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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the writer. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Joyce (disambiguation)">James Joyce (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a>. He contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century. Joyce's novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922) is a landmark in which the episodes of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, particularly <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">stream of consciousness</a>. Other well-known works are the short-story collection <a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a> (1914), and the novels <a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a> (1916) and <a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a> (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, letters, and occasional journalism. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">James Joyce</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joyce in Zurich c. 1918"><img alt="Photograph of Joyce in profile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/220px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/330px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/440px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="764"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Joyce in Zurich <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1918</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">(1882-02-02)2 February 1882 <a href="/wiki/Rathgar" title="Rathgar">Rathgar</a>, Dublin, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">13 January 1941(1941-01-13) (aged 58) <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Novelist</li><li>poet</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Barnacle" title="Nora Barnacle">Nora Barnacle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2, including <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Joyce" title="Lucia Joyce">Lucia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Joyce was born in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> into a middle-class family. He attended the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Clongowes_Wood_College" title="Clongowes Wood College">Clongowes Wood College</a> in County Kildare, then, briefly, the Christian Brothers–run <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_School" title="O'Connell School">O'Connell School</a>. Despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father's unpredictable finances, he excelled at the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_College" title="Belvedere College">Belvedere College</a> and graduated from <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a> in 1902. In 1904, he met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Nora_Barnacle" title="Nora Barnacle">Nora Barnacle</a>, and they moved to mainland Europe. He briefly worked in <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a> and then moved to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, working as an English instructor. Except for an eight-month stay in Rome working as a correspondence clerk and three visits to Dublin, Joyce lived there until 1915. In Trieste, he published his book of poems <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Music_(poetry_collection)" title="Chamber Music (poetry collection)">Chamber Music</a> and his short story collection Dubliners, and began serially publishing A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the English magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Egoist_(periodical)" title="The Egoist (periodical)">The Egoist</a>. During most of World War I, Joyce lived in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Switzerland, and worked on Ulysses. After the war, he briefly returned to Trieste and in 1920 moved to Paris, which was his primary residence until 1940. Ulysses was first published in Paris in 1922, but its publication in the United Kingdom and the United States was prohibited because of its perceived obscenity. Copies were smuggled into both countries and pirated versions were printed up until the mid-1930s when publication became legal. Joyce started his next major work, Finnegans Wake, in 1923, publishing it sixteen years later in 1939. Between these years, Joyce travelled widely. He and Nora were married in a civil ceremony in London in 1931. He made several trips to Switzerland, frequently seeking treatment for his increasingly severe eye problems and psychological help for his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Joyce" title="Lucia Joyce">Lucia</a>. When France was occupied by Germany during World War II, Joyce moved back to Zurich in 1940. He died there in 1941 after surgery for a perforated ulcer at age 58. Ulysses frequently ranks high in lists of great books, and academic literature analysing his work is extensive and ongoing. Many writers, film-makers, and other artists have been influenced by his stylistic innovations, such as his meticulous attention to detail, use of <a href="/wiki/Interior_monologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior monologue">interior monologue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wordplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordplay">wordplay</a>, and the radical transformation of traditional plot and character development. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, his fictional universe centres on Dublin and is largely populated by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses is set in the streets and alleyways of the city. Joyce is quoted as saying, "For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page505_505%5D;_789,_n._27-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#University_years">2 University years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Post-university_years_in_Dublin">3 Post-university years in Dublin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#1904%E2%80%931906:_Zurich,_Pola_and_Trieste">4 1904–1906: Zurich, Pola and Trieste</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Zurich_and_Pola">4.1 Zurich and Pola</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#First_stay_in_Trieste">4.2 First stay in Trieste</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#1906%E2%80%931915:_Rome,_Trieste,_and_sojourns_to_Dublin">5 1906–1915: Rome, Trieste, and sojourns to Dublin</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Rome">5.1 Rome</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Second_stay_in_Trieste">5.2 Second stay in Trieste</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Visits_to_Dublin">5.2.1 Visits to Dublin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Publication_of_Dubliners_and_A_Portrait">5.2.2 Publication of Dubliners and A Portrait</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#1915%E2%80%931920:_Zurich_and_Trieste">6 1915–1920: Zurich and Trieste</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Zurich">6.1 Zurich</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Writing_Ulysses">6.1.1 Writing Ulysses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_English_Players">6.1.2 The English Players</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Third_stay_in_Trieste">6.2 Third stay in Trieste</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#1920%E2%80%931941:_Paris_and_Zurich">7 1920–1941: Paris and Zurich</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Paris">7.1 Paris</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Publication_of_Ulysses">7.1.1 Publication of Ulysses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Writing_Finnegans_Wake">7.1.2 Writing Finnegans Wake</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Marriage_in_London">7.1.3 Marriage in London</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Final_return_to_Zurich">7.2 Final return to Zurich</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Death">8 Death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Political_views">9 Political views</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Religious_views">10 Religious views</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Major_works">11 Major works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Dubliners">11.1 Dubliners</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man">11.2 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Exiles_and_poetry">11.3 Exiles and poetry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Ulysses">11.4 Ulysses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Finnegans_Wake">11.5 Finnegans Wake</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Legacy">12 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Collections,_museums,_and_study_centres">12.1 Collections, museums, and study centres</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Bibliography">13 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Novels">13.1 Novels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Stephen_Dedalus">13.1.1 Stephen Dedalus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Finnegan">13.1.2 Finnegan</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Short_stories">13.2 Short stories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Poetry">13.3 Poetry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Play">13.4 Play</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Posthumous_non-fiction">13.5 Posthumous non-fiction</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Notes">14 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Sources">16 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Books">16.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Journal_articles">16.2 Journal articles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Online_sources">16.3 Online sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Joyce_age_six,_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="James Joyce at six in 1888 in sailor suit with hands in pocket, facing the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/James_Joyce_age_six%2C_1888.jpg/220px-James_Joyce_age_six%2C_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 288px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/James_Joyce_age_six%2C_1888.jpg/220px-James_Joyce_age_six%2C_1888.jpg" data-alt="James Joyce at six in 1888 in sailor suit with hands in pocket, facing the camera" data-width="220" data-height="288" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/James_Joyce_age_six%2C_1888.jpg/330px-James_Joyce_age_six%2C_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/James_Joyce_age_six%2C_1888.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photograph of Joyce aged six, 1888</figcaption></figure> Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 at 41 Brighton Square, <a href="/wiki/Rathgar" title="Rathgar">Rathgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage19_19%5D-2">[2]</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Stanislaus_Joyce" title="John Stanislaus Joyce">John Stanislaus Joyce</a> and Mary Jane "May" (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Murray). He was the eldest of ten surviving siblings. He was baptised as James Augustine Joyce<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism in the Catholic Church">rites of the Roman Catholic Church</a> in the nearby St Joseph's Church in <a href="/wiki/Terenure" title="Terenure">Terenure</a> on 5 February 1882 by Rev. John O'Mulloy.<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> His godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage19_19%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page23_23%5D-9">[7]</a> John Stanislaus Joyce's family came from <a href="/wiki/Fermoy" title="Fermoy">Fermoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, where they owned a small salt and lime works. Joyce's paternal grandfather, James Augustine, married Ellen O'Connell, daughter of John O'Connell, a Cork alderman who owned a drapery business and other properties in <a href="/wiki/Cork_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork City">Cork City</a>. Her family claimed kinship with the political leader <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, who had helped secure <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> for the Irish in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage20_20%5D-10">[8]</a> Joyce's father was appointed rate collector by <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a> in 1887. The family moved to the fashionable small town of <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a>, 12 miles (19 km) from Dublin. Joyce was attacked by a dog around this time, leading to his lifelong <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of dogs">fear of dogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage37_37%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage4_4%5D-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> He later developed a <a href="/wiki/Astraphobia" title="Astraphobia">fear of thunderstorms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage43_43]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage328_328]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage18_18]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage43_43%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage328_328%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage18_18%5D-14">[11]</a> from a superstitious aunt who had described them as a sign of God's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage25_25%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page63_63%E2%80%9364%5D-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[d]</a> In 1891, nine-year-old Joyce wrote the poem "<a href="/wiki/Et_tu_Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Et tu Brutus">Et Tu</a>, Healy" on the death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> that his father printed and distributed to friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage38_38]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page33_33]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage44_44–45]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage38_38%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page33_33%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage44_44%E2%80%9345%5D-18">[14]</a> The poem expressed the sentiments of the elder Joyce,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page33_33%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage170_170%5D-19">[15]</a> who was angry at Parnell's apparent betrayal by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland#Politics" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Irish Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parnellite_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnellite split">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)#Ireland_and_Home_Rule" title="Liberal Party (UK)">British Liberal Party</a> that resulted in a collaborative failure to secure <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofirelan0000mccapage198_198%E2%80%93199%5D-20">[16]</a> This sense of betrayal, particularly by the church, left a lasting impression that Joyce expressed in his life and art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofirelan0000mccapage200_200%5D-21">[17]</a> That year, his family began to slide into poverty, worsened by his father's drinking and financial mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page34_34%E2%80%9335%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage172_172%E2%80%93173%5D-22">[18]</a> John Joyce's name was published in <a href="/wiki/Stubbs%27_Gazette" title="Stubbs' Gazette">Stubbs' Gazette</a>, a blacklist of debtors and bankrupts, in November 1891, and he was temporarily suspended from work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage38_38%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage173_173%5D-23">[19]</a> In January 1893, he was dismissed with a reduced pension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page34_34%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage176_176%5D-24">[20]</a> Joyce began his education in 1888 at <a href="/wiki/Clongowes_Wood_College" title="Clongowes Wood College">Clongowes Wood College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> boarding school near <a href="/wiki/Clane" title="Clane">Clane</a>, County Kildare, but had to leave in 1891 when his father could no longer pay the fees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page27_27,_32,_34%5D-25">[21]</a> He studied at home and briefly attended the <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_School" title="O'Connell School">Christian Brothers O'Connell School</a> on North Richmond Street, Dublin. Joyce's father then had a chance meeting with the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/John_Conmee" title="John Conmee">John Conmee</a>, who knew the family. Conmee arranged for Joyce and his brother <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Joyce" title="Stanislaus Joyce">Stanislaus</a> to attend the Jesuits' Dublin school, <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_College" title="Belvedere College">Belvedere College</a>, without fees starting in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page35_35%5D-26">[22]</a> In 1895, Joyce, now 13, was elected by his peers to join the <a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page132_132%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage22_22%5D-27">[23]</a> Joyce spent five years at Belvedere, his intellectual formation guided by the principles of Jesuit education laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a> (Plan of Studies).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage9_9%E2%80%9310%5D-28">[24]</a> He won first place for English composition in his final two years<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage105_105%5D-29">[25]</a> before graduating in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManglaviti2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25474127seq2_215%5D-30">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="University_years">University years</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: University years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newman_House,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="picture of the Newman House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg/170px-Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1298"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg/170px-Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg" data-alt="picture of the Newman House" data-width="170" data-height="161" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg/255px-Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg/340px-Newman_House%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Newman House, Dublin, which was University College in Joyce's time<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENIAHn.d.-31">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> Joyce enrolled at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin#Foundation_of_University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[e]</a> in 1898 to study English, French and Italian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page58_58%E2%80%9360%5D-35">[30]</a> While there, he was exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, which had a strong influence on his thought for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoon1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceaquinas0000noonpage6_6%5DSullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage170_170%5D-36">[31]</a> He participated in many of Dublin's theatrical and literary circles. His closest colleagues included leading Irish figures of his generation including <a href="/wiki/George_Clancy_(politician)" title="George Clancy (politician)">George Clancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kettle" title="Tom Kettle">Tom Kettle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Francis Sheehy-Skeffington">Francis Sheehy-Skeffington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page60_61%5D-37">[32]</a> Many of the acquaintances he made at this time appeared in his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage86_86%5D-38">[33]</a> His first publication—a laudatory review of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/When_We_Dead_Awaken" title="When We Dead Awaken">When We Dead Awaken</a>—was printed in <a href="/wiki/The_Fortnightly_Review" title="The Fortnightly Review">The Fortnightly Review</a> in 1900. Inspired by Ibsen's works, Joyce sent him a fan letter in Norwegian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage72_72%E2%80%9373%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page86_86%E2%80%9387%5D-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[f]</a> and wrote a play, A Brilliant Career,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page168_158%5DJoyce1950%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage115_115%5D-43">[37]</a> which he later destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage27_27%5D-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[g]</a> In 1901 the National Census of Ireland listed Joyce as a 19-year-old Irish- and English-speaking unmarried student living with his parents, six sisters and three brothers at Royal Terrace (now Inverness Road) in <a href="/wiki/Clontarf,_Dublin" title="Clontarf, Dublin">Clontarf, Dublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENAIn.d.-47">[40]</a> During this year he became friends with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St._John_Gogarty" title="Oliver St. John Gogarty">Oliver St. John Gogarty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77]O'Connor1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbashintunneljame0000ryanpage76_76]_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77%5DO'Connor1970%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbashintunneljame0000ryanpage76_76%5D-48">[41]</a> the model for <a href="/wiki/Buck_Mulligan" title="Buck Mulligan">Buck Mulligan</a> in Ulysses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage86_86%5D-38">[33]</a> In November, Joyce wrote an article, The Day of the Rabblement, criticising the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Literary_Theatre" title="Irish Literary Theatre">Irish Literary Theatre</a> for its unwillingness to produce the works of playwrights like Ibsen, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1901%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailstwoessaysforgott00skefrichpage7_7%E2%80%938%5D-49">[42]</a> He protested against nostalgic Irish <a href="/wiki/Populism#%22The_people%22" title="Populism">populism</a> and argued for an outward-looking, cosmopolitan literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsecojoyceenvironm0000unse_xv%5D-50">[43]</a> Because he mentioned <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a>'s novel Il fuoco (<a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1981%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycescitiesarch0000copepage34_34%5D-51">[44]</a> which was on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Roman Catholic list of prohibited books</a>, his college magazine refused to print it. Joyce and Sheehy-Skeffington—who had also had an article rejected—had their essays jointly printed and distributed. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a> decried the censorship of Joyce's work in his newspaper <a href="/wiki/United_Irishman" title="United Irishman">United Irishman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2012Kenny2020%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-TbLDwAAQBAJpgPP84_84%5D,_%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-TbLDwAAQBAJpgPP149_149%5D-52">[45]</a> Joyce graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Ireland" title="Royal University of Ireland">Royal University of Ireland</a> in October 1902. He considered studying medicine<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage91_91%5D-53">[46]</a> and began attending lectures at the <a href="/wiki/UCD_School_of_Medicine" title="UCD School of Medicine">Catholic University Medical School</a> in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage90_90]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104]Hutchins1957[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOFSFCwAAQBAJpgPA53_53]_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage90_90%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104%5DHutchins1957%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidOFSFCwAAQBAJpgPA53_53%5D-54">[47]</a> When the medical school refused to provide a tutoring position to help finance his education, he left Dublin to study medicine in Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage92_92–93]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage92_91]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104–106]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage92_92%E2%80%9393%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage92_91%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104%E2%80%93106%5D-55">[48]</a> where he received permission to attend the course for a certificate in physics, chemistry, and biology at the École de Médecine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page112_112%E2%80%93113%5D-56">[49]</a> By the end of January 1903 he had given up plans to study medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage98_98]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page100_100]_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage98_98%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page100_100%5D-57">[50]</a> but he stayed in Paris, often reading late in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève">Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page204_204]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage94_94]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page204_204%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage94_94%5D-58">[51]</a> He frequently wrote home claiming ill health due to the water, the cold weather, and his change of diet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page113_113%5D-59">[52]</a> appealing for money his family could ill afford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page122_122%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage18_18%5D-60">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Post-university_years_in_Dublin">Post-university years in Dublin</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-university years in Dublin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_(1982)_closer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Jame's Joyce's bust on St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. It says James Joyce 1882–1914." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg/150px-Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg/150px-Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg" data-alt="Jame's Joyce's bust on St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. It says James Joyce 1882–1914." data-width="150" data-height="226" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg/225px-Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg/300px-Marjorie_Fitzgibbon_-_Bust_of_James_Joyce_%281982%29_closer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of Joyce on <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a>, Dublin, by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Fitzgibbon" title="Marjorie Fitzgibbon">Marjorie Fitzgibbon</a></figcaption></figure> In April 1903, Joyce learned his mother was dying<a href="#cite_note-67">[h]</a> and immediately returned to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage106_106%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210%5D-68">[60]</a> He would tend to her, reading aloud from drafts that were eventually worked into his unfinished novel <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hero" title="Stephen Hero">Stephen Hero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabler2018[httpswwwjstororgstablejctv8j3xd4refreqidexcelsior3A15d42a5437f519a20f2d52ae5bb70381seq1_11–13]Joyce1966a[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage383_383]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2018%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstablejctv8j3xd4refreqidexcelsior3A15d42a5437f519a20f2d52ae5bb70381seq1_11%E2%80%9313%5DJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage383_383%5D-69">[61]</a> During her final days, she unsuccessfully tried to get him to make his <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">confession</a> and to take <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage108_108%5D-70">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[i]</a> She died on 13 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page136_136]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_110]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage234_234]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page136_136%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_110%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage234_234%5D-73">[64]</a> Afterwards, Joyce and Stanislaus refused to kneel with other members of the family praying at her bedside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage234_234%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage19_19%5D-74">[65]</a> John Joyce's drinking and abusiveness increased in the months following her death, and the family began to fall apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page212_212]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page143_143–144]O'Brien2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage26_26]_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page212_212%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page143_143%E2%80%93144%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage26_26%5D-75">[66]</a> Joyce spent much of his time carousing with Gogarty and his medical school colleagues,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage112_112%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage112_112%5DO'Brien2000-76">[67]</a> and tried to scrape together a living by reviewing books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage113_113%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page138_138%E2%80%93139%5D-77">[68]</a> Joyce's life began to change when he met <a href="/wiki/Nora_Barnacle" title="Nora Barnacle">Nora Barnacle</a> on 10 June 1904. She was a twenty-year-old woman from <a href="/wiki/Galway_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Galway city">Galway city</a>, who was working in Dublin as a chambermaid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage23_23%E2%80%9324%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage36_36%5D-78">[69]</a> They had their first outing together on 16 June 1904,<a href="#cite_note-81">[j]</a> walking through the Dublin suburb of <a href="/wiki/Ringsend" title="Ringsend">Ringsend</a>, where Nora masturbated him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage122_122–123]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage122_122]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page156_156]_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage122_122%E2%80%93123%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage122_122%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page156_156%5D-82">[72]</a> This event was commemorated as the date for the action of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>, known in popular culture as "<a href="/wiki/Bloomsday" title="Bloomsday">Bloomsday</a>" in honour of the novel's main character <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Bloom" title="Leopold Bloom">Leopold Bloom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage37_37%E2%80%9338%5D-83">[73]</a> This began a relationship that continued for thirty-seven years until Joyce died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpagen20_xix%5D-84">[74]</a> Soon after this outing, Joyce, who had been out with his colleagues,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage124_124%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page230_230%E2%80%93231%5D-85">[75]</a> approached a young woman in <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a> and was beaten up by her companion. He was picked up and dusted off by an acquaintance of his father's, Alfred H. Hunter, who took him into his home to tend to his injuries. Hunter, who was rumoured to be a Jew and to have an unfaithful wife, became one of the models for Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage124_124]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage191_191],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage238_238]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page161_161–162]_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage124_124%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage191_191%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage238_238%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page161_161%E2%80%93162%5D-86">[76]</a> Joyce was a talented tenor and explored becoming a musical performer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiten2018%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3sxFDwAAQBAJpgPA2_2%5D-87">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[k]</a> On 8 May 1904, he was a contestant in the <a href="/wiki/Feis_Ceoil" title="Feis Ceoil">Feis Ceoil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuff1969%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486770seq2_225%5D-90">[79]</a> an Irish <a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">music competition</a> for promising composers, instrumentalists and singers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeis_Ceoiln.d.Joyce1950%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidOrzPAAAAMAAJqCeoil_15%5D-91">[80]</a> In the months before the contest, Joyce took singing lessons with two voice instructors, Benedetto Palmieri and Vincent O'Brien.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage46_46%5D-92">[81]</a> He paid the entry fee by pawning some of his books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1905b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsdublindiary00joycpage29_29%5D-93">[82]</a> For the contest, Joyce had to sing three songs. He did well with the first two, but when he was told he had to <a href="/wiki/Sight_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight read">sight read</a> the third, he refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2016%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidqwagCwAAQBAJpgPA218_218%5DO'Callaghan2020%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidegTeDwAAQBAJpgPA86_86%5D-94">[83]</a> Joyce won the third-place medal anyway.<a href="#cite_note-99">[l]</a> After the contest, Palmieri wrote to Joyce that <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Luigi Denza</a>, the composer of the popular song "<a href="/wiki/Funicul%C3%AC,_Funicul%C3%A0" title="Funiculì, Funiculà">Funiculì, Funiculà</a>" who was the judge for the contest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page152_152%5D-100">[88]</a> spoke highly of his voice and would have given him first place but for the sight-reading and lack of sufficient training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1905b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsdublindiary00joycpage36_37%5D-101">[89]</a> Palmieri offered to give Joyce free singing lessons. Joyce refused the lessons, but kept singing in Dublin concerts that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage46_46%5DRuff1969%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486770seq2_225%5D-102">[90]</a> His performance at a concert given on 27 August may have solidified Nora's devotion to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage48_48%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage39_39%5D-103">[91]</a> Although Joyce did not ultimately pursue a singing career, he would include thousands of musical allusions in his literary works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESMWJJn.d.-104">[92]</a> Throughout 1904, Joyce sought to develop his literary reputation. On 7 January he attempted to publish a prose work examining <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> called A Portrait of the Artist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1904a-105">[93]</a> but it was rejected by the intellectual journal Dana. He then reworked it into a fictional novel of his youth that he called Stephen Hero that he laboured over for years but eventually abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-107">[m]</a> He wrote a satirical poem called "The Holy Office",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1904b-108">[95]</a> which parodied <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>'s poem "To Ireland in the Coming Times"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1950%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333187seq14_631%5D-109">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[n]</a> and once more mocked the Irish Literary Revival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page166_166%5D-113">[99]</a> It too was rejected for publication; this time for being "unholy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage127_127%5D-114">[100]</a> He wrote the collection of poems Chamber Music at this time;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page220_220%5DEllmann1982-115">[101]</a> which was also rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage115_115%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118%5D-116">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[o]</a> He did publish three poems, one in Dana<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page228_228%5D-120">[105]</a> and two in <a href="/wiki/The_Speaker_(periodical)" title="The Speaker (periodical)">The Speaker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage126_126%5D-121">[106]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_William_Russell" title="George William Russell">George William Russell</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[p]</a> published three of Joyce's short stories in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Homestead" title="Irish Homestead">Irish Homestead</a>. These stories—"The Sisters", "Eveline", and "After the Race"—were the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page127_127%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118%5D-125">[109]</a> In September 1904, Joyce was having difficulties finding a place to live and moved into a <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a> near Dublin, which Gogarty was renting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage126_126%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page229_229%E2%80%93230%5D-126">[110]</a> Within a week, Joyce left when Gogarty and another housemate, Dermot Chenevix Trench, fired a pistol in the middle of the night at some pans hanging directly over Joyce's bed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage131_131]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page175_175]_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage131_131%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page175_175%5D-127">[111]</a> With the help of funds from <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gregory" title="Lady Gregory">Lady Gregory</a> and a few other acquaintances, Joyce and Nora left Ireland less than a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130–132]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page232_232]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page178_178–179]_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130%E2%80%93132%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page232_232%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page178_178%E2%80%93179%5D-128">[112]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="1904–1906:_Zurich,_Pola_and_Trieste">1904–1906: Zurich, Pola and Trieste</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1904–1906: Zurich, Pola and Trieste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zurich_and_Pola">Zurich and Pola</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Zurich and Pola" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In October 1904, Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage135_135%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage42_42%E2%80%9343%5D-129">[113]</a> They briefly stopped in London and Paris to secure funds<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page183_183%E2%80%93184%5D-130">[114]</a> before heading on to <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>. Joyce had been informed through an agent in England that there was a vacancy at the <a href="/wiki/Berlitz_Language_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlitz Language School">Berlitz Language School</a>, but when he arrived there was no position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page184_184%5D-131">[115]</a> The couple stayed in Zurich for a little over a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZJJFn.d.Fischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPAPA8_9%5D-132">[116]</a> The director of the school sent Joyce on to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPAPA8_9%5D-133">[117]</a> which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> until the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-134">[q]</a> There was no vacancy there either.<a href="#cite_note-136">[r]</a> The director of the school in Trieste, Almidano Artifoni, secured a position for him in <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a>, then Austria-Hungary's major naval base,<a href="#cite_note-137">[s]</a> where he mainly taught English to naval officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage138_138%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page186_186%5D-138">[119]</a> Less than one month after the couple had left Ireland, Nora had become pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage57_57%5D-139">[120]</a> Joyce soon became close friends with Alessandro Francini Bruni, the director of the school at Pola,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1922%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page4_4%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page186_186%E2%80%93187%5D-140">[121]</a> and his wife Clothilde. By the beginning of 1905, the two families were living together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage139_139],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage56_56]_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage139_139%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage56_56%5D-141">[122]</a> Joyce kept writing when he could. He completed a short story for Dubliners, "<a href="/wiki/Clay_(short_story)" title="Clay (short story)">Clay</a>", and worked on his novel Stephen Hero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page189_189%5DJacksonMcGinley1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycesdubli0000joycpagen207_94%5D-142">[123]</a> He disliked Pola, calling it a "back-of-God-speed place—a naval Siberia",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage57_57%5D-143">[124]</a> and as soon as a job became available, he went to Trieste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142_]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page256_256]Stanzel2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq3_363]_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142_%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page256_256%5DStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq3_363%5D-144">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[t]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="'Stella Polare', a café on the corner of an intersection. Tables with umbrellas on one street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg/220px-Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3615" data-file-height="2414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg/220px-Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg" data-alt="'Stella Polare', a café on the corner of an intersection. Tables with umbrellas on one street." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg/330px-Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg/440px-Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Caffè Stella Polare in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> was often visited by Joyce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage235_235%5D-147">[127]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg/220px-Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg/220px-Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg/330px-Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg/440px-Kip_Jamesa_Joycea_u_Trstu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Joyce's statue in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_stay_in_Trieste">First stay in Trieste</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First stay in Trieste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Joyce moved to Trieste in March 1905 aged 23. He taught English at the Berlitz school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage45_45%5D-148">[128]</a> That June he published the satirical poem "Holy Office".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage147_147%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage147_147%5D-149">[129]</a> After Nora gave birth to their first child, Giorgio,<a href="#cite_note-151">[u]</a> on 27 July 1905,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page204_204%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage39_39%5D-152">[131]</a> he convinced Stanislaus to move to Trieste and obtained a position for him at the Berlitz school. Stanislaus moved in with Joyce as soon as he arrived that October, although most of his salary went directly to supporting Joyce's family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage150_150%E2%80%93151%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page212_211%E2%80%93213%5D-153">[132]</a> In February 1906, the Joyce household once more shared an apartment with the Francini Brunis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1947[httpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page39_39–40]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page214_214]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage76_76]_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1947%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page39_39%E2%80%9340%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page214_214%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage76_76%5D-154">[133]</a> During this period Joyce completed 24 chapters of Stephen Hero<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page207_207%5D-155">[134]</a> and all but the final story of Dubliners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroden1984%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscompaniontojoyce00etatpage80_80%E2%80%9381%5D-156">[135]</a> but was unable to get Dubliners published. Although the London publisher <a href="/wiki/Grant_Richards_(publisher)" title="Grant Richards (publisher)">Grant Richards</a> had a contract with Joyce, the printers were unwilling to print passages they found controversial; English law could not protect them if brought to court for circulating indecent language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Hutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682seq4_498%E2%80%93500%5D-157">[136]</a> Richards and Joyce tried to find a solution where the book could avoid legal liability while preserving Joyce's artistic integrity. As they negotiated, Richards began to scrutinise the stories more carefully. He became concerned that the book might damage his publishing house's reputation and eventually backed down from his agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682seq9_503%5D-158">[137]</a> Trieste was Joyce's main residence until 1920;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage44_44%E2%80%9345%5D-159">[138]</a> he stayed temporarily in Rome, travelled to Dublin, and emigrated to Zurich during World War I, but Trieste became a second Dublin for him<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1926%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page74_74%5D-160">[139]</a> and played an important role in his development as a writer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyMcCourt2000%5Bhttpswwwradionetherlandsarchivesorgjames-joyce-in-trieste_4:13%E2%80%934:17%5DRocco-Bergera1972%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486995seq1_342%E2%80%93349%5D-161">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[v]</a> He completed Dubliners, reworked Stephen Hero into A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, wrote his only published play Exiles and decided to make Ulysses a full-length novel as he worked through his notes and jottings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocco-Bergera1972%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486995seq3_344%5D-164">[142]</a> working out the characters of Leopold and Molly Bloom in Trieste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyMcCourt2000%5Bhttpswwwradionetherlandsarchivesorgjames-joyce-in-trieste_1:20%E2%80%931:30%5D-165">[143]</a> Many of the novel's details were taken from Joyce's observation of the city and its people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen10_3%5D-166">[144]</a> and some of its stylistic innovations appear to have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Greco_Lobner1985%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477575_73%5DMcCourt1999b%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473995seq1_85%5D-167">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[w]</a> There are even words of the Triestine dialect in Finnegans Wake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECriseRocco-BergeraDalton1969%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486807seq1_65%E2%80%9369%5DZanotti2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477816seq13_423%5D-170">[147]</a> Joyce was introduced to the Greek Orthodox liturgy in Trieste. Under its influence, he rewrote his first short story and later drew on it in creating the liturgical parodies in Ulysses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1993McCourt200060%E2%80%9362-171">[148]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="1906–1915:_Rome,_Trieste,_and_sojourns_to_Dublin">1906–1915: Rome, Trieste, and sojourns to Dublin</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1906–1915: Rome, Trieste, and sojourns to Dublin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg/220px-Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2609"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 210px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg/220px-Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="210" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg/330px-Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg/440px-Roma_-_Campo_de%27_Fiori.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ferrari" title="Ettore Ferrari">Ettore Ferrari</a>. Joyce admired Bruno<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJJC2014-172">[149]</a> and attended the procession in his honour while in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage218_218%5D-173">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> In late May 1906, the head of the Berlitz school ran away after embezzling its funds. Artifoni took over the school but let Joyce know that he could only afford to keep one brother on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page222_222%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page222_222%5D-174">[151]</a> Tired of Trieste and discouraged that he could not get a publisher for Dubliners, Joyce found an advertisement for a correspondence clerk in a Roman bank that paid twice his current salary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_9%E2%80%9310%5D-175">[152]</a> He was hired for the position and went to Rome at the end of July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnorati1984%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_24%E2%80%9326%5D-176">[153]</a> Joyce felt he accomplished very little during his brief stay in Rome,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_10%E2%80%9311%5D-177">[154]</a> but it had a large impact on his writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoo1988%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831561seq1_481%E2%80%93482%5D-178">[155]</a> Though his new job took up most of his time, he revised Dubliners and worked on Stephen Hero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage160_160%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage163_163%5D-179">[156]</a> Rome was the birthplace of the idea for "<a href="/wiki/The_Dead_(Joyce_short_story)" title="The Dead (Joyce short story)">The Dead</a>", which would become the final story of Dubliners,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page270_270]Ellmann1958[httpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq3_509],_[httpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq5_511]_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page270_270%5DEllmann1958%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq3_509%5D,_%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq5_511%5D-180">[157]</a> and for Ulysses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage162_163%5DHumphreys1979%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476189seq12_252%5D-181">[158]</a> which was originally conceived as a short story.<a href="#cite_note-183">[x]</a> His stay in the city was one of his inspirations for Exiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage50_50%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page270_270%5D-184">[160]</a> While there, he read the socialist historian <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Ferrero" title="Guglielmo Ferrero">Guglielmo Ferrero</a> in depth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage68_68%E2%80%9369%5D-185">[161]</a> Ferrero's anti-heroic interpretations of history, arguments against militarism, and conflicted attitudes toward Jews<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq2_302%5D-186">[162]</a> would find their way into Ulysses, particularly in the character of Leopold Bloom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page230_230]Humphreys1979[httpswwwjstororgstable25476189seq12_252]Manganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage52_52]Melchiori1984b[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_43]_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page230_230%5DHumphreys1979%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476189seq12_252%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage52_52%5DMelchiori1984b%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_43%5D-187">[163]</a> In London, <a href="/wiki/Elkin_Mathews" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkin Mathews">Elkin Mathews</a> published Chamber Music on the recommendation of the British poet <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Arthur Symons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage160_160],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage162_162]Melchiori1984a[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_10]_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage160_160%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage162_162%5DMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_10%5D-188">[164]</a> Nonetheless, Joyce was dissatisfied with his job, had exhausted his finances, and realised he would need additional support when he learned Nora was pregnant again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page46_46%E2%80%9347%5D-189">[165]</a> He left Rome after only seven months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_11%5D-190">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_stay_in_Trieste">Second stay in Trieste</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second stay in Trieste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Trieste filled with ships around 1907 viewing the city from out in the harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1057"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Trieste filled with ships around 1907 viewing the city from out in the harbor" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-SS_Thalia_vor_1907_mit_Segeln_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Trieste circa 1907</figcaption></figure> Joyce returned to Trieste in March 1907, but was unable to find full-time work. He went back to being an English instructor, working part-time for Berlitz and giving private lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage166_166%5D-191">[167]</a> The author Ettore Schmitz, better known by pen name <a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Italo Svevo</a>, was one of his students. Svevo was a Catholic of Jewish origin who became one of the models for Leopold Bloom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaley1964%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486462seq3_61%5D-192">[168]</a> Joyce learned much of what he knew about <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> from him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page272_272%5DNadel1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq1_301%5D-193">[169]</a> The two became lasting friends and mutual critics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaley1963%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable476822seq1_334%5DRocco-Bergera1972%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26278931seq1_116%5D-194">[170]</a> Svevo supported Joyce's identity as an author, helping him work through his writer's block with A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage176_176%5DDavison1994%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3194849seq2_70%5D-195">[171]</a> Roberto Prezioso, editor of the Italian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Il_Piccolo" title="Il Piccolo">Piccolo della Sera</a>, was another of Joyce's students. He helped Joyce financially by commissioning him to write for the newspaper. Joyce quickly produced three articles aimed toward the Italian <a href="/wiki/Irredentists" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentists">irredentists</a> in Trieste. He indirectly paralleled their desire for independence from Austria-Hungary with the struggle against <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeintrodu0000bulspage8_8]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page271_271]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage84_84–85]Mason1956[httpswwwjstororgstable440499seq3_117]_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeintrodu0000bulspage8_8%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page271_271%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage84_84%E2%80%9385%5DMason1956%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable440499seq3_117%5D-196">[172]</a> Joyce earned additional money by giving a series of lectures at Trieste's Università Popolare on Ireland and the arts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage84_84%E2%80%9385%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage92_92%5D-197">[173]</a> as well as on <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuillian19747-198">[174]</a> In May, Joyce was struck by an attack of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage169_169]Beja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage50_50]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page274_274]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage176_176]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page262_262]_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage169_169%5DBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage50_50%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page274_274%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage176_176%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page262_262%5D-199">[175]</a> which left him incapacitated for weeks.<a href="#cite_note-205">[y]</a> The illness exacerbated <a href="/wiki/Uveitis" title="Uveitis">eye problems</a> that plagued him for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page256_256%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page268_28%5D-206">[181]</a> While Joyce was still recovering from the attack, Lucia was born on 26 July 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage168_168%5DPelaschiar1999%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473993seq6_66%E2%80%9367%5D-207">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[z]</a> During his convalescence, he was able to finish "The Dead", the last story of Dubliners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1958%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq6_512_512.%5D-210">[184]</a> Although a heavy drinker,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598883_637%5D-211">[185]</a> Joyce gave up alcohol for a period in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage173_173%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page268_268%5D-212">[186]</a> He reworked Stephen Hero as the more concise and interior A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. He completed the third chapter by April<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage176_173%5D-213">[187]</a> and translated <a href="/wiki/John_Millington_Synge" title="John Millington Synge">John Millington Synge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Riders_to_the_Sea" title="Riders to the Sea">Riders to the Sea</a> into Italian with the help of Nicolò Vidacovich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollettieri_Bosinelli2013%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598738seq2_1115%5D-214">[188]</a> He even took singing lessons again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage52_52%5D-215">[189]</a> Joyce had been looking for an English publisher for Dubliners but was unable to find one, so he submitted it to a Dublin publisher, Maunsel and Company, owned by <a href="/wiki/George_Roberts_(publisher)" title="George Roberts (publisher)">George Roberts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page267_267%5D-216">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visits_to_Dublin">Visits to Dublin</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visits to Dublin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_yesterday_and_today_(1909)_(14587087809).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Dublin in 1909, with trams, horsecarts, and pedestrians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg/260px-Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg/260px-Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg" data-alt="Dublin in 1909, with trams, horsecarts, and pedestrians" data-width="260" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg/390px-Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg/520px-Ireland_yesterday_and_today_%281909%29_%2814587087809%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dublin in 1909</figcaption></figure> In July 1909, Joyce received a year's advance payment from one of his students and returned to Ireland to introduce Giorgio to both sides of the family, his own in Dublin and Nora's in Galway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page276_276%5D-217">[191]</a> He unsuccessfully applied for the position of Chair of Italian at his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, which had become University College Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage181_181%5D-218">[192]</a> He met with Roberts, who seemed positive about publishing Dubliners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682_495%5D-219">[193]</a> He returned to Trieste in September with his sister Eva, who helped Nora run the home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage195_195%E2%80%93196%5D-220">[194]</a> Joyce only stayed in Trieste for a month, as he almost immediately came upon the idea of starting a cinema in Dublin, which unlike Trieste had none. He quickly got the backing of some Triestine businessmen and returned to Dublin in October, launching Ireland's first cinema, the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Cinematograph" title="Volta Cinematograph">Volta Cinematograph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2006%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25570961_99%E2%80%93100%5D-221">[195]</a> It was initially well-received, but fell apart after Joyce left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage146_146%5D%E2%80%93%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage146_147%5D-222">[196]</a> He returned to Trieste in January 1910 with another sister, Eileen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage190_180%E2%80%93191%5D-223">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[aa]</a> From 1910 to 1912, Joyce still lacked a reliable income. This brought his conflicts with Stanislaus, who was frustrated with lending him money, to their peak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page311_311%E2%80%93313%5D-228">[201]</a> In 1912, Prezioso arranged for him to lecture on Hamlet for the Minerva Society between November 1912 and February 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJMT2013-229">[202]</a> Joyce once more lectured at the Università Popolare on various topics in English literature and applied for a teaching diploma in English at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerroneJoyce1976%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3830952_3%5D-230">[203]</a> He performed very well on the qualification tests, but was denied because Italy did not recognise his degree from an Irish university. In mid-1912, Joyce and his family returned to Dublin briefly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage198_198%E2%80%93199%5D-231">[204]</a> While there, his three-year-long struggle with Roberts over the publication of Dubliners<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage206_206%5D-232">[205]</a> came to an end as Roberts refused to publish the book due to concerns of libel. Roberts had the printed sheets destroyed, though Joyce was able to obtain a copy of the proof sheets.<a href="#cite_note-234">[ab]</a> When Joyce returned to Trieste, he wrote an invective against Roberts, "Gas from a Burner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscriticalwritings00joycpage242_242%E2%80%93245%5D-235">[207]</a> He never went to Dublin again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage204_204%E2%80%93205%5D-236">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publication_of_Dubliners_and_A_Portrait">Publication of Dubliners and A Portrait</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publication of Dubliners and A Portrait" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Joyce's fortunes changed for the better in 1913 when Richards agreed to publish Dubliners. It was issued on 15 June 1914,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage212_212%5D-237">[209]</a> eight and a half years since Joyce had first submitted it to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682_495%E2%80%93496%5D-238">[210]</a> Around the same time, he found an unexpected advocate in <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, who was living in London.<a href="#cite_note-240">[ac]</a> On the advice of Yeats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage93_93%5D-241">[212]</a> Pound wrote to Joyce asking if he could include a poem from Chamber Music, "I Hear an Army Charging upon the Land" in the journal <a href="/wiki/Des_Imagistes" title="Des Imagistes">Des Imagistes</a>. They struck up a correspondence that lasted until the late 1930s. Pound became Joyce's promoter, helping ensure that Joyce's works were published and publicised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1993%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26635100_21%5DWalkiewicz1982%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24725366seq2_512%5D-242">[213]</a> After Pound persuaded <a href="/wiki/Dora_Marsden" title="Dora Marsden">Dora Marsden</a> to <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serially</a> publish A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the London literary magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Egoist_(periodical)" title="The Egoist (periodical)">The Egoist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage211_211%5D-243">[214]</a> Joyce's pace of writing increased. He completed A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by 1914;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler1974%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable40371587_1%5D-244">[215]</a> resumed Exiles, completing it in 1915;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrivic1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486737_29%5D-245">[216]</a> started the novelette <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Joyce" title="Giacomo Joyce">Giacomo Joyce</a>, which he eventually abandoned;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage214_214%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage196_196%E2%80%93197%5D-246">[217]</a> and began drafting Ulysses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page389_389]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage246_246]_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page389_389%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage246_246%5D-247">[218]</a> In August 1914, World War I broke out. Although Joyce and Stanislaus were subjects of the United Kingdom, which was now at war with Austria-Hungary, they remained in Trieste. Even when Stanislaus, who had publicly expressed his sympathy for the Triestine irredentists, was interned at the beginning of January 1915, Joyce chose to stay. In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoo1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable441379seq2_137%5D-248">[219]</a> and less than a month later Joyce took his family to Zurich in neutral Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage71_71%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage245_245%E2%80%93247%5D-249">[220]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="1915–1920:_Zurich_and_Trieste">1915–1920: Zurich and Trieste</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1915–1920: Zurich and Trieste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zurich">Zurich</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Zurich" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zurich,_Switzerland_(26459893447).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg/220px-Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="2170"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 119px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg/220px-Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="119" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg/330px-Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg/440px-Zurich%2C_Switzerland_%2826459893447%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Zurich, Switzerland, where Joyce lived from 1915 to 1919</figcaption></figure> Joyce arrived in Zurich as a double exile: he was an Irishman with a British passport and a Triestine on parole from Austria-Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq4_364%E2%80%93365%5D-250">[221]</a> To get to Switzerland, he had to promise the Austro-Hungarian officials that he would not help the Allies during the war, and he and his family had to leave almost all of their possessions in Trieste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page386_386]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage106_106],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage116_116]_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page386_386%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage106_106%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage116_116%5D-251">[222]</a> During the war, he was kept under surveillance by both the British and Austro-Hungarian secret services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq5_365%5D-252">[223]</a> Joyce's first concern was earning a living. One of Nora's relatives sent them a small sum to cover the first few months. Pound and Yeats worked with the British government to provide a stipend from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Literary_Fund" title="Royal Literary Fund">Royal Literary Fund</a> in 1915 and a grant from the British <a href="/wiki/Civil_list#United_Kingdom" title="Civil list">civil list</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPA15_15%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage76_76%5D-253">[224]</a> Eventually, Joyce received large regular sums from the editor <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Shaw_Weaver" title="Harriet Shaw Weaver">Harriet Shaw Weaver</a>, who operated The Egoist, and the psychotherapist <a href="/wiki/Edith_Rockefeller_McCormick" title="Edith Rockefeller McCormick">Edith Rockefeller McCormick</a>, who lived in Zurich studying under <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage75_75%E2%80%9376%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage82_82%5D-254">[225]</a> Weaver financially supported Joyce for the rest of his life and even paid for his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D-255">[226]</a> Between 1917 and the beginning of 1919, Joyce was financially secure and lived quite well;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage82_82%5D-256">[227]</a> the family sometimes stayed in Locarno in the Italian-speaking region of Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage234_234%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage238_238%5D-257">[228]</a> However, health problems remained a constant issue. During their time in Zurich, both Joyce and Nora suffered illnesses that were diagnosed as "nervous breakdowns"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage228_228]Grandt2003[httpswwwjstororgstable26285204_78]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage141_141]_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage228_228%5DGrandt2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285204_78%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage141_141%5D-258">[229]</a> and he had to undergo many eye surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage232_232%5D-259">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing_Ulysses">Writing Ulysses</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing Ulysses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the war, Zurich was the centre of a vibrant expatriate community. Joyce's spent evenings in the Cafe Pfauen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage142_142]Borach1931[httpswwwjstororgstable371650seq1_325]_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage142_142%5DBorach1931%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable371650seq1_325%5D-260">[231]</a> where he got to know some of the artists living in the city, including the sculptor <a href="/wiki/August_Suter_(sculptor)" title="August Suter (sculptor)">August Suter</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter1926%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page61_61%5D-261">[232]</a> and the painter <a href="/wiki/Frank_Budgen" title="Frank Budgen">Frank Budgen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage9_9%E2%80%9315%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233%5D-262">[233]</a> He often used the time spent with them as material for Ulysses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1979%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page59_59%5D-263">[234]</a> He met the writer <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page603_603%5DZweig1941%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsworldofyesterday00zweipage275_275%5D-264">[235]</a> who organised the premiere of Exiles in Munich in August 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1989%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831378seq11_151%5D-265">[236]</a> He became aware of <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a>, which was coming into its own at the <a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(Zurich)" title="Cabaret Voltaire (Zurich)">Cabaret Voltaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel2008%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable30244390seq5_485%5D-266">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[ad]</a> He may have met the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> theoretician and revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> at the Cafe Odeon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page409_409%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage116_116%5D-269">[239]</a> a place they both frequented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage74_74%5D-270">[240]</a> Joyce kept up his interest in music. He met <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page409_409%5DHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage54_55%5D-271">[241]</a> staged music with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Luening" title="Otto Luening">Otto Luening</a>, and learned music theory from <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jarnach" title="Philipp Jarnach">Philipp Jarnach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrandt2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285204seq2_75%5D-272">[242]</a> Much of what Joyce learned about musical notation and counterpoint found its way into Ulysses, particularly the "Sirens" section.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrandt2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285204seq4_77%5DLuening1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsodysseyofamerica0000luenpage197_197%5D-273">[243]</a> Joyce avoided public discussion of the war and maintained strict neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage107_107–108]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage240_240–241]Manganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage162_162]_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage107_107%E2%80%93108%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage240_240%E2%80%93241%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage162_162%5D-274">[244]</a> He made few comments about the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in Ireland; although he was sympathetic to the Irish independence movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939-275">[245]</a> he disagreed with its violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage71_71%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage162_162%E2%80%93163%5D-276">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[ae]</a> He stayed intently focused on Ulysses<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage73_73%E2%80%9374%5D-279">[248]</a> and the struggle to get his work published. Some of the serial instalments of "The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" in The Egoist had been censored by the printers, but the entire novel was published by <a href="/wiki/B._W._Huebsch" title="B. W. Huebsch">B. W. Huebsch</a> in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage60_60%5D-280">[249]</a> In 1918, Pound got a commitment from <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Caroline_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Caroline Anderson">Margaret Caroline Anderson</a>, the owner and editor of the New York-based literary magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Review" title="The Little Review">The Little Review</a>, to publish Ulysses serially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage241_241%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D-281">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_English_Players">The English Players</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The English Players" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfauen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The Pfauen complex, a large stone building. Theatre is in the centre. Cafe used to be right of theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pfauen.jpg/220px-Pfauen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pfauen.jpg/220px-Pfauen.jpg" data-alt="The Pfauen complex, a large stone building. Theatre is in the centre. Cafe used to be right of theatre" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pfauen.jpg/330px-Pfauen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pfauen.jpg/440px-Pfauen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Pfauen in Zurich. Joyce's preferred hangout was the café, which used to be on the right corner. The theatre staged the English Players.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPA190_190%5D-282">[251]</a></figcaption></figure> Joyce co-founded an acting company, the English Players, and became its business manager. The company was pitched to the British government as a contribution to the war effort,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage110_111%5D-283">[252]</a> and mainly staged works by Irish playwrights, such as <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, and John Millington Synge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage78_78%5D-284">[253]</a> For Synge's Riders to the Sea, Nora played a principal role and Joyce sang offstage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_73%5D-285">[254]</a> which he did again when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_a_Balcony" title="In a Balcony">In a Balcony</a> was staged. He hoped the company would eventually stage his play, Exiles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage154_154%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage78_78%5D-286">[255]</a> but his participation in the English Players declined in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">influenza epidemic of 1918</a>, though the company continued until 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage260_261%5D-287">[256]</a> Joyce's work with the English Players involved him in a lawsuit. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilfred_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wilfred Carr">Henry Wilfred Carr</a>, a wounded war veteran and British consul, accused Joyce of underpaying him for his role in <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a>. Carr sued for compensation; Joyce countersued for libel. The cases were resolved in 1919, with Joyce winning the compensation case but losing the one for libel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_72–73]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage112_112–113]Rushing2000[httpswwwjstororgstable25477748_371–372]_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_72%E2%80%9373%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage112_112%E2%80%93113%5DRushing2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477748_371%E2%80%93372%5D-288">[257]</a> The incident ended up creating acrimony between the British consulate and Joyce for the rest of his time in Zurich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage254_254%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage113_113%E2%80%93114%5D-289">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_stay_in_Trieste">Third stay in Trieste</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Third stay in Trieste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By 1919, Joyce was in financial difficulty again. McCormick stopped paying her stipend, partly because he refused to submit to psychoanalysis from Jung,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage75_75]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage267_257]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage264_264]_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage75_75%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage267_257%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage264_264%5D-290">[259]</a> and Zurich had become expensive to live in after the war. He was also becoming isolated as the city's emigres returned home. In October 1919, Joyce's family moved back to Trieste, but it had changed. The Austro-Hungarian empire had ceased to exist, and Trieste was now an Italian city in post-war recovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage85_85%5D-291">[260]</a> Eight months after his return, Joyce went to <a href="/wiki/Sirmione" title="Sirmione">Sirmione</a>, Italy, to meet Pound, who made arrangements for him to move to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage273_273],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage275_275]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132]_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage273_273%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage275_275%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D-292">[261]</a> Joyce and his family packed their belongings and headed for Paris in June 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage270_270%5D-293">[262]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="1920–1941:_Paris_and_Zurich">1920–1941: Paris and Zurich</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1920–1941: Paris and Zurich" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris">Paris</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paris" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Picture of James Joyce from 1922 in three-quarters view looking downward" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg/200px-James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 272px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg/200px-James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg" data-alt="Picture of James Joyce from 1922 in three-quarters view looking downward" data-width="200" data-height="272" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg/300px-James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg/400px-James_Joyce_-_Sep_1922_Shadowland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>James Joyce in a September 1922 issue of <a href="/wiki/Shadowland_(magazine)" title="Shadowland (magazine)">Shadowland</a> photographed by <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></figcaption></figure> When Joyce and his family arrived in Paris in July 1920, their visit was intended to be a layover on their way to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage273_273%E2%80%93274%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D-294">[263]</a> For the first four months, he stayed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludmila_Savitzky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludmila Savitzky (page does not exist)">Ludmila Savitzky</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Savitzky" class="extiw" title="fr:Ludmila Savitzky">fr</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivak2012%5Bhttpsitesutorontocatsq41tsq41_livakpdf_143%5D-295">[264]</a> and met <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Beach" title="Sylvia Beach">Sylvia Beach</a>, who ran the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Rive Gauche</a> bookshop, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Company_(1919%E2%80%931941)" title="Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)">Shakespeare and Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage36_36–38]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage276_276–277]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage134_134]_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage36_36%E2%80%9338%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage276_276%E2%80%93277%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage134_134%5D-296">[265]</a> Beach quickly became an important person in Joyce's life, providing financial support,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage292_292%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage297_297%5D-297">[266]</a> and becoming one of his publishers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage286_286%5D-298">[267]</a> Through Beach and Pound, Joyce quickly joined the intellectual circle of Paris and was integrated into the international <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> artist community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage274_274%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage134_134%E2%80%93135%5D-299">[268]</a> Joyce met <a href="/wiki/Valery_Larbaud" title="Valery Larbaud">Valery Larbaud</a>, who championed Joyce's works to the French<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonnierBeach1946%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4332775_430%5D-300">[269]</a> and supervised the French translation of Ulysses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage100_100%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page499_499%5D-301">[270]</a> Paris became the Joyces' regular residence for twenty years, though they never settled into a single location for long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage133_133%5DHarrington1998%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473958_841%E2%80%93842%5D-302">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publication_of_Ulysses">Publication of Ulysses</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publication of Ulysses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Joyce finished writing Ulysses near the end of 1921, but had difficulties getting it published. With financial backing from the lawyer <a href="/wiki/John_Quinn_(collector)" title="John Quinn (collector)">John Quinn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey1996%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473767seq5_535%5D-303">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[af]</a> Margaret Anderson and her co-editor <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a> had begun serially publishing it in The Little Review in March 1918<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_72%5D-305">[273]</a> but in January and May 1919, two instalments were suppressed as obscene and potentially subversive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderham1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage6_6],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage29_29]Weir2000[httpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq1_389],_[httpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq3_391–392]_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderham1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage6_6%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage29_29%5DWeir2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq1_389%5D,_%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq3_391%E2%80%93392%5D-306">[274]</a> In September 1920, an unsolicited instalment of the "Nausicaa" episode was sent to the daughter of a New York attorney associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">New York Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>, leading to an official complaint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey1996%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473767seq5_535%5D-303">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Obscenity_trial_of_Ulysses_in_The_Little_Review" title="Obscenity trial of Ulysses in The Little Review">trial proceedings</a> continued until February 1921, when Anderson and Healy, defended by Quinn, were fined $50 each for publishing obscenity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1921-307">[275]</a> and ordered to cease publishing Ulysses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page502_502%E2%80%93503%5D-308">[276]</a> Huebsch, who had expressed interest in publishing the novel in the United States, decided against it after the trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage286_286%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504%5D-309">[277]</a> Weaver was unable to find an English printer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage83_83%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage286_286%5D-310">[278]</a> and the novel was <a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">banned</a> for obscenity in the United Kingdom in 1922, where it was blacklisted until 1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_Casado2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477754_479%5D-311">[279]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Page saying 'ULYSSES by JAMES JOYCE will be published in the Autumn of 1921 by "SHAKESPEARE AND COMPANY" – SYLVIA BEACH – 8, RUE DUPUYTREN, PARIS – VIe' with drawing of Shakespeare holding a book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg/170px-Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 252px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg/170px-Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg" data-alt="Page saying 'ULYSSES by JAMES JOYCE will be published in the Autumn of 1921 by "SHAKESPEARE AND COMPANY" – SYLVIA BEACH – 8, RUE DUPUYTREN, PARIS – VIe' with drawing of Shakespeare holding a book" data-width="170" data-height="252" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg/255px-Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg/340px-Order_form_for_ulysses.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Announcement of the initial publication of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></figcaption></figure> Almost immediately after Anderson and Healy were ordered to stop printing Ulysses, Beach agreed to publish it through her bookshop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage47_47]Beja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage85_85]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage287_288]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504]_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage47_47%5DBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage85_85%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage287_288%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504%5D-312">[280]</a> She had books mailed to people in Paris and the United States who had subscribed to get a copy; Weaver sent books from Beach's plates to subscribers in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage289_289%E2%80%93290%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504%E2%80%93506%5D-313">[281]</a> Soon, the postal officials of both countries began confiscating the books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage315_315%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page506_506%5D-314">[282]</a> They were then smuggled into both countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage86_86%5D-315">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[ag]</a> Because the work had no copyright in the United States at this time, "bootleg" versions appeared, including pirate versions from publisher <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roth" title="Samuel Roth">Samuel Roth</a>, who only ceased his actions in 1928 when a court <a href="/wiki/Enjoined" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjoined">enjoined</a> publication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage93_93%E2%80%9394%5D-318">[285]</a> Ulysses was not legally published in the United States until 1934 after Judge <a href="/wiki/John_M._Woolsey" title="John M. Woolsey">John M. Woolsey</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses" title="United States v. One Book Called Ulysses">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a> that the book was not obscene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_Casado2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831652seq4_93%E2%80%9394%5D-319">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing_Finnegans_Wake">Writing Finnegans Wake</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Writing Finnegans Wake" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1923, Joyce began his next work, an <a href="/wiki/Experimental_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental novel">experimental novel</a> that eventually became <a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage318_318%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage307_307%5D-320">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[ah]</a> It would take sixteen years to complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage322_322%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page552_522%5D-323">[289]</a> At first, Joyce called it Work in Progress, which was the name <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a> used in April 1924 when he published its "Mamalujo" episode in his magazine, <a href="/wiki/The_Transatlantic_Review" title="The Transatlantic Review">The Transatlantic Review</a>. In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Jolas" title="Eugene Jolas">Eugene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jolas" title="Maria Jolas">Maria</a> Jolas serialised the novel in their magazine, <a href="/wiki/Transition_(literary_journal)" title="Transition (literary journal)">transition</a>. When parts of the novel first came out, some of Joyce's supporters—like Stanislaus, Pound, and Weaver—<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage102_102]Pound1967[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoundjoyceletter00poun_0page228_228]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page590_590]_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage102_102%5DPound1967%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailspoundjoyceletter00poun_0page228_228%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page590_590%5D-324">[290]</a> wrote negatively about it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage92_92%5DBulson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeintrodu0000bulspage94_94%5D-325">[291]</a> and it was criticised by writers like <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Faol%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Faoláin">Seán Ó Faoláin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">Rebecca West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613%5D-326">[292]</a> In response, Joyce and the Jolases organised the publication of a collection of positive essays titled <a href="/wiki/Our_Exagmination_Round_His_Factification_for_Incamination_of_Work_in_Progress" title="Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress">Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress</a>, which included writings by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613%5DHenke1991%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613%E2%80%93615%5D-327">[293]</a> An additional purpose of publishing these essays was to market Work in Progress to a larger audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilks2004%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25478104seq2_720%5D-328">[294]</a> Joyce publicly revealed the novel's title as Finnegans Wake in 1939,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisenfarth1991%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable23539891seq6_100%5D-329">[295]</a> the same year he completed it. It was published in London by <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage121_121%5D-330">[296]</a> with the assistance of T. S. Eliot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoukopoulou2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598885seq17_699%E2%80%93700%5D-331">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[ai]</a> Joyce's health problems afflicted him throughout his Paris years. He had over a dozen eye operations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage400_400]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage334_334]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622]_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage400_400%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage334_334%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622%5D-334">[299]</a> but his vision severely declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage151_151%E2%80%93152%5D-335">[300]</a> By 1930, he was practically blind in the left eye and his right eye functioned poorly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page256_256%5D-336">[301]</a> He had all of his teeth removed because of infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage320_320%5D-337">[302]</a> At one point, Joyce became worried that he could not finish Finnegans Wake, asking the Irish author <a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(author)" title="James Stephens (author)">James Stephens</a> to complete it if he became unable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage9_93]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage364_364]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage149_149]_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage9_93%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage364_364%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage149_149%5D-338">[303]</a> Joyce's financial problems continued. Although he was now earning a good income from his investments and royalties, his spending habits often left him without available money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page632_632%5DOsteen1995a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailseconomyofulysses0000ostepage14_14%E2%80%9315%5D-339">[304]</a> Despite these issues, he published Pomes Penyeach in 1927, a collection of thirteen poems that he wrote in Trieste, Zurich and Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetroski1974%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3830909seq4_1024%5D-340">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage_in_London">Marriage in London</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marriage in London" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:43._Adolf_Hoffmeister,_James_Joyce,_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg/130px-43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg/130px-43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="183" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg/195px-43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg/260px-43._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_James_Joyce%2C_1966.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1966 drawing of Joyce by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hoffmeister" title="Adolf Hoffmeister">Adolf Hoffmeister</a></figcaption></figure> In 1930, Joyce began thinking of establishing a residence in London once more,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage255_255%5D-341">[306]</a> primarily to ensure that Giorgio, who had just married Helen Fleischmann, would have his inheritance secured under British law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq7_673%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622%5D-342">[307]</a> Joyce moved to London, obtained a long-term lease on a flat, registered on the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_roll" title="Electoral roll">electoral roll</a>, and became liable for <a href="/wiki/Jury_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury service">jury service</a>. After living together for twenty-seven years, Joyce and Nora got married at the <a href="/wiki/Kensington_and_Chelsea_Register_Office" title="Kensington and Chelsea Register Office">Register Office in Kensington</a> on 4 July 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage419_419%5DLoukopoulou2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598885seq5_687%5D-343">[308]</a> Joyce stayed in London for at least six months to establish his residency, but abandoned his flat and returned to Paris later in the year when Lucia showed signs of mental illness. He planned to return, but never did and later became disaffected with England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq9_675-675%5D-344">[309]</a> In later years, Joyce lived in Paris but frequently travelled to Switzerland for eye surgery<a href="#cite_note-346">[aj]</a> or for treatment for Lucia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid2021pgPA22_22%5D%E2%80%93%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid2021pgPA23_23%5D-347">[311]</a> who was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage115_115%5D-348">[312]</a> Lucia was analysed by Carl Jung, who had previously written that Ulysses was similar to schizophrenic writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1952%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage116_116%E2%80%93117%5DShloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page278_278%5D-349">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[ak]</a> Jung suggested that she and her father were two people going into a river, except that Joyce was diving and Lucia was falling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page297_297%5D-352">[315]</a> In spite of Joyce's attempts to help Lucia, she remained permanently institutionalised after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Shloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page7_7%5D-353">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_return_to_Zurich">Final return to Zurich</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Final return to Zurich" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the late 1930s, Joyce became increasingly concerned about the rise of fascism and antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage122_122%5D-354">[317]</a> In 1938, Joyce was involved in helping Jews escape Nazi persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage500_500%5DNadel1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq8_306%E2%80%93308%5D-355">[318]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)">fall of France</a> in 1940, Joyce and his family fled from <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Nazi occupation</a>, returning to Zurich a final time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage155_155%E2%80%93156%5D-356">[319]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_James_Joyce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Horizontal gravestone saying "JAMES JOYCE", "NORA BARNACLE JOYCE", GEORGE JOYCE", and "...ASTA OSTERWALDER JO...", all with dates. Behind the stone is a green hedge and a seated statue of Joyce holding a book and pondering.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grave_James_Joyce.jpg/170px-Grave_James_Joyce.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grave_James_Joyce.jpg/170px-Grave_James_Joyce.jpg" data-alt='Horizontal gravestone saying "JAMES JOYCE", "NORA BARNACLE JOYCE", GEORGE JOYCE", and "...ASTA OSTERWALDER JO...", all with dates. Behind the stone is a green hedge and a seated statue of Joyce holding a book and pondering.' data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grave_James_Joyce.jpg/255px-Grave_James_Joyce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grave_James_Joyce.jpg/340px-Grave_James_Joyce.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Grave of James Joyce in Zurich-<a href="/wiki/Fluntern" title="Fluntern">Fluntern</a>; sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Hebald" title="Milton Hebald">Milton Hebald</a> </figcaption></figure> On 11 January 1941, Joyce underwent surgery in Zurich for a <a href="/wiki/Perforated_ulcer" title="Perforated ulcer">perforated duodenal ulcer</a>. He fell into a coma the following day. He awoke at 2 am on 13 January 1941, and asked a nurse to call his wife and son. They were en route when he died 15 minutes later, at age 58.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page740_740%E2%80%93741%5D-357">[320]</a> His body was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Fluntern_Cemetery" title="Fluntern Cemetery">Fluntern Cemetery</a> in Zurich. Swiss tenor <a href="/wiki/Max_Meili" title="Max Meili">Max Meili</a> sang "Addio terra, addio cielo" from <a href="/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a> at the burial service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page743_743%5D-358">[321]</a> Joyce had been a subject of the United Kingdom all of his life, and although two senior Irish diplomats were in Switzerland at the time, only the British consul attended the funeral. When <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Walshe" title="Joseph Walshe">Joseph Walshe</a>, secretary at the Department of External Affairs in Dublin, was informed of Joyce's death by Frank Cremins, <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Walshe responded, "Please wire details of Joyce's death. If possible find out did he die a Catholic? Express sympathy with Mrs Joyce and explain inability to attend funeral."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2018-359">[322]</a> Buried originally in an ordinary grave, Joyce was moved in 1966 to a more prominent "honour grave", with a seated portrait statue by American artist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Hebald" title="Milton Hebald">Milton Hebald</a> nearby. Nora, whom he had married in 1931, survived him by 10 years. She is buried by his side, as is their son Giorgio, who died in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2018-359">[322]</a> After Joyce's death, the Irish government declined Nora's request to permit the repatriation of Joyce's remains,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage534_534%5D-360">[323]</a> despite being persistently lobbied by the American diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_J._Slocum" title="John J. Slocum">John J. Slocum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2018-359">[322]</a> In October 2019, a motion was put to <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a> to plan and budget for the costs of the exhumations and reburials of Joyce and his family somewhere in Dublin, subject to his family's wishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan-Jones2019-361">[324]</a> The proposal immediately became controversial, with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a> commenting: " ... it is hard not to suspect that there is a calculating, even mercantile, aspect to contemporary Ireland's relationship to its great writers, whom we are often more keen to 'celebrate', and if possible monetise, than read".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Irish_Times2019-362">[325]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="seated portrait of James Joyce in a suit. He is in three-quarters view looking left, wearing a suit. Table with books is in background on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="2480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 214px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg" data-alt="seated portrait of James Joyce in a suit. He is in three-quarters view looking left, wearing a suit. Table with books is in background on the right." data-width="170" data-height="214" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_James_Joyce_P529.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1934 portrait of James Joyce by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-%C3%89mile_Blanche" title="Jacques-Émile Blanche">Jacques-Émile Blanche</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout his life, Joyce maintained an active interest in Irish politics<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage2_2]MacCabe2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8pagen15_xv]Orr2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsGAzK28kiP8CpgPA3_3]_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage2_2%5DMacCabe2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8pagen15_xv%5DOrr2008%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidsGAzK28kiP8CpgPA3_3%5D-363">[326]</a> and the country's relationship to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceraceempire0000chenpage1_1–2]Deane1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page32_32]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage32_32]Kiberd1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10][httpsarchiveorgdetailsinventingireland00kibepage333_333–334]Seidel2008_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1995%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceraceempire0000chenpage1_1%E2%80%932%5DDeane1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page32_32%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage32_32%5DKiberd1996%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10%5D%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinventingireland00kibepage333_333%E2%80%93334%5DSeidel2008-364">[327]</a> He studied both <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50]Scholes1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofjamesj00schopage167_167–168]Sultan1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnley00stanpage208_208]_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50%5DScholes1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofjamesj00schopage167_167%E2%80%93168%5DSultan1987%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnley00stanpage208_208%5D-365">[328]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage72_72%5D-366">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[al]</a> He attended socialist meetings and expressed an <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchist</a> view influenced by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>'s philosophy and Oscar Wilde's essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Man_Under_Socialism" title="The Soul of Man Under Socialism">The Soul of Man Under Socialism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraher2009%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA288_288%5D-371">[333]</a> He described his opinions as "those of a socialist artist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESultan1987%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnley00stanpage209_209%5D-372">[334]</a> Joyce's direct engagement in politics was strongest during his time in Trieste, when he submitted newspaper articles, gave lectures, and wrote letters advocating for Ireland's independence from British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage83_83]MacCabe2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8page160_160]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage93_93]_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage83_83%5DMacCabe2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8page160_160%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage93_93%5D-373">[335]</a> After leaving Trieste, Joyce's direct involvement in politics waned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50%5DScholes1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofjamesj00schopage165_165%5D-374">[336]</a> but his later works still reflect his commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13]Segall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage6_6]Seidel2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage7_7–9]_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13%5DSegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage6_6%5DSeidel2008%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage7_7%E2%80%939%5D-375">[337]</a> He remained sympathetic to individualist anarchism and critical of coercive ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page54_54%E2%80%9355%5DCaraher2009%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA288_288%5D-376">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[am]</a> His novels address socialist, anarchist, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage6_6%5D-380">[341]</a> Ulysses has been read as a novel critiquing the effect of British rule on the Irish people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1977[httpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage80_80],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage86_86]Gibson2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13]Watson1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesulysseslar0000unsepage41_41]_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1977%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage80_80%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage86_86%5DGibson2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13%5DWatson1987%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesulysseslar0000unsepage41_41%5D-381">[342]</a> Finnegans Wake has been read as a work that investigates the divisive issues of Irish politics,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage164_164%E2%80%93165%5DNolan1995143-382">[343]</a> the interrelationship between colonialism and race,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1995%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceraceempire0000chenpage251_251%E2%80%93252%5DMacCabe2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8pagen16_xv%E2%80%93xvi%5D-383">[344]</a> and the coercive oppression of nationalism and fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollers1978%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinwakeofwake0000unsepage108_108%5D-384">[345]</a> Joyce wrote negatively of British rule in Ireland and was sympathetic towards attempts to establish an <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">independent Irish republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Sola_Rodstein1998%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable44871195seq11_155%5D-385">[346]</a> In 1907, he expressed his support for the <a href="/wiki/Early_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Sinn Féin">early Sinn Féin</a> movement before the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage82_82%5DPelaschiar1999%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473993seq4_64%5D-386">[347]</a> However, throughout his life, Joyce refused to exchange his British passport for an Irish one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage298_299%5D-387">[348]</a> When he had a choice, he renewed his British passport in 1935 instead of obtaining one from the Irish Free State,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage475_475%5D-388">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[an]</a> and chose to keep it in 1940 when accepting an Irish passport could have helped him to leave <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> more easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Ellmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page738_738%5D-391">[351]</a> His refusal to change his passport was partly due to the advantages that a British passport gave him internationally,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq3_669%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage299_299%5D-392">[352]</a> his being out of sympathy with the violence of Irish politics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage298_298–299]de_Sola_Rodstein1998[httpswwwjstororgstable44871195seq2_146]Seidel2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10]_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage298_298%E2%80%93299%5Dde_Sola_Rodstein1998%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable44871195seq2_146%5DSeidel2008%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10%5D-393">[353]</a> and his dismay over the Irish Free State's political alignment with the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernout2010210-394">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[ao]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Picture showing the iconostasis of the Church of San Nicolò flanked by candles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg/220px-San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4113" data-file-height="2747"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg/220px-San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg" data-alt="Picture showing the iconostasis of the Church of San Nicolò flanked by candles." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg/330px-San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg/440px-San-nicolo-trieste-2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> Church of San Nicolò in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, where Joyce occasionally attended services<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage50_50%5D-397">[356]</a></figcaption></figure> Joyce had a complex relationship with religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Mierlo2017%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidn_vUDQAAQBAJpgPA3_3%5D-398">[357]</a> Firsthand statements by him<a href="#cite_note-400">[ap]</a> and Stanislaus<a href="#cite_note-402">[aq]</a> attest that he did not consider himself a Catholic, though his work is deeply influenced by Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEco1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsaestheticsofchao0000ecoupage2_2%5D-403">[360]</a> In particular, his intellectual foundations were grounded in his early Jesuitical education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page27_27]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage26_26]Hederman1982[httpswwwjstororgstable30059526seq1_20]Mahon2004[httpswwwjstororgstable44313324seq1_349]Sullivan1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage7_7–8]_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page27_27%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage26_26%5DHederman1982%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable30059526seq1_20%5DMahon2004%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable44313324seq1_349%5DSullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage7_7%E2%80%938%5D-404">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[ar]</a> Even after he left Ireland, he sometimes went to church. When living in Trieste, he woke up early to attend Catholic Mass on Holy Thursday and Good Friday<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1922%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page35_35%E2%80%9336%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage105_105%5D-407">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[as]</a> or occasionally attended Eastern Orthodox services, stating that he liked the ceremonies better.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce_Schaurek1963%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksids9-uCwAAQBAJpgPA64_64%5D-410">[365]</a> Joyce lapsed from the Church early in life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page65_65%E2%80%9366%5DLernout2010%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwMdCgAAQBAJpgPA6_6%5D-411">[366]</a> and Nora refused to allow a Catholic service when he died.<a href="#cite_note-413">[at]</a> His works frequently critique, ridicule, and blaspheme Catholicism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1961417,_437Cunningham2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA509_509],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA512_512n]Lang1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsulyssesirishgod0000langpage15_15]_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1961417,_437Cunningham2007%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA509_509%5D,_%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA512_512n%5DLang1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsulyssesirishgod0000langpage15_15%5D-414">[368]</a> and he appropriates Catholic rituals and concepts for his own artistic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982b%C2%A77Hibbert2011198Lang1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsulyssesirishgod0000langpage15_15%5D-415">[369]</a> As such, some critics have argued that Joyce firmly rejected the Catholic faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1961417Ellmann1982b%C2%A73Lernout2010%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwMdCgAAQBAJpgPA6_6%5D-416">[370]</a> However, Catholic critics have argued that Joyce never fully abandoned his faith,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoon1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceaquinas0000noonpage14_14%E2%80%9315%5DStrong1949%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailssacredriverappro0000stropage11_11%E2%80%9312%5D-417">[371]</a> wrestling with it in his writings and becoming increasingly reconciled with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1978%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycespauli0000boylpagen13_x%E2%80%93xi%5DStrong1949%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailssacredriverappro0000stropage158_158%E2%80%93161%5D-418">[372]</a> They regard Ulysses and Finnegans Wake as expressions of a Catholic sensibility,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage140_140%5D-419">[373]</a> insisting that the critical views of religion expressed by the characters in his novels do not represent those of Joyce the author.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage160_160%5D-420">[374]</a> Other critics have suggested that Joyce's apparent apostasy was less a denial of faith than a transmutation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page65_65%E2%80%9366%5DJung1952%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage120_120%5D-421">[375]</a> a criticism of the Church's adverse impact on spiritual life, politics, and personal development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert2011198%E2%80%93199Morse1959-422">[376]</a> His attitude toward Catholicism has been described as an enigma in which there are two Joyces: a modern one who resisted the power of Catholicism and another who maintained his allegiance to its traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage41_41%5DHughs1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage40_40%E2%80%9341%5D-423">[377]</a> He has been compared to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Episcopi_vagantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopi vagantes">episcopi vagantes</a> (wandering bishops), who left their discipline but not their cultural heritage of thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEco1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsaestheticsofchao0000ecoupage4_4%5D-424">[378]</a> Joyce's responses to questions about his faith were often ambiguous. For example, during an interview after the completion of Ulysses, Joyce was asked, "When did you leave the Catholic Church?" He answered, "That's for the Church to say."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1998%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksids_eXYzdEmxcCpgPA78_78%5D-425">[379]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Major works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dubliners">Dubliners</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dubliners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joyce_-_Dubliners,_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Title page saying 'DUBLINERS BY JAMES JOYCE', then a colophon, then 'LONDON / GRANT RICHARDS LTD. / PUBLISHERS'." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg/170px-Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 277px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg/170px-Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg" data-alt="Title page saying 'DUBLINERS BY JAMES JOYCE', then a colophon, then 'LONDON / GRANT RICHARDS LTD. / PUBLISHERS'." data-width="170" data-height="277" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg/255px-Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg/340px-Joyce_-_Dubliners%2C_1914_-_3690390_F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First edition of Dubliners, 1914</figcaption></figure> Dubliners, first published in 1914, is a collection of 15 short stories<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsteen1995b%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210922214926httpsmarkosteenfileswordpresscom201812Osteen-Shoppers-Guide-to-Dublinerspdf_483%E2%80%93484%5D-426">[380]</a> that form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle-class life in and around the city in the early 20th century. The tales were written when Irish nationalism and the search for national identity was at its peak. Joyce holds up a mirror to that identity as a first step in the spiritual liberation of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage73_73%5DJoyce1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage62_62%E2%80%9363%5D-427">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[au]</a> The stories centre on Joyce's idea of an epiphany: a moment when a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination. Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce's novel Ulysses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodenn.d.-430">[383]</a> The initial stories are narrated by child protagonists. Later stories deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This aligns with Joyce's tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence, and maturity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalzl1977-431">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a></div> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, published in 1916, is a shortened rewrite of the novel Stephen Hero, which was abandoned in 1905. It is a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCnstlerroman" title="Künstlerroman">Künstlerroman</a>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming-of-age novel">coming-of-age novel</a> depicting the childhood and adolescence of the protagonist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus" title="Stephen Dedalus">Stephen Dedalus</a> and his gradual growth into artistic self-consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERando2016%5Bhttpsdigitalcommonstrinityeducgiviewcontentcgiarticle1074contexteng_faculty_47%5D-432">[385]</a> It functions both as an autobiographical fiction of the author and a biography of the fictional protagonist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiquelme1983%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidckO8AAAAIAAJqautobiography_51%5D-433">[386]</a> Some hints of the techniques Joyce frequently employed in later works, such as <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">stream of consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interior_monologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior monologue">interior monologue</a>, and references to a character's psychic reality rather than to his external surroundings, are evident in this novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpender1970%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecritic0000demipage749_749%5D-434">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exiles_and_poetry">Exiles and poetry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Exiles and poetry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Music_(poetry_collection)" title="Chamber Music (poetry collection)">Chamber Music (poetry collection)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomes_Penyeach" title="Pomes Penyeach">Pomes Penyeach</a></div> Despite early interest in the theatre, Joyce published only one play, <a href="/wiki/Exiles_(play)" title="Exiles (play)">Exiles</a>, begun shortly after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and published in 1918. A study of a husband-and-wife relationship, the play looks back to "The Dead" (the final story in Dubliners) and forward to Ulysses, which Joyce began around the time of the play's composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486739_69%5D-435">[388]</a> He published three books of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIn.d.-436">[389]</a> The first full-length collection was <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Music_(poetry_collection)" title="Chamber Music (poetry collection)">Chamber Music</a> (1907), which consisted of 36 short lyrics. It led to his inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagist Anthology</a>, edited by Ezra Pound, a champion of Joyce's work. Other poetry Joyce published in his lifetime includes "Gas from a Burner" (1912), <a href="/wiki/Pomes_Penyeach" title="Pomes Penyeach">Pomes Penyeach</a> (1927), and "Ecce Puer" (written in 1932 to mark the birth of his grandson and the recent death of his father). These were published by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sun_Press" title="Black Sun Press">Black Sun Press</a> in Collected Poems (1936).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle1965%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486486_90%5D-437">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulysses">Ulysses</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ulysses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses (novel)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="alt=Worn out blue book cover saying 'Ulysses', at top and 'by James Joyce' at the bottom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ulysses22.jpg/170px-Ulysses22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="3311"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 235px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ulysses22.jpg/170px-Ulysses22.jpg" data-alt="alt=Worn out blue book cover saying 'Ulysses', at top and 'by James Joyce' at the bottom" data-width="170" data-height="235" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ulysses22.jpg/255px-Ulysses22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ulysses22.jpg/340px-Ulysses22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First edition of Ulysses published by Shakespeare & Company, 1922</figcaption></figure> The action of Ulysses starts on 16 June 1904 at 8 am and ends sometime after 2 am the following morning. Much of it occurs inside the minds of the characters, who are portrayed through techniques such as interior monologue, dialogue, and soliloquy. The novel consists of 18 episodes, each covering roughly one hour of the day using a unique literary style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimpel1975%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable45108722_283%E2%80%93285%5D-438">[391]</a> Joyce structured each chapter to refer to an individual episode in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, as well as a specific colour, a particular art or science, and a bodily organ.<a href="#cite_note-441">[av]</a> Ulysses sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey in 1904 Dublin, representing <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> (Ulysses), <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> in the characters of Leopold Bloom, his wife <a href="/wiki/Molly_Bloom" title="Molly Bloom">Molly Bloom</a>, and Stephen Dedalus. It uses humour–<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimpel1975%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable45108722seq29_311%E2%80%93313%5D-442">[394]</a> including parody, satire and comedy– to contrast the novel's characters with their Homeric models. Joyce played down the mythic correspondences by eliminating the chapter titles<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page27_27%5DDettmar1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsrereadingnewbac00dettpage284_285%5D-443">[395]</a> so the work could be read independently of its Homeric structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page27_27]Dettmar1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrereadingnewbac00dettpage284_285]Wykes1968[httpswwwjstororgstable40753991seq5_305]_444-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page27_27%5DDettmar1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsrereadingnewbac00dettpage284_285%5DWykes1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable40753991seq5_305%5D-444">[396]</a> Ulysses can be read as a study of Dublin in 1904, exploring various aspects of the city's life, dwelling on its squalor and monotony. Joyce claimed that if Dublin was destroyed in some catastrophe, it could be rebuilt using his work as a model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage67_67%E2%80%9368%5D-445">[397]</a> To achieve this sense of detail, he relied on his memory, what he heard other people remember, and his readings, to create a sense of fastidious detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page363_363%E2%80%93366%5D-446">[398]</a> Joyce regularly used the 1904 edition of <a href="/wiki/Thom%27s_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Thom's Directory">Thom's Directory</a>—a work that listed the owners and tenants of every residential and commercial property in the city—to ensure his descriptions were accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegglund2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3176000seq3_168%E2%80%93167%5D-447">[399]</a> This combination of kaleidoscopic writing, reliance on a formal schema to structure the narrative, and exquisite attention to detail represents one of the book's major contributions to the development of 20th-century modernist literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherry2004%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceulysse0000sherpage102_102%5D-448">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnegans_Wake">Finnegans Wake</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Finnegans Wake" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></div> Finnegans Wake is an experimental novel that pushes stream of consciousness<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar1957%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable434978_30%5DThompson1964%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable27540957seq3_80%5D-449">[401]</a> and literary allusion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage22_22%E2%80%9323%5D-450">[402]</a> to their extremes. Although the work can be read from beginning to end, Joyce's writing transforms traditional ideas of plot and character development through his wordplay, allowing the book to be read nonlinearly. Much of the wordplay stems from the work being written in peculiar and obscure English, based mainly on <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">complex multilevel puns</a>. This approach is similar to, but far more extensive than, that used by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge2007%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshowtoreadjoyce0000attrpage85_85%E2%80%9386%5D-451">[403]</a> and draws on a wide range of languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchotter2010%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable41429838seq1_89%5D-452">[404]</a> The associative nature of its language has led to it being interpreted as the story of a dream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge2013%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598778_195%E2%80%93197%5D-453">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[aw]</a> The metaphysics of <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>, whom Joyce had read in his youth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes2003[httpswwwjstororgstable26285203_37–38]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332–333]Rabaté1989[httpswwwjstororgstable25485004_31]_455-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285203_37%E2%80%9338%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332%E2%80%93333%5DRabat%C3%A91989%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25485004_31%5D-455">[406]</a> plays an important role in Finnegans Wake, as it provides the framework for how the identities of the characters interplay and are transformed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage36_36%E2%80%9337%5DBeckett1929%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsourexagminationr0000unsepage17_17%5D-456">[407]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>'s cyclical view of history—in which civilisation rises from chaos, passes through theocratic, aristocratic, and democratic phases, and then lapses back into chaos—structures the text's narrative,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage29_29–31]Beckett1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsourexagminationr0000unsepage17_17]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332–333]_457-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage29_29%E2%80%9331%5DBeckett1929%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsourexagminationr0000unsepage17_17%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332%E2%80%93333%5D-457">[408]</a> as evidenced by the opening and closing words of the book: Finnegans Wake opens with the words "riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1939%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20111003151519httpwwwtrentucafacultyjjoycefw-3htm_3%5D-458">[409]</a> and ends "A way a lone a last a loved a long the".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1939%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20111003151519httpwwwtrentucafacultyjjoycefw-628htm_628%5D-459">[410]</a> In other words, the book ends with the beginning of a sentence and begins with the end of the same sentence, turning the narrative into one great cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockley2009%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidlW96fbBNRYsCpgPA104_104%5D-460">[411]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Bronze statue of Joyce standing in a coat and broadbrimmed hat: His head is cocked looking up, his left leg is crossed over his right, his right hand holds a cane, and his left is in his trouser pocket, with the left part of his coat tucked back." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg/130px-Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="366" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="1842"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 366px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg/130px-Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg" data-alt="Bronze statue of Joyce standing in a coat and broadbrimmed hat: His head is cocked looking up, his left leg is crossed over his right, his right hand holds a cane, and his left is in his trouser pocket, with the left part of his coat tucked back." data-width="130" data-height="366" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg/195px-Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg/260px-Joyce_oconnell_dublin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of James Joyce on <a href="/wiki/North_Earl_Street" title="North Earl Street">North Earl Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Fitzgibbon" title="Marjorie Fitzgibbon">Marjorie Fitzgibbon</a></figcaption></figure> Joyce's work still has a profound influence on contemporary culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6pagen19_1%5D-461">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[ax]</a> Ulysses is a model for fiction writers, particularly its explorations into the power of language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherry2004%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceulysse0000sherpage102_102%5D-448">[400]</a> Its emphasis on the details of everyday life has opened up new possibilities of expression for authors, painters and film-makers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6pagen19_1%5D-461">[412]</a> It retains its prestige among readers, often ranking high on 'Great Book' lists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin2014-463">[413]</a> Joyce's innovations extend beyond English literature: his writing has been an inspiration for Latin American writers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt2006%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831743seq6_390%E2%80%93391%5D-464">[414]</a> and Finnegans Wake has become one of the key texts for French <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailshowtoreadjoyce0000attrpage4_4]Chun2015[httpswwwjstororgstable43737511seq5_75]Lernout1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfrenchjoyce0000lern_s2e6page19_19]_465-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge2007%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshowtoreadjoyce0000attrpage4_4%5DChun2015%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable43737511seq5_75%5DLernout1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsfrenchjoyce0000lern_s2e6page19_19%5D-465">[415]</a> The open-ended form of Joyce's novels keeps them open to constant reinterpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page3_3%5D-466">[416]</a> They inspire an increasingly global community of literary critics. Joyce's studies—based on a relatively small canon of three novels, a small short story collection, one play, and two small books of poems—have generated over 15,000 articles, monographs, theses, translations, and editions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2009%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA148_148%5D-467">[417]</a> In popular culture, the work and life of Joyce is celebrated annually on 16 June, known as <a href="/wiki/Bloomsday" title="Bloomsday">Bloomsday</a>, in Dublin and in an increasing number of cities worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014-468">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections,_museums,_and_study_centres">Collections, museums, and study centres</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Collections, museums, and study centres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a> holds a large collection of Joycean material including manuscripts and notebooks, much of it available online.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilleen2012-469">[419]</a> A joint venture between the library and University College Dublin, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Literature_Ireland" title="Museum of Literature Ireland">Museum of Literature Ireland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarnett2019-470">[420]</a> the majority of whose exhibits are about Joyce and his work, has both a small permanent Joyce-related collection, and borrows from its parent institutions; its displays include "Copy No. 1" of Ulysses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoLIn.d.-471">[421]</a> Dedicated centres in Dublin include the <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_Centre" title="James Joyce Centre">James Joyce Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Great_George%27s_Street" title="North Great George's Street">North Great George's Street</a>, the <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce_Tower_and_Museum" title="James Joyce Tower and Museum">James Joyce Tower and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sandycove" title="Sandycove">Sandycove</a> at the Martello tower where Joyce briefly lived and where he set the opening scene in Ulysses, and the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Writers_Museum" title="Dublin Writers Museum">Dublin Writers Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiggers2015%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidrjCSCgAAQBAJdqdisplaystrinitycollegedublinwritersmuseumuniversitycollegelibrarypgPA220_215%E2%80%93221%5D-472">[422]</a><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> holds the only major research collection of Joyce's work in the United Kingdom, including first editions of all of Joyce's major works, many other editions and translations, as well as critical and background literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCL2016-473">[423]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_University_at_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="The University at Buffalo">The University at Buffalo</a>'s James Joyce Collection has more than 10,000 pages of the author's working papers, notebooks, manuscripts, photographs, correspondence and other materials as well as Joyce's private library.<a href="#cite_note-474">[424]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Novels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stephen_Dedalus"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus" title="Stephen Dedalus">Stephen Dedalus</a></h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Stephen Dedalus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hero" title="Stephen Hero">Stephen Hero</a> (written 1904–06, posthumous publication by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>, 1944 (revised 1956 and 1963); precursor to A Portrait, completed but preserved in fragment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._W._Huebsch" title="B. W. Huebsch">B. W. Huebsch</a>, 1916, corrected 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Company_(1919%E2%80%931941)" title="Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)">Shakespeare and Company</a>, 1922)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finnegan">Finnegan</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Finnegan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn%27s_Hotel" title="Finn's Hotel">Finn's Hotel</a> (written 1923, posthumous publication by Ithys Press, 2013; alleged precursor to Finnegans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>, 1939, restored by <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Short stories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grant_Richards_(publisher)" title="Grant Richards (publisher)">Grant Richards Ltd.</a>, 1914)</li> <li>The Cat and the Devil (written 1936, posthumous publication by Faber & Faber, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cats_of_Copenhagen" title="The Cats of Copenhagen">The Cats of Copenhagen</a> (written 1936, posthumous publication by Ithys Press, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Poetry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Music_(poetry_collection)" title="Chamber Music (poetry collection)">Chamber Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Elkin_Mathews" title="Charles Elkin Mathews">Elkin Mathews</a>, 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Joyce" title="Giacomo Joyce">Giacomo Joyce</a> (written 1907, posthumous publication by Faber & Faber, 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomes_Penyeach" title="Pomes Penyeach">Pomes Penyeach</a> (Shakespeare and Company, 1927)</li> <li>Collected Poems (<a href="/wiki/Black_Sun_Press" title="Black Sun Press">Black Sun Press</a>, 1936; includes Chamber Music, Pomes Penyeach and other previously published works)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Play">Play</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Play" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exiles_(play)" title="Exiles (play)">Exiles</a> (Grant Richards Ltd., 1918)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_non-fiction">Posthumous non-fiction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Posthumous non-fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The Critical Writings of James Joyce (Eds. Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann, 1959)</li> <li>Letters of James Joyce Vol. 1 (Ed. Stuart Gilbert, 1957)</li> <li>Letters of James Joyce Vol. 2 (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1966)</li> <li>Letters of James Joyce Vol. 3 (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1966)</li> <li>Selected Letters of James Joyce (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1975)</li> <li>Collected Epiphanies of James Joyce: A Critical Edition (Eds. Angus McFadzean, Morris Beja, Sangam Macduff, 2024)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Joyce was named after his paternal grandfather,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page53_53%5D-3">[3]</a> but his middle name was mistakenly registered as Augusta at the time of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page21_21%5D-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Joyce acquired his <a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">saint's name</a> Aloysius at his <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">confirmation</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page30_30%5D-6">[5]</a> in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page81_81%5D-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Joyce's fear of dogs may have been exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielberg1964%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486441seq1_42%E2%80%9344%5D-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> According to Irish artist Arthur Power, Joyce, who sometimes took his children and Power on a ride, once ordered the driver to turn home when a storm broke out. When Power asked "Why are you so afraid of thunder? Your children don't mind it." Joyce answered "Ah, they have no religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page513_513%E2%80%93514%5D-16">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> University College was part of the Royal University of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidd7AJjQU333ICpgPA5_5%5D-32">[28]</a> It became University College Dublin, one of three colleges in the new National University of Ireland, in 1908. The others were University College Galway and University College Cork.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolahan2010%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidPfFXarIhGqECpgPA757_757%5D%E2%80%93%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidPfFXarIhGqECpgPA758_758%5D-33">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Ibsen did not reply to the fan letter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage79_79%5D-40">[35]</a> but he had previously asked the Scottish critic <a href="/wiki/William_Archer_(critic)" title="William Archer (critic)">William Archer</a> to thank Joyce for his "very benevolent" review.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscriticalwritings00joycpage47_47%5D-41">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Joyce's dedicatory page to the play is all that is left: "To My own Soul I dedicate the first true work of my life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page78_78%5D-45">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Joyce's mother was initially diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis_of_the_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrhosis of the liver">cirrhosis of the liver</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage108_108%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page129_129%5D-61">[54]</a> Ellmann says that it became apparent she was actually dying of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page129_129%5D-62">[55]</a> This may reflect what Joyce's family came to believe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210%5D-63">[56]</a> but Gorman's 1939 biography of Joyce, which was edited by Joyce,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1991%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26283639seq5_90%E2%80%9393%5DWitemeyer1995%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473660seq8_530%5D-64">[57]</a> states that she died of cirrhosis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_110%5D-65">[58]</a> as does her death certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page760_760,_note_26]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage111_111]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page760_760,_note_26%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage111_111%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210%5D-66">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Gorman writes: "Mary Jane Joyce was dying in the sanctity of the bosom of her Church ... and her eldest son could only grieve that the two wills could not meet and mix. He was incapable of bending his knee to the powerful phantom, that once acknowledged, would devour him as it had devoured so many about him and half a civilisation as well."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_100%5D-71">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Though there is substantial circumstantial evidence supporting that date,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESultan2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285213seq2_28%E2%80%9329%5D-79">[70]</a> there is no direct documentary evidence confirming that Joyce and Nora's walk on the Ringsend actually occurred on this day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroula1990%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25485215seq1_857%E2%80%93859%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage27_27%5D-80">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Composer <a href="/wiki/Otto_Luening" title="Otto Luening">Otto Luening</a>, who knew Joyce in Trieste, described his voice as being "mellow and pleasant ... a nice Irish-Italian tenor ... very good for Italian operas of the 17th and 18th centuries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinBauerle1990%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831401seq10_43%E2%80%9344%5D-88">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The details of what happened immediately after the contest are unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiten2018%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3sxFDwAAQBAJpgPA10_10%E2%80%9311%5D-95">[84]</a> For example, Oliver Gogarty claims Joyce threw his medal into the Liffey,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGogarty1948%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksids9-uCwAAQBAJpgPA26_26%5D-96">[85]</a> but Joyce apparently gave the medal to his Aunt Josephine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page152_152%5DHutchins1950%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyesdublin0000unsepage88_88%5D-97">[86]</a> and it ended up being bought by the choreographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flatley" title="Michael Flatley">Michael Flatley</a> at an auction in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons2014-98">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Stephen Hero was published after Joyce's death in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonianTurner2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477965seq2_348%5D-106">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Though Joyce parodied Yeats in "Holy Office", he admired two short stories Yeats had written, "Tables of the Law" and "Adoration of the Magi". The former he memorised by heart and references to both were integrated into Joyce's "Stephen Hero".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrescott1954%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable27713665seq3_216%5D-110">[97]</a> Joyce admired Yeats's 1899 play <a href="/wiki/The_Countess_Cathleen" title="The Countess Cathleen">The Countess Cathleen</a> as well, which he translated into Italian in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1967%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyeatsjoyce11ellmpage448_448%E2%80%93450%5D-111">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The title Chamber Music had been suggested by Stanislaus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page154_154%5DJoyce1958-117">[103]</a> but Joyce accepted it as a <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a>, implying both the sound of <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> and the sound of urine falling in a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">chamber pot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage113_113%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118%5D-118">[104]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> According to Stanislaus, Russell and Joyce became acquainted through a common interest in <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">theosophy</a>, which he briefly explored after his mother's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1941%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3847704seq9_493%5D-122">[107]</a> Joyce's knowledge of theosophy appears in his later writing, particularly Finnegans Wake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1978%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476132seq1_201%5DPlatt2008%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable30244358seq1_281%E2%80%93282%5D-123">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Trieste is now in Italy. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> After less than an hour in Trieste, Joyce found himself arrested and jailed when he got into the middle of an altercation between three sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and Austro-Hungarian police. He had to be released by the British Vice-Consul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq4_670%5DStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq1_361%5D-135">[118]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> It is now called Pula and is in Croatia. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> It was later rumoured that Joyce had been evicted from Pola when the Austrians—having discovered an espionage ring in the city—expelled all <a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">aliens</a>, but the evidence suggests that he moved because the position in Trieste was better.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage22_22%E2%80%9323%5DStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq3_363%5D-145">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Joyce's son was named Giorgio when he was born, but later preferred to be called George.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFargnoliGillespie1996%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycetozess0000farg_a0q1page118_118%5D-150">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Joyce's Triestine colleague, the writer <a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Italo Svevo</a> states that with the exception of some stories of Dubliners and the "songs" of Chamber Music, "All his other works down to Ulysses were born in Trieste".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen7_1%5D-162">[141]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Regarding the role of Trieste on the creation of Ulysses, Svevo states "To the Irish critic [Earnest] Boyd, who asserted that Ulysses was merely the product of pre-war thought in Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Larbaud" title="Valery Larbaud">Valery Larbaud</a> replied 'Yes, in so far as it came to maturity in Trieste'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen11_3%E2%80%934%5D-168">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> In October, Joyce wrote "I have a new story for Dubliners in my head. It deals with Mr. [Alfred] Hunter", the man who was picked him after he was beaten in 1904. In November, he first mentioned the title of the story as "Ulysses", and in Feb 1907, he mentioned "Ulysses" along with "The Dead" and three other stories that never appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage168_168],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage190_190],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage209_209]_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage168_168%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage190_190%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage209_209%5D-182">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Richard Ellmann</a>'s biography, a number of later biographers also state the attack was due to rheumatic fever,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2019%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA536_536%5D%E2%80%93%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA537_537%5D-200">[176]</a> but evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> may have been the cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477818seq17_469%5D-201">[177]</a> It may have been the cause of Joyce's eye problems too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page289_289–290]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage391_391–392]Ferris1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC68eBgAAQBAJpgPA5_5]Hayden2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5page241_241–242]McCourt2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA537_537]_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page289_289%E2%80%93290%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage391_391%E2%80%93392%5DFerris1995%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidC68eBgAAQBAJpgPA5_5%5DHayden2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailspoxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5page241_241%E2%80%93242%5DMcCourt2019%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA537_537%5D-202">[178]</a> The physician <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lyons" title="J. B. Lyons">J. B. Lyons</a> makes a case that the cause was <a href="/wiki/Reiter%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiter's syndrome">Reiter's syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1973%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemedici0000lyonpage205_205%5D-203">[179]</a> though he later suggested that this occurred as an aftereffect of a venereal infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2000306-204">[180]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Lucia was named after the patron saint of eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page262_262%5D-208">[183]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Eva became homesick and returned to Dublin after little more than a year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page410_310%5D-224">[198]</a> but Eileen stayed on the continent, eventually marrying a <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czech</a> bank cashier, Frantisek Schaurek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelimata1981%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476405_45%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page384_384%E2%80%93385%5D-225">[199]</a> The Irish actor <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Joyce" title="Paddy Joyce">Paddy Joyce</a> is their son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelimata1981%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476405seq4_48%5D,_%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476405seq18_62%5D-226">[200]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> It was in the midst of these frustrations with Richards in 1911 that Joyce was alleged to have thrown the manuscript of the first three chapters of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man into a stove fire, only to have it rescued by Eileen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage197_197%5D-233">[206]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> The literary critic <a href="/wiki/Mary_Colum" title="Mary Colum">Mary Colum</a>, who was personally well-acquainted with Joyce, reports him as saying: "Pound took me out of the gutter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColum1947%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsLifeAndTheDreampagen395_383%5D-239">[211]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> In 1920, Joyce wrote that the Irish press reported him as the founder of Dada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage22_22%5D-267">[238]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Budgen wrote: "Joyce, if asked, what he did during the Great War, could reply: 'I wrote Ulysses.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage190_190%5D-277">[247]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Quinn was an early supporter of Joyce's work in the United States. (cf., <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1917">Quinn 1917</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> became involved in smuggling copies of Ulysses into the United States from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage85_85%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage312_312%E2%80%93313%5D-316">[284]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> In March 1923, Joyce wrote "Yesterday I wrote two pages—the first I have since the final Yes of Ulysses. Having found a pen, with some difficulty I copied them out in a large handwriting on a double sheet of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foolscap" class="extiw" title="wikt:foolscap">foolscap</a> so that I could read them. Il lupo perde il pelo ma non il vizio, the Italians say. 'The wolf may lose his skin but not his vice' or 'the leopard cannot change his spots."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage202_202%5D-321">[288]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Joyce met <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> in Paris in 1923. Eliot became a strong advocate of Joyce's work, arranging publication of parts of Work in Progress, the first complete edition of Finnegans Wake with <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a> and editing the first anthology of Joyce's work the year after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486740_79%5DNadel1990%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25485058seq4_512%E2%80%93513%5D-332">[298]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> He still retained his sense of humour and appreciation of music during these difficult times. For example, Joyce heard the composer <a href="/wiki/Othmar_Schoeck" title="Othmar Schoeck">Othmar Schoeck</a>'s Song Cycle based on the poems of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a>, Lebendig begraben [Buried Alive] while visiting Zurich in 1935. Afterwards, he went to Schoeck's house unannounced and dressed as a tramp to introduce himself to him. Afterwards, he obtained Keller's poems and began to translate them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page669_669%5DGerber2010%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable23048756seq2_479%5D-345">[310]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> Jung also states: "It would never occur to me to class Ulysses as a product of schizophrenia ... Ulysses is no more a pathological product than modern art as a whole."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1952%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage117_117%5D-350">[314]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> A footnote that Joyce allowed in Gorman's biography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabat%C3%A92001%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidffDEK0AElo4CpgPA27_27%5D-367">[330]</a> which was written in the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1991%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26283639seq6_91%5D-368">[331]</a> states: "Among the many whose works he [Joyce] had read may be mentioned <a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a>, <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakunin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakunin">Bakunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage183_183,fn1%5D-369">[332]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> In 1918, Joyce declared himself "against every state",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page52_52%5D-377">[339]</a> and later in the 1930s he said of the defeated multi-ethnic Hapsburg Empire: "They called the Empire a ramshackle empire, I wish to God there were more such empires."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477811seq12_332%5D-378">[340]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> When Joyce had to renew his passport while residing in Paris during 1935, he wrote Georgio afterwards: "Giorni fa dovevo far rinnovare il mio passaporto. L'impiegato mi disse che aveva ordini di mandare gente come me alla legazione irlandese. Insistetti ed ottenni un altro." [A few days ago I had to have my [British] passport renewed. The clerk told me that he had orders to send people like me to the Irish legation. I insisted and got another one.]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage353_353%E2%80%93354%5D-389">[350]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> Svevo writes: "He is twice a rebel, against England and against Ireland. He hates England and would like to transform Ireland. Yet he belongs so much to England that like a great many of his Irish predecessors he will fill pages of English literary history."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen23_15%E2%80%9316_%5D-395">[355]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> In 1904 Joyce declared to Nora, who he had just recently met: "My mind rejects the whole present social order and Christianity—home, the recognised virtues, classes of life and religious doctrines ... Six years ago I left the Catholic church, hating it most fervently. I found it impossible for me to remain in it on account of the impulses of my nature. I made secret war upon it when I was a student and declined to accept the positions it offered me. By doing this I made myself a beggar, but I retained my pride. Now I make open war upon it by what I write and say and do."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage48_48%E2%80%9349%5D-399">[358]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> Stanislaus wrote: "It has become a fashion with some of my brother's critics ... to represent him as a man pining for the ancient Church he had abandoned, and at a loss for moral support without the religion in which he was bred. Nothing could be further from the truth. I am convinced that there was never any crisis of belief. The vigor of life within him drove him out of the church".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage130_130%5D-401">[359]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> Colum states: "I have never known anyone with a mind so fundamentally Catholic in structure as Joyce's own, or one on whom the Church, its ceremonies, symbols, and theological declarations had made such an impress".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColum1947%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsLifeAndTheDreampagen393_381%5D-405">[362]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> Joyce told Stanislaus "The Mass on Good Friday seems to me a very great drama."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage104_104%5D-408">[364]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> When a Catholic priest offered to perform a religious service for Joyce's burial, Nora declined, saying, "I couldn't do that to him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page742_742%5D-412">[367]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> Svevo writes that "what is fundamental in Joyce can be found entire in [Dubliners]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen27_20%5D-428">[382]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> This structure was not part of the original conception of Ulysses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFludernik1986[httpswwwjstororgstable25476719seq12_184]Groden2007[httpswwwjstororgstable25571018seq7_223]Litz1964[httpsarchiveorgdetailsartofjamesjoycem0000litzpage34_34]_439-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFludernik1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476719seq12_184%5DGroden2007%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25571018seq7_223%5DLitz1964%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsartofjamesjoycem0000litzpage34_34%5D-439">[392]</a> but by 1921, Joyce was circulating two versions of this structure, known as the <a href="/wiki/Linati_schema_for_Ulysses" title="Linati schema for Ulysses">Linati schema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_schema_for_Ulysses" title="Gilbert schema for Ulysses">Gilbert schema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerson2017%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26798610seq16_55%5D-440">[393]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge2013">Attridge 2013</a> also critiques interpreting Finnegans Wake as a dream narrative. </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFTMOn.d.">TMO n.d.</a> and <a href="#CITEREFNastasi2014">Nastasi 2014</a> for examples of various authors' responses to Joyce. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page505_505];_789,_n._27-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page505_505%5D;_789,_n._27_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/505">505</a>; 789, n. 27: Cited from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Power, Arthur (n.d.). From an Old Waterford House. London. pp. 63–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+an+Old+Waterford+House&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage19_19]-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage19_19%5D_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/19">19</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page53_53]-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page53_53%5D_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/53">53</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page21_21]-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page21_21%5D_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/21">21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page30_30]-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page30_30%5D_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/30">30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page81_81]-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page81_81%5D_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/81">81</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage19_19]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page23_23]-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage19_19%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page23_23%5D_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/19">19</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/23">23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacksonCostello1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage20_20]-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage20_20%5D_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacksonCostello1998">Jackson & Costello 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/20">20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage37_37]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage4_4]-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage37_37%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage4_4%5D_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeach1959">Beach 1959</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/37">37</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/4">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielberg1964[httpswwwjstororgstable25486441seq1_42–44]-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielberg1964%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486441seq1_42%E2%80%9344%5D_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpielberg1964">Spielberg 1964</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486441?seq=1">42–44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage43_43]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage328_328]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage18_18]-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage43_43%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage328_328%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage18_18%5D_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeach1959">Beach 1959</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/43">43</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/328">328</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/18">18</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage25_25]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page63_63–64]-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage25_25%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page63_63%E2%80%9364%5D_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/25">25</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/63">63–64</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page513_513–514]-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page513_513%E2%80%93514%5D_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/513">513–514</a>: Vignette cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Power, Arthur (n.d.). From an Old Waterford House. London. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+an+Old+Waterford+House&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage38_38]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page33_33]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage44_44–45]-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage38_38%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page33_33%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage44_44%E2%80%9345%5D_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/38">38</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/33">33</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/44">44–45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page33_33]JacksonCostello1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage170_170]-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page33_33%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage170_170%5D_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/33">33</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJacksonCostello1998">Jackson & Costello 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/170">170</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofirelan0000mccapage198_198–199]-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofirelan0000mccapage198_198%E2%80%93199%5D_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCaffrey2006">McCaffrey 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofirelan0000mcca/page/198">198–199</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofirelan0000mccapage200_200]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofirelan0000mccapage200_200%5D_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCaffrey2006">McCaffrey 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofirelan0000mcca/page/200">200</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page34_34–35]JacksonCostello1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage172_172–173]-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page34_34%E2%80%9335%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage172_172%E2%80%93173%5D_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/34">34–35</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJacksonCostello1998">Jackson & Costello 1998</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/172">172–173</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage38_38]JacksonCostello1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage173_173]-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage38_38%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage173_173%5D_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/38">38</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJacksonCostello1998">Jackson & Costello 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/173">173</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page34_34]JacksonCostello1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage176_176]-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page34_34%5DJacksonCostello1998%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjohnstanislausjo00jackpage176_176%5D_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/34">34</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJacksonCostello1998">Jackson & Costello 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/176">176</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page27_27,_32,_34]-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page27_27,_32,_34%5D_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/27">27, 32, 34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page35_35]-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page35_35%5D_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/35">35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page132_132]McCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage22_22]-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page132_132%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage22_22%5D_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/132">132</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/22">22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage9_9–10]-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage9_9%E2%80%9310%5D_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSullivan1958">Sullivan 1958</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceamongjesuit00sull/page/9">9–10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage105_105]-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage105_105%5D_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSullivan1958">Sullivan 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceamongjesuit00sull/page/105">105</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManglaviti2000[httpswwwjstororgstable25474127seq2_215]-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManglaviti2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25474127seq2_215%5D_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManglaviti2000">Manglaviti 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25474127?seq=2">215</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENIAHn.d.-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENIAHn.d._31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNIAHn.d.">NIAH n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidd7AJjQU333ICpgPA5_5]-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidd7AJjQU333ICpgPA5_5%5D_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2001">White 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7AJjQU333IC&pg=PA5">5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolahan2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPfFXarIhGqECpgPA757_757]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPfFXarIhGqECpgPA758_758]-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolahan2010%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidPfFXarIhGqECpgPA757_757%5D%E2%80%93%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidPfFXarIhGqECpgPA758_758%5D_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoolahan2010">Coolahan 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA757">757</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA758">758</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page58_58–60]-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page58_58%E2%80%9360%5D_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/58">58–60</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoon1957[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceaquinas0000noonpage6_6]Sullivan1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage170_170]-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoon1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceaquinas0000noonpage6_6%5DSullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage170_170%5D_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoon1957">Noon 1957</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceaquinas0000noon/page/6">6</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSullivan1958">Sullivan 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceamongjesuit00sull/page/170">170</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page60_61]-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page60_61%5D_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/60">61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage86_86]-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage86_86%5D_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage86_86%5D_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/86">86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage72_72–73]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page86_86–87]-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage72_72%E2%80%9373%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page86_86%E2%80%9387%5D_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/72">72–73</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/86">86–87</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage79_79]-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage79_79%5D_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/79">79</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailscriticalwritings00joycpage47_47]-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscriticalwritings00joycpage47_47%5D_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1959">Joyce 1959</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalwritings00joyc/page/47">47</a>: "Ibsen's New Drama" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page168_158]Joyce1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage115_115]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page168_158%5DJoyce1950%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage115_115%5D_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/168">158</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1950">Joyce 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/115">115</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage27_27]-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage27_27%5D_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/27">27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page78_78]-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page78_78%5D_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/78">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENAIn.d.-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENAIn.d._47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNAIn.d.">NAI n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77]O'Connor1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbashintunneljame0000ryanpage76_76]-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage77_77%5DO'Connor1970%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbashintunneljame0000ryanpage76_76%5D_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/77">77</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/77">77</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1970">O'Connor 1970</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bashintunneljame0000ryan/page/76">76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1901[httpsarchiveorgdetailstwoessaysforgott00skefrichpage7_7–8]-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1901%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailstwoessaysforgott00skefrichpage7_7%E2%80%938%5D_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1901">Joyce 1901</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twoessaysforgott00skefrich/page/7">7–8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsecojoyceenvironm0000unse_xv]-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsecojoyceenvironm0000unse_xv%5D_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFogarty2014">Fogarty 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecojoyceenvironm0000unse">xv</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECope1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycescitiesarch0000copepage34_34]-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECope1981%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycescitiesarch0000copepage34_34%5D_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCope1981">Cope 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycescitiesarch0000cope/page/34">34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2012Kenny2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-TbLDwAAQBAJpgPP84_84],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-TbLDwAAQBAJpgPP149_149]-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2012Kenny2020%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-TbLDwAAQBAJpgPP84_84%5D,_%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-TbLDwAAQBAJpgPP149_149%5D_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJordan2012">Jordan 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKenny2020">Kenny 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TbLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP84">84</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TbLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP149">149</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage91_91]-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage91_91%5D_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/91">91</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage90_90]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104]Hutchins1957[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOFSFCwAAQBAJpgPA53_53]-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage90_90%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104%5DHutchins1957%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidOFSFCwAAQBAJpgPA53_53%5D_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/90">90</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/104">104</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHutchins1957">Hutchins 1957</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">53</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage92_92–93]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage92_91]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104–106]-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage92_92%E2%80%9393%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage92_91%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page104_104%E2%80%93106%5D_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/92">92–93</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/92">91</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/104">104–106</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page112_112–113]-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page112_112%E2%80%93113%5D_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/112">112–113</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage98_98]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page100_100]-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage98_98%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page100_100%5D_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/100">100</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/98">98</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/100">100</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page204_204]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage94_94]-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage100_100%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page204_204%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage94_94%5D_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/100">100</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/204">204</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/94">94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page113_113]-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page113_113%5D_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/113">113</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page122_122]O'Brien2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage18_18]-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page122_122%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage18_18%5D_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/122">122</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2000">O'Brien 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/18">18</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage108_108]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page129_129]-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage108_108%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page129_129%5D_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/108">108</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/129">129</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page129_129]-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page129_129%5D_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/129">129</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210]-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210%5D_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/210">210</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1991[httpswwwjstororgstable26283639seq5_90–93]Witemeyer1995[httpswwwjstororgstable25473660seq8_530]-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadel1991%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26283639seq5_90%E2%80%9393%5DWitemeyer1995%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473660seq8_530%5D_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadel1991">Nadel 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26283639?seq=5">90–93</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWitemeyer1995">Witemeyer 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473660?seq=8">530</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_110]-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_110%5D_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/110">110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page760_760,_note_26]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage111_111]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210]-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page760_760,_note_26%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage111_111%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210%5D_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/760">760, note 26</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/111">111</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/210">210</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage106_106]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210]-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage106_106%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page210_210%5D_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/106">106</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/210">210</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2018[httpswwwjstororgstablejctv8j3xd4refreqidexcelsior3A15d42a5437f519a20f2d52ae5bb70381seq1_11–13]Joyce1966a[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage383_383]-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabler2018%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstablejctv8j3xd4refreqidexcelsior3A15d42a5437f519a20f2d52ae5bb70381seq1_11%E2%80%9313%5DJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage383_383%5D_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGabler2018">Gabler 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8j3xd.4?refreqid=excelsior%3A15d42a5437f519a20f2d52ae5bb70381&seq=1">11–13</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1966a">Joyce 1966a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/383">383</a>: Letter from May Joyce, 1 September 1916 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage108_108]-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage108_108%5D_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/108">108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_100]-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_100%5D_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/110">100</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page136_136]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_110]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage234_234]-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page136_136%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage110_110%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage234_234%5D_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/136">136</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/110">110</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/234">234</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage234_234]O'Brien2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage19_19]-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage234_234%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage19_19%5D_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/234">234</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2000">O'Brien 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/19">19</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page212_212]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page143_143–144]O'Brien2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage26_26]-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page212_212%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page143_143%E2%80%93144%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage26_26%5D_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/212">212</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/143">143–144</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2000">O'Brien 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/26">26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage112_112]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage112_112]O'Brien2000-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage112_112%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage112_112%5DO'Brien2000_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/112">112</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/112">112</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2000">O'Brien 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage113_113]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page138_138–139]-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage113_113%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page138_138%E2%80%93139%5D_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/113">113</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/138">138–139</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage23_23–24]O'Brien2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage36_36]-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage23_23%E2%80%9324%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage36_36%5D_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/23">23–24</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2000">O'Brien 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/36">36</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESultan2000[httpswwwjstororgstable26285213seq2_28–29]-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESultan2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285213seq2_28%E2%80%9329%5D_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSultan2000">Sultan 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26285213?seq=2">28–29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroula1990[httpswwwjstororgstable25485215seq1_857–859]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage27_27]-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroula1990%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25485215seq1_857%E2%80%93859%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage27_27%5D_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFroula1990">Froula 1990</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25485215?seq=1">857–859</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/27">27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage122_122–123]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage122_122]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page156_156]-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage122_122%E2%80%93123%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage122_122%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page156_156%5D_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/122">122–123</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/122">122</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/156">156</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage37_37–38]-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage37_37%E2%80%9338%5D_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2000">O'Brien 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/37">37–38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpagen20_xix]-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpagen20_xix%5D_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/n20">xix</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage124_124]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page230_230–231]-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage124_124%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page230_230%E2%80%93231%5D_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/124">124</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/230">230–231</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage124_124]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage191_191],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage238_238]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page161_161–162]-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage124_124%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage191_191%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage238_238%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page161_161%E2%80%93162%5D_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/124">124</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/191">191</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/238">238</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/161">161–162</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiten2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3sxFDwAAQBAJpgPA2_2]-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiten2018%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3sxFDwAAQBAJpgPA2_2%5D_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiten2018">Witen 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sxFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinBauerle1990[httpswwwjstororgstable3831401seq10_43–44]-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinBauerle1990%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831401seq10_43%E2%80%9344%5D_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartinBauerle1990">Martin & Bauerle 1990</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831401?seq=10">43–44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuff1969[httpswwwjstororgstable25486770seq2_225]-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuff1969%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486770seq2_225%5D_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuff1969">Ruff 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486770?seq=2">225</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeis_Ceoiln.d.Joyce1950[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOrzPAAAAMAAJqCeoil_15]-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeis_Ceoiln.d.Joyce1950%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidOrzPAAAAMAAJqCeoil_15%5D_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeis_Ceoiln.d.">Feis Ceoil n.d.</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1950">Joyce 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrzPAAAAMAAJ&q=Ceoil">15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage46_46]-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage46_46%5D_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgartBauerle1997">Hodgart & Bauerle 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/46">46</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1905b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdublindiary00joycpage29_29]-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1905b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsdublindiary00joycpage29_29%5D_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1905b">Joyce 1905b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dublindiary00joyc/page/29">29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqwagCwAAQBAJpgPA218_218]O'Callaghan2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidegTeDwAAQBAJpgPA86_86]-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2016%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidqwagCwAAQBAJpgPA218_218%5DO'Callaghan2020%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidegTeDwAAQBAJpgPA86_86%5D_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowling2016">Dowling 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qwagCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218">218</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan2020">O'Callaghan 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egTeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiten2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3sxFDwAAQBAJpgPA10_10–11]-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiten2018%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3sxFDwAAQBAJpgPA10_10%E2%80%9311%5D_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiten2018">Witen 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sxFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGogarty1948[httpsbooksgooglecombooksids9-uCwAAQBAJpgPA26_26]-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGogarty1948%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksids9-uCwAAQBAJpgPA26_26%5D_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogarty1948">Gogarty 1948</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9-uCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page152_152]Hutchins1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyesdublin0000unsepage88_88]-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page152_152%5DHutchins1950%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyesdublin0000unsepage88_88%5D_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/152">152</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHutchins1950">Hutchins 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyesdublin0000unse/page/88">88</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons2014-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParsons2014_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParsons2014">Parsons 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page152_152]-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page152_152%5D_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/152">152</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1905b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdublindiary00joycpage36_37]-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1905b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsdublindiary00joycpage36_37%5D_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1905b">Joyce 1905b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dublindiary00joyc/page/36">37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage46_46]Ruff1969[httpswwwjstororgstable25486770seq2_225]-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage46_46%5DRuff1969%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486770seq2_225%5D_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgartBauerle1997">Hodgart & Bauerle 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/46">46</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRuff1969">Ruff 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486770?seq=2">225</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage48_48]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage39_39]-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage48_48%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage39_39%5D_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgartBauerle1997">Hodgart & Bauerle 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/48">48</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/39">39</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESMWJJn.d.-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESMWJJn.d._104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSMWJJn.d.">SMWJJ n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1904a-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1904a_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1904a">Joyce 1904a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamigonianTurner2003[httpswwwjstororgstable25477965seq2_348]-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamigonianTurner2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477965seq2_348%5D_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamigonianTurner2003">Mamigonian & Turner 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477965?seq=2">348</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1904b-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1904b_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1904b">Joyce 1904b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1950[httpswwwjstororgstable4333187seq14_631]-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1950%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333187seq14_631%5D_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1950">Ellmann 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4333187?seq=14">631</a>: (see <a href="#CITEREFYeats1892">Yeats 1892</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrescott1954[httpswwwjstororgstable27713665seq3_216]-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrescott1954%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable27713665seq3_216%5D_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrescott1954">Prescott 1954</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27713665?seq=3">216</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1967[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyeatsjoyce11ellmpage448_448–450]-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1967%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyeatsjoyce11ellmpage448_448%E2%80%93450%5D_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1967">Ellmann 1967</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yeatsjoyce11ellm/page/448">448–450</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page166_166]-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page166_166%5D_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/166">166</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage127_127]-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage127_127%5D_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/127">127</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page220_220]Ellmann1982-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page220_220%5DEllmann1982_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/220">220</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage115_115]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118]-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage115_115%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118%5D_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/115">115</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/118">118</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page154_154]Joyce1958-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page154_154%5DJoyce1958_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/154">154</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage113_113]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118]-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage113_113%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118%5D_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/113">113</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/118">118</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page228_228]-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page228_228%5D_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/228">228</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage126_126]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage126_126%5D_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/126">126</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1941[httpswwwjstororgstable3847704seq9_493]-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1941%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3847704seq9_493%5D_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1941">Joyce 1941</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3847704?&seq=9">493</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1978[httpswwwjstororgstable25476132seq1_201]Platt2008[httpswwwjstororgstable30244358seq1_281–282]-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1978%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476132seq1_201%5DPlatt2008%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable30244358seq1_281%E2%80%93282%5D_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarver1978">Carver 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476132?&seq=1">201</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPlatt2008">Platt 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30244358?seq=1">281–282</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page127_127]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118]-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page127_127%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage118_118%5D_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/127">127</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/118">118</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage126_126]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page229_229–230]-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage126_126%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page229_229%E2%80%93230%5D_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/126">126</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/229">229–230</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage131_131]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page175_175]-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage131_131%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page175_175%5D_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/130">130</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/131">131</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/175">175</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130–132]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page232_232]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page178_178–179]-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage130_130%E2%80%93132%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page232_232%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page178_178%E2%80%93179%5D_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/130">130–132</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/232">232</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/178">178–179</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage135_135]O'Brien2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage42_42–43]-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage135_135%5DO'Brien2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000obripage42_42%E2%80%9343%5D_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/135">135</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2000">O'Brien 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/42">42–43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page183_183–184]-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page183_183%E2%80%93184%5D_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/183">183–184</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page184_184]-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page184_184%5D_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/184">184</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZJJFn.d.Fischer2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPAPA8_9]-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZJJFn.d.Fischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPAPA8_9%5D_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZJJFn.d.">ZJJF n.d.</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IETEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA8">9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPAPA8_9]-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPAPA8_9%5D_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IETEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA8">9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011[httpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq4_670]Stanzel2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq1_361]-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq4_670%5DStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq1_361%5D_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2011">Bowker 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?&seq=4">670</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStanzel2001">Stanzel 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?seq=1">361</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage138_138]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page186_186]-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage138_138%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page186_186%5D_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/138">138</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/186">186</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage57_57]-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage57_57%5D_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/57">57</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page4_4]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page186_186–187]-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1922%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page4_4%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page186_186%E2%80%93187%5D_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancini_Bruni1922">Francini Bruni 1922</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/4">4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/186">186–187</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage139_139],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage56_56]-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage139_139%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage56_56%5D_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/139">139</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/142">142</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/56">56</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page189_189]JacksonMcGinley1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycesdubli0000joycpagen207_94]-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page189_189%5DJacksonMcGinley1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycesdubli0000joycpagen207_94%5D_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/189">189</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJacksonMcGinley1993">Jackson & McGinley 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycesdubli0000joyc/page/n207">94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1957[httpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage57_57]-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage57_57%5D_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1957">Joyce 1957</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letters00joyc/page/57">57</a>: Letter to Mrs William Murray [Aunt Josephine], New Year's Eve 1904 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142_]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page256_256]Stanzel2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq3_363]-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage142_142_%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page256_256%5DStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq3_363%5D_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/142">142 </a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/256">256</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStanzel2001">Stanzel 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?seq=3">363</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage22_22–23]Stanzel2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq3_363]-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage22_22%E2%80%9323%5DStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq3_363%5D_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/22">22–23</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStanzel2001">Stanzel 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?seq=3">363</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage235_235]-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage235_235%5D_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/235">235</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage45_45]-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage45_45%5D_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/45">45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage147_147]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage147_147]-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage147_147%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage147_147%5D_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/147">147</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/147">147</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFargnoliGillespie1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycetozess0000farg_a0q1page118_118]-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFargnoliGillespie1996%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycetozess0000farg_a0q1page118_118%5D_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFargnoliGillespie1996">Fargnoli & Gillespie 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycetozess0000farg_a0q1/page/118">118</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page204_204]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage39_39]-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page204_204%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage39_39%5D_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/204">204</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/39">39</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage150_150–151]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page212_211–213]-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage150_150%E2%80%93151%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page212_211%E2%80%93213%5D_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/150">150–151</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/212">211–213</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1947[httpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page39_39–40]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page214_214]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage76_76]-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1947%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page39_39%E2%80%9340%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page214_214%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage76_76%5D_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancini_Bruni1947">Francini Bruni 1947</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/39">39–40</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/214">214</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/76">76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page207_207]-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page207_207%5D_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/207">207</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroden1984[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompaniontojoyce00etatpage80_80–81]-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroden1984%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscompaniontojoyce00etatpage80_80%E2%80%9381%5D_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGroden1984">Groden 1984</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontojoyce00etat/page/80">80–81</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Hutton2003[httpswwwjstororgstable24295682seq4_498–500]-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Hutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682seq4_498%E2%80%93500%5D_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHutton2003">Hutton 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295682?seq=4">498–500</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003[httpswwwjstororgstable24295682seq9_503]-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682seq9_503%5D_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton2003">Hutton 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295682?seq=9">503</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage44_44–45]-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage44_44%E2%80%9345%5D_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/44">44–45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1926[httpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page74_74]-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1926%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page74_74%5D_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank1926">Frank 1926</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/74">74</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyMcCourt2000[httpswwwradionetherlandsarchivesorgjames-joyce-in-trieste_4:13–4:17]Rocco-Bergera1972[httpswwwjstororgstable25486995seq1_342–349]-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyMcCourt2000%5Bhttpswwwradionetherlandsarchivesorgjames-joyce-in-trieste_4:13%E2%80%934:17%5DRocco-Bergera1972%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486995seq1_342%E2%80%93349%5D_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawleyMcCourt2000">Hawley & McCourt 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/james-joyce-in-trieste">4:13–4:17</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRocco-Bergera1972">Rocco-Bergera 1972</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486995?&seq=1">342–349</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen7_1]-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen7_1%5D_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvevo1927">Svevo 1927</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n7">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocco-Bergera1972[httpswwwjstororgstable25486995seq3_344]-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocco-Bergera1972%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486995seq3_344%5D_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocco-Bergera1972">Rocco-Bergera 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486995?seq=3">344</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawleyMcCourt2000[httpswwwradionetherlandsarchivesorgjames-joyce-in-trieste_1:20–1:30]-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawleyMcCourt2000%5Bhttpswwwradionetherlandsarchivesorgjames-joyce-in-trieste_1:20%E2%80%931:30%5D_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawleyMcCourt2000">Hawley & McCourt 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/james-joyce-in-trieste">1:20–1:30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen10_3]-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen10_3%5D_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvevo1927">Svevo 1927</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n10">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Greco_Lobner1985[httpswwwjstororgstable25477575_73]McCourt1999b[httpswwwjstororgstable25473995seq1_85]-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Greco_Lobner1985%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477575_73%5DMcCourt1999b%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473995seq1_85%5D_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFdel_Greco_Lobner1985">del Greco Lobner 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477575">73</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999b">McCourt 1999b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473995&seq1">85</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen11_3–4]-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen11_3%E2%80%934%5D_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvevo1927">Svevo 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n11">3–4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECriseRocco-BergeraDalton1969[httpswwwjstororgstable25486807seq1_65–69]Zanotti2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477816seq13_423]-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECriseRocco-BergeraDalton1969%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486807seq1_65%E2%80%9369%5DZanotti2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477816seq13_423%5D_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCriseRocco-BergeraDalton1969">Crise, Rocco-Bergera & Dalton 1969</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486807?&seq=1">65–69</a>; <a href="#CITEREFZanotti2001">Zanotti 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477816?seq=13">423</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1993McCourt200060–62-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1993McCourt200060%E2%80%9362_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1993">Lang 1993</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, pp. 60–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJJC2014-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJJC2014_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJJC2014">JJC 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage218_218]-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage218_218%5D_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1966a">Joyce 1966a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/218">218</a>: Letter to Stanislaus Joyce, 1 March 1907 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page222_222]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page222_222]-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page222_222%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page222_222%5D_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/222">222</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/222">222</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_9–10]-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_9%E2%80%9310%5D_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelchiori1984a">Melchiori 1984a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">9–10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnorati1984[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_24–26]-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnorati1984%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_24%E2%80%9326%5D_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOnorati1984">Onorati 1984</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">24–26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_10–11]-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_10%E2%80%9311%5D_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelchiori1984a">Melchiori 1984a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">10–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoo1988[httpswwwjstororgstable3831561seq1_481–482]-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoo1988%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831561seq1_481%E2%80%93482%5D_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoo1988">Spoo 1988</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831561?seq=1">481–482</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage160_160],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage163_163]-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage160_160%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage163_163%5D_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/160">160</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/163">163</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page270_270]Ellmann1958[httpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq3_509],_[httpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq5_511]-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page270_270%5DEllmann1958%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq3_509%5D,_%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq5_511%5D_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/270">270</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1958">Ellmann 1958</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4333899&seq=3">509</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4333899&seq=5">511</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage162_163]Humphreys1979[httpswwwjstororgstable25476189seq12_252]-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage162_163%5DHumphreys1979%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476189seq12_252%5D_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/162">163</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1979">Humphreys 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476189?seq=12">252</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage168_168],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage190_190],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage209_209]-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage168_168%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage190_190%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage209_209%5D_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1966a">Joyce 1966a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/168">168</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/190">190</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/209">209</a>: Letters to Stanislaus Joyce, 4 October 1906, 13 November 1906, 6 February 1907, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage50_50]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page270_270]-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage50_50%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page270_270%5D_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/50">50</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/270">270</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage68_68–69]-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage68_68%E2%80%9369%5D_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/68">68–69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1986[httpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq2_302]-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadel1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq2_302%5D_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadel1986">Nadel 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396219?seq=2">302</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page230_230]Humphreys1979[httpswwwjstororgstable25476189seq12_252]Manganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage52_52]Melchiori1984b[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_43]-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page230_230%5DHumphreys1979%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476189seq12_252%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage52_52%5DMelchiori1984b%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_43%5D_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/230">230</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1979">Humphreys 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476189?seq=12">252</a>; <a href="#CITEREFManganiello1980">Manganiello 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/52">52</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMelchiori1984b">Melchiori 1984b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage160_160],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage162_162]Melchiori1984a[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_10]-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage160_160%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage162_162%5DMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_10%5D_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/160">160</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/162">162</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMelchiori1984a">Melchiori 1984a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShloss2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page46_46–47]-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page46_46%E2%80%9347%5D_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShloss2005">Shloss 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/46">46–47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_11]-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelchiori1984a%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210209102032httpsthejamesjoyceitalianfoundationfileswordpresscom200909joyceinromewebpdf_11%5D_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelchiori1984a">Melchiori 1984a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage166_166]-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage166_166%5D_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/166">166</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaley1964[httpswwwjstororgstable25486462seq3_61]-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaley1964%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486462seq3_61%5D_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaley1964">Staley 1964</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486462?seq=3">61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page272_272]Nadel1986[httpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq1_301]-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page272_272%5DNadel1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq1_301%5D_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/272">272</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNadel1986">Nadel 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396219?seq=1">301</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaley1963[httpswwwjstororgstable476822seq1_334]Rocco-Bergera1972[httpswwwjstororgstable26278931seq1_116]-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaley1963%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable476822seq1_334%5DRocco-Bergera1972%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26278931seq1_116%5D_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaley1963">Staley 1963</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/476822?seq=1">334</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRocco-Bergera1972">Rocco-Bergera 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26278931?seq=1">116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage176_176]Davison1994[httpswwwjstororgstable3194849seq2_70]-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage176_176%5DDavison1994%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3194849seq2_70%5D_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/176">176</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavison1994">Davison 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3194849?seq=2">70</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeintrodu0000bulspage8_8]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page271_271]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage84_84–85]Mason1956[httpswwwjstororgstable440499seq3_117]-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeintrodu0000bulspage8_8%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page271_271%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage84_84%E2%80%9385%5DMason1956%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable440499seq3_117%5D_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulson2006">Bulson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000buls/page/8">8</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/271">271</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/84">84–85</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMason1956">Mason 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/440499?seq=3">117</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage84_84–85]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage92_92]-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage84_84%E2%80%9385%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage92_92%5D_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/84">84–85</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/92">92</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuillian19747-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuillian19747_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuillian1974">Quillian 1974</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage169_169]Beja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage50_50]Costello1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page274_274]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage176_176]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page262_262]-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage169_169%5DBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage50_50%5DCostello1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7page274_274%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage176_176%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page262_262%5D_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/169">169</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/50">50</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCostello1992">Costello 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/274">274</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/176">176</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/262">262</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA536_536]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA537_537]-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2019%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA536_536%5D%E2%80%93%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA537_537%5D_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2019">McCourt 2019</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2ZuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA536">536</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2ZuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA537">537</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477818seq17_469]-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477818seq17_469%5D_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchneider2001">Schneider 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477818?&seq=17">469</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page289_289–290]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage391_391–392]Ferris1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidC68eBgAAQBAJpgPA5_5]Hayden2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5page241_241–242]McCourt2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA537_537]-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page289_289%E2%80%93290%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage391_391%E2%80%93392%5DFerris1995%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidC68eBgAAQBAJpgPA5_5%5DHayden2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailspoxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5page241_241%E2%80%93242%5DMcCourt2019%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2ZuDwAAQBAJpgPA537_537%5D_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirmingham2014">Birmingham 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5/page/289">289–290</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/391">391–392</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFerris1995">Ferris 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C68eBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHayden2003">Hayden 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5/page/241">241–242</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2019">McCourt 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2ZuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA537">537</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1973[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemedici0000lyonpage205_205]-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1973%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemedici0000lyonpage205_205%5D_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyons1973">Lyons 1973</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycemedici0000lyon/page/205">205</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2000306-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2000306_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyons2000">Lyons 2000</a>, p. 306: "The iritis may have been caused by ... Reiter's disease. This follows a chlamydial infection; This may have been acquired during a carousal ... on his return to Trieste from Rome." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page256_256]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page268_28]-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page256_256%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page268_28%5D_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirmingham2014">Birmingham 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5/page/256">256</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/268">28</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage168_168]Pelaschiar1999[httpswwwjstororgstable25473993seq6_66–67]-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage168_168%5DPelaschiar1999%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473993seq6_66%E2%80%9367%5D_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/168">168</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPelaschiar1999">Pelaschiar 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473993?&seq=6">66–67</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page262_262]-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page262_262%5D_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/262">262</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1958[httpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq6_512_512.]-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1958%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4333899seq6_512_512.%5D_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1958">Ellmann 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4333899?seq=6">512 512.</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs2011[httpswwwjstororgstable24598883_637]-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598883_637%5D_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriggs2011">Briggs 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598883">637</a>:(cf., <a href="#CITEREFKelly2011">Kelly 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598882?&seq=24">626</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage173_173]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page268_268]-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage173_173%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page268_268%5D_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/173">173</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/268">268</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage176_173]-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage176_173%5D_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/176">173</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollettieri_Bosinelli2013[httpswwwjstororgstable24598738seq2_1115]-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollettieri_Bosinelli2013%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598738seq2_1115%5D_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBollettieri_Bosinelli2013">Bollettieri Bosinelli 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598738?seq=2">1115</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage52_52]-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage52_52%5D_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgartBauerle1997">Hodgart & Bauerle 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/52">52</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page267_267]-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page267_267%5D_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/267">267</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page276_276]-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page276_276%5D_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/276">276</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage181_181]-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage181_181%5D_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/181">181</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003[httpswwwjstororgstable24295682_495]-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682_495%5D_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton2003">Hutton 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295682">495</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage195_195–196]-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage195_195%E2%80%93196%5D_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/195">195–196</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESicker2006[httpswwwjstororgstable25570961_99–100]-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESicker2006%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25570961_99%E2%80%93100%5D_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSicker2006">Sicker 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25570961">99–100</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage146_146]–[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage146_147]-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage146_146%5D%E2%80%93%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage146_147%5D_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/146">146</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/146">147</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage190_180–191]-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage190_180%E2%80%93191%5D_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/190">180–191</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page410_310]-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page410_310%5D_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/410">310</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelimata1981[httpswwwjstororgstable25476405_45]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page384_384–385]-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelimata1981%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476405_45%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page384_384%E2%80%93385%5D_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelimata1981">Delimata 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476405">45</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/384">384–385</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelimata1981[httpswwwjstororgstable25476405seq4_48],_[httpswwwjstororgstable25476405seq18_62]-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelimata1981%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476405seq4_48%5D,_%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476405seq18_62%5D_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelimata1981">Delimata 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476405?seq=4">48</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476405?seq=18">62</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page311_311–313]-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page311_311%E2%80%93313%5D_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/311">311–313</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJMT2013-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJMT2013_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJMT2013">JMT 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerroneJoyce1976[httpswwwjstororgstable3830952_3]-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerroneJoyce1976%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3830952_3%5D_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerroneJoyce1976">Berrone & Joyce 1976</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830952">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage198_198–199]-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage198_198%E2%80%93199%5D_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/198">198–199</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage206_206]-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage206_206%5D_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/206">206</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage197_197]-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage197_197%5D_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/197">197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailscriticalwritings00joycpage242_242–245]-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscriticalwritings00joycpage242_242%E2%80%93245%5D_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1959">Joyce 1959</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalwritings00joyc/page/242">242–245</a>: "Gas from a Burner" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage204_204–205]-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage204_204%E2%80%93205%5D_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/204">204–205</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage212_212]-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage212_212%5D_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/212">212</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2003[httpswwwjstororgstable24295682_495–496]-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24295682_495%E2%80%93496%5D_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutton2003">Hutton 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295682">495–496</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColum1947[httpsarchiveorgdetailsLifeAndTheDreampagen395_383]-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColum1947%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsLifeAndTheDreampagen395_383%5D_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColum1947">Colum 1947</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LifeAndTheDream/page/n395">383</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage93_93]-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage93_93%5D_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/93">93</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1993[httpswwwjstororgstable26635100_21]Walkiewicz1982[httpswwwjstororgstable24725366seq2_512]-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1993%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26635100_21%5DWalkiewicz1982%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24725366seq2_512%5D_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly1993">Kelly 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26635100">21</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWalkiewicz1982">Walkiewicz 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24725366?seq=2">512</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage211_211]-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage211_211%5D_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/211">211</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler1974[httpswwwjstororgstable40371587_1]-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabler1974%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable40371587_1%5D_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGabler1974">Gabler 1974</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40371587">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrivic1968[httpswwwjstororgstable25486737_29]-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrivic1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486737_29%5D_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrivic1968">Brivic 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486737">29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage214_214]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage196_196–197]-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage214_214%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage196_196%E2%80%93197%5D_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/214">214</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/196">196–197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page389_389]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage246_246]-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page389_389%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage246_246%5D_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/217">217</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/389">389</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/246">246</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoo1986[httpswwwjstororgstable441379seq2_137]-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoo1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable441379seq2_137%5D_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpoo1986">Spoo 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/441379?&seq=2">137</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage71_71]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage245_245–247]-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage71_71%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage245_245%E2%80%93247%5D_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/71">71</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/245">245–247</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanzel2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq4_364–365]-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq4_364%E2%80%93365%5D_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanzel2001">Stanzel 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?&seq=4">364–365</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page386_386]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage106_106],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage116_116]-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage217_217%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page386_386%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage106_106%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage116_116%5D_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/217">217</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/386">386</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/106">106</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/116">116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanzel2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq5_365]-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanzel2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477813seq5_365%5D_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanzel2001">Stanzel 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?&seq=5">365</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPA15_15]McCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage76_76]-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPA15_15%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage76_76%5D_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IETEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">15</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/76">76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage75_75–76]McCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage82_82]-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage75_75%E2%80%9376%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage82_82%5D_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/75">75–76</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/82">82</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132]-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/132">132</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage82_82]-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage82_82%5D_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/82">82</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage234_234],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage238_238]-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage234_234%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage238_238%5D_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/234">234</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/238">238</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage228_228]Grandt2003[httpswwwjstororgstable26285204_78]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage141_141]-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage228_228%5DGrandt2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285204_78%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage141_141%5D_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/228">228</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGrandt2003">Grandt 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26285204">78</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/141">141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage232_232]-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage232_232%5D_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/78">78</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/232">232</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage142_142]Borach1931[httpswwwjstororgstable371650seq1_325]-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage142_142%5DBorach1931%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable371650seq1_325%5D_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/233">233</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/142">142</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBorach1931">Borach 1931</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/371650?seq=1">325</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuter1926[httpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page61_61]-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuter1926%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page61_61%5D_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuter1926">Suter 1926</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/61">61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage9_9–15]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233]-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage9_9%E2%80%9315%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233%5D_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudgen1934">Budgen 1934</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycemaking00budg/page/9">9–15</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/233">233</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1979[httpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page59_59]-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1979%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page59_59%5D_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1979">Potts 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/59">59</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page603_603]Zweig1941[httpsarchiveorgdetailsworldofyesterday00zweipage275_275]-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page603_603%5DZweig1941%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsworldofyesterday00zweipage275_275%5D_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/603">603</a>; <a href="#CITEREFZweig1941">Zweig 1941</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofyesterday00zwei/page/275">275</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1989[httpswwwjstororgstable3831378seq11_151]-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadel1989%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831378seq11_151%5D_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadel1989">Nadel 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831378?seq=11">151</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel2008[httpswwwjstororgstable30244390seq5_485]-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadel2008%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable30244390seq5_485%5D_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadel2008">Nadel 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30244390?&seq=5">485</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage22_22]-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage22_22%5D_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1966b">Joyce 1966b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterofjamesjoy03joyc/page/22">22</a>: Letter to Stanislaus Joyce, 14 September 1920 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page409_409]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage116_116]-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page409_409%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage116_116%5D_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/409">409</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/116">116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage74_74]-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage74_74%5D_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/74">74</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page409_409]HodgartBauerle1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage54_55]-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page409_409%5DHodgartBauerle1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesgrandopero0006hodgpage54_55%5D_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/409">409</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHodgartBauerle1997">Hodgart & Bauerle 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/54">55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrandt2003[httpswwwjstororgstable26285204seq2_75]-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrandt2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285204seq2_75%5D_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrandt2003">Grandt 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26285204?&seq=2">75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrandt2003[httpswwwjstororgstable26285204seq4_77]Luening1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsodysseyofamerica0000luenpage197_197]-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrandt2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285204seq4_77%5DLuening1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsodysseyofamerica0000luenpage197_197%5D_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrandt2003">Grandt 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26285204?&seq=4">77</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLuening1980">Luening 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odysseyofamerica0000luen/page/197">197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage107_107–108]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage240_240–241]Manganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage162_162]-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage107_107%E2%80%93108%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage233_233%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage240_240%E2%80%93241%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage162_162%5D_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/107">107–108</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/233">233</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/240">240–241</a>; <a href="#CITEREFManganiello1980">Manganiello 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/162">162</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage71_71]Manganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage162_162–163]-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage71_71%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage162_162%E2%80%93163%5D_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/71">71</a>; <a href="#CITEREFManganiello1980">Manganiello 1980</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/162">162–163</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage190_190]-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage190_190%5D_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudgen1934">Budgen 1934</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycemaking00budg/page/190">190</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage73_73–74]-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage73_73%E2%80%9374%5D_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/73">73–74</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage60_60]-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage60_60%5D_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/60">60</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage241_241]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132]-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage241_241%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/241">241</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/132">132</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPA190_190]-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid-IETEAAAQBAJpgPA190_190%5D_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IETEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA190">190</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage110_111]-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage110_111%5D_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/110">111</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage78_78]-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage78_78%5D_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/78">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_73]-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_73%5D_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/72">73</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage154_154]McCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage78_78]-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage154_154%5DMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage78_78%5D_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/154">154</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/78">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage260_261]-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage260_261%5D_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/260">261</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_72–73]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage112_112–113]Rushing2000[httpswwwjstororgstable25477748_371–372]-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_72%E2%80%9373%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage112_112%E2%80%93113%5DRushing2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477748_371%E2%80%93372%5D_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/72">72–73</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/112">112–113</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRushing2000">Rushing 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477748">371–372</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage254_254]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage113_113–114]-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage254_254%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage113_113%E2%80%93114%5D_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/254">254</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/113">113–114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage75_75]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage267_257]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage264_264]-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage75_75%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage267_257%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage264_264%5D_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/75">75</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/267">257</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/264">264</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage85_85]-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt1999a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycepassio0000mccopage85_85%5D_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt1999a">McCourt 1999a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/85">85</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage273_273],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage275_275]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132]-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage273_273%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage275_275%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/273">273</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/275">275</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/132">132</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage270_270]-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage270_270%5D_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/270">270</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage273_273–274]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132]-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage273_273%E2%80%93274%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage132_132%5D_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/273">273–274</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/132">132</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivak2012[httpsitesutorontocatsq41tsq41_livakpdf_143]-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivak2012%5Bhttpsitesutorontocatsq41tsq41_livakpdf_143%5D_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivak2012">Livak 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.utoronto.ca/tsq/41/tsq41_livak.pdf">143</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage36_36–38]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage276_276–277]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage134_134]-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage36_36%E2%80%9338%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage276_276%E2%80%93277%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage134_134%5D_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeach1959">Beach 1959</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/36">36–38</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/276">276–277</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/134">134</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage292_292],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage297_297]-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage292_292%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage297_297%5D_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/292">292</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/297">297</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage286_286]-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage286_286%5D_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/286">286</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage274_274]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage134_134–135]-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage274_274%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage134_134%E2%80%93135%5D_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/274">274</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/134">134–135</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonnierBeach1946[httpswwwjstororgstable4332775_430]-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonnierBeach1946%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable4332775_430%5D_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonnierBeach1946">Monnier & Beach 1946</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4332775">430</a>: see <a href="#CITEREFLarbaud1922">Larbaud 1922</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage100_100]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page499_499]-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage100_100%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page499_499%5D_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/100">100</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/499">499</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage133_133]Harrington1998[httpswwwjstororgstable25473958_841–842]-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage133_133%5DHarrington1998%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473958_841%E2%80%93842%5D_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/133">133</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington1998">Harrington 1998</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473958">841–842</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey1996[httpswwwjstororgstable25473767seq5_535]-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey1996%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473767seq5_535%5D_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey1996%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473767seq5_535%5D_303-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRainey1996">Rainey 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473767?seq=5">535</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_72]-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage72_72%5D_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/72/">72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderham1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage6_6],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage29_29]Weir2000[httpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq1_389],_[httpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq3_391–392]-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderham1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage6_6%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecensor0000vandpage29_29%5DWeir2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq1_389%5D,_%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477749seq3_391%E2%80%93392%5D_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderham1997">Vanderham 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycecensor0000vand/page/6">6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycecensor0000vand/page/29">29</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWeir2000">Weir 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477749?seq=1">389</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477749?seq=3">391–392</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1921-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1921_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1921">Anderson 1921</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page502_502–503]-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page502_502%E2%80%93503%5D_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/502">502–503</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage286_286]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504]-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage286_286%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504%5D_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/286">286</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/504">504</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage83_83]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage286_286]-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage83_83%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage286_286%5D_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/83">83</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/286">286</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_Casado2000[httpswwwjstororgstable25477754_479]-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedina_Casado2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477754_479%5D_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedina_Casado2000">Medina Casado 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477754">479</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeach1959[httpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage47_47]Beja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage85_85]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage287_288]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504]-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeach1959%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsshakespearecompa00beacpage47_47%5DBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage85_85%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage287_288%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504%5D_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeach1959">Beach 1959</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/47">47</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/85">85</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/287">288</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/504">504</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage289_289–290]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504–506]-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage289_289%E2%80%93290%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page504_504%E2%80%93506%5D_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/289">289–290</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/504">504–506</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage315_315]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page506_506]-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage315_315%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page506_506%5D_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/315">315</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/506">506</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage86_86]-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage86_86%5D_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/86">86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage85_85]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage312_312–313]-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage85_85%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage312_312%E2%80%93313%5D_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/85">85</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/312">312–313</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage93_93–94]-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage93_93%E2%80%9394%5D_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/93">93–94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_Casado2000[httpswwwjstororgstable3831652seq4_93–94]-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedina_Casado2000%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831652seq4_93%E2%80%9394%5D_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedina_Casado2000">Medina Casado 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831652?seq=4">93–94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage318_318]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage307_307]-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage318_318%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage307_307%5D_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/318">318</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/307">307</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1957[httpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage202_202]-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage202_202%5D_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1957">Joyce 1957</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letters00joyc/page/202">202</a>: Letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver, March 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage322_322]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page552_522]-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage322_322%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page552_522%5D_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/322">322</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/552">522</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage102_102]Pound1967[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoundjoyceletter00poun_0page228_228]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page590_590]-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage102_102%5DPound1967%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailspoundjoyceletter00poun_0page228_228%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page590_590%5D_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1966b">Joyce 1966b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterofjamesjoy03joyc/page/102">102</a>: Letter from Stanislaus Joyce, 7 August 1924; <a href="#CITEREFPound1967">Pound 1967</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poundjoyceletter00poun_0/page/228">228</a>: Letter to James Joyce, 15 November 1926; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/590">590</a>: Letter from Weaver, 4 February 1927 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage92_92]Bulson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeintrodu0000bulspage94_94]-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage92_92%5DBulson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgeintrodu0000bulspage94_94%5D_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/92">92</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBulson2006">Bulson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000buls/page/94">94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613]-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613%5D_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613">613</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613]Henke1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613–615]-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613%5DHenke1991%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page613_613%E2%80%93615%5D_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613">613</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHenke1991">Henke 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/613">613–615</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilks2004[httpswwwjstororgstable25478104seq2_720]-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilks2004%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25478104seq2_720%5D_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDilks2004">Dilks 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25478104?&seq=2">720</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisenfarth1991[httpswwwjstororgstable23539891seq6_100]-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisenfarth1991%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable23539891seq6_100%5D_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeisenfarth1991">Weisenfarth 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539891?seq=6">100</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage121_121]-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage121_121%5D_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/121">121</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoukopoulou2011[httpswwwjstororgstable24598885seq17_699–700]-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoukopoulou2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598885seq17_699%E2%80%93700%5D_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoukopoulou2011">Loukopoulou 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598885?seq=17">699–700</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton1968[httpswwwjstororgstable25486740_79]Nadel1990[httpswwwjstororgstable25485058seq4_512–513]-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486740_79%5DNadel1990%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25485058seq4_512%E2%80%93513%5D_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalton1968">Dalton 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486740">79</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNadel1990">Nadel 1990</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25485058?seq=4">512–513</a>; Also see Joyce's note mentioned in <a href="#CITEREFFahy1993">Fahy 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26283682?&seq=6">8</a> regarding the publication date of Finnegans Wake </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage400_400]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage334_334]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622]-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage400_400%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage334_334%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622%5D_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/78">78</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/400">400</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/334">334</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/622">622</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage151_151–152]-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage151_151%E2%80%93152%5D_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/151">151–152</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page256_256]-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirmingham2014%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5page256_256%5D_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirmingham2014">Birmingham 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5/page/256">256</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage320_320]-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage78_78%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage320_320%5D_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/78">78</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/320">320</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage9_93]Bowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage364_364]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage149_149]-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage9_93%5DBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage364_364%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage149_149%5D_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/9">93</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/364">364</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/149">149</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page632_632]Osteen1995a[httpsarchiveorgdetailseconomyofulysses0000ostepage14_14–15]-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page632_632%5DOsteen1995a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailseconomyofulysses0000ostepage14_14%E2%80%9315%5D_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/632">632</a>; <a href="#CITEREFOsteen1995a">Osteen 1995a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economyofulysses0000oste/page/14">14–15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetroski1974[httpswwwjstororgstable3830909seq4_1024]-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetroski1974%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3830909seq4_1024%5D_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetroski1974">Petroski 1974</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830909?seq=4">1024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622]Maddox1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage255_255]-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622%5DMaddox1989%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnora00brenpage255_255%5D_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/622">622</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1989">Maddox 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/255">255</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011[httpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq7_673]Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622]-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq7_673%5DEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page622_622%5D_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2011">Bowker 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?&seq7">673</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/622">622</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage419_419]Loukopoulou2011[httpswwwjstororgstable24598885seq5_687]-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage419_419%5DLoukopoulou2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598885seq5_687%5D_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/419">419</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLoukopoulou2011">Loukopoulou 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598885?&seq=5">687</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011[httpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq9_675-675]-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq9_675-675%5D_344-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2011">Bowker 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?seq=9">675-675</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page669_669]Gerber2010[httpswwwjstororgstable23048756seq2_479]-345"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page669_669%5DGerber2010%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable23048756seq2_479%5D_345-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/669">669</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGerber2010">Gerber 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23048756?&seq=2">479</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2021[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2021pgPA22_22]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2021pgPA23_23]-347"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2021%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid2021pgPA22_22%5D%E2%80%93%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid2021pgPA23_23%5D_347-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2021&pg=PA22">22</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2021&pg=PA23">23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage115_115]-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage115_115%5D_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/115">115</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1952[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage116_116–117]Shloss2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page278_278]-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1952%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage116_116%E2%80%93117%5DShloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page278_278%5D_349-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJung1952">Jung 1952</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritinmanartli0015jung/page/116">116–117</a>; <a href="#CITEREFShloss2005">Shloss 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/278">278</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1952[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage117_117]-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1952%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage117_117%5D_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJung1952">Jung 1952</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritinmanartli0015jung/page/117">117</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShloss2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page297_297]-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page297_297%5D_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShloss2005">Shloss 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/297">297</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Shloss2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page7_7]-353"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Shloss2005%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8page7_7%5D_353-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFShloss2005">Shloss 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8/page/7">7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeja1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage122_122]-354"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeja1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycelitera0000bejapage122_122%5D_354-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeja1992">Beja 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja/page/122">122</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage500_500]Nadel1986[httpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq8_306–308]-355"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage500_500%5DNadel1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable1396219seq8_306%E2%80%93308%5D_355-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/500">500</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNadel1986">Nadel 1986</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396219?seq=8">306–308</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage155_155–156]-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage155_155%E2%80%93156%5D_356-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/155">155–156</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page740_740–741]-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page740_740%E2%80%93741%5D_357-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/740">740–741</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page743_743]-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page743_743%5D_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/743">743</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2018-359">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2018_359-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2018_359-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2018_359-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJordan2018">Jordan 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage534_534]-360"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage534_534%5D_360-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/534">534</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan-Jones2019-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan-Jones2019_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorgan-Jones2019">Horgan-Jones 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Irish_Times2019-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Irish_Times2019_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Irish_Times2019">The Irish Times 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage2_2]MacCabe2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8pagen15_xv]Orr2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsGAzK28kiP8CpgPA3_3]-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage2_2%5DMacCabe2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8pagen15_xv%5DOrr2008%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidsGAzK28kiP8CpgPA3_3%5D_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManganiello1980">Manganiello 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/2">2</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacCabe2003">MacCabe 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8/page/n15">xv</a>; <a href="#CITEREFOrr2008">Orr 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGAzK28kiP8C&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceraceempire0000chenpage1_1–2]Deane1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page32_32]Gibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage32_32]Kiberd1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10][httpsarchiveorgdetailsinventingireland00kibepage333_333–334]Seidel2008-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1995%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceraceempire0000chenpage1_1%E2%80%932%5DDeane1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page32_32%5DGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage32_32%5DKiberd1996%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10%5D%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinventingireland00kibepage333_333%E2%80%93334%5DSeidel2008_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng1995">Cheng 1995</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceraceempire0000chen/page/1">1–2</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDeane1997">Deane 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/32">32</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/32">32</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKiberd1996">Kiberd 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceshorti0000seid/page/10">10</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSeidel2008">Seidel 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50]Scholes1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofjamesj00schopage167_167–168]Sultan1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnley00stanpage208_208]-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50%5DScholes1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofjamesj00schopage167_167%E2%80%93168%5DSultan1987%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnley00stanpage208_208%5D_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairhall1993">Fairhall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/50">50</a>; <a href="#CITEREFScholes1992">Scholes 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofjamesj00scho/page/167">167–168</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSultan1987">Sultan 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nley00stan/page/208">208</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50]Manganiello1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage72_72]-366"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50%5DManganiello1980%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycespolitics0000mangpage72_72%5D_366-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairhall1993">Fairhall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/50">50</a>; <a href="#CITEREFManganiello1980">Manganiello 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang/page/72">72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabaté2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidffDEK0AElo4CpgPA27_27]-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabat%C3%A92001%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidffDEK0AElo4CpgPA27_27%5D_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRabat%C3%A92001">Rabaté 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffDEK0AElo4C&pg=PA27">27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadel1991[httpswwwjstororgstable26283639seq6_91]-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadel1991%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26283639seq6_91%5D_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadel1991">Nadel 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26283639?seq=6">91</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage183_183,fn1]-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage183_183,fn1%5D_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/183">183,fn1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraher2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA288_288]-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaraher2009%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA288_288%5D_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaraher2009">Caraher 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ddvLGKDz4QC&pg=PA288">288</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESultan1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnley00stanpage209_209]-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESultan1987%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsnley00stanpage209_209%5D_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSultan1987">Sultan 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nley00stan/page/209">209</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage83_83]MacCabe2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8page160_160]McCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage93_93]-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage83_83%5DMacCabe2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8page160_160%5DMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage93_93%5D_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/83">83</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacCabe2003">MacCabe 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8/page/160">160</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/93">93</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50]Scholes1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofjamesj00schopage165_165]-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page50_50%5DScholes1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofjamesj00schopage165_165%5D_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairhall1993">Fairhall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/50">50</a>; <a href="#CITEREFScholes1992">Scholes 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofjamesj00scho/page/165">165</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13]Segall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage6_6]Seidel2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage7_7–9]-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13%5DSegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage6_6%5DSeidel2008%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage7_7%E2%80%939%5D_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2002">Gibson 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesrevengehis0000gibs/page/13">13</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSegall1993">Segall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceinamericacu00sega/page/6">6</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSeidel2008">Seidel 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceshorti0000seid/page/7">7–9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page54_54–55]Caraher2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA288_288]-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page54_54%E2%80%9355%5DCaraher2009%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA288_288%5D_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairhall1993">Fairhall 1993</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/54">54–55</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCaraher2009">Caraher 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ddvLGKDz4QC&pg=PA288">288</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page52_52]-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairhall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycequesti00jame_0page52_52%5D_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairhall1993">Fairhall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0/page/52">52</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001[httpswwwjstororgstable25477811seq12_332]-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25477811seq12_332%5D_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477811?seq=12">332</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage6_6]-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage6_6%5D_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegall1993">Segall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceinamericacu00sega/page/6">6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1977[httpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage80_80],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage86_86]Gibson2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13]Watson1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesulysseslar0000unsepage41_41]-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1977%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage80_80%5D,_%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsconsciousnessofj00ellmpage86_86%5DGibson2002%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesrevengehis0000gibspage13_13%5DWatson1987%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoycesulysseslar0000unsepage41_41%5D_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1977">Ellmann 1977</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consciousnessofj00ellm/page/80">80</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consciousnessofj00ellm/page/86">86</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2002">Gibson 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesrevengehis0000gibs/page/13">13</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWatson1987">Watson 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesulysseslar0000unse/page/41">41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage164_164–165]Nolan1995143-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage164_164%E2%80%93165%5DNolan1995143_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/164">164–165</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNolan1995">Nolan 1995</a>, p. 143: "The Irish Civil War also forms an integral component of the fraternal antagonism between the sons of the Wakean family." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceraceempire0000chenpage251_251–252]MacCabe2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8pagen16_xv–xvi]-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1995%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceraceempire0000chenpage251_251%E2%80%93252%5DMacCabe2003%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8pagen16_xv%E2%80%93xvi%5D_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng1995">Cheng 1995</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceraceempire0000chen/page/251">251–252</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacCabe2003">MacCabe 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8/page/n16">xv–xvi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESollers1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinwakeofwake0000unsepage108_108]-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollers1978%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsinwakeofwake0000unsepage108_108%5D_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSollers1978">Sollers 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwakeofwake0000unse/page/108">108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Sola_Rodstein1998[httpswwwjstororgstable44871195seq11_155]-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Sola_Rodstein1998%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable44871195seq11_155%5D_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Sola_Rodstein1998">de Sola Rodstein 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44871195?seq=11">155</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage82_82]Pelaschiar1999[httpswwwjstororgstable25473993seq4_64]-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage82_82%5DPelaschiar1999%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25473993seq4_64%5D_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/82">82</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPelaschiar1999">Pelaschiar 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473993?&seq4">64</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage298_299]-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage298_299%5D_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/298">299</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage475_475]-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycenewbio0000bowkpage475_475%5D_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/475">475</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage353_353–354]-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966b%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletterofjamesjoy03joycpage353_353%E2%80%93354%5D_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1966b">Joyce 1966b</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterofjamesjoy03joyc/page/353">353–354</a>: Letter to Georgio (postscript to missing letter), about 10 April 1935 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Ellmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page738_738]-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2012Ellmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page738_738%5D_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2012">Bowker 2012</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/738">738</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2011[httpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq3_669]Davies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage299_299]-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2011%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598884seq3_669%5DDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage299_299%5D_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2011">Bowker 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?seq=3">669</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/299">299</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage298_298–299]de_Sola_Rodstein1998[httpswwwjstororgstable44871195seq2_146]Seidel2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10]-393"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceportra1982davipage298_298%E2%80%93299%5Dde_Sola_Rodstein1998%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable44871195seq2_146%5DSeidel2008%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceshorti0000seidpage10_10%5D_393-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1982">Davies 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/298">298–299</a>; <a href="#CITEREFde_Sola_Rodstein1998">de Sola Rodstein 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44871195?seq=2">146</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSeidel2008">Seidel 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceshorti0000seid/page/10">10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELernout2010210-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernout2010210_394-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLernout2010">Lernout 2010</a>, p. 210: "To the dismay of Joyce and other intellectuals, the Irish Free State of 1922 adopted the catholic culture that had already been dominant in the powerful coalition between the bishops and the nationalist party." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen23_15–16_]-395"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen23_15%E2%80%9316_%5D_395-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvevo1927">Svevo 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n23">15–16 </a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000[httpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage50_50]-397"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2000%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsyearsofbloomjame0000mccopage50_50%5D_397-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2000">McCourt 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/50">50</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Mierlo2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidn_vUDQAAQBAJpgPA3_3]-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Mierlo2017%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidn_vUDQAAQBAJpgPA3_3%5D_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Mierlo2017">Van Mierlo 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_vUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a[httpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage48_48–49]-399"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1966a%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailslettersofjamesjo0000joycpage48_48%E2%80%9349%5D_399-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1966a">Joyce 1966a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/48">48–49</a>: Letter to Nora Barnacle, 29 August 1904 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage130_130]-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage130_130%5D_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/130">130</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEco1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaestheticsofchao0000ecoupage2_2]-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEco1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsaestheticsofchao0000ecoupage2_2%5D_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEco1982">Eco 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticsofchao0000ecou/page/2">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page27_27]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage26_26]Hederman1982[httpswwwjstororgstable30059526seq1_20]Mahon2004[httpswwwjstororgstable44313324seq1_349]Sullivan1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage7_7–8]-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page27_27%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage26_26%5DHederman1982%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable30059526seq1_20%5DMahon2004%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable44313324seq1_349%5DSullivan1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceamongjesuit00sullpage7_7%E2%80%938%5D_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/27">27</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/26">26</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHederman1982">Hederman 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30059526?seq=1">20</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMahon2004">Mahon 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44313324?seq=1">349</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSullivan1958">Sullivan 1958</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceamongjesuit00sull/page/7">7–8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColum1947[httpsarchiveorgdetailsLifeAndTheDreampagen393_381]-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColum1947%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsLifeAndTheDreampagen393_381%5D_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColum1947">Colum 1947</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LifeAndTheDream/page/n393">381</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1922[httpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page35_35–36]Joyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage105_105]-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancini_Bruni1922%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8page35_35%E2%80%9336%5DJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage105_105%5D_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancini_Bruni1922">Francini Bruni 1922</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/35">35–36</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/105">105</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage104_104]-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1958%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsmybrotherskeeper00joycpage104_104%5D_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1958">Joyce 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/104">104</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce_Schaurek1963[httpsbooksgooglecombooksids9-uCwAAQBAJpgPA64_64]-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce_Schaurek1963%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksids9-uCwAAQBAJpgPA64_64%5D_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce_Schaurek1963">Joyce Schaurek 1963</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9-uCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">64</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page65_65–66]Lernout2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwMdCgAAQBAJpgPA6_6]-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page65_65%E2%80%9366%5DLernout2010%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwMdCgAAQBAJpgPA6_6%5D_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/65">65–66</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLernout2010">Lernout 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwMdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page742_742]-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page742_742%5D_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/742">742</a>: citing a 1953 interview with Giorgio Joyce. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1961417,_437Cunningham2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA509_509],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA512_512n]Lang1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsulyssesirishgod0000langpage15_15]-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1961417,_437Cunningham2007%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA509_509%5D,_%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidbKG12u11z2ACpgPA512_512n%5DLang1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsulyssesirishgod0000langpage15_15%5D_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenstock1961">Benstock 1961</a>, p. 417, 437; <a href="#CITEREFCunningham2007">Cunningham 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA509">509</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA512">512n</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLang1993">Lang 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulyssesirishgod0000lang/page/15">15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982b§7Hibbert2011198Lang1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsulyssesirishgod0000langpage15_15]-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982b%C2%A77Hibbert2011198Lang1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsulyssesirishgod0000langpage15_15%5D_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982b">Ellmann 1982b</a>, §7: "His most adroit manoeuvre is taking over its [The Catholic Church's] vocabulary for his own secular purposes."; <a href="#CITEREFHibbert2011">Hibbert 2011</a>, p. 198; <a href="#CITEREFLang1993">Lang 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulyssesirishgod0000lang/page/15">15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1961417Ellmann1982b§3Lernout2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwMdCgAAQBAJpgPA6_6]-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1961417Ellmann1982b%C2%A73Lernout2010%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidEwMdCgAAQBAJpgPA6_6%5D_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenstock1961">Benstock 1961</a>, p. 417; <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982b">Ellmann 1982b</a>, §3: "Joyce wrote to Nora. 'Now I make open war upon it [The Catholic Church] by what I write and say and do.' His actions accorded with this policy."; <a href="#CITEREFLernout2010">Lernout 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwMdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoon1957[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceaquinas0000noonpage14_14–15]Strong1949[httpsarchiveorgdetailssacredriverappro0000stropage11_11–12]-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoon1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceaquinas0000noonpage14_14%E2%80%9315%5DStrong1949%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailssacredriverappro0000stropage11_11%E2%80%9312%5D_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoon1957">Noon 1957</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceaquinas0000noon/page/14">14–15</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStrong1949">Strong 1949</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredriverappro0000stro/page/11">11–12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycespauli0000boylpagen13_x–xi]Strong1949[httpsarchiveorgdetailssacredriverappro0000stropage158_158–161]-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1978%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycespauli0000boylpagen13_x%E2%80%93xi%5DStrong1949%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailssacredriverappro0000stropage158_158%E2%80%93161%5D_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyle1978">Boyle 1978</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycespauli0000boyl/page/n13">x–xi</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStrong1949">Strong 1949</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredriverappro0000stro/page/158">158–161</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage140_140]-419"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage140_140%5D_419-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegall1993">Segall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceinamericacu00sega/page/140">140</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegall1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage160_160]-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegall1993%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjoyceinamericacu00segapage160_160%5D_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegall1993">Segall 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceinamericacu00sega/page/160">160</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page65_65–66]Jung1952[httpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage120_120]-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page65_65%E2%80%9366%5DJung1952%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsspiritinmanartli0015jungpage120_120%5D_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/65">65–66</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJung1952">Jung 1952</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritinmanartli0015jung/page/120">120</a>:cf., an earlier translation of Jung's statement (<a href="#CITEREFJung1949">Jung 1949</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iCl1yAEACAAJ&q=pious%20Catholic">10</a>, also quoted in <a href="#CITEREFNoon1957">Noon 1957</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceaquinas0000noon/page/14">15</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert2011198–199Morse1959-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert2011198%E2%80%93199Morse1959_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert2011">Hibbert 2011</a>, pp. 198–199; <a href="#CITEREFMorse1959">Morse 1959</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage41_41]Hughs1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage40_40–41]-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage41_41%5DHughs1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage40_40%E2%80%9341%5D_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/41">41</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHughs1992">Hughs 1992</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/40">40–41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEco1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaestheticsofchao0000ecoupage4_4]-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEco1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsaestheticsofchao0000ecoupage4_4%5D_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEco1982">Eco 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticsofchao0000ecou/page/4">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksids_eXYzdEmxcCpgPA78_78]-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1998%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksids_eXYzdEmxcCpgPA78_78%5D_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison1998">Davison 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_eXYzdEmxcC&pg=PA78">78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsteen1995b[httpswebarchiveorgweb20210922214926httpsmarkosteenfileswordpresscom201812Osteen-Shoppers-Guide-to-Dublinerspdf_483–484]-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsteen1995b%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20210922214926httpsmarkosteenfileswordpresscom201812Osteen-Shoppers-Guide-to-Dublinerspdf_483%E2%80%93484%5D_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOsteen1995b">Osteen 1995b</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922214926/https://markosteen.files.wordpress.com/2018/12/Osteen-Shoppers-Guide-to-Dubliners.pdf">483–484</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage73_73]Joyce1957[httpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage62_62–63]-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2006%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gibspage73_73%5DJoyce1957%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsletters00joycpage62_62%E2%80%9363%5D_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs/page/73">73</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1957">Joyce 1957</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letters00joyc/page/62">62–63</a>: Letter to Grant Richards, 23 June 1906 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvevo1927[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen27_20]-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvevo1927%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000svevpagen27_20%5D_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvevo1927">Svevo 1927</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n27">20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodenn.d.-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodenn.d._430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrodenn.d.">Groden n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalzl1977-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalzl1977_431-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalzl1977">Walzl 1977</a>:cf., <a href="#CITEREFHalper1979">Halper 1979</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476225?&seq=4">476–477</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERando2016[httpsdigitalcommonstrinityeducgiviewcontentcgiarticle1074contexteng_faculty_47]-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERando2016%5Bhttpsdigitalcommonstrinityeducgiviewcontentcgiarticle1074contexteng_faculty_47%5D_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRando2016">Rando 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=eng_faculty">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiquelme1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidckO8AAAAIAAJqautobiography_51]-433"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiquelme1983%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidckO8AAAAIAAJqautobiography_51%5D_433-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiquelme1983">Riquelme 1983</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckO8AAAAIAAJ&q=autobiography">51</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpender1970[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecritic0000demipage749_749]-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpender1970%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycecritic0000demipage749_749%5D_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpender1970">Spender 1970</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycecritic0000demi/page/749">749</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1968[httpswwwjstororgstable25486739_69]-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486739_69%5D_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1968">Clark 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486739">69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIn.d.-436"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIn.d._436-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCIn.d.">CI n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle1965[httpswwwjstororgstable25486486_90]-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle1965%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25486486_90%5D_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle1965">Doyle 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486486">90</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimpel1975[httpswwwjstororgstable45108722_283–285]-438"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimpel1975%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable45108722_283%E2%80%93285%5D_438-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimpel1975">Kimpel 1975</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45108722">283–285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFludernik1986[httpswwwjstororgstable25476719seq12_184]Groden2007[httpswwwjstororgstable25571018seq7_223]Litz1964[httpsarchiveorgdetailsartofjamesjoycem0000litzpage34_34]-439"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFludernik1986%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25476719seq12_184%5DGroden2007%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25571018seq7_223%5DLitz1964%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsartofjamesjoycem0000litzpage34_34%5D_439-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFludernik1986">Fludernik 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476719?seq=12">184</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGroden2007">Groden 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25571018?seq=7">223</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLitz1964">Litz 1964</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofjamesjoycem0000litz/page/34">34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerson2017[httpswwwjstororgstable26798610seq16_55]-440"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerson2017%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26798610seq16_55%5D_440-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmerson2017">Emerson 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26798610?seq=16">55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimpel1975[httpswwwjstororgstable45108722seq29_311–313]-442"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimpel1975%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable45108722seq29_311%E2%80%93313%5D_442-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimpel1975">Kimpel 1975</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45108722?&seq=29">311–313</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page27_27]Dettmar1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrereadingnewbac00dettpage284_285]-443"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page27_27%5DDettmar1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsrereadingnewbac00dettpage284_285%5D_443-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge1997">Attridge 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/27">27</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDettmar1992">Dettmar 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rereadingnewbac00dett/page/284">285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page27_27]Dettmar1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrereadingnewbac00dettpage284_285]Wykes1968[httpswwwjstororgstable40753991seq5_305]-444"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page27_27%5DDettmar1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsrereadingnewbac00dettpage284_285%5DWykes1968%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable40753991seq5_305%5D_444-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge1997">Attridge 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/27">27</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDettmar1992">Dettmar 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rereadingnewbac00dett/page/284">285</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWykes1968">Wykes 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753991?seq=5">305</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage67_67–68]-445"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudgen1934%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoycemaking00budgpage67_67%E2%80%9368%5D_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudgen1934">Budgen 1934</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycemaking00budg/page/67">67–68</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page363_363–366]-446"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllmann1982%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5page363_363%E2%80%93366%5D_446-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllmann1982">Ellmann 1982</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/363">363–366</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegglund2003[httpswwwjstororgstable3176000seq3_168–167]-447"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegglund2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3176000seq3_168%E2%80%93167%5D_447-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHegglund2003">Hegglund 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3176000?seq=3">168–167</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherry2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceulysse0000sherpage102_102]-448">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherry2004%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceulysse0000sherpage102_102%5D_448-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherry2004%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyceulysse0000sherpage102_102%5D_448-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherry2004">Sherry 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceulysse0000sher/page/102">102</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar1957[httpswwwjstororgstable434978_30]Thompson1964[httpswwwjstororgstable27540957seq3_80]-449"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar1957%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable434978_30%5DThompson1964%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable27540957seq3_80%5D_449-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKumar1957">Kumar 1957</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/434978">30</a>; <a href="#CITEREFThompson1964">Thompson 1964</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27540957?seq=3">80</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage22_22–23]-450"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage22_22%E2%80%9323%5D_450-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtherton1960">Atherton 1960</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksatwake0000unse/page/22">22–23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailshowtoreadjoyce0000attrpage85_85–86]-451"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge2007%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshowtoreadjoyce0000attrpage85_85%E2%80%9386%5D_451-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge2007">Attridge 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtoreadjoyce0000attr/page/85">85–86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchotter2010[httpswwwjstororgstable41429838seq1_89]-452"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchotter2010%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable41429838seq1_89%5D_452-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchotter2010">Schotter 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41429838?seq=1">89</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge2013[httpswwwjstororgstable24598778_195–197]-453"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge2013%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable24598778_195%E2%80%93197%5D_453-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge2013">Attridge 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598778">195–197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes2003[httpswwwjstororgstable26285203_37–38]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332–333]Rabaté1989[httpswwwjstororgstable25485004_31]-455"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes2003%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable26285203_37%E2%80%9338%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332%E2%80%93333%5DRabat%C3%A91989%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable25485004_31%5D_455-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDownes2003">Downes 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26285203">37–38</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/332">332–333</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRabat%C3%A91989">Rabaté 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25485004">31</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage36_36–37]Beckett1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsourexagminationr0000unsepage17_17]-456"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage36_36%E2%80%9337%5DBeckett1929%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsourexagminationr0000unsepage17_17%5D_456-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtherton1960">Atherton 1960</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksatwake0000unse/page/36">36–37</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeckett1929">Beckett 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourexagminationr0000unse/page/17">17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage29_29–31]Beckett1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsourexagminationr0000unsepage17_17]Gorman1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332–333]-457"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1960%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbooksatwake0000unsepage29_29%E2%80%9331%5DBeckett1929%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsourexagminationr0000unsepage17_17%5DGorman1939%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjamesjoyce00gormpage332_332%E2%80%93333%5D_457-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtherton1960">Atherton 1960</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksatwake0000unse/page/29">29–31</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBeckett1929">Beckett 1929</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourexagminationr0000unse/page/17">17</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGorman1939">Gorman 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/332">332–333</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1939[httpswebarchiveorgweb20111003151519httpwwwtrentucafacultyjjoycefw-3htm_3]-458"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1939%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20111003151519httpwwwtrentucafacultyjjoycefw-3htm_3%5D_458-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1939">Joyce 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003151519/http://www.trentu.ca/faculty/jjoyce/fw-3.htm">3</a>: <a href="#CITEREFAtherton1960">Atherton 1960</a> points out that "vicus" is a pun on Vico. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1939[httpswebarchiveorgweb20111003151519httpwwwtrentucafacultyjjoycefw-628htm_628]-459"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1939%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20111003151519httpwwwtrentucafacultyjjoycefw-628htm_628%5D_459-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyce1939">Joyce 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003151519/http://www.trentu.ca/faculty/jjoyce/fw-628.htm">628</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlW96fbBNRYsCpgPA104_104]-460"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShockley2009%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidlW96fbBNRYsCpgPA104_104%5D_460-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShockley2009">Shockley 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lW96fbBNRYsC&pg=PA104">104</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6pagen19_1]-461">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6pagen19_1%5D_461-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6pagen19_1%5D_461-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge1997">Attridge 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/n19">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin2014-463"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin2014_463-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMullin2014">Mullin 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt2006[httpswwwjstororgstable3831743seq6_390–391]-464"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevitt2006%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable3831743seq6_390%E2%80%93391%5D_464-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevitt2006">Levitt 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831743?seq=6">390–391</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailshowtoreadjoyce0000attrpage4_4]Chun2015[httpswwwjstororgstable43737511seq5_75]Lernout1992[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfrenchjoyce0000lern_s2e6page19_19]-465"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge2007%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshowtoreadjoyce0000attrpage4_4%5DChun2015%5Bhttpswwwjstororgstable43737511seq5_75%5DLernout1992%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsfrenchjoyce0000lern_s2e6page19_19%5D_465-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge2007">Attridge 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtoreadjoyce0000attr/page/4">4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFChun2015">Chun 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43737511?seq=5">75</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLernout1992">Lernout 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchjoyce0000lern_s2e6/page/19">19</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page3_3]-466"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttridge1997%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6page3_3%5D_466-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAttridge1997">Attridge 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA148_148]-467"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatham2009%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid0ddvLGKDz4QCpgPA148_148%5D_467-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatham2009">Latham 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ddvLGKDz4QC&pg=PA148">148</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014-468"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014_468-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2014">Murphy 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilleen2012-469"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilleen2012_469-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilleen2012">Killeen 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarnett2019-470"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarnett2019_470-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarnett2019">Harnett 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoLIn.d.-471"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoLIn.d._471-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoLIn.d.">MoLI n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiggers2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrjCSCgAAQBAJdqdisplaystrinitycollegedublinwritersmuseumuniversitycollegelibrarypgPA220_215–221]-472"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiggers2015%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidrjCSCgAAQBAJdqdisplaystrinitycollegedublinwritersmuseumuniversitycollegelibrarypgPA220_215%E2%80%93221%5D_472-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiggers2015">Biggers 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjCSCgAAQBAJ&dq=displays+trinity+college+dublin+writers+museum+university+college+library&pg=PA220">215–221</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCL2016-473"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCL2016_473-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUCL2016">UCL 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.buffalo.edu/jamesjoyce/">"James Joyce Collection - University at Buffalo Libraries"</a>. library.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 24 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.buffalo.edu&rft.atitle=James+Joyce+Collection+-+University+at+Buffalo+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.buffalo.edu%2Fjamesjoyce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtherton1960" class="citation book cs1">Atherton, James S. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksatwake0000unse">Books at the Wake: A Study of Literary allusions in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake</a>. Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-0687-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-0687-9"><bdi>978-0-8093-0687-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148024288">1148024288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+at+the+Wake%3A+A+Study+of+Literary+allusions+in+James+Joyce%27s+Finnegans+Wake&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148024288&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-0687-9&rft.aulast=Atherton&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooksatwake0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttridge1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Attridge" title="Derek Attridge">Attridge, Derek</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/n19">"Reading Joyce"</a>. In Attridge, Derek (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37673-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37673-4"><bdi>0-521-37673-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148222842">1148222842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+Joyce&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+James+Joyce&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148222842&rft.isbn=0-521-37673-4&rft.aulast=Attridge&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6%2Fpage%2Fn19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttridge2007" class="citation book cs1">Attridge, Derek (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtoreadjoyce0000attr">How to Read Joyce</a>. Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-912-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-912-0"><bdi>978-1-86207-912-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1149525874">1149525874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+Joyce&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1149525874&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-912-0&rft.aulast=Attridge&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtoreadjoyce0000attr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeja1992" class="citation book cs1">Beja, Morris (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycelitera0000beja">James Joyce: A Literary Life</a>. Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0598-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0598-4"><bdi>0-8142-0598-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964127996">964127996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+A+Literary+Life&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964127996&rft.isbn=0-8142-0598-4&rft.aulast=Beja&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycelitera0000beja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett1929" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Samuel (1961) [1929]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourexagminationr0000unse/page/3">"Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce"</a>. Our Exagmination Round his Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress. Faber and Faber. pp. 1–22. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150935903">1150935903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dante...+Bruno.+Vico..+Joyce&rft.btitle=Our+Exagmination+Round+his+Factification+for+Incamination+of+Work+in+Progress&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150935903&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourexagminationr0000unse%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggers2015" class="citation book cs1">Biggers, Shirley Hoover (2015). British Author House Museums and Other Memorials: A Guide to Sites in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0022-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-0022-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606882695">606882695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Author+House+Museums+and+Other+Memorials%3A+A+Guide+to+Sites+in+England%2C+Ireland%2C+Scotland+and+Wales&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606882695&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0022-2&rft.aulast=Biggers&rft.aufirst=Shirley+Hoover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham2014" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham, Kevin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5">The Most dangerous book: The Battle for James Joyce Ulysses</a>. Head of Zeus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78408-072-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78408-072-3"><bdi>978-1-78408-072-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894758831">894758831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+dangerous+book%3A+The+Battle+for+James+Joyce+Ulysses&rft.pub=Head+of+Zeus&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894758831&rft.isbn=978-1-78408-072-3&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmostdangerousboo0000birm_n8r5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2012" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, Gordon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk">James Joyce: A New Biography</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-17872-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-17872-7"><bdi>978-0-374-17872-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802264865">802264865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+A+New+Biography&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F802264865&rft.isbn=978-0-374-17872-7&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycenewbio0000bowk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1978" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Robert (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycespauli0000boyl">James Joyce's Pauline Vision: A Catholic Exposition</a>. Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-0861-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-0861-4"><bdi>0-8093-0861-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150108528">1150108528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%27s+Pauline+Vision%3A+A+Catholic+Exposition&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150108528&rft.isbn=0-8093-0861-4&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycespauli0000boyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulson2006" class="citation book cs1">Bulson, Eric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000buls">The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879373-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-879373-30-0"><bdi>1-879373-30-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/442719108">442719108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+James+Joyce&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F442719108&rft.isbn=1-879373-30-0&rft.aulast=Bulson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeintrodu0000buls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaraher2009" class="citation book cs1">Caraher, Brian G. (2009). "Irish and European politics: nationalism, socialism, empire". In McCourt, John (ed.). James Joyce in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2543-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2543-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-2543-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150093431">1150093431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+and+European+politics%3A+nationalism%2C+socialism%2C+empire&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+in+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150093431&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2543-9&rft.aulast=Caraher&rft.aufirst=Brian+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng1995" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Vincent John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceraceempire0000chen">Joyce, Race, and Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43118-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43118-2"><bdi>0-521-43118-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150121186">1150121186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce%2C+Race%2C+and+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150121186&rft.isbn=0-521-43118-2&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Vincent+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoyceraceempire0000chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolahan2010" class="citation book cs1">Coolahan, John (2010). "Higher Education, 1908-84". In Hill, J. R. (ed.). A New History of Ireland Volume VII: Ireland, 1921-84. Oxford University Press. pp. 758–759. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959282-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959282-1"><bdi>978-0-19-959282-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701552783">701552783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Higher+Education%2C+1908-84&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland+Volume+VII%3A+Ireland%2C+1921-84&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E758-%3C%2Fspan%3E759&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701552783&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959282-1&rft.aulast=Coolahan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCope1981" class="citation book cs1">Cope, Jackson I. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycescitiesarch0000cope">Joyce's Cities: Archaeologies of the Soul</a>. Johns Hopkins University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88662-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88662-8"><bdi>978-0-521-88662-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900420355">900420355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce%27s+Cities%3A+Archaeologies+of+the+Soul&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900420355&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88662-8&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=Jackson+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoycescitiesarch0000cope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello1992" class="citation book cs1">Costello, Peter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7">James Joyce: The Years of Growth</a>. Roberts Rineheart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879373-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-879373-30-0"><bdi>1-879373-30-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856717658">856717658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+The+Years+of+Growth&rft.pub=Roberts+Rineheart&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856717658&rft.isbn=1-879373-30-0&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2007" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Valentine (2007). "James Joyce". In Hass, Andrew; Jasper, David; Jay, Elizabeth (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology. Oxford University Press. pp. 499–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199271979" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199271979"><bdi>978-0199271979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Joyce&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+English+Literature+and+Theology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199271979&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1982" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Stan Gébler (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi">James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist</a>. Granada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-05639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-05639-4"><bdi>978-0-586-05639-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1194438647">1194438647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+A+Portrait+of+the+Artist&rft.pub=Granada&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1194438647&rft.isbn=978-0-586-05639-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Stan+G%C3%A9bler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyceportra1982davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1998" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Neil R. (1998). James Joyce, Ulysses, and the Construction of Jewish Identity: Culture, Biography, and 'the Jew' in Modernist Europe. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58183-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58183-0"><bdi>978-0-511-58183-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939797702">939797702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%2C+Ulysses%2C+and+the+Construction+of+Jewish+Identity%3A+Culture%2C+Biography%2C+and+%27the+Jew%27+in+Modernist+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939797702&rft.isbn=978-0-511-58183-0&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Neil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane1997" class="citation book cs1">Deane, Seamus (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6/page/n19">"Joyce the Irishman"</a>. In Attridge, Derek (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37673-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37673-4"><bdi>0-521-37673-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148222842">1148222842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joyce+the+Irishman&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+James+Joyce&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148222842&rft.isbn=0-521-37673-4&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_s3a6%2Fpage%2Fn19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDettmar1992" class="citation book cs1">Dettmar, Kevin J. H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rereadingnewbac00dett">Rereading the New: A Backward Glance at Modernism</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-05639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-05639-4"><bdi>978-0-586-05639-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036833691">1036833691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+the+New%3A+A+Backward+Glance+at+Modernism&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036833691&rft.isbn=978-0-586-05639-4&rft.aulast=Dettmar&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frereadingnewbac00dett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2016" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Martin (2016). Recollections of James Joyce. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00841-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00841-5"><bdi>978-1-317-00841-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953857290">953857290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953857290&rft.isbn=978-1-317-00841-5&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco1982" class="citation book cs1">Eco, Umberto (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aestheticsofchao0000ecou">The Aesthetics of Chaosmos: The Middle Ages of James Joyce</a>. University of Tulsa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644475452">644475452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Chaosmos%3A+The+Middle+Ages+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=University+of+Tulsa&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644475452&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faestheticsofchao0000ecou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllmann1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Ellmann, Richard</a> (1967). Miller, Liam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yeatsjoyce11ellm">Joyce and Yeats</a>. Dolman Press Yeats Centenary Papers MCMLXV. Vol. XI. Dolmen Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/651978436">651978436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce+and+Yeats&rft.series=Dolman+Press+Yeats+Centenary+Papers+MCMLXV&rft.pub=Dolmen+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651978436&rft.aulast=Ellmann&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyeatsjoyce11ellm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllmann1977" class="citation book cs1">Ellmann, Richard (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consciousnessofj00ellm">The Consciousness of Joyce</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502898-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502898-0"><bdi>978-0-19-502898-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028560217">1028560217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consciousness+of+Joyce&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028560217&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502898-0&rft.aulast=Ellmann&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsciousnessofj00ellm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllmann1982" class="citation book cs1">Ellmann, Richard (1982) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5">James Joyce</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503103-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503103-4"><bdi>978-0-19-503103-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/82514111">82514111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82514111&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503103-4&rft.aulast=Ellmann&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairhall1993" class="citation book cs1">Fairhall, James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycequesti00jame_0">James Joyce and the Question of History</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40292-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40292-1"><bdi>0-521-40292-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035904934">1035904934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+the+Question+of+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035904934&rft.isbn=0-521-40292-1&rft.aulast=Fairhall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycequesti00jame_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFargnoliGillespie1996" class="citation book cs1">Fargnoli, A. Nicholas; Gillespie, Michael Patrick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycetozess0000farg_a0q1">James Joyce A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511029-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511029-3"><bdi>0-19-511029-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200482993">1200482993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+A+to+Z%3A+The+Essential+Reference+to+the+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1200482993&rft.isbn=0-19-511029-3&rft.aulast=Fargnoli&rft.aufirst=A.+Nicholas&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+Michael+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycetozess0000farg_a0q1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris1995" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, Kathleen (1995). James Joyce and the Burden of Disease. University of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2664-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-2664-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642824442">642824442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+the+Burden+of+Disease&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642824442&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2664-7&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2021" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Andreas (2021). James Joyce in Zurich: A Guide. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-51282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-51282-8"><bdi>978-3-030-51282-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1237733430">1237733430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+in+Zurich%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1237733430&rft.isbn=978-3-030-51282-8&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogarty2014" class="citation book cs1">Fogarty, Anne (2014). "Forward". In Brazeau, Gladwin; Gladwin, Derek (eds.). Eco-Joyce: The Environmental Imagination of James Joyce. Cork University Press >. pp. xv–xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78205-072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78205-072-8"><bdi>978-1-78205-072-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882713144">882713144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forward&rft.btitle=Eco-Joyce%3A+The+Environmental+Imagination+of+James+Joyce&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exviii&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press+%3E&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882713144&rft.isbn=978-1-78205-072-8&rft.aulast=Fogarty&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabler2018" class="citation book cs1">Gabler, Hans Walter (2018). Text Genetics in Literary Modernism and other Essays. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-365-0"><bdi>978-1-78374-365-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8j3xd">j.ctv8j3xd</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1073823877">1073823877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+Genetics+in+Literary+Modernism+and+other+Essays&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1073823877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv8j3xd%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-365-0&rft.aulast=Gabler&rft.aufirst=Hans+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2002" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesrevengehis0000gibs">Joyce's Revenge: History, Politics, and Aesthetics in Ulysses</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818495-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818495-9"><bdi>978-0-19-818495-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53971552">53971552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce%27s+Revenge%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Aesthetics+in+Ulysses&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53971552&rft.isbn=978-0-19-818495-9&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoycesrevengehis0000gibs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2006" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gibs">James Joyce</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-277-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-277-5"><bdi>978-1-86189-277-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864255796">864255796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864255796&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-277-5&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyce00gibs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroden1984" class="citation book cs1">Groden, Michael (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontojoyce00etat/page/70">"A Textual and Publishing History"</a>. In Bowen, Zack W.; Carens, James F. (eds.). A Companion to Joyce Studies. Greenwood Press. pp. 39–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-22832-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-22832-9"><bdi>0-313-22832-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029292078">1029292078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Textual+and+Publishing+History&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Joyce+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029292078&rft.isbn=0-313-22832-9&rft.aulast=Groden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontojoyce00etat%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayden, Deborah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5">Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02881-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02881-0"><bdi>0-465-02881-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/472849913">472849913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pox%3A+Genius%2C+Madness+and+the+Mysteries+of+Syphilis&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F472849913&rft.isbn=0-465-02881-0&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoxgeniusmadness0000hayd_b5i5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenke1991" class="citation book cs1">Henke, Suzzette A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewingclassic0000unse/page/60">"Exagmining Beckett & Company"</a>. In Dunleavy, Janet Engleson (ed.). Re-viewing Classics of Joyce Criticism. University of Illinois Press. pp. 61–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01774-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01774-2"><bdi>978-0-252-01774-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463648199">463648199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exagmining+Beckett+%26+Company&rft.btitle=Re-viewing+Classics+of+Joyce+Criticism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463648199&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01774-2&rft.aulast=Henke&rft.aufirst=Suzzette+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freviewingclassic0000unse%2Fpage%2F60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins1950" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Patricia (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyesdublin0000unse">James Joyce's Dublin</a>. Grey Walls Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/753237314">753237314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%27s+Dublin&rft.pub=Grey+Walls+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F753237314&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyesdublin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins1957" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Patricia (2016) [1957]. James Joyce's World. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23035-9"><bdi>978-1-317-23035-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061144722">1061144722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%27s+World&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061144722&rft.isbn=978-1-317-23035-9&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgartBauerle1997" class="citation book cs1">Hodgart, Matthew J. C.; Bauerle, Ruth (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg">Joyce's Grand Operoar: Opera in Finnegans Wake</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02258-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02258-0"><bdi>0-252-02258-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150108253">1150108253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce%27s+Grand+Operoar%3A+Opera+in+Finnegans+Wake&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150108253&rft.isbn=0-252-02258-0&rft.aulast=Hodgart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.+C.&rft.au=Bauerle%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoycesgrandopero0006hodg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughs1992" class="citation book cs1">Hughs, Eamonn (1992). "Joyce and Catholicism". In Welch, Robert (ed.). Irish Writers and Religion. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 116–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20963-8"><bdi>978-0-389-20963-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24431101">24431101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joyce+and+Catholicism&rft.btitle=Irish+Writers+and+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24431101&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20963-8&rft.aulast=Hughs&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonCostello1998" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John Wyse; Costello, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack">John Stanislaus Joyce: The Voluminous Life and Genius of James Joyce's Father</a>. St. Martins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18599-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18599-5"><bdi>0-312-18599-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035929915">1035929915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Stanislaus+Joyce%3A+The+Voluminous+Life+and+Genius+of+James+Joyce%27s+Father&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035929915&rft.isbn=0-312-18599-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John+Wyse&rft.au=Costello%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnstanislausjo00jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonMcGinley1993" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John Wyse; McGinley, Bernard (1993). "Afterward: 'Clay'". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycesdubli0000joyc/page/n207">Dubliners: An Annotated Edition</a>. By James, Joyce. St. Martins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-120-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-120-3"><bdi>978-1-85619-120-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256246736">1256246736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afterward%3A+%27Clay%27&rft.btitle=Dubliners%3A+An+Annotated+Edition&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256246736&rft.isbn=978-1-85619-120-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John+Wyse&rft.au=McGinley%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycesdubli0000joyc%2Fpage%2Fn207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1949" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl Gustav (1949). "Ulysses": A monologue [photocopied typescript]. Analytical Psychology Club of New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Ulysses%22%3A+A+monologue+%5Bphotocopied+typescript%5D&rft.pub=Analytical+Psychology+Club+of+New+York&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1952" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Carl Gustav (1975) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritinmanartli0015jung/page/109">""Ulysses": A monologue"</a>. In Read, Herbert; Fordham, Michael; Adler, Gerhard; McGuire, William (eds.). The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature. Bollingen Series. Vol. XX. Translated by Hull, R. F. C. Princeton University Press. pp. 117–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09773-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09773-9"><bdi>0-691-09773-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245812059">1245812059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Ulysses%22%3A+A+monologue&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+in+Man%2C+Art%2C+and+Literature&rft.series=Bollingen+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245812059&rft.isbn=0-691-09773-9&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiritinmanartli0015jung%2Fpage%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiberd1996" class="citation book cs1">Kiberd, Declan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventingireland00kibe/page/327">"James Joyce and Mythic Realism"</a>. Inventing Ireland. Harvard University Press. pp. 327–358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-958221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-958221-2"><bdi>978-0-09-958221-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035758855">1035758855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Joyce+and+Mythic+Realism&rft.btitle=Inventing+Ireland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035758855&rft.isbn=978-0-09-958221-2&rft.aulast=Kiberd&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventingireland00kibe%2Fpage%2F327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2020" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Colum (2020). The Enigma of Authur Griffith: Father of Us All. Merrion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0640-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0640-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0640-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741691064">741691064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Authur+Griffith%3A+Father+of+Us+All&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741691064&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0640-7&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Colum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1993" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Frederick K (1993). "Ulysses" and the Irish God. Lewisburg, London, Toronto: Bucknell University Press, Associated University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8387-5150-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8387-5150-4"><bdi>0-8387-5150-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Ulysses%22+and+the+Irish+God&rft.place=Lewisburg%2C+London%2C+Toronto&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press%2C+Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8387-5150-4&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Frederick+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham2009" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Sean (2009). "Twenty-First-Century Critical Contexts". In McCourt, John (ed.). James Joyce in Context. University of Washington Press. pp. 148–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88662-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88662-8"><bdi>978-0-521-88662-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900420355">900420355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twenty-First-Century+Critical+Contexts&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+in+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900420355&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88662-8&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988">}</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLernout2010" class="citation book cs1">Lernout, Geertz (2010). Help My Unbelief: James Joyce and Religion. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0640-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0640-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0640-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741691064">741691064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Help+My+Unbelief%3A+James+Joyce+and+Religion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741691064&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0640-7&rft.aulast=Lernout&rft.aufirst=Geertz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLernout1992" class="citation book cs1">Lernout, Geertz (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchjoyce0000lern_s2e6">The French Joyce</a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10195-5"><bdi>978-0-472-10195-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/980940048">980940048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Joyce&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F980940048&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10195-5&rft.aulast=Lernout&rft.aufirst=Geertz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchjoyce0000lern_s2e6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitz1964" class="citation book cs1">Litz, Walton A. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofjamesjoycem0000litz">The Art of James Joyce: Method and Design in Ulysses and Finnegans Wake</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1147728131">1147728131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+James+Joyce%3A+Method+and+Design+in+Ulysses+and+Finnegans+Wake&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1147728131&rft.aulast=Litz&rft.aufirst=Walton+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofjamesjoycem0000litz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1973" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, J. B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycemedici0000lyon">James Joyce and Medicine</a>. Dolmen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85105-229-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85105-229-8"><bdi>978-0-85105-229-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1194442101">1194442101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+Medicine&rft.pub=Dolmen+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1194442101&rft.isbn=978-0-85105-229-8&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycemedici0000lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCabe2003" class="citation book cs1">MacCabe, Colin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8">James Joyce and the Revolution of the Word</a>. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53152-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53152-5"><bdi>978-0-333-53152-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/506235724">506235724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+the+Revolution+of+the+Word&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F506235724&rft.isbn=978-0-333-53152-5&rft.aulast=MacCabe&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycerevolu0000macc_n5k8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddox1989" class="citation book cs1">Maddox, Brenda (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nora00bren">Nora: A Biography of Nora Joyce</a>. Fawcett Columbine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90410-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90410-5"><bdi>0-449-90410-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036769821">1036769821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nora%3A+A+Biography+of+Nora+Joyce&rft.pub=Fawcett+Columbine&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036769821&rft.isbn=0-449-90410-5&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnora00bren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganiello1980" class="citation book cs1">Manganiello, Daniel (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycespolitics0000mang">Joyce's Politics</a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0537-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0537-7"><bdi>0-7100-0537-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150084929">1150084929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce%27s+Politics&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150084929&rft.isbn=0-7100-0537-7&rft.aulast=Manganiello&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoycespolitics0000mang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey2006" class="citation book cs1">McCaffrey, Carmel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofirelan0000mcca">In Search of Ireland's Heroes: The Story of the Irish from the English Invasion to the Present Day</a>. Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-615-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-615-5"><bdi>978-1-56663-615-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1149404907">1149404907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Ireland%27s+Heroes%3A+The+Story+of+the+Irish+from+the+English+Invasion+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1149404907&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-615-5&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Carmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofirelan0000mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCourt1999a" class="citation book cs1">McCourt, John (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco">James Joyce: A Passionate Exile</a>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-26941-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-26941-2"><bdi>0-312-26941-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/566330961">566330961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+A+Passionate+Exile&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F566330961&rft.isbn=0-312-26941-2&rft.aulast=McCourt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycepassio0000mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCourt2000" class="citation book cs1">McCourt, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco">The Years of Bloom: James Joyce in Trieste, 1904–1920</a>. Lilliput Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901866-45-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-901866-45-9"><bdi>1-901866-45-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1091015013">1091015013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Bloom%3A+James+Joyce+in+Trieste%2C+1904%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Lilliput+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1091015013&rft.isbn=1-901866-45-9&rft.aulast=McCourt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearsofbloomjame0000mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCourt2019" class="citation book cs1">McCourt, John (2019). "After Ellman: The State of Joyce Biography". In Bradford, Richard (ed.). A Companion to Literary Biography. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 529–546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89629-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89629-7"><bdi>978-1-118-89629-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1060993112">1060993112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=After+Ellman%3A+The+State+of+Joyce+Biography&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Literary+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E529-%3C%2Fspan%3E546&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1060993112&rft.isbn=978-1-118-89629-7&rft.aulast=McCourt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchiori1984a" class="citation book cs1">Melchiori, Georgio (1984a). "Introduction". In Melchiori, Giorgio (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">Joyce in Rome: The Genesis of Ulysses</a> (PDF). Bulzone Editore. pp. 9–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Joyce+in+Rome%3A+The+Genesis+of+Ulysses&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Bulzone+Editore&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Melchiori&rft.aufirst=Georgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F09%2Fjoyceinromeweb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchiori1984b" class="citation book cs1">Melchiori, Georgio (1984b). "The Genesis of Ulysses". In Melchiori, Giorgio (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">Joyce in Rome: The Genesis of Ulysses</a> (PDF). Bulzone Editore. pp. 37–50. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+of+Ulysses&rft.btitle=Joyce+in+Rome%3A+The+Genesis+of+Ulysses&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Bulzone+Editore&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Melchiori&rft.aufirst=Georgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F09%2Fjoyceinromeweb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1959" class="citation book cs1">Morse, J. Mitchell (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sympatheticalien0000mors">The Sympathetic Alien: James Joyce and Catholicism</a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151344010">1151344010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sympathetic+Alien%3A+James+Joyce+and+Catholicism&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151344010&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=J.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsympatheticalien0000mors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1995" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Emer (1995). James Joyce and Nationalism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-21312-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-21312-2"><bdi>0-203-21312-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956639381">956639381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+Nationalism&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956639381&rft.isbn=0-203-21312-2&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Emer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoon1957" class="citation book cs1">Noon, Thomas (1963) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceaquinas0000noon/">Joyce and Aquinas</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150130940">1150130940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce+and+Aquinas&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150130940&rft.aulast=Noon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoyceaquinas0000noon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Edna (2000) [2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri">James Joyce</a>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1070-5"><bdi>978-0-7538-1070-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1194438672">1194438672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1194438672&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1070-5&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyce0000obri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2020" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Katherine (2020). "The Art of Reading a Musical Novel: Literary Audiation and the Case of James Joyce". In van Hulle, Dirk; Silva, Emma-Louise; Slote, Sam (eds.). James Joyce and the Arts. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42619-1"><bdi>978-90-04-42619-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1247076920">1247076920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Reading+a+Musical+Novel%3A+Literary+Audiation+and+the+Case+of+James+Joyce&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+the+Arts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1247076920&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42619-1&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li>* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1970" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Ulick (1970). "Joyce and Gogarty". In Ryan, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bashintunneljame0000ryan">A Bash in the Tunnel: James Joyce by the Irish</a>. Clifton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901255-19-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901255-19-8"><bdi>978-0-901255-19-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964128395">964128395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joyce+and+Gogarty&rft.btitle=A+Bash+in+the+Tunnel%3A+James+Joyce+by+the+Irish&rft.pub=Clifton+Books&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964128395&rft.isbn=978-0-901255-19-8&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Ulick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbashintunneljame0000ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnorati1984" class="citation book cs1">Onorati, Franco (1984). "Bank Clerk in Rome". In Melchiori, Giorgio (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102032/https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">Joyce in Rome: The Genesis of Ulysses</a> (PDF). Bulzone Editore. pp. 24–31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/joyceinromeweb.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bank+Clerk+in+Rome&rft.btitle=Joyce+in+Rome%3A+The+Genesis+of+Ulysses&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Bulzone+Editore&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Onorati&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthejamesjoyceitalianfoundation.files.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F09%2Fjoyceinromeweb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2008" class="citation book cs1">Orr, Leonard (2008). "From High-Modern Aesthete to Postcolonial Subject: An Introduction to the Political Transformation of Joyce Studies". In Orr, Leonard (ed.). Joyce, Imperialism, Postcolonialism. Syracuse University Press. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3188-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-3188-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1244720169">1244720169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+High-Modern+Aesthete+to+Postcolonial+Subject%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Political+Transformation+of+Joyce+Studies&rft.btitle=Joyce%2C+Imperialism%2C+Postcolonialism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1244720169&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3188-0&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsteen1995a" class="citation book cs1">Osteen, Mark (1995a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economyofulysses0000oste">The Economy of Ulysses: Making Both Ends Meet</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2653-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2653-4"><bdi>978-0-8156-2653-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035657242">1035657242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Ulysses%3A+Making+Both+Ends+Meet&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035657242&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2653-4&rft.aulast=Osteen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomyofulysses0000oste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1979" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Willard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/59">"August Suter"</a>. In Potts, Willard (ed.). Portraits of the Artist in Exile: Recollections of James Joyce by Europeans. University of Washington Press. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95614-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95614-3"><bdi>0-295-95614-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256510754">1256510754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=August+Suter&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+the+Artist+in+Exile%3A+Recollections+of+James+Joyce+by+Europeans&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256510754&rft.isbn=0-295-95614-3&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988">}</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabaté2001" class="citation book cs1">Rabaté, Jean-Michel (2001). James Joyce and the Politics of Egoism. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00958-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00958-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00958-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159835557">1159835557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+the+Politics+of+Egoism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159835557&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00958-4&rft.aulast=Rabat%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiquelme1983" class="citation book cs1">Riquelme, John Paul (1983). Teller and Tale in Joyce's Fictions: Oscillating Perspectives. Johns Hopkins University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2854-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-2854-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803667971">803667971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teller+and+Tale+in+Joyce%27s+Fictions%3A+Oscillating+Perspectives&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803667971&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2854-6&rft.aulast=Riquelme&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes1992" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, Robert E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofjamesj00scho">In Search of James Joyce</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06245-2"><bdi>978-0-252-06245-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035657242">1035657242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035657242&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06245-2&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofjamesj00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegall1993" class="citation book cs1">Segall, Jeffrey (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceinamericacu00sega">Joyce in America: Cultural Politics and the Trials of Ulysses</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91235-9"><bdi>978-0-520-91235-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45731264">45731264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce+in+America%3A+Cultural+Politics+and+the+Trials+of+Ulysses&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45731264&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91235-9&rft.aulast=Segall&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoyceinamericacu00sega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidel2008" class="citation book cs1">Seidel, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceshorti0000seid">James Joyce: A Short Introduction</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69290-5"><bdi>978-0-470-69290-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437218520">437218520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+A+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437218520&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69290-5&rft.aulast=Seidel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyceshorti0000seid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry2004" class="citation book cs1">Sherry, Vincent B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceulysse0000sher">James Joyce: Ulysses, A Student Guide</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-283-32913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-283-32913-2"><bdi>978-1-283-32913-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80247307">80247307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+Ulysses%2C+A+Student+Guide&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80247307&rft.isbn=978-1-283-32913-2&rft.aulast=Sherry&rft.aufirst=Vincent+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyceulysse0000sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShloss2005" class="citation book cs1">Shloss, Carol Loeb (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8">Lucia Joyce: To Dance in the Wake</a>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42269-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-42269-5"><bdi>0-312-42269-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150291846">1150291846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucia+Joyce%3A+To+Dance+in+the+Wake&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150291846&rft.isbn=0-312-42269-5&rft.aulast=Shloss&rft.aufirst=Carol+Loeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluciajoycetodanc0000shlo_d2b8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShockley2009" class="citation book cs1">Shockley, Alan (2009). "Playing the Square Circle: Musical Form and Polyphony in the Wake". In Friedman, Alan W.; Rossman, Charles (eds.). De-Familiarizing Readings: Essays from the Austin Joyce Conference. European Joyce Studies. Vol. 18. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2570-7"><bdi>978-90-420-2570-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907184947">907184947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Playing+the+Square+Circle%3A+Musical+Form+and+Polyphony+in+the+Wake&rft.btitle=De-Familiarizing+Readings%3A+Essays+from+the+Austin+Joyce+Conference&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=European+Joyce+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Editions+Rodopi&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907184947&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2570-7&rft.aulast=Shockley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSollers1978" class="citation book cs1">Sollers, Phillippe (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwakeofwake0000unse/page/107">"Joyce & Co."</a>. In Hayman, David; Anderson, Elliott (eds.). In the Wake of the Wake. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 107–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07600-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07600-9"><bdi>978-0-299-07600-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150051810">1150051810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joyce+%26+Co.&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+the+Wake&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150051810&rft.isbn=978-0-299-07600-9&rft.aulast=Sollers&rft.aufirst=Phillippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwakeofwake0000unse%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpender1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Spender, Stephen (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycecritic0000demi/page/748">"Stephen Spender, in Listener 1941"</a>. In Deming, Robert H. (ed.). James Joyce: The Critical Heritage. Vol. 2: 1928–1941. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-01023-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-01023-4"><bdi>978-0-389-01023-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75268">75268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stephen+Spender%2C+in+Listener+1941&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+The+Critical+Heritage&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75268&rft.isbn=978-0-389-01023-4&rft.aulast=Spender&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycecritic0000demi%2Fpage%2F748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Strong" title="Leonard Strong">Strong, L. A. G.</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredriverappro0000stro">The Sacred River: An Approach to James Joyce</a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151157933">1151157933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+River%3A+An+Approach+to+James+Joyce&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151157933&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=L.+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredriverappro0000stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1958" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Kevin (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyceamongjesuit00sull">Joyce among the Jesuits</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035932848">1035932848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce+among+the+Jesuits&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035932848&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoyceamongjesuit00sull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSultan1987" class="citation book cs1">Sultan, Stanley (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nley00stan">Eliot, Joyce, and Company</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802156-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802156-8"><bdi>978-0-19-802156-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191953301">191953301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eliot%2C+Joyce%2C+and+Company&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191953301&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802156-8&rft.aulast=Sultan&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnley00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderham1997" class="citation book cs1">Vanderham, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycecensor0000vand">James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of Ulysses</a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8790-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8790-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-8790-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090993728">1090993728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+Censorship%3A+The+Trials+of+Ulysses&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090993728&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8790-8&rft.aulast=Vanderham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoycecensor0000vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Mierlo2017" class="citation book cs1">Van Mierlo, Chrissie (2017). James Joyce and Catholicism: The Apostate's Wake. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8596-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-8596-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100839903">1100839903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+Catholicism%3A+The+Apostate%27s+Wake&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100839903&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-8596-7&rft.aulast=Van+Mierlo&rft.aufirst=Chrissie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1987" class="citation book cs1">Watson, G. J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joycesulysseslar0000unse/page/39">"The Politics of Ulysses"</a>. In Newman, Robert D.; Thornton, Weldon (eds.). Joyce's Ulysses: The Larger Perspective. University of Delaware Press. pp. 39–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-316-5"><bdi>978-0-87413-316-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150083137">1150083137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Ulysses&rft.btitle=Joyce%27s+Ulysses%3A+The+Larger+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150083137&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-316-5&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoycesulysseslar0000unse%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation book cs1">White, Tony (2001). Investing in People: Higher Education in Ireland from 1960 to 2000. Institute of Public Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902448-55-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-902448-55-3"><bdi>1-902448-55-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1153619624">1153619624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investing+in+People%3A+Higher+Education+in+Ireland+from+1960+to+2000&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1153619624&rft.isbn=1-902448-55-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiten2018" class="citation book cs1">Witen, Michelle (2018). James Joyce and Absolute Music. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-01423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-01423-7"><bdi>978-1-350-01423-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038573672">1038573672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce+and+Absolute+Music&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038573672&rft.isbn=978-1-350-01423-7&rft.aulast=Witen&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Journal articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttridge2013" class="citation journal cs1">Attridge, Derek (2013). "Finnegans awake: The dream of interpretation". James Joyce Quarterly. 50 (1/2): 185–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjjq.2012.0072">10.1353/jjq.2012.0072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598778">24598778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170426109">170426109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=James+Joyce+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Finnegans+awake%3A+The+dream+of+interpretation&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170426109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24598778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjjq.2012.0072&rft.aulast=Attridge&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenstock1961" class="citation journal cs1">Benstock, Bernard (1961). "The Final Apostacy: James Joyce and Finnegans Wake". ELH. 28 (4): 417–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2871822">10.2307/2871822</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2871822">2871822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELH&rft.atitle=The+Final+Apostacy%3A+James+Joyce+and+Finnegans+Wake&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E437&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2871822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2871822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benstock&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerroneJoyce1976" class="citation journal cs1">Berrone, Louis; Joyce, James (1976). "Two James Joyce essays unveiled: "The Centenary of Charles Dickens" and "L'influenza letteraria universale del rinascimento"". Journal of Modern Literature. 5 (1): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830952">3830952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Literature&rft.atitle=Two+James+Joyce+essays+unveiled%3A+%22The+Centenary+of+Charles+Dickens%22+and+%22L%27influenza+letteraria+universale+del+rinascimento%22&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3830952%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Berrone&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Joyce%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollettieri_Bosinelli2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bollettieri Bosinelli, Rosa Maria (2013). "Riders to the Sea/La Cavalcata al Mare by John Millington Synge, translated by James Joyce and Nicolò Vidacovich [Review]". James Joyce Quarterly. 50 (4): 1114–1118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjjq.2013.0072">10.1353/jjq.2013.0072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598738">24598738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161160149">161160149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=James+Joyce+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Riders+to+the+Sea%2FLa+Cavalcata+al+Mare+by+John+Millington+Synge%2C+translated+by+James+Joyce+and+Nicol%C3%B2+Vidacovich+%5BReview%5D&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1114-%3C%2Fspan%3E1118&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161160149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24598738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjjq.2013.0072&rft.aulast=Bollettieri+Bosinelli&rft.aufirst=Rosa+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorach1931" class="citation journal cs1">Borach, Georges (1954) [1931]. "Conversations with James Joyce". College English. 15 (6): 325–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F371650">10.2307/371650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/371650">371650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=Conversations+with+James+Joyce&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F371650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F371650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Borach&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bowker, Gordon (2011). "Joyce in England". James Joyce Quarterly. 48 (4): 667–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjjq.2011.0093">10.1353/jjq.2011.0093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884">24598884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162310457">162310457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=James+Joyce+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Joyce+in+England&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E667-%3C%2Fspan%3E681&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162310457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24598884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjjq.2011.0093&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2011" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, Austin (2011). "Joyce's drinking". 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University of Washington Press. pp. 74–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95614-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95614-3"><bdi>0-295-95614-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256510754">1256510754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shadow+That+Had+Lost+Its+Man&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+the+Artist+in+Exile%3A+Recollections+of+James+Joyce+by+Europeans&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256510754&rft.isbn=0-295-95614-3&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Nino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogarty1948" class="citation book cs1">Gogarty, Oliver St. John (1990) [1948]. "James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist". In Mikhail, E. H. (ed.). James Joyce: Interviews and Recollections. Palgrave MacMillian. pp. 21–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-09422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-09422-6"><bdi>978-1-349-09422-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004381330">1004381330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Joyce%3A+A+Portrait+of+the+Artist&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+Interviews+and+Recollections&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillian&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004381330&rft.isbn=978-1-349-09422-6&rft.aulast=Gogarty&rft.aufirst=Oliver+St.+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman1939" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Herbert Sherman (1948) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/">James Joyce</a>. Rinehart. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035888158">1035888158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce&rft.pub=Rinehart&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035888158&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyce00gorm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"> Gorman's biography was substantially edited by Joyce; see Nadel, 1991 and Witemeyer, 1995 cited above.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1901" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twoessaysforgott00skefrich/page/6">"The Day of the Rabblement"</a>. Two essays: "A Forgotten Aspect of the University Question" by F. J. C. Skeffington and "The Day of the Rabblement by James A. Joyce. Gerrard Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158075403">1158075403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Day+of+the+Rabblement&rft.btitle=Two+essays%3A+%22A+Forgotten+Aspect+of+the+University+Question%22+by+F.+J.+C.+Skeffington+and+%22The+Day+of+the+Rabblement+by+James+A.+Joyce&rft.pub=Gerrard+Brothers&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158075403&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwoessaysforgott00skefrich%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1957" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1957). Gilbert, Stuart (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letters00joyc">Letters of James Joyce</a>. Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035911799">1035911799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035911799&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletters00joyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1966a" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1966a). Ellmann, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/">Letters of James Joyce</a>. Vol. II. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150247200">1150247200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150247200&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofjamesjo0000joyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1966b" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1966b). Ellmann, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterofjamesjoy03joyc">Letters of James Joyce</a>. Vol. III. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035895293">1035895293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035895293&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterofjamesjoy03joyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1905b" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Stanislaus (1962) [1905b]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dublindiary00joyc">Dublin Diary</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18622314">18622314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin+Diary&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18622314&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Stanislaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdublindiary00joyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1941" class="citation journal cs1">Joyce, Stanislaus (1950) [1941]. "James Joyce: A Memoir". Hudson Review. 2 (4). Translated by Giovanelli, Felix: 485–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3847704">10.2307/3847704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3847704">3847704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Review&rft.atitle=James+Joyce%3A+A+Memoir&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3847704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3847704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Stanislaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1950" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Stanislaus (1950). Recollections of James Joyce. James Joyce Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56703249">56703249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=James+Joyce+Society&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56703249&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Stanislaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1958" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Stanislaus (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/">My Brother's Keeper: James Joyce's Early Years</a>. Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036750861">1036750861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Brother%27s+Keeper%3A+James+Joyce%27s+Early+Years&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036750861&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Stanislaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmybrotherskeeper00joyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce_Schaurek1963" class="citation book cs1">Joyce Schaurek, Eileen (1990) [1963]. "Pappy never spoke of Jim's books". In Mikhail, E. H. (ed.). James Joyce: Interviews and Recollections. Palgrave MacMillian. pp. 60–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-09422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-09422-6"><bdi>978-1-349-09422-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004381330">1004381330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pappy+never+spoke+of+Jim%27s+books&rft.btitle=James+Joyce%3A+Interviews+and+Recollections&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillian&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004381330&rft.isbn=978-1-349-09422-6&rft.aulast=Joyce+Schaurek&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarbaud1922" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Valery_Larbaud" title="Valery Larbaud">Larbaud, Valery</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006204356/https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782071031282.pdf">"James Joyce"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Revue_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Nouvelle Revue Française">Nouvelle Revue Française</a> (in French) (103): 385–409. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782071031282.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nouvelle+Revue+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=James+Joyce&rft.issue=103&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Larbaud&rft.aufirst=Valery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexcerpts.numilog.com%2Fbooks%2F9782071031282.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuening1980" class="citation book cs1">Luening, Otto (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odysseyofamerica0000luen">Odyssey of an American Composer: The Autobiography of Otto Luening</a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16496-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16496-5"><bdi>0-684-16496-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1236060136">1236060136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odyssey+of+an+American+Composer%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Otto+Luening&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1236060136&rft.isbn=0-684-16496-5&rft.aulast=Luening&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodysseyofamerica0000luen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPound1967" class="citation book cs1">Pound, Ezra Loomis (1967). Forrest, Read (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poundjoyceletter00poun_0/">Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce, with Pound's Essays on Joyce</a>. New Directions. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036797049">1036797049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pound%2FJoyce%3A+The+Letters+of+Ezra+Pound+to+James+Joyce%2C+with+Pound%27s+Essays+on+Joyce&rft.pub=New+Directions&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036797049&rft.aulast=Pound&rft.aufirst=Ezra+Loomis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoundjoyceletter00poun_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1917" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Quinn_(collector)" title="John Quinn (collector)">Quinn, John</a> (2014) [24 February 1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412213650/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/1917/05/james-joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-as-a-young-man">"James Joyce, a new Irish novelist"</a>. Vanity Fair. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/1917/05/james-joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-as-a-young-man">the original</a> on 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=James+Joyce%2C+a+new+Irish+novelist&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F1917%2F05%2Fjames-joyce-portrait-of-the-artist-as-a-young-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuter1926" class="citation book cs1">Suter, August (1979) [1926]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/61">"The Shadow That Had Lost Its Man"</a>. In Potts, Willard (ed.). Portraits of the Artist in Exile: Recollections of James Joyce by Europeans. University of Washington Press. pp. 61–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95614-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95614-3"><bdi>0-295-95614-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256510754">1256510754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shadow+That+Had+Lost+Its+Man&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+the+Artist+in+Exile%3A+Recollections+of+James+Joyce+by+Europeans&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256510754&rft.isbn=0-295-95614-3&rft.aulast=Suter&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvevo1927" class="citation book cs1">Svevo, Italo (1950) [1927]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev">James Joyce</a>. City Lights Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150089957">1150089957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joyce&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150089957&rft.aulast=Svevo&rft.aufirst=Italo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesjoyce0000svev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig1941" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Stephen (1964) [1941]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofyesterday00zwei">The World of Yesterday: An Autobiography</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5224-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5224-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-5224-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978106414">978106414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Yesterday%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F978106414&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-5224-0&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofyesterday00zwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dd>Literary works</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1904a" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1965) [1904]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workshopofdaedal0000scho/page/56">"A Portrait of the Artist"</a>. In Scholes, Robert; Kain, Richard M. (eds.). The Workshop of Daedalus: James Joyce and the Raw Materials for A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/763117800">763117800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+the+Artist&rft.btitle=The+Workshop+of+Daedalus%3A+James+Joyce+and+the+Raw+Materials+for+A+Portrait+of+the+Artist+as+a+Young+Man&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F763117800&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkshopofdaedal0000scho%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1904b" class="citation web cs1">Joyce, James (1904b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210134056/http://www.ricorso.net/rx/library/authors/classic/Joyce_J/Poetry/Holy_Off.htm">"The Holy Office"</a>. ricorso.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricorso.net/rx/library/authors/classic/Joyce_J/Poetry/Holy_Off.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ricorso.net&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricorso.net%2Frx%2Flibrary%2Fauthors%2Fclassic%2FJoyce_J%2FPoetry%2FHoly_Off.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1916b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofartist00joycrich">Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a>. B. W. Huebsch. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1050861001">1050861001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+the+Artist+as+a+Young+Man&rft.pub=B.+W.+Huebsch&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1050861001&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofartist00joycrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulysses00joyc_1">Ulysses</a>. The Egoist Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158083156">1158083156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses&rft.pub=The+Egoist+Press&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158083156&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fulysses00joyc_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1939" class="citation web cs1">Joyce, James (1990) [1939]. Szeliga, Tim; Theall, Donald (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607223036/http://www.trentu.ca/faculty/jjoyce/">"Text of Finnegans Wake at Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario"</a>. Trent University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trentu.ca/faculty/jjoyce">the original</a> on 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trent+University&rft.atitle=Text+of+Finnegans+Wake+at+Trent+University%2C+Peterborough%2C+Ontario.&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trentu.ca%2Ffaculty%2Fjjoyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1959" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (1989) [1959]. Mason, Ellsworth; Ellmann, Richard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalwritings00joyc">The Critical Writings of James Joyce</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9587-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9587-3"><bdi>0-8014-9587-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/756438802">756438802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critical+Writings+of+James+Joyce&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F756438802&rft.isbn=0-8014-9587-3&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalwritings00joyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeats1892" class="citation book cs1">Yeats, William Butler (1912) [1892]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yeatspoems00yeatrich/page/153">"To Ireland in the Coming Times"</a>. Poems. T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 153–155. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158571002">1158571002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Ireland+in+the+Coming+Times&rft.btitle=Poems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158571002&rft.aulast=Yeats&rft.aufirst=William+Butler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyeatspoems00yeatrich%2Fpage%2F153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> James Joyce at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" class="extiw" title="c:James Joyce">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Joyce" class="extiw" title="q:James Joyce">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Joyce" class="extiw" title="s:Author:James Joyce">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about James Joyce <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=James+Joyce&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=James+Joyce">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=James+Joyce&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By James Joyce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=James+Joyce&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=James+Joyce">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=James+Joyce&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> Joyce Papers, National Library of Ireland <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nli.ie/Collection/vtls000194606">The Joyce Papers 2002, c. 1903–1928</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nli.ie/Collection/vtls000356640">The James Joyce – Paul Léon Papers, 1930–1940</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nli.ie/Collection/vtls000574886/HierarchyTree?lookfor=">Hans E. Jahnke Bequest at the Zurich James Joyce Foundation online at the National Library Of Ireland, 2014</a></li></ul> Electronic editions <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/james-joyce">Works by James Joyce in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Joyce%2C%20James">Works by James Joyce</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/495">Works by James Joyce</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1039">Works by James Joyce</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> Resources <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/joyce">James Joyce Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F58899">"Archival material relating to James Joyce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+James+Joyce&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF58899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Joyce" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6882#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/joycecoll/">The James Joyce Scholars' Collection</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> Digital Collections Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/joyce/introduction/index.html">James Joyce from Dublin to Ithaca Exhibition</a> from the collections of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.james-joyce.de/">Bibliography of Joycean Scholarship, Articles and Literary Criticism</a> from james-joyce.de</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&oldid=1277478465">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&oldid=1277478465</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 February 2025, at 21:50 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джойс, Джэймс – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джойс, Джэймс" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%86%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ጄምስ ጆይስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ጆይስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جيمس جويس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس جويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Coys" title="Ceyms Coys – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Coys" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جئیمز جویس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز جویس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="জেমস জয়েস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস জয়েস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джэймс Джойс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джэймз Джойс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Джойс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="जेम्स जॉयस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जेम्स जॉयस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CF%85%CF%82" title="Τζέιμς Τζόυς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Τζόυς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جیمز جویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز جویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="詹姆斯·喬伊斯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="詹姆斯·喬伊斯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="제임스 조이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 조이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Ջեյմս Ջոյս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Ջոյս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="जेम्स जॉयस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स जॉयस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1" title="ג'יימס ג'ויס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס ג'ויס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಜಾಯ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಜಾಯ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ჯოისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ ჯოისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Жеймс Жойс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жеймс Жойс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Joyce" title="Iacobus Joyce – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Joyce" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_D%C5%BEoiss" title="Džeimss Džoiss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Džoiss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81" title="Џејмс Џојс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Џојс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജെയിംസ് ജോയ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് ജോയ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8" title="जेम्स जॉइस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स जॉइस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ჯოისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ ჯოისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جيمس جويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس جويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Жеймс Жойс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жеймс Жойс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိမ်းဂျွိုက်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းဂျွိုက်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8" title="जेम्स जोइस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जेम्स जोइस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="ジェイムズ・ジョイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェイムズ・ジョイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джойс, Джеймс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джойс, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джойс, Джеймс – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Джойс, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8" title="ଜେମ୍‌ସ ଜଏସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜେମ୍‌ସ ଜଏସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8" title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਜੋਆਇਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਜੋਆਇਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="جیمز جوائس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز جوائس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جېمز جویس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جېمز جویس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Coys" title="Ceyms Coys – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ceyms Coys" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джойс, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джойс, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhejms_Xhois" title="Xhejms Xhois – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhejms Xhois" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AC%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جەیمز جۆیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمز جۆیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81" title="Џејмс Џојс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Џојс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் ஜோய்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் ஜோய்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เจมส์ จอยซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ จอยซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C3%BDms_Jo%C3%BDs" title="Jeýms Joýs – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jeýms Joýs" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джойс, Джеймс – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Джойс, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Джеймс Джойс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Джойс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="جیمز جوائس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز جوائس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3" title="جامىس جويىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جامىس جويىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEois_D%C5%BEeims" title="Džois Džeims – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Džois Džeims" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="詹姆斯·乔伊斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯·乔伊斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1" title="דזשיימס דזשויס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשיימס דזשויס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="詹姆斯·喬伊斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詹姆斯·喬伊斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimsos_D%C5%BEuoisos" title="Džeimsos Džuoisos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džeimsos Džuoisos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="詹姆斯·乔伊斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·乔伊斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="James Joyce" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 February 2025, at 21:50 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Joyce&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5864bd6ff7-4rpqx","wgBackendResponseTime":587,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.969","walltime":"4.286","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36516,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":880893,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":134485,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1060808,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3602.252 1 -total"," 22.08% 795.351 254 Template:Sfn"," 21.27% 766.262 117 Template:Cite_book"," 14.89% 536.519 91 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.73% 278.479 175 Template:Sfnm"," 5.33% 192.103 50 Template:Efn"," 5.01% 180.423 12 Template:Navbox"," 4.65% 167.585 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 4.51% 162.527 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.18% 150.466 2 Template:Reflist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.599","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":35572516,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtherton1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttridge1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttridge2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttridge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeach1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckett1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeja1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenstock1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerroneJoyce1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiggers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirmingham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBollettieri_Bosinelli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorach1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrivic1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudgen1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaraher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarver1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChun2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColum1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolahan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCope1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostello1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCriseRocco-BergeraDalton1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeane1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelimata1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDettmar1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowling2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyle1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEco1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmann1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmann1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmann1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmann1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmann1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmann1982b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairhall1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFargnoliGillespie1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeis_Ceoiln.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerris1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFludernik1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogarty2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancini_Bruni1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancini_Bruni1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFroula1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabler1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogarty1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroden1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrodenn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalper1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnett2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawleyMcCourt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayden2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHederman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegglund2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenke1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbert2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgartBauerle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorgan-Jones2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughs1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchins1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchins1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJJC2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJMT2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonCostello1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonMcGinley1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1904a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1904b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1905b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1966a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1966b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce_Schaurek1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJung1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJung1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiberd1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilleen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimpel1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarbaud1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLernout1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLernout2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitz1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoukopoulou2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuening1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCabe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddox1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMamigonianTurner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManganiello1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManglaviti2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinBauerle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCaffrey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCourt1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCourt1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCourt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCourt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedina_Casado2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchiori1984a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchiori1984b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoLIn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonnierBeach1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorse1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNAIn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNIAHn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadel1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNastasi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoon1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnorati1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsteen1995a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsteen1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelaschiar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetroski1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPound1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrescott1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuillian1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabaté1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabaté2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRando2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiquelme1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocco-Bergera1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuff1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRushing2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSMWJJn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchotter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegall1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShloss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShockley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSollers1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpender1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielberg1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoo1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoo1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaley1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaley1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanzel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrong1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSultan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSultan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuter1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvevo1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTMOn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Irish_Times2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUCL2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Mierlo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderham1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkiewicz1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalzl1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeir2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisenfarth1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitemeyer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiten2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWykes1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeats1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZJJFn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanotti2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZweig1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Sola_Rodstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdel_Greco_Lobner1985\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 117,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 91,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite podcast\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Csl\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Joyce, James\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 50,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Finnegans Wake\"] = 1,\n [\"Google Books\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 33,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writer\"] = 1,\n [\"Irish poetry\"] = 1,\n [\"James Joyce\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Modernism\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 12,\n [\"Nee\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 254,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 34,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 175,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"The Dead\"] = 1,\n [\"UK National Archives ID\"] = 1,\n [\"Ulysses\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","660","23.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","11.3"],["?","300","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","260","9.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","3.5"],["(for 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-26T06:10:29Z","dateModified":"2025-02-24T21:50:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1e\/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg","headline":"Irish novelist and poet (1882\u20131941)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>