" title="ټي.ايس. ايليټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټي.ايس. ايليټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Элиот, Томас Стернз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элиот, Томас Стернз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F" title="टी एस् एलियट – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टी एस् एलियट" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Stearns Eliot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C._%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3._%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AA" title="تی. ئێس. ئێلیۆت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تی. ئێس. ئێلیۆت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Томас Стернс Елиот – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Стернс Елиот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமஸ் ஸ்டியன்ஸ் எலியட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமஸ் ஸ்டியன்ஸ் எலியட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Томас Стернз Элиот – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Томас Стернз Элиот" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="ที. เอส. เอเลียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ที. เอส. เอเลียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2._%D0%A1._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82" title="Т. С. Элиут – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Т. С. Элиут" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Томас Стернз Еліот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Стернз Еліот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="ٹی ایس ایلیٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹی ایس ایلیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="T.S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C2%B7S%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E7%95%A5%E7%89%B9" title="T·S·艾略特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="T·S·艾略特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%95%A5%E7%89%B9" title="艾略特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾略特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="T. S. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C2%B7S%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E7%95%A5%E7%89%B9" title="T·S·艾略特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="T·S·艾略特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 18:21 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliot&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-4gblr","wgBackendResponseTime":300,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.016","walltime":"2.379","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12197,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":457539,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":82603,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":404484,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1873.053 1 -total"," 28.39% 531.735 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.26% 360.834 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 18.97% 355.247 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.55% 235.098 29 Template:Cite_web"," 7.06% 132.239 26 Template:Cite_book"," 6.97% 130.622 1 Template:Conservatism_UK"," 6.86% 128.485 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.75% 126.465 3 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 5.77% 107.994 1 Template:Birth_date"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.078","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14060182,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","23.7"],["?","260","22.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.1"],["(for generator)","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:710\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","180","15.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-gfb6r","timestamp":"20241126002052","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"T. 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