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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_and_dwellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_and_dwellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Transportation and dwellings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_and_dwellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociopolitical_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociopolitical_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sociopolitical organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociopolitical_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemies_and_warrior_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemies_and_warrior_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Enemies and warrior culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemies_and_warrior_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiowa_calendars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiowa_calendars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Kiowa calendars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiowa_calendars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Funeral practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history_and_migration_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_and_migration_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early history and migration south</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_and_migration_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Indian wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Colonial Transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservation_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservation_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Reservation period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservation_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Humanities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humanities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Humanities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Humanities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ledger_art_and_hide_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ledger_art_and_hide_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ledger art and hide painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ledger_art_and_hide_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiowa_Six" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiowa_Six"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kiowa Six</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiowa_Six-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painters_and_sculptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painters_and_sculptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Painters and sculptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painters_and_sculptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beadwork_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beadwork_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Beadwork artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beadwork_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musicians_and_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicians_and_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Musicians and composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicians_and_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Photographers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Kiowas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Kiowas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Kiowas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Kiowas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiowa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="كيوا (قبيلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيوا (قبيلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Каёва (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каёва (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowes" title="Kiowes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kiowes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa_(herria)" title="Kiowa (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kiowa (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowas" title="Kiowas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kiowas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%B3bha" title="Cióbha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cióbha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_kiowa" title="Pobo kiowa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo kiowa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%99%80%EC%A1%B1" title="카이오와족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카이오와족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кайова – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кайова" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajovai" title="Kajovai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kajovai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caioua" title="Caioua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Caioua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5" title="കിയോവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിയോവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa_(volk)" title="Kiowa (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kiowa (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AF" title="カイオワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カイオワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Кайова (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кайова (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Кајова (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кајова (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiowa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowat" title="Kiowat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiowat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kiowa (disambiguation)">Kiowa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kiowa<br />Cáuigú<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Summer,_Kiowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg/220px-In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg/330px-In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg/440px-In_Summer%2C_Kiowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Three Kiowa men in 1898</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">12,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-oia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>, traditional tribal religion, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kiowa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KY</span>-ə-wə, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">WAH</span>, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">WAY</span></i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Cáuigú</b><sup id="cite_ref-palmer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kɔ́j-gʷú]</a></span>) people are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribe and an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Great_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Great Plains">Indigenous people of the Great Plains</a> of the United States. They migrated southward from western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> into the Rocky Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-p326_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p326-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, the Kiowa were moved to a reservation in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. </p><p>Today, they are <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized</a> as <b>Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_Oklahoma" title="Carnegie, Oklahoma">Carnegie, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 12,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa language (Cáuijògà)</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a> language family, is in danger of extinction, with only 20 speakers as of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethno_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Kiowa have a Kiowa Language Department .<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Tulsa, the University of Oklahoma in Norman, and the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma in Chickasha offer Kiowa language classes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Cáui</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Cáuigú</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Cáuijògà</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Cáuidàumgà</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Kiowa language, Kiowa call themselves [kɔ́j–gʷú], spelled variously as Cáuigú,<sup id="cite_ref-palmer_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ka'igwu, Gáuigú, or Gaigwu, most given with the speculated meaning "Principal People."<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney1898_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 136">: 136 </span></sup> In the early 18th century, the Plains Apache lived around the upper Missouri River and maintained close connections to the Kiowa. They were ethnically different and spoke different languages. The first part of the name is the element [kɔ́j] (spelled Kae-, Cáui-, Gáui-, or Gai-) which simply means 'Kiowa'. Its origin is lost. The second element <i>-gua/gú</i> [–gʷú] (or [–gʷúɔ̯] in older Kiowa) is a plural marker.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient names of the tribe were Kútjàu or Kwu-da [kʰʷút–tɔ̀] ("emerging" or "coming out rapidly") and Tep-da [tʰép+dɔ̀ː], relating to the tribal origin narrative of a creator pulling people out of a hollow log until a <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant woman</a> got stuck. Later, they called themselves <i>Kom-pa-bianta</i> (Kòmfàubî̱dàu) [kòmpɔ̀+bį̂ː–dɔ̀] (tipi flap+big–plural) for "people with large <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoke_flaps" title="Smoke flaps">flaps</a>", before they met Southern Plains tribes or before they met white men.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney1898_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 152–153">: 152–153 </span></sup> </p><p>In English, <i>Kiowa</i> is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KI-o-wa</a> /ˈkaɪ.oʊ.wə/, KI-o-wə /ˈki.oʊ.wə/ is considered improper. The English name derives from how the Comanches would say /kɔ́j–gʷú/ in their language. Some older Kiowas will say <i>Kiowa</i> as KI-wah /ˈkaɪ.wɑː/.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a>, <i>Kiowa</i> is expressed by holding two straight fingers near the lower outside edge of the right eye and moving these fingers back past the ear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This corresponded to the ancient Kiowa hairstyle cut horizontally from the lower outside edge of the eyes to the back of their ears. This was a practical way to prevent their hair from getting tangled while shooting an arrow from a bowstring.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> painted Kiowa warriors with this hairstyle.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa language</a></div> <p>The Kiowa language is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa-Tanoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa-Tanoan languages">Kiowa-Tanoan</a> language family. The relationship was first proposed by Smithsonian linguist <a href="/wiki/John_P._Harrington" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Harrington">John P. Harrington</a> in 1910 and was definitively established by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Hale" title="Kenneth L. Hale">Ken Hale</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parker_McKenzie" title="Parker McKenzie">Parker McKenzie</a>, born in 1897, was a noted authority on the Kiowa language, learning English only when he began school. He collaborated with John P. Harrington, who credited him as the first author of jointly published work at a time when Native consultants were seldom acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he also worked with Laurel Watkins on the Kiowa language. He went on to discuss the etymology of words and insights into how the Kiowa language changed to incorporate new items of material culture. McKenzie's letters on pronunciation and grammar of the Kiowa language are in the National Anthropological Archives. </p><p>Kiowa /ˈkaɪ.əwə/ or Cáuijṑ̱gà / [Gáui[dò̱:gyà ("language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)") is a Tanoan language spoken by Kiowa people, primarily in Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Kiowa were one of the numerous nations across the U.S., Canada, and Mexico that spoke <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a>. Originally a trade language, it became a language in its own right that remained in use across North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jt_goombi_usao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jt_goombi_usao.jpg/150px-Jt_goombi_usao.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jt_goombi_usao.jpg/225px-Jt_goombi_usao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Jt_goombi_usao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>J.T. Goombi, former Kiowa tribal chairman and first vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_Oklahoma" title="Carnegie, Oklahoma">Carnegie, Oklahoma</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Tribal_jurisdictional_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal jurisdictional area">tribal jurisdictional area</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Caddo_County,_Oklahoma" title="Caddo County, Oklahoma">Caddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche_County,_Oklahoma" title="Comanche County, Oklahoma">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_County,_Oklahoma" title="Cotton County, Oklahoma">Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Oklahoma" title="Jackson County, Oklahoma">Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_County,_Oklahoma" title="Kiowa County, Oklahoma">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tillman_County,_Oklahoma" title="Tillman County, Oklahoma">Tillman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Greer County, Oklahoma">Greer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmon_County,_Oklahoma" title="Harmon County, Oklahoma">Harmon Counties</a>. Enrollment in the tribe requires a minimum <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood quantum">blood quantum</a> of ¼ Kiowa descent.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Kiowa Tribal Chairman is Lawrence SpottedBird, and the Vice-Chairman is Jacob Tsotigh.<sup id="cite_ref-chairman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chairman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kiowa tribe issues its own vehicle tags. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the tribe owns one smoke shop, the Morningstar Steakhouse and Grill, Morningstar Buffet, The Winner's Circle restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Devol,_Oklahoma" title="Devol, Oklahoma">Devol, Oklahoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kiowa Bingo near <a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_Oklahoma" title="Carnegie, Oklahoma">Carnegie, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribe owns three casinos, the Kiowa Casino in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_Oklahoma" title="Carnegie, Oklahoma">Carnegie</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Verden,_Oklahoma" title="Verden, Oklahoma">Verden</a>, and the Kiowa Casino and Hotel Red River in <a href="/wiki/Devol,_Oklahoma" title="Devol, Oklahoma">Devol</a> (approximately 20 minutes north of <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls, Texas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally from the Northern Plains and migrating to the Southern Plains, Kiowa society follows <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">bilateral descent</a>, where both maternal and paternal lines are significant.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not have clans but have a complex kinship-based system and societies based on age and gender. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">Tipis</a>, conical lodges made from hide or later canvas, provided lightweight, portable housing. They hunted and gathered wild foods and traded with neighboring agrarian tribes for produce. The Kiowa migrated seasonally with the American bison because it was their main food source. They also hunted antelope, deer, turkeys, and other wild game. Women collected varieties of wild berries and fruit and processed them with prepared meats to make <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>. Dogs were used to pull <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a> and rawhide <a href="/wiki/Parfleche" title="Parfleche">parfleche</a> that contained camping goods for short moves. The Kiowa tended to stay in areas for long periods of time. </p><p>When they adopted <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a> after acquiring horses from Spanish rancherias south of the Rio Grande, the Kiowa revolutionized their lifeways. They had much larger ranges for their seasonal hunting, and horses could carry some of their camping goods. The Kiowa and <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> established a homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a>, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kiowa use <i><a href="/wiki/Plantago_virginica" title="Plantago virginica">Plantago virginica</a></i> to make garlands or wreaths for old men to wear around their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_antelope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_antelope.jpg/220px-Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_antelope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_antelope.jpg/330px-Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_antelope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_antelope.jpg/440px-Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_antelope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawing of mounted Kiowa hunters hunting <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> antelope with bows and lance, c.1875–1877.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_elk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_elk.jpg/220px-Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_elk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_elk.jpg/330px-Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_elk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_elk.jpg/440px-Ledger_art-_Kiowa_hunting_elk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Kiowa hunting <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> on horseback, c. 1875–1877</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_and_Elk_in_Texas-_George_Catlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Buffalo_and_Elk_in_Texas-_George_Catlin.jpg/220px-Buffalo_and_Elk_in_Texas-_George_Catlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Buffalo_and_Elk_in_Texas-_George_Catlin.jpg/330px-Buffalo_and_Elk_in_Texas-_George_Catlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Buffalo_and_Elk_in_Texas-_George_Catlin.jpg/440px-Buffalo_and_Elk_in_Texas-_George_Catlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><i>Elk and Buffalo Grazing among Prairie Flowers</i> 1846–48, painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> in Texas.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kiowa historically had a nomadic hunter-gatherer society. They shared a similar cuisine with their neighboring Plains tribes, such as the Comanche. The most important food source for the Kiowa and fellow plains nations was the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> or buffalo. Before the introduction of horses, the Plains tribes hunted bison on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunting required the hunter to get as close as possible to the target before shooting with arrows or using the long lance. Occasionally, they wore the skins of wolves or <a href="/wiki/Coyotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotes">coyotes</a> to hide their approach toward the bison herds. </p><p>Hunting bison became far easier after the Kiowa acquired horses. Bison were hunted on horseback and the men used bows and arrows to take them down, as well as long lances to pierce the hearts of the animals. The women prepared bison meat in a variety of ways: roasted, boiled, and dried. Dried meat was prepared into <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>, for sustenance while the people were on the move. Pemmican is made by grinding dried lean meat into powder, then mixing a near-equal weight of melted fat or tallow and sometimes berries. The pemmican was shaped into bars and kept in pouches until ready to eat. The Kiowa sometimes ate certain parts of the bison raw. Other animals hunted included deer, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>, wild <a href="/wiki/Mustang_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustang horse">mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a>, and bears. During times of scarce game, the Kiowa would eat small animals such as lizards, waterfowl, skunks, snakes, and armadillos.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They raided ranches for <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorn" title="Texas Longhorn">Longhorn cattle</a> and horses to eat during difficult times. They also acquired horses for traveling, hunting, and fighting their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Kiowa society, men did most of the hunting. Women were responsible for gathering wild edibles such as berries, tubers, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and wild fruit but could choose to hunt if they wanted to. Plants important to Kiowa cuisine include <a href="/wiki/Pecans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecans">pecans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">prickly pear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diospyros_virginiana" title="Diospyros virginiana">persimmons</a>, acorns, plums, and wild onions. They acquired cultivated crops, such as squash, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a>, by trading with and raiding various Indian peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> people, living on the western edge of the great plains. Prior to acquiring metal pots from Europeans, Kiowa cooked boiled meat and vegetables through a process of lining a pit in the earth with animal hides, filling that with water, and adding fire-heated rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollings_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollings-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_and_dwellings">Transportation and dwellings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transportation and dwellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiowa_tipis_with_designs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kiowa_tipis_with_designs.jpg/220px-Kiowa_tipis_with_designs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kiowa_tipis_with_designs.jpg/330px-Kiowa_tipis_with_designs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kiowa_tipis_with_designs.jpg/440px-Kiowa_tipis_with_designs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Four Kiowa tipis with designs, 1904. Top L to R, bison herd and pipe-smoking deer; porcupines; bottom, L to R: arms and legs with pipes and lizard; mythical water monsters.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main form of shelter used by the Kiowa was the <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi or skin lodge</a>. Tipis were made from bison hides shaped and sewn together in a conical shape. Wooden poles called lodge poles from 12–25 feet (3.7–7.6 m) in length are used as support for the lodge. Lodge poles are harvested from <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana" title="Juniperus virginiana">red juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepole pine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipis have at least one entrance flap. Smoke flaps were placed at the top so that smoke could escape from the fire pit within. The floor of the tipi was lined with animal pelts and skins for warmth and comfort. The tipi is designed to be warm inside during the cold winter months and cool inside during the warm summer. Tipis are easily collapsed and can be raised in minutes, making it an optimal structure for nomadic people like the Kiowa and other Plains Indian nations. The poles of the tipi were used to construct a <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a> during times of travel. Hide paintings often adorn the outside and inside of the tipis, with special meanings attached to certain designs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiowa_mounted_warfare_ledger_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kiowa_mounted_warfare_ledger_drawing.jpg/220px-Kiowa_mounted_warfare_ledger_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kiowa_mounted_warfare_ledger_drawing.jpg/330px-Kiowa_mounted_warfare_ledger_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kiowa_mounted_warfare_ledger_drawing.jpg/440px-Kiowa_mounted_warfare_ledger_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawing of Kiowas engaging in horse mounted warfare with traditional enemy forces, 1875.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the introduction of the horse to North America, the Kiowa and other plains peoples used domestic dogs to carry and pull their belongings. Tipis and belongings, as well as small children, were carried on travois, a frame structure using the tipi poles and pulled by dogs and later horses. </p><p>The introduction of the horse to Kiowa society revolutionized their way of life. They acquired horses by raiding rancheros south of the Rio Grande into Mexico, as well as by raiding other Indian peoples who already had horses, such as the Navajo and the various Pueblo people. With the horse, they could transport larger loads, hunt more game over a wider range and more easily, and travel longer and farther. The Kiowa became powerful and skilled mounted warriors who conducted long-distance raids against enemies. The Kiowa were considered among the finest horsemen on the Plains. A man's wealth was measured primarily by the size of his horse herd, with particularly wealthy individuals having herds numbering in the hundreds. Horses were targets of capture during raids. The Kiowa considered it an honor to steal horses from enemies, and such raids often served as a rite of passage for young warriors. They adorned their horses with body paint from the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a> for ritual and spiritual purposes, such as good fortune and protection during battle. Kiowa horses were also often decorated with beaded masks (sometimes with bison horns attached to the sides) and feathers in their manes. Mules and donkeys were also used as means of transportation and wealth; however, they were not as esteemed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociopolitical_organization">Sociopolitical organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sociopolitical organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kiowa had a well structured tribal government like most tribes on the Northern Plains. They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and an elected head-chief who was considered to be a symbolic leader of the entire nation. Warrior societies and religious societies were important to Kiowa society and carried out specific roles. Chiefs were chosen based on bravery and courage shown in battle as well as intelligence, generosity, experience, communication skills, and kindness to others. The Kiowa believed that the young fearless warrior was ideal. The entire tribe was structured around this individual. The warrior was the ideal to which young men aspired. Because of these factors, the Kiowa was of utmost importance in the history of the Southern Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-Dick_Swift_1972_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dick_Swift_1972-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers, or through their own achievements in the arts. Kiowa women tanned, skin-sewed, painted geometric designs on parfleche and later beaded and quilled hides.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kiowa women took care of the camp while the men were away. They gathered and prepared food for winter months, and participated in key ritual events. Kiowa men lived in the families of their wives' extended families. Local groups (<i>jōfàujōgáu</i> or <i>jōdáu</i>) were led by the <i>jōfàujōqì</i>, which merged to become a band (<i>topadoga</i>). These bands were led by a <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chief</a>, the <i>Topadok'i</i> ('main chief'). </p><p>The Kiowa had two political subdivisions (particularly with regard to their relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>): </p> <ul><li><b>To-kinah-yup</b> or <b>Thóqàhyòp /Thóqàhyòi</b> ("Northerners", lit. 'Men of the Cold' or 'Cold People', 'northern Kiowa', lived along the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> and the Kansas border, comprising the more numerous northern bands)</li> <li><b>Sálqáhyóp</b> or <b>Sálqáhyói</b> ("Southerners", lit. 'Hot People', 'southern Kiowa', lived in the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> (Staked Plains), <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Oklahoma Panhandle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a>, allies of the Comanche).</li></ul> <p>As the pressure on Kiowa lands increased in the 1850s, the regional divisions changed. A new regional grouping emerged: </p> <ul><li>the <b>Gwa-kelega</b> or <b>Gúhàlēcáuigú</b> ('Wild Mustang Kiowa' or 'Gúhàlē Kiowa', they were named for the large mustang herds in the territory of the <i>Kwahadi (Quohada) Band</i> of the Comanche, this Comanche Band was known to them as <i>Gúhàlēgáu</i> – 'Wild Mustang People', with which they were living in close proximity during the last resistance to white settlement on the Southern Plains).</li></ul> <p>After the death of the high chief Dohäsan in 1866, the Kiowa split politically into a peace faction and a war faction. War-bands and peace-bands developed primarily based on their proximity to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a> (<i>Xóqáudáuhága</i> – 'At Medicine Bluff', lit. 'Rock Cliff Medicine At Soldiers Collective They Are') and their degree of interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiowa bands within the <a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">tipi ring</a> during the annual <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a> (called <i>Kc-to</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Kâtá</b> or <b>Qáutjáu</b> ('Biters', lit. <i>Arikara</i>, because they had a strong trading history with the <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara people</a> and some families have had Arikara kin; this is the most powerful and largest Kiowa band)</li> <li><b>Kogui</b> or <b>Qógûi</b> ('Elks Band')</li> <li><b>Kaigwa</b> or <b>Cáuigú</b> ('Kiowa Proper')</li> <li><b>Kinep / Kí̱bi̱dau / Kíbìdàu</b> ('Big Shields') or <b>Khe-ate / Kí̱ːet / Kíèt</b> ('Big Shield'), also known as <b>Káugyabî̱dau / Kāugàbîdāu</b> ('Big Hides / Robes')</li> <li><b>Semat / Sémhát</b> ('Stealers' or 'Thieves', Kiowa name for their allies, the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa Apache">Kiowa Apache</a>, during the Sun Dance also called <b>Taugûi</b> – 'Sitting (at the) Outside')</li> <li><b>Soy-hay-talpupé / Sáuhédau-talyóp</b> ('Blue Boys') or <b>Pahy-dome-gaw / Pái-dome-gú</b> ('Under-the-Sun-Men') (smallest Kiowa band)</li></ul> <p>During the Sun Dance, some bands had special obligations. These were traditionally defined as follows: </p><p>The <i>Kâtá</i> had the traditional right (duty or task) to supply the Kiowa during the Sun Dance with enough bison meat and other foods. This band was particularly wealthy in horses, tipis and other goods. The famous Principal Kiowa chiefs <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A4san" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohäsan">Dohäsan</a> (Little Mountain) and <a href="/wiki/Guipago" title="Guipago">Guipago (Lone Wolf)</a> were members of this band.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Kogui</i> were responsible for conducting the war ceremonies during the Sun Dance. There were numerous famous families and leaders known for their military exploits and bravery, such as Ad-da-te ("Islandman"), <a href="/wiki/Satanta_(White_Bear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanta (White Bear)">Satanta (White Bear)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bird" title="Kicking Bird">Kicking Bird</a>, and the war chiefs <a href="/wiki/Big_Bow_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bow (chief)">Big Bow</a> (Zepko-ete) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stumbling_Bear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stumbling Bear (page does not exist)">Stumbling Bear</a> (Set-imkia). </p><p>The <i>Kaigwu</i> were the guardians of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">Sacred</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medicine_bundle" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine bundle">Medicine bundle</a> (Tai-mé, Taimay) and the holy lance. Therefore, they were respected and enjoyed a special prestige.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Kinep</i> or <i>Khe-ate</i> were often called "Sun Dance Shields", because during the dance, they observed police duties and ensured security. The chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Heart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woman's Heart (page does not exist)">Woman's Heart</a> (Manyi-ten) belonged to this band.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Semat</i> were allowed to participate equally, but had no specific duties and obligations during the Sun Dance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enemies_and_warrior_culture">Enemies and warrior culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enemies and warrior culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Koitsenko" title="Koitsenko">Koitsenko</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiowa_shield_designs_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kiowa_shield_designs_collection.jpg/220px-Kiowa_shield_designs_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kiowa_shield_designs_collection.jpg/330px-Kiowa_shield_designs_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kiowa_shield_designs_collection.jpg/440px-Kiowa_shield_designs_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawings by Silver Horn featuring a collection of Kiowa shield designs, 1904.</figcaption></figure> <p>Typical of the Plains Indians during the horse culture era, the Kiowa were a warrior people. They fought frequently with enemies, both neighboring and far beyond their territory. The Kiowa were notable for their long-distance raids extending south into Mexico and north onto the Northern Plains. Almost all warfare took place on horseback. The Kiowa''s enemies included the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arapaho people">Arapaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a>, and occasionally the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> to the north and west of Kiowa territory. East of Kiowa territory, they fought with the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osage_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage people">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a>. To the south, they fought with the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua Apache">Chiricahua Apache</a> (whom the Kiowa called the Do’-ko’nsenä’go, "People of the turned-up moccasins"), and <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>. The Kiowa also clashed with American Indian nations from the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a> who were forcibly removed to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal</a> period, including the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muskogee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>. </p><p>The Cheyenne and Arapaho later made peace with the Kiowa. Together, they formed a powerful alliance with the Comanche and the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> to fight invading white settlers and U.S. soldiers, as well as Mexicans and the Mexican Army.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiowa_%26_Comanche_meeting_Pawnee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kiowa_%26_Comanche_meeting_Pawnee.jpg/220px-Kiowa_%26_Comanche_meeting_Pawnee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kiowa_%26_Comanche_meeting_Pawnee.jpg/330px-Kiowa_%26_Comanche_meeting_Pawnee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kiowa_%26_Comanche_meeting_Pawnee.jpg/440px-Kiowa_%26_Comanche_meeting_Pawnee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawing depicting a meeting between a Kiowa–Comanche war party and a Pawnee war party (right side).</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other Plains Indians, the Kiowa had specific warrior societies. Young men who proved their bravery, skill, or displayed their worth in battle were often invited to one of the warrior societies. In addition to warfare, the societies worked to keep peace within the camps and tribe as a whole. There were six warrior societies among the Kiowa.<sup id="cite_ref-b71_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b71-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Po-Lanh-Yope (Little Rabbits) was for boys; all young Kiowa boys were enrolled. The group mostly served social and education purposes, involving no violence or combat. The Adle-Tdow-Yope (Young Sheep), Tsain-Tanmo (Horse Headdresses), Tdien-Pei-Gah (Gourd Society), and Ton-Kon-Gah (Black Legs or Leggings) were adult warrior societies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Koitsenko" title="Koitsenko">Koitsenko</a> (Qkoie-Tsain-Gah, Principal Dogs or Real Dogs)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisted of the ten most elite warriors of all the Kiowa who were elected by the members of the other four adult warrior societies.<sup id="cite_ref-tsha_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsha-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Kiowa warriors used a combination of traditional and nontraditional weapons, including long lances, bows and arrows, tomahawks, knives, and war clubs, as well as the later acquired rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and cavalry swords. Shields were made from tough bison hide stretched over a wooden frame, or they were made from the skull of bison, which made a small, strong shield. Shields and weapons were adorned with feathers, furs, and animal parts, such as eagle claws for ceremonial purposes. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendari_kiowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Calendari_kiowa.jpg/220px-Calendari_kiowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Calendari_kiowa.jpg/330px-Calendari_kiowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Calendari_kiowa.jpg/440px-Calendari_kiowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Calendar of 37 months, 1889–92, kept on a skin by Anko, ca. 1895</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiowa_calendars">Kiowa calendars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kiowa calendars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></div> <p>The Kiowa people told ethnologist <a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">James Mooney</a> that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Little Bluff, or <i>Tohausan</i>, who was the principal chief of the tribe from 1833 to 1866. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers, <i>Settan (</i>Little Bear) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ankopaaingyadete" title="Ankopaaingyadete">Ankopaaingyadete</a></i> (In the Middle of Many Tracks), commonly known as <i>Anko</i>. Other Plains tribes kept pictorial records, known as "winter counts". </p><p>The Kiowa calendar system is unique: they recorded two events each year, offering a finer-grained record and twice as many entries for any given period. Silver Horn (1860–1940), or <i>Haungooah,</i> was the most highly esteemed artist of the Kiowa tribe in the 19th and 20th centuries. He kept a calendar and was a respected religious leader in his later years.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_practices">Funeral practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Funeral practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kiowa tradition, death had strong associations with dark spirits and negative forces, which meant that the death of an individual was seen as a traumatic experience. Fear of ghosts in Kiowa communities stemmed from the belief that spirits commonly resisted the end of their physical life. The spirits were thought to remain around the corpse or its burial place, as well as haunt former living spaces and possessions. Lingering spirits were also believed to help encourage the dying to cross from the physical world to the afterlife. The fear of ghosts can be seen in the way skulls were treated, which<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was believed to be a source of negative spiritual contamination that invited danger to the living. Due to the fears and risks associated with death, the community's reactions were instantaneous and vicious.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families and relatives were expected to demonstrate grief through reactions such as wailing, ripping off clothes and shaving of the head. There have also been accounts of self-induced body lacerations and finger joints being cut. In the process of grief, women and the widowed spouse were expected to be more expressive in their mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body of the deceased must be washed before burial. The washer, historically a woman, also combs the hair and paints the face of the dead. Once the body has been treated, a burial occurs promptly. When possible, the burial takes place on the same day, unless the death occurs at night. In this case the dead is buried the following morning. A quick burial was believed to reduce the risk of spirits remaining around the burial site. After the burial, most of the belongings of the dead were burned along with their tipi. If their tipi or house was shared with family, the surviving relatives moved into a new house.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1865_Comanche-Kiowa-Apache.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1865_Comanche-Kiowa-Apache.png/220px-1865_Comanche-Kiowa-Apache.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1865_Comanche-Kiowa-Apache.png/330px-1865_Comanche-Kiowa-Apache.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1865_Comanche-Kiowa-Apache.png/440px-1865_Comanche-Kiowa-Apache.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>1865 Treaty Map</figcaption></figure> <p>As members of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa-Tanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa-Tanoan">Kiowa-Tanoan</a> language family, the Kiowa at some distant time likely shared an ethnic origin with the other <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> nations of this small language family: <a href="/wiki/Tiwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwa language">Tiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tewa" title="Tewa">Tewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Towa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Towa language">Towa</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By historic times, however, the Kiowa lived in a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> economy unlike the sedentary <i>pueblo</i> societies of the others.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kiowa also had a complex ceremonial life and developed the '<a href="/wiki/Winter_counts" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter counts">Winter counts</a>' as calendars. The Kiowa recount their origins as near the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>. They knew that they were driven south by pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitting_Bear_Kiowa.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sitting_Bear_Kiowa.gif/220px-Sitting_Bear_Kiowa.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sitting_Bear_Kiowa.gif/330px-Sitting_Bear_Kiowa.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sitting_Bear_Kiowa.gif 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bear" title="Sitting Bear">Sitting Bear</a>, Kiowa chief</figcaption></figure> <p>For the earliest recorded — and recounted — history of the Kiowa, see further below. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_S._Soule_%E2%80%93_Guipago_(SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01159200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/William_S._Soule_%E2%80%93_Guipago_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01159200%29.jpg/200px-William_S._Soule_%E2%80%93_Guipago_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01159200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/William_S._Soule_%E2%80%93_Guipago_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01159200%29.jpg/300px-William_S._Soule_%E2%80%93_Guipago_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01159200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/William_S._Soule_%E2%80%93_Guipago_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01159200%29.jpg/400px-William_S._Soule_%E2%80%93_Guipago_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01159200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guipago_(Lone_Wolf)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guipago (Lone Wolf)">Guipago</a>, Kiowa chief</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_S._Soule_-_Satanta_(SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01158200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_S._Soule_-_Satanta_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01158200%29.jpg/200px-William_S._Soule_-_Satanta_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01158200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_S._Soule_-_Satanta_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01158200%29.jpg/300px-William_S._Soule_-_Satanta_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01158200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_S._Soule_-_Satanta_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01158200%29.jpg/400px-William_S._Soule_-_Satanta_%28SPC_BAE_3912-B_Vol_1_01158200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satanta_(White_Bear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanta (White Bear)">Satanta</a>, Kiowa chief</figcaption></figure> <p>Following A'date, famous Kiowa leaders were <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A4san" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohäsan">Dohäsan</a> (Tauhawsin, Over-Hanging Butte, alias Little Mountain, alias Little Bluff); <a href="/wiki/Satank" class="mw-redirect" title="Satank">Satank</a> (Set-ankea, Sitting Bear), <a href="/wiki/Guipago" title="Guipago">Guipago</a> (Gui-pah-gho, Lone Wolf The Elder, alias Guibayhawgu, Rescued From Wolves), <a href="/wiki/Satanta_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanta (chief)">Satanta</a> (Set-tainte, White Bear), <a href="/wiki/Tene-angopte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tene-angopte">Tene-angopte</a> (Kicking Bird), <a href="/wiki/Zepko-ete" class="mw-redirect" title="Zepko-ete">Zepko-ete</a> (Big Bow), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Set-imkia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Set-imkia (page does not exist)">Set-imkia</a> (Stumbling Bear), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manyi-ten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manyi-ten (page does not exist)">Manyi-ten</a> (Woman's Heart), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napawat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napawat (page does not exist)">Napawat</a> (No Mocassin), <a href="/wiki/Mamanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanti">Mamanti</a> (Walking-above), <a href="/wiki/Tsen-tainte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsen-tainte">Tsen-tainte</a> (White Horse), <a href="/wiki/Ado-ete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado-ete">Ado-ete</a> (Big Tree).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dohasan, who is also known as Touhason,<sup id="cite_ref-weagle_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weagle-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered by many to be the greatest Kiowa Chief (1805–1866), as he unified and ruled the Kiowa for 30 years. He signed several treaties with the United States, including the Fort Atkinson Treaty of July 27, 1852, and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Arkansas_Treaty" title="Little Arkansas Treaty">Little Arkansas Treaty</a> of 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-weagle_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weagle-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guipago became the head chief of the Kiowa when Dohosan (Little Bluff) named him as his successor. Guipago and Satanta, along with old Satank, led the warring faction of the Kiowa nation, while Tene-angopte and Napawat led the peaceful party.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871, Satank, Satanta and <a href="/wiki/Big_Tree_(war_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Tree (war chief)">Big Tree</a> (translated in some documents as Addo-etta<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) helped lead the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Wagon_Train_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Wagon Train Raid">Warren Wagon Train Raid</a>. They were arrested by United States soldiers and transported to Jacksboro, Texas. En route, near Fort Sill, Indian Territory, Satank killed a soldier with a knife and was shot by cavalry troops while trying to escape. Satanta and Big Tree were later convicted of murder by a "cowboy jury". </p><p>In September 1872, Guipago met with Satanta and Ado-ete, the visit being one of Guipago's conditions for accepting a request to travel to Washington and meet President Grant for peace talks. Guipago eventually got the two captives released in September 1873. Guipago, Satanta, Set-imkia, Zepko-ete, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte and Ado-ete led Kiowa warriors during the "Buffalo war" along the Red River, together with the Comanche allies, in the summer (June–September) 1874. They surrendered after the Palo Duro Canyon fight. Tene-angopte had to select 26 Kiowa chiefs and warriors to be deported; Satanta was sent to a prison in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, while Guipago, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte, and others were sent to <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>, at what was then known as <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos">Fort Marion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tene-angopte, damned by the "medicine-man" Mamanti, died in May 1875; Satanta committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> at Huntsville in October 1878. Guipago, having fallen sick with <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, was jailed in Fort Sill, where he died in 1879. </p><p>The sculptor of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Head_nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Head nickel">Indian Head nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earle_Fraser_(sculptor)" title="James Earle Fraser (sculptor)">James Earle Fraser</a>, is reported to have said that Chief Big Tree (Adoeette) was one of his models for the U.S. coin; it was minted from 1913 through 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Tree_the_Kiowa_83d40m_Addoeette_Adoeette_p2fxsharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Big_Tree_the_Kiowa_83d40m_Addoeette_Adoeette_p2fxsharp.jpg/160px-Big_Tree_the_Kiowa_83d40m_Addoeette_Adoeette_p2fxsharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Big_Tree_the_Kiowa_83d40m_Addoeette_Adoeette_p2fxsharp.jpg/240px-Big_Tree_the_Kiowa_83d40m_Addoeette_Adoeette_p2fxsharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Big_Tree_the_Kiowa_83d40m_Addoeette_Adoeette_p2fxsharp.jpg/320px-Big_Tree_the_Kiowa_83d40m_Addoeette_Adoeette_p2fxsharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big_Tree_(war_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Tree (war chief)">Big Tree</a>, a Kiowa chief and warrior</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_and_migration_south">Early history and migration south</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early history and migration south"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiowa_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kiowa_lang.png/350px-Kiowa_lang.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Kiowa_lang.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The Southern Plains territory of the Kiowa Nation at the time of European contact (see text for migrations).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belle_Fourche_River_19A.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Belle_Fourche_River_19A.JPG/220px-Belle_Fourche_River_19A.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Belle_Fourche_River_19A.JPG/330px-Belle_Fourche_River_19A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Belle_Fourche_River_19A.JPG/440px-Belle_Fourche_River_19A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Red sandstone cliffs in the Black Hills Wyoming, former Kiowa territory which remains a sacred area to them in modern times.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llano_Estacado_Caprock_Escarpment_south_of_Ralls_TX_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Llano_Estacado_Caprock_Escarpment_south_of_Ralls_TX_2009.jpg/220px-Llano_Estacado_Caprock_Escarpment_south_of_Ralls_TX_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Llano_Estacado_Caprock_Escarpment_south_of_Ralls_TX_2009.jpg/330px-Llano_Estacado_Caprock_Escarpment_south_of_Ralls_TX_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Llano_Estacado_Caprock_Escarpment_south_of_Ralls_TX_2009.jpg/440px-Llano_Estacado_Caprock_Escarpment_south_of_Ralls_TX_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Southern plains of the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kiowa emerged as a distinct people in their original homeland of the northern Missouri River Basin. Searching for more lands of their own, the Kiowa traveled southeast to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> in present-day South Dakota and Wyoming around 1650. In the Black Hills region, the Kiowa lived peacefully alongside the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow Indians</a>, with whom they long maintained a close friendship, organized themselves into 10 bands, and numbered around 3000. Pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> in the north woods and edge of the great plains in Minnesota forced the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and later the Sioux westward into Kiowa territory around the Black Hills. The Kiowa were pushed south by the invading Cheyenne who were then pushed westward out of the Black Hills by the Sioux. In their early history, the Kiowa traveled with dogs pulling their belongings until horses were obtained through trade and raid with the Spanish and other Indian nations in the southwest. </p><p>Eventually the Kiowa shared with the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> a vast territory called <a href="/wiki/Comancheria" title="Comancheria">Comancheria</a>, on the central and southern great plains in western Kansas, eastern Colorado, most of Oklahoma including the panhandle, and the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close relationship of the two tribes began in the early spring of 1790 at the place that would become <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas, New Mexico</a>, a Kiowa party led by war leader Guikate, made an offer of peace to a <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> party while both were visiting the home of a mutual friend of both tribes. This led to a later meeting between Guikate and the head chief of the Nokoni Comanche. The two groups made an alliance to share the same hunting grounds and entered into a mutual defense pact and became the dominant inhabitants of the Southern Plains. From that time on, the Comanche and Kiowa hunted, traveled, and made war together. In addition to the Comanche, the Kiowa formed a very close alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> (Kiowa-Apache), with the two nations sharing much of the same culture and participating in each other's annual council meetings and events. The strong alliance of southern plains nations kept the Spanish from gaining a strong colonial hold on the southern plains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_wars">Indian wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comanche-Mexico_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche-Mexico Wars">Comanche-Mexico Wars</a></div> <p>In closing years of the 18th century and in the first quarter of the 19th century, the Kiowa feared little from European neighbors. Kiowa ranged north of the Wichita Mountains. The Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. The enemies of the Kiowa were usually the enemies of the Comanche. To the east there was warfare with the Osage and Pawnee. </p><p>In the early 19th, the Cheyenne and Arapaho began camping on the Arkansas River and new warfare broke out. In the south of the Kiowa and Comanche were Caddoan speakers, but the Kiowa and Comanche were friendly toward these bands. The Comanche were at war with the Apache of the Rio Grande region.<sup id="cite_ref-Dick_Swift_1972_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dick_Swift_1972-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut-Throat_Massacre,_1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cut-Throat_Massacre%2C_1833.jpg/110px-Cut-Throat_Massacre%2C_1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cut-Throat_Massacre%2C_1833.jpg/165px-Cut-Throat_Massacre%2C_1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cut-Throat_Massacre%2C_1833.jpg/220px-Cut-Throat_Massacre%2C_1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Cut-Throat Massacre, 1833. A picture from the Dohasan winter count.</figcaption></figure> <p>They warred with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, Pawnee, Sac and Fox, and Osages. </p><p>In summer 1833, the Osage attacked an exposed Kiowa camp near Head Mountain, Oklahoma. The Kiowa lost many aged people, children and women. The heads were cut off and placed in kettles. During this "Cut-Throat Massacre", the Osage captured the sacred Tai-me (the Sun Dance figure of the Kiowa) as well. The Kiowa were unable to perform the Sun Dance until the return of the Tai-me in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1981_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd1981-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> Dohasan replaced the old Kiowa chief, since he had failed to anticipate danger.<sup id="cite_ref-Mooney1898_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 259">: 259 </span></sup> </p><p>The Kiowa traded with the Wichita south along Red River and with Mescalero Apache and New Mexicans to the southwest. After 1840, they and their former enemies the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, as well as their allies the Comanche and the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, fought and raided the Eastern natives moving into the Indian Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1821 until 1870, the Kiowa joined the Comanche in raids, primarily to obtain livestock, that extended deep into Mexico and caused the death of thousands of people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_Transition">Colonial Transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colonial Transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_S._Soule_-_Mamay-day-te.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_S._Soule_-_Mamay-day-te.jpg/220px-William_S._Soule_-_Mamay-day-te.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_S._Soule_-_Mamay-day-te.jpg/330px-William_S._Soule_-_Mamay-day-te.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_S._Soule_-_Mamay-day-te.jpg/440px-William_S._Soule_-_Mamay-day-te.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>Mamay-day-te</figcaption></figure> <p>The years from 1873 to 1878 marked a drastic change in Kiowa lifestyle. In June 1874, the Kiowa, along with a group of Comanche and Cheyenne warriors, made their last protest against the European invaders at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="Second Battle of Adobe Walls">Battle of Adobe Walls</a> in Texas, which proved futile. In 1877, the first homes were constructed for the Indian chiefs and a plan was initiated to employ Indians at the Agency. Thirty Indians were hired to form the first police force on the Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kiowa agreed to settle on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. Some bands of Kiowas <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Duro_Canyon" title="Battle of Palo Duro Canyon">remained at large until 1875</a>. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero Apache</a> bands, with some Comanche in their company, held out in northern Mexico until the early 1880s, when Mexican and U.S. Army forces drove them onto reservations or into extinction. By the Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867, the Kiowas settled in Western Oklahoma and Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift1972_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift1972-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were forced to move south of the Washita River to the Red River and Western Oklahoma with the Comanches and the Kiowa Apache Tribe. The transition from the free life of Plains people to a restricted life of the reservation was more difficult for some families than others.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift1972_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift1972-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservation_period">Reservation period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reservation period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reservation period lasted from 1868 to 1906. In 1873, the first school among the Kiowa was established by Quaker Thomas C. Battey. In 1877, the federal government built the first homes for the Indian chiefs and initiated a plan to employ Indians. 30 Indians were hired to form the first police force on the reservation. In 1879, the agency was moved from Ft. Sill to Anadarko.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An agreement made with the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Commission" title="Cherokee Commission">Cherokee Commission</a> signed by 456 adult male Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa Apache on Sept. 28, 1892, cleared the way for the opening of the country to white settlers. The agreement provided for an allotment of 160 acres (65 ha) to every individual in the tribes and for the sale of the reservation lands (2,488,893 acres or 1,007,219 ha) to the United States – was to go into effect immediately upon ratification by Congress, even though the Medicine Lodge treaty of 1867 had guaranteed Indian possession of the reservation until 1898. The Indian signers wanted their names stricken but it was too late. A'piatan, as the leader, went to Washington to protest. Chief <a href="/wiki/Lone_Wolf_the_Younger" title="Lone Wolf the Younger">Lone Wolf the Younger</a> immediately filed proceedings against the act in the Supreme Court, but the Court decided against him in <a href="/wiki/Lone_Wolf_v._Hitchcock" title="Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock">Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock</a> (1903). </p><p>Agents were assigned to the Kiowa people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1968, the Kiowa have been governed by the Kiowa Tribal Council, which presides over business related to health, education, and economic and industrial development programs.<sup id="cite_ref-KrachtB_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrachtB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 13, 1970, the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma drafted its constitution and bylaws, and Kiowa voters ratified them on May 23, 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current constitution was approved in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, in the landmark decision of <i>Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.</i>, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes retain their sovereign immunity as nations from private lawsuits without their consent, even in off-reservation transactions where they do not waive that immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, more than 4,000 of 12,500 enrolled Kiowa lived near the towns of Anadarko, Fort Cobb, and Carnegie, in Caddo and Kiowa counties, Oklahoma. Kiowa also reside in urban and suburban communities throughout the United States, having moved to areas with more jobs. Each year Kiowa veterans commemorate the warlike spirit of the 19th-century leaders with dances performed by the Kiowa Gourd Clan and Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society. Kiowa cultural identity and pride is apparent in their expressive culture and strong influence on the Gourd Dance and Southern Plains art.<sup id="cite_ref-KrachtB_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrachtB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanities">Humanities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Humanities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donna_standing_steinberg_joseph_parker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Donna_standing_steinberg_joseph_parker.jpg/250px-Donna_standing_steinberg_joseph_parker.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Donna_standing_steinberg_joseph_parker.jpg/375px-Donna_standing_steinberg_joseph_parker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Donna_standing_steinberg_joseph_parker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Donna Standing Steinberg, Kiowa/<a href="/wiki/Wichita_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita (tribe)">Wichita</a>, and Josephine Parker, Kiowa, with their beadwork</figcaption></figure> <p>Documentation of the history and development of contemporary Kiowa art formulates one of the most unusual records in Native American culture. As early as 1891, Kiowa artists were being commissioned to produce works for display at international expositions. The "Kiowa Six" were some of the earliest Native Americans to receive international recognition for their work in the fine art world. They influenced generations of Indian artists among the Kiowa, and other Plains tribes. Traditional craft skills are not lost among the Kiowa people today and the talented fine arts and crafts produced by Kiowa Indians helped the Oklahoma Indian Arts and Crafts Cooperative flourish over its 20-year existence.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ledger_art_and_hide_painting">Ledger art and hide painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ledger art and hide painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ledger_art" title="Ledger art">Ledger art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plains_hide_painting" title="Plains hide painting">Plains hide painting</a></div> <p>Early Kiowa ledger artists were those held in captivity by the U.S. Army at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Marion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Marion">Fort Marion</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a> (1875–1878), at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a>, which also is known as the Southern Plains Indian War.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ledger art emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Plains_hide_painting" title="Plains hide painting">Plains hide painting</a> tradition. These Fort Marion artists include Kiowas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etadleuh_Doanmoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etadleuh Doanmoe (page does not exist)">Etadleuh Doanmoe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zotom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zotom (page does not exist)">Zotom</a>, who was a prolific artist who chronicled his experiences before and after becoming a captive at the fort. After his release from Fort Marion, Paul Zom-tiam (Zonetime, Koba) studied theology from 1878 until 1881, when he was ordained as a deacon in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger-sm2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ledger-sm2.jpg/250px-Ledger-sm2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ledger-sm2.jpg/375px-Ledger-sm2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ledger-sm2.jpg/500px-Ledger-sm2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, a fight between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiowa_Six">Kiowa Six</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kiowa Six"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following in Silver Horn's footsteps were the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Six" title="Kiowa Six">Kiowa Six</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, as they have been known in the past, the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa Five">Kiowa Five</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Asah" title="Spencer Asah">Spencer Asah</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Auchiah" title="James Auchiah">James Auchiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hokeah" title="Jack Hokeah">Jack Hokeah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mopope" title="Stephen Mopope">Stephen Mopope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Smoky_Kaulaity" title="Lois Smoky Kaulaity">Lois Smoky Kaulaity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Tsatoke" title="Monroe Tsatoke">Monroe Tsatoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming from the area around <a href="/wiki/Anadarko,_Oklahoma" title="Anadarko, Oklahoma">Anadarko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, these artists studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a>. Lois Smoky left the group in 1927, but James Auchiah took her place in the group. The Kiowa Six gained international recognition as fine artists by exhibiting their work in the 1928 International Art Congress in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and then participated in the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painters_and_sculptors">Painters and sculptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Painters and sculptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the Kiowa Six and Silver Horn, Kiowa painters active in the 20th and 21st centuries include <a href="/wiki/Sharron_Ahtone_Harjo" title="Sharron Ahtone Harjo">Sharron Ahtone Harjo</a>, Homer Buffalo, Charley Oheltoint, Michael C. Satoe Brown, <a href="/wiki/T._C._Cannon" title="T. C. Cannon">T. C. Cannon</a>, Wilson Daingkau, George Geionty, Bobby Hill (1933–1984), Harding Bigbow (1921–1997), Jim Tartsah, <a href="/wiki/Mirac_Creepingbear" title="Mirac Creepingbear">Mirac Creepingbear</a> (1947–1990), Herman Toppah, Ernie Keahbone, C. E. Rowell, Dixon Palmer, Roland Whitehorse, <a href="/wiki/Blackbear_Bosin" title="Blackbear Bosin">Blackbear Bosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Big_Bow" title="Woody Big Bow">Woody Big Bow</a> (1914–1988), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parker_Boyiddle_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parker Boyiddle Jr. (page does not exist)">Parker Boyiddle Jr.</a> (1947–2007), <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Belindo" title="Dennis Belindo">Dennis Belindo</a> (1938–2009), Clifford Doyeto (1942–2010), Al Momaday, George Keahbone, Joe Lucero (Hobay), Ladonna Tsatoke Silverhorn, R.G. Geionty, Huzo Paddelty, Keri Ataumbi, <a href="/wiki/David_E._Williams" title="David E. Williams">David E. Williams</a>. Micah Wesley. Thomas Poolaw, Tennyson Reid, Sherman Chaddlesone (1947–2013), Cruz McDaniels, II (1950-2020), Robert Redbird (b. 1939), Gus Hawziptaw, Gerald Darby, Lee Tsatoke Jr., <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a>, and Barthell Little Chief. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beadwork_artists">Beadwork artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Beadwork artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noted Kiowa beadwork artists include <a href="/wiki/Lois_Smoky_Kaulaity" title="Lois Smoky Kaulaity">Lois Smoky Kaulaity</a>, Donna Jean Tsatoke, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Littleman" title="Alice Littleman">Alice Littleman</a>, Nettie Standing, Marilyn Yeahquo, Edna Hokeah Pauahty, Leona Geimasaddle, Barry D. Belindo, Kathy Littlechief, Katherine Dickerson, Charlie Silverhorn, Paul McDaniels Jr., Eugenia McDaniels, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa_J._Taryole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiowa J. Taryole (page does not exist)">Kiowa J. Taryole</a>, Grace Tsontekoy, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aitson" title="Richard Aitson">Richard Aitson</a>, Judy Beaver, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Paukeigope_Jennings" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings">Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings</a>, Leatrice Geimasaddle, <a href="/wiki/Teri_Greeves" title="Teri Greeves">Teri Greeves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tahnee_Ahtone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahnee Ahtone">Tahnee Ahtone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiowa author <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> won the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize</a> for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn" title="House Made of Dawn">House Made of Dawn</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aitson" title="Richard Aitson">Richard Aitson</a> (Kiowa/<a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa Apache">Kiowa Apache</a>) was a published poet. Other Kiowa authors include playwright <a href="/wiki/Hanay_Geiogamah" title="Hanay Geiogamah">Hanay Geiogamah</a>, poet and filmmaker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Palmer_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gus Palmer Jr. (page does not exist)">Gus Palmer Jr.</a>, Alyce Sadongei, Marian Kaulaity Hansson, Tocakut, Russell Bates, and Tristan Ahtone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicians_and_composers">Musicians and composers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Musicians and composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_music" title="Kiowa music">Kiowa music</a> often is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> that historically were accompanied by dance or played on the flute. Noted Kiowa composers of contemporary music include James Anquoe, noted for his contributions to Native American culture.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Kiowa musicians include Cornel Pewewardy, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mauchahty-Ware" title="Tom Mauchahty-Ware">Tom Mauchahty-Ware</a>, and Terry Tsotigh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photographers">Photographers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Photographers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Kiowa photographers include <a href="/wiki/Parker_McKenzie" title="Parker McKenzie">Parker McKenzie</a> and his wife Nettie Odlety, whose photographs from 1913 are in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_History_Center" title="Oklahoma History Center">Oklahoma History Center</a>. Kiowa photographer <a href="/wiki/Horace_Poolaw" title="Horace Poolaw">Horace Poolaw</a> (1906–1984) was one of the most prolific Native American photographers of his generation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He documented the Kiowa people living near his community in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_Oklahoma" title="Mountain View, Oklahoma">Mountain View, Oklahoma</a>, beginning the 1920s. His legacy is continued today by his grandson, Thomas Poolaw, a prominent Kiowa photographer and digital artist.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiowa_parfleche_1890_OHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiowa parfleche, ca. 1890, Oklahoma History Center"><img alt="Kiowa parfleche, ca. 1890, Oklahoma History Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kiowa_parfleche_1890_OHS.jpg/165px-Kiowa_parfleche_1890_OHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kiowa_parfleche_1890_OHS.jpg/248px-Kiowa_parfleche_1890_OHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kiowa_parfleche_1890_OHS.jpg/331px-Kiowa_parfleche_1890_OHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Kiowa parfleche, ca. 1890, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_History_Center" title="Oklahoma History Center">Oklahoma History Center</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiowa_moccasins_OHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiowa beaded moccasins, ca. 1920, OHS"><img alt="Kiowa beaded moccasins, ca. 1920, OHS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kiowa_moccasins_OHS.jpg/200px-Kiowa_moccasins_OHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kiowa_moccasins_OHS.jpg/300px-Kiowa_moccasins_OHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kiowa_moccasins_OHS.jpg/400px-Kiowa_moccasins_OHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Kiowa beaded <a href="/wiki/Moccasin" title="Moccasin">moccasins</a>, ca. 1920, OHS</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_horn_painting_1880_ohs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of painting by Silver Horn (Kiowa), ca. 1880"><img alt="Detail of painting by Silver Horn (Kiowa), ca. 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Silver_horn_painting_1880_ohs.jpg/200px-Silver_horn_painting_1880_ohs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Silver_horn_painting_1880_ohs.jpg/300px-Silver_horn_painting_1880_ohs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Silver_horn_painting_1880_ohs.jpg/400px-Silver_horn_painting_1880_ohs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Detail of painting by <a href="/wiki/Silver_Horn" title="Silver Horn">Silver Horn</a> (Kiowa), ca. 1880</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger-sm2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiowa ledger art, ca. 1874"><img alt="Kiowa ledger art, ca. 1874" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ledger-sm2.jpg/200px-Ledger-sm2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ledger-sm2.jpg/300px-Ledger-sm2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ledger-sm2.jpg/400px-Ledger-sm2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Kiowa ledger art, ca. 1874</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="College">College</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tribe in February 2020 chartered <a href="/wiki/Bacone_College" title="Bacone College">Bacone College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muskogee,_Oklahoma" title="Muskogee, Oklahoma">Muskogee, Oklahoma</a> as its tribal college.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March Kiowa Tribal Historian Phil “Joe Fish” Dupoint began offering an 8-week course in the Kiowa language online through the college.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Kiowas">Notable Kiowas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable Kiowas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PostcardHobartOKLoneWolfKiowaChiefCirca1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PostcardHobartOKLoneWolfKiowaChiefCirca1907.jpg/150px-PostcardHobartOKLoneWolfKiowaChiefCirca1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PostcardHobartOKLoneWolfKiowaChiefCirca1907.jpg/225px-PostcardHobartOKLoneWolfKiowaChiefCirca1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PostcardHobartOKLoneWolfKiowaChiefCirca1907.jpg/300px-PostcardHobartOKLoneWolfKiowaChiefCirca1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lone_Wolf_the_Younger" title="Lone Wolf the Younger">Lone Wolf</a>, Kiowa chief, ca. 1907</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micah_wesley_kiowa_muscogee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Micah_wesley_kiowa_muscogee.jpg/150px-Micah_wesley_kiowa_muscogee.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Micah_wesley_kiowa_muscogee.jpg/225px-Micah_wesley_kiowa_muscogee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Micah_wesley_kiowa_muscogee.jpg/300px-Micah_wesley_kiowa_muscogee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Micah Wesley, 2008, enrolled Kiowa artist and DJ<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ado-ete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado-ete">Ado-ete</a> (Big Tree) (c.1850–1929), war chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahpeahtone" title="Ahpeahtone">Ahpeahtone</a> (1856–1931), chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aitson" title="Richard Aitson">Richard Aitson</a> (1953–2022), bead artist and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Asah" title="Spencer Asah">Spencer Asah</a>, painter, one of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Six" title="Kiowa Six">Kiowa Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Auchiah" title="James Auchiah">James Auchiah</a>, painter, one of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Six" title="Kiowa Six">Kiowa Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bow_(Kiowa_leader)" title="Big Bow (Kiowa leader)">Big Bow</a> (Zepko–ette) (1833–c.1900), war chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbear_Bosin" title="Blackbear Bosin">Blackbear Bosin</a> (1921–1980), painter and sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._Cannon" title="T. C. Cannon">T. C. Cannon</a>, painter and printmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozad_Singers" title="Cozad Singers">Cozad Singers</a>, drum group and NAMMY winners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ed_Davis" title="Jesse Ed Davis">Jesse Ed Davis</a> (1944–1988), Kiowa-Comanche guitarist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohasan" title="Dohasan">Dohäsan</a> (c.1785–1866), chief of Kata band and Principal Chief of the Kiowas, artist, <a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">calendar keeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teri_Greeves" title="Teri Greeves">Teri Greeves</a> (b. 1970), bead artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharron_Ahtone_Harjo" title="Sharron Ahtone Harjo">Sharron Ahtone Harjo</a> (b. 1945), painter, ledger artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hokeah" title="Jack Hokeah">Jack Hokeah</a>, painter, one of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Six" title="Kiowa Six">Kiowa Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Horse" title="Beverly Horse">Beverly Horse</a> (1931–2010), women's and Native rights administrator and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Paukeigope_Jennings" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings">Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings</a> (b. 1952), bead artist, clothing and regalia maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Smoky_Kaulaity" title="Lois Smoky Kaulaity">Lois Smoky Kaulaity</a> (1907–1981), beadwork artist and painter, one of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Six" title="Kiowa Six">Kiowa Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bird" title="Kicking Bird">Kicking Bird</a> (Tene-angop'te) (1835–1875), war chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipago" title="Guipago">Guipago</a> (Lone Wolf [the Elder]) (c.1820–1879) Principal Chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maman-ti" title="Maman-ti">Mamanti</a> (Mama'nte) (c. 1835–1875), medicine man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamay-day-te" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamay-day-te">Mamay-day-te</a> (Lone Wolf [the Younger]) (c. 1843–1923) chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mauchahty-Ware" title="Tom Mauchahty-Ware">Tom Mauchahty-Ware</a>, musician and dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_McKenzie" title="Parker McKenzie">Parker McKenzie</a> (1897–1999), traditionalist and linguist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_Mikkanen" title="Arvo Mikkanen">Arvo Mikkanen</a>, attorney</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1934–2024), Pulitzer Prize Winner, author, painter, and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mopope" title="Stephen Mopope">Stephen Mopope</a> (1898–1974), painter, one of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Six" title="Kiowa Six">Kiowa Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Poolaw" title="Horace Poolaw">Horace Poolaw</a> (1906–1984), photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Poolaw" title="Pascal Poolaw">Pascal Poolaw</a> (1922–1967), Native American war hero</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Warbonnet" title="Red Warbonnet">Red Warbonnet</a> (d. 1849), traditionalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanta" title="Satanta">Satanta</a> (Set'tainte) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1815</span>–1878), war chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Horn" title="Silver Horn">Silver Horn</a> (1860–1940), artist and calendar keeper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bear" title="Sitting Bear">Sitting Bear</a> (Set-Tank, Set-Angia, called Satank) (c.1800–1871), warrior and medicine man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendal_Thompson" title="Kendal Thompson">Kendal Thompson</a>, professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Tsatoke" title="Monroe Tsatoke">Monroe Tsatoke</a>, painter, one of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Six" title="Kiowa Six">Kiowa Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Horse (chief)">White Horse</a> (Tsen-tainte) (d. 1892), chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wondolowski" title="Chris Wondolowski">Chris Wondolowski</a>, U.S. professional soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahnee_Ahtone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahnee Ahtone">Tahnee Ahtone</a> (b. 1978), curator, artist, and dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Waters_III" title="Lindy Waters III">Lindy Waters III</a> (b. 1997), professional NBA player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirac_Creepingbear" title="Mirac Creepingbear">Mirac Creepingbear</a> (1947–1990), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Chaddlesone" title="Sherman Chaddlesone">Sherman Chaddlesone</a> (1947–2013), muralist, sculptor, and painter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gourd_Dance" title="Gourd Dance">Gourd Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koitsenko" title="Koitsenko">Koitsenko</a>, Kiowa warrior society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pasture" title="Big Pasture">Big Pasture</a>, 1901 Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache grazing reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Peak_(Texas)" title="Kiowa Peak (Texas)">Kiowa Peak (Texas)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-palmer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palmer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palmer_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2003" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Gus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5kwEAAAQBAJ"><i>Telling Stories the Kiowa Way</i></a>. University of Arizona Press: Tucson. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816544806" title="Special:BookSources/9780816544806"><bdi>9780816544806</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telling+Stories+the+Kiowa+Way&rft.place=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Tucson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780816544806&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5kwEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf">2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424052416/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf">Archived</a> April 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.</i> 2011: 20. Retrieved 4 Jan 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kiowa">"Kiowa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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Part I</i>. Washington.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkins, Laurel. 1984. <i>A Grammar of Kiowa.</i> Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catlin, George. 1861/1869. "Four Kiowa Indians." National Gallery of Art. Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nga.gov/Collection/art-object-page.50352.html">[1]</a>. 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Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chairman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chairman_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kiowatribe.org/chairman">"Government: Chairman"</a>. <i>Kiowa Tribe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/kiowa/kiowa.htm">the original</a> on August 30, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Plains+Indian+war&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmnh.si.edu%2Fnaa%2Fkiowa%2Fkiowa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viola 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobsonhouse.org/kiowa-five/">"About the Kiowa Six"</a>. Jacobson House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Kiowa+Six&rft.pub=Jacobson+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobsonhouse.org%2Fkiowa-five%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobsonhousenac.org/the-kiowa-six">Jacobson House Native Art Center: About the Kiowa Six</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721181329/https://www.jacobsonhousenac.org/the-kiowa-six">Archived</a> 2020-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Jacobson House Native Art Center.</i> (retrieved 21 July 2020)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhtoneharjo-Growingthunder2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder, Tahnee (Fall 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.joomag.com/first-american-art-magazine-no-16-fall-2017/0677515001502318144?page=18">"Seven Directions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_American_Art_Magazine" title="First American Art Magazine">First American Art Magazine</a></i> (16): 16–17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+American+Art+Magazine&rft.atitle=Seven+Directions&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder&rft.aufirst=Tahnee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.joomag.com%2Ffirst-american-art-magazine-no-16-fall-2017%2F0677515001502318144%3Fpage%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kiowa by U.S. Department of Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Laura. E. 2016. <i>Horace Poolaw, Photographer of American Indian Modernity.</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Online preview at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=my4oDwAAQBAJ"><i>Horace Poolaw: Photographer of American Indian Modernity</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. June 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803237858" title="Special:BookSources/9780803237858"><bdi>9780803237858</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Poolaw%3A+Photographer+of+American+Indian+Modernity&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2016-06&rft.isbn=9780803237858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmy4oDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomforumdiversity.org/american-indian-journalism-institute/2009/06/18/urban-5-art-show-at-usd/">"Urban 5 Show at USD"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123165706/http://freedomforumdiversity.org/american-indian-journalism-institute/2009/06/18/urban-5-art-show-at-usd/">Archived</a> November 23, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>American Indian Journalism Institute.</i> (retrieved 7 Oct 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bacone.edu/kiowa-tribe-becomes-fifth-to-charter-bacone-college/">"Kiowa Tribe becomes fifth to charter Bacone College"</a>. Bacone College, February 20, 2020. 20 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiowa+Tribe+becomes+fifth+to+charter+Bacone+College&rft.pub=Bacone+College%2C+February+20%2C+2020&rft.date=2020-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bacone.edu%2Fkiowa-tribe-becomes-fifth-to-charter-bacone-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bacone.edu/renowned-kiowa-tribal-member-to-teach-language-course-at-bacone-college/">"Renowned Kiowa Tribal member to teach language course at Bacone College"</a>. Bacone College, March 3, 2020. 3 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renowned+Kiowa+Tribal+member+to+teach+language+course+at+Bacone+College&rft.pub=Bacone+College%2C+March+3%2C+2020&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bacone.edu%2Frenowned-kiowa-tribal-member-to-teach-language-course-at-bacone-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf9nbvDbupYC&pg=PP1"><i>Visions for the Future: A Celebration of Young Native American Artists, Volume 1.</i></a> Boulder, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55591-655-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55591-655-8">978-1-55591-655-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~market/cgi-bin/archives/002403.html">"Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703122324/http://www.unm.edu/~market/cgi-bin/archives/002403.html">Archived</a> July 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>University of New Mexico Today.</i> 8 November 2007 (retrieved 25 February 2010)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boyd, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BzvGnkS4cgC&dq=Koitsenko&pg=PA71"><i>Kiowa Voices: Ceremonial Dance, Ritual, and Song.</i></a> Fort Worth: Texas Christian University, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912646-67-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912646-67-1">978-0-912646-67-1</a>.</li> <li>Dunn, Dorothy. <i>American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas.</i> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000X7A1T0">B000X7A1T0</a>.</li> <li>Greene, Candace S. <i>Silver Horn: Master Illustrator of the Kiowas</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3307-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3307-4">0-8061-3307-4</a>.</li> <li>Pritzker, Barry M. <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1">978-0-19-513877-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollingsDeer,_Ada_E2004" class="citation book cs1">Rollings, William H; Deer, Ada E (2004). <i>The Comanche</i>. Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8349-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8349-9"><bdi>978-0-7910-8349-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comanche&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-8349-9&rft.aulast=Rollings&rft.aufirst=William+H&rft.au=Deer%2C+Ada+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKiowa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Viola, Herman (1998). <i>Warrior Artists: Historic Cheyenne and Kiowa Indian Ledger Art Drawn By Making Medicine and Zotom</i>. National Geographic Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-7370-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-7370-2">0-7922-7370-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Kiowa</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Kiowa&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Kiowa">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Kiowa&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Boyd, Maurice (1983). <i>Kiowa Voices: Myths, Legends and Folktales.</i> Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912646-76-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-912646-76-4">0-912646-76-4</a>.</li> <li>Corwin, Hugh (1958).<i> The Kiowa Indians, their history and life stories</i>.</li> <li>Hoig, Stan (2000). <i>The Kiowas and the Legend of Kicking Bird</i>. Boulder, CO: The University Press of Colorado. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87081-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87081-564-4">0-87081-564-4</a>.</li> <li>Meadows, William C. (1999) "Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</li> <li>Meadows, William C. (2006) "Black Goose's Map of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Reservation in Oklahoma Territory." Great Plains Quarterly 26(4):265–282.</li> <li>Meadows, William C. (2008) "Kiowa Ethnogeography." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</li> <li>Meadows, William C. (2010) "Kiowa Military Societies: Ethnohistory and Ritual." Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.</li> <li>Meadows, William C. (2013) Kiowa Ethnonymy of Other Populations. Plains Anthropologist, 58(226):3–28.</li> <li>Meadows, William C. and Kenny Harragarra (2007 )"The Kiowa Drawings of Gotebo (1847–1927): A Self Portrait of Cultural and Religious Transition." Plains Anthropologist 52(202):229–244.</li> <li>Mishkin, Bernard (1988). <i>Rank and Warfare Among The Plains Indians</i>. AMS Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-62903-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-62903-2">0-404-62903-2</a>.</li> <li>Nye, Colonel W.S. (1983). <i>Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1856-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1856-3">0-8061-1856-3</a>.</li> <li>Momaday, N. Scott (1977). <i>The Way to Rainy Mountain.</i> Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-0436-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-0436-2">0-8263-0436-2</a>.</li> <li>Richardson, Jane (1988). <i>Law & Status Among the Kiowa Indians (American Ethnological Society Monographs; No 1)</i>. AMS Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-62901-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-62901-6">0-404-62901-6</a>.</li> <li>Tone-Pah-Hote, Jenny (2019). <i>Crafting an Indigenous Nation: Kiowa Expressive Culture in the Progressive Era.</i> Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>U.S. Department of the Interior (1974). "The Kiowa". Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Center.</li> <li>Walter Echo-Hawk, <i>In the Courts of the Conqueror: The 10 Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided</i> (2010).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiowa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kiowa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kiowa">Kiowa</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiowatribe.org/">Kiowa Tribe</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911210758/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KI017.html">Kiowa</a>, Oklahoma Historical Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830163359/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/kiowa/kiowa.htm">Kiowa Drawings</a>, National Museum of Natural History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/OKMaps/id/3887/">1901 U.S. Government Map</a>, Oklahoma Digital Map Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=9/34.7664/-99.1695">2019 Map of area</a>, OpenStreetMap</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mms.newberry.org/xml/xml_files/Hanks.xml">Jane Richardson Hanks Kiowa Papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022100532/http://mms.newberry.org/xml/xml_files/Hanks.xml">Archived</a> 2015-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Newberry Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genealogynation.com/kiowa/">Kiowa Comanche Apache Indian Lands</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Indigenous_peoples_of_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the Ancients">Trail of the Ancients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Template:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Template talk:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kiowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arapaho</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bear_(chief)" title="Black Bear (chief)">Black Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Coolidge" title="Sherman Coolidge">Sherman Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Friday (Arapaho chief)">Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Owl_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Little Owl (Arapaho chief)">Little Owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Poisal" title="Margaret Poisal">Margaret Poisal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower#Native_American_folklore" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyan_Kara_Mountain" title="Inyan Kara Mountain">Inyan Kara Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore#History" title="Mount Rushmore">Six Grandfathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Race_(Native_American_legend)" title="Great Race (Native American legend)">Great Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills#History" title="Black Hills">History of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Cavern_Dance_Pavilion" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion">Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern events and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_the_Black_Hills" title="Seizure of the Black Hills">Seizure of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Journey_Museum_and_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journey Museum and Gardens">The Journey Museum and Gardens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Republic of Lakotah proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Black_Elk" title="Charlotte Black Elk">Charlotte Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Tall" title="JoAnn Tall">JoAnn Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmaine_White_Face" title="Charmaine White Face">Charmaine White Face</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For more information, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a>. Nearby modern <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117100#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph727305&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543415205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637035">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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