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Laramie (1868) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Fort Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Fort_Laramie_1868" title="Vertrag von Fort Laramie 1868 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Fort Laramie 1868" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_del_fuerte_Laramie_(1868)" title="Tratado del fuerte Laramie (1868) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado del fuerte Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Traité de Fort Laramie (1868) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Fort Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdrach_fan_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Ferdrach fan Fort Laramie (1868) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferdrach fan Fort Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Trattato di Fort Laramie (1868) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Fort Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Verdrag van Fort Laramie (1868) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Fort Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_w_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Traktat w Fort Laramie (1868) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat w Fort Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Fortul_Laramie_(1868)" title="Tratatul de la Fortul Laramie (1868) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratatul de la Fortul Laramie (1868)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_(1868)" title="Договор в форте Ларами (1868) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Договор в форте Ларами (1868)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Laramien_sopimus_(1868)" title="Fort Laramien sopimus (1868) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fort Laramien sopimus (1868)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> </ul> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US-Sioux treaty ending Red Cloud's War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie,_Wyoming,_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg/300px-Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg/450px-Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg/600px-Photograph_of_General_William_T._Sherman_and_Commissioners_in_Council_with_Indian_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie%2C_Wyoming%2C_ca._1_-_NARA_-_531079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2218" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> (third from left) and Commissioners in council with chiefs and headmen, Fort Laramie, 1868</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">April 29  – November 6, 1868<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negotiators</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Indian Peace Commission">Indian Peace Commission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé</a> <a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala</a> <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a> <a href="/wiki/Yanktonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanktonai">Yanktonai</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ratifiers</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also the Sioux Treaty of 1868<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a>) is an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé</a> bands of <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanktonai_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanktonai Dakota">Yanktonai Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> Nation, following the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">first Fort Laramie treaty</a>, signed in 1851. The treaty is divided into 17 articles. It established the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a> including ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>, and set aside additional lands as "unceded Indian territory" in the areas of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> It established that the US government would hold authority to punish not only white settlers who committed crimes against the tribes but also tribe members who committed crimes and were to be delivered to the government, rather than to face charges in tribal courts. It stipulated that the government would abandon forts along the <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a> and included a number of provisions designed to encourage a transition to farming and to move the tribes "closer to the white man's way of life." The treaty protected specified rights of third parties not partaking in the negotiations and effectively ended <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a>. That provision did not include the <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a>, who were not a party to the treaty and so had no opportunity to object when the American treaty negotiators "inadvertently" broke a separate treaty with the Ponca by unlawfully selling the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Ponca_Reservation" title="Ponca Reservation">Ponca Reservation</a> to the Lakota, pursuant to Article II of this treaty.<a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a> The United States never intervened to return the Ponca land. Instead, the Lakota claimed the Ponca land as their own and set about attacking and demanding tribute from the Ponca until 1876, when US President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> chose to resolve the situation by unilaterally ordering the Ponca removed to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">removal</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ponca_Reservation#Ponca_Trail_of_Tears" title="Ponca Reservation">Ponca Trail of Tears</a>, was carried out by force the following year and resulted in over 200 deaths. The treaty was negotiated by members of the government-appointed <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Indian Peace Commission">Indian Peace Commission</a> and signed between April and November 1868 at and near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie">Fort Laramie</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a>, with the final signatories being <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a> himself and others who accompanied him. Animosities over the agreement arose quickly, with open war breaking out again in 1876, and in 1877 the US government unilaterally annexed native land protected under the treaty. The treaty formed the basis of the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> case, <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a>, in which the court ruled that tribal lands covered under the treaty had been taken illegally by the US government, and the tribe was owed compensation plus interest. As of 2018 this amounted to more than $1 billion. The Sioux refused the payment, having demanded instead the return of their land which would not be possible to contest if the monetary compensation was accepted. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)" title="Powder River Expedition (1865)">Powder River Expedition (1865)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_%28yellow_517%2C_grey_619_and_pink_635%29.jpg/400px-The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_%28yellow_517%2C_grey_619_and_pink_635%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_%28yellow_517%2C_grey_619_and_pink_635%29.jpg/600px-The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_%28yellow_517%2C_grey_619_and_pink_635%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_%28yellow_517%2C_grey_619_and_pink_635%29.jpg/800px-The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_%28yellow_517%2C_grey_619_and_pink_635%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>Map 1. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">1851 Fort Laramie</a> territories. Later and at different times, each tribe would enter into new treaties with the US. The result was an often-changing patchwork of bigger and smaller parts of the initial allocations, newly established <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>, and former tribal land turned into new <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">US territory</a>. The bold outline shows the 1851 Sioux treaty area.</figcaption></figure> The first Treaty of Fort Laramie, signed in 1851, attempted to resolve disputes between tribes and the US Government, as well as among tribes themselves, in the modern areas of Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and North and South Dakota. It set out that the tribes would make peace among one another, allow for certain outside access to their lands (for activities such as travelling, surveying, and the construction of some government outposts and roads), and that tribes would be responsible for wrongs committed by their people. In return, the US Government would offer protection to the tribes, and pay an <a href="/wiki/Annuity" title="Annuity">annuity</a> of $50,000 per year.<a href="#cite_note-nd-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps-8">[5]</a> No land covered by the treaty was claimed by the US at the time of signing. The five "respective territories" of the participating tribes – Sioux, Arapaho and <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[d]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a> – were defined. North of the Sioux, the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan held a <a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_North_Dakota" title="Early Indian treaty territories in North Dakota">joint territory</a>. The territory of the Crows extended westward from that of their traditional enemies<a href="#cite_note-Mallory1886-10">[6]</a>: 103, 105, 134–6  in the Sioux tribe. The <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_(Wyoming_and_Montana)" title="Powder River (Wyoming and Montana)">Powder River</a> divided the two lands.<a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 595  When the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">Senate</a> reduced the annuity to 10 years from originally 50, all tribes except the Crow accepted the cut. Nevertheless, the treaty was recognized as being in force.<a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 594  The 1851 treaty had a number of shortcomings which contributed to the deterioration of relations, and subsequent violence over the next several years. From an inter-tribal view, the lack of any "enforcement provisions" protecting the 1851 boundaries proved a drawback for the Crow and the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan.<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 87  The federal government never kept its obligation to protect tribal resources and hunting grounds, and only made a single payment toward the annuity.<a href="#cite_note-nd-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps2-13">[9]</a> Although the federal government operated via <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, the tribes did so through <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a>, and although local chiefs signed the treaty as representatives, they had limited power to control others who themselves had not consented to the terms. This of course is impossible to confirm as the Indians had no writing and hence no way of recording their political philosophy[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">discovery of gold</a> in the west, and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="History of the Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, led to substantially increased travel through the area, largely outside the 1851 Sioux territory. This increasingly led to clashes between the tribes, settlers, and the US government, and eventually open war between the Sioux (and the Cheyenne and Arapaho refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, 1864)<a href="#cite_note-StandsIT1972-14">[10]</a>: 168–70  and the whites in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-nd-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps2-13">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg/220px-Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg/330px-Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg/440px-Red_Cloud%27s_War._Map_with_battle_fields_and_relevant_Indian_treaty_guaranteed_territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>Map 2. Map showing the major battles of <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a>, along with major treaty boundaries. During Red Cloud's War, the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> on the same plains on which they previously defeated the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a>. In 1868, the US and the Sioux entered into negotiations regarding the western <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Basin" title="Powder River Basin">Powder River area</a>, although neither held the treaty rights to the land.<a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 595 </figcaption></figure> None of the other tribes signing the 1851 treaty engaged in battle with the US soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1961-15">[11]</a>: LVII <a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a>: 54 <a href="#cite_note-Malouf1963-17">[13]</a>: 161 <a href="#cite_note-MedCrow1992-18">[14]</a>: xi  and most allied with the Army.<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 91 <a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a>: 127 <a href="#cite_note-Malouf1963-17">[13]</a>: 161 <a href="#cite_note-Gilman1987-19">[15]</a>: 129  With the 1851 intertribal peace soon broken,<a href="#cite_note-Mallery1893-20">[16]</a>: 572–3 <a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a>: 226, 228 <a href="#cite_note-McGinnis1990-22">[18]</a>: 103 <a href="#cite_note-Paul1997-23">[19]</a>: 119, 125–140, 178  the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan called for US military support against raiding Sioux Indians in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a>: 106  By summer 1862, the three tribes had abandoned all their permanent villages of <a href="/wiki/Earth_lodge" title="Earth lodge">earth lodges</a> in the treaty territory south of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a>, which was now under Sioux control, and lived together in <a href="/wiki/Like-a-Fishhook_Village" title="Like-a-Fishhook Village">Like-a-Fishhook Village</a> north of the river.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a>: 108 <a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a>: 408  In the mid-1850s, the western Sioux bands crossed the Powder River and entered the Crow treaty territory.<a href="#cite_note-White1978-25">[21]</a>: 340  Sioux chief Red Cloud organized a war party against a Crow camp at the mouth of Rosebud River in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-Paul1997-23">[19]</a>: 119–124  Despite the Crows fighting "... large-scale battles with invading Sioux" near present-day <a href="/wiki/Wyola,_Montana" title="Wyola, Montana">Wyola</a> in Montana,<a href="#cite_note-MedCrow1992-18">[14]</a>: 84  the Sioux had taken over the western Powder River area by 1860.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a>: 127  In 1866 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> called on tribes to negotiate safe passage through the Bozeman Trail, while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</a> moved <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Carrington" title="Henry B. Carrington">Henry B. Carrington</a>, along with a column of 700 men into the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Basin" title="Powder River Basin">Powder River Basin</a>, sparking Red Cloud's War.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> However, most of the wagon track to the city of Bozeman "crossed land guaranteed to the Crows under the 1851 treaty"<a href="#cite_note-28">[e]</a> "... the Sioux attacked the United States anyway, claiming the Yellowstone was now their land."<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 89  Red Cloud's war "... appeared to be a great Sioux war to protect their land. And it was – but the Sioux had only recently conquered this land from other tribes and now defending the territory both from other tribes"<a href="#cite_note-McGinnis1990-22">[18]</a>: 116  and the passing through of whites.<a href="#cite_note-StandsIT1972-14">[10]</a>: 170, note 13 <a href="#cite_note-Ewers1975-29">[24]</a>: 408 <a href="#cite_note-Calloway1982-30">[25]</a>: 46 <a href="#cite_note-Utley2003-31">[26]</a>: 20  During the war, the Crows sided with the soldiers in the isolated garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-32">[27]</a>: 91 <a href="#cite_note-Papers1910-33">[28]</a>: 67  Crow warrior Wolf Bow urged the Army to, "Put the Sioux Indians in their own country, and keep them from troubling us."<a href="#cite_note-Papers1910-33">[28]</a>: 69  After losing resolve to continue the war, following defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Fetterman_Fight" title="Fetterman Fight">Fetterman Fight</a>, sustained <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> by the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho, exorbitant rates for freight through the area, and difficulty finding contractors to work the rail lines, the US Government, organized the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a> to negotiate an end to ongoing hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-good-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-arch-34">[29]</a> A peace counsel chosen by the government arrived on April 19, 1868, at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a>, in what would later become the state of Wyoming. The outcome would be the second treaty of Fort Laramie Treaty, signed in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-arch-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles">Articles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> The treaty was laid out in a series of 17 articles: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_I">Article I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Article I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bad_men_clause" title="Bad men clause">Bad men clause</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_Canyon_battlefield_(1873),_Nebraska._Pawnee_reservation_and_relevant_Indian_territories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Massacre_Canyon_battlefield_%281873%29%2C_Nebraska._Pawnee_reservation_and_relevant_Indian_territories.png/220px-Massacre_Canyon_battlefield_%281873%29%2C_Nebraska._Pawnee_reservation_and_relevant_Indian_territories.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Massacre_Canyon_battlefield_%281873%29%2C_Nebraska._Pawnee_reservation_and_relevant_Indian_territories.png/330px-Massacre_Canyon_battlefield_%281873%29%2C_Nebraska._Pawnee_reservation_and_relevant_Indian_territories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Massacre_Canyon_battlefield_%281873%29%2C_Nebraska._Pawnee_reservation_and_relevant_Indian_territories.png/440px-Massacre_Canyon_battlefield_%281873%29%2C_Nebraska._Pawnee_reservation_and_relevant_Indian_territories.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Map 3. By right of article I in the 1868 treaty, the US compensated the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> with annuities owed the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_Canyon" title="Massacre Canyon">Massacre Canyon</a> battle in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> on August 5, 1873. The Pawnee received $9,000.</figcaption></figure> Article one called for the cessation of hostilities, stating "all war between the parties to this agreement shall for ever [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] cease." If crimes were committed by "bad men" among white settlers, the government agreed to arrest and punish the offenders, and reimburse any losses suffered by injured parties. The tribes agreed to turn over criminals among them, any "bad men among the Indians," to the government for trial and punishment, and to reimburse any losses suffered by injured parties.<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> If any Sioux committed "a wrong or depredation upon the person or property on any one, white, black, or Indians" the US could pay damages taken from the annuities owed the tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 998  These terms effectively relinquished the authority of the tribes to punish crimes committed against them by white settlers. In addition, these terms would subject tribal members to judgment under the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-jen-37">[32]</a>: 37  Similar provisions appeared in nine such treaties with various tribes. In practice, the "bad men among the whites" clause was seldom enforced. The first plaintiff to win a trial case on the provision did so in 2009, based on the 1868 Fort Laramie treaty.<a href="#cite_note-harvard-38">[33]</a>: 2521  In 1873, the US exercised the right to withhold annuities and compensate for Sioux wrongs against anyone, including Indians. After a massacre on a moving <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> camp during a legal Sioux hunting expedition in Nebraska,<a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blaine1977-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-StandingB1975-41">[35]</a>: 53–7 <a href="#cite_note-StandingB1978-42">[36]</a>: 41 <a href="#cite_note-Riley1973-43">[37]</a> the Sioux "were made to pay reparations for the loss of life, meat, hides, equipment, and horses stolen..."<a href="#cite_note-Blaine1990-44">[38]</a>: 46  The Pawnee received $9,000.<a href="#cite_note-Blaine1977-40">[34]</a>: 139 <a href="#cite_note-Doc1935-45">[39]</a>: 154  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_II">Article II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Article II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03708_2008_001_PR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/03708_2008_001_PR.jpg/170px-03708_2008_001_PR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/03708_2008_001_PR.jpg/255px-03708_2008_001_PR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/03708_2008_001_PR.jpg/340px-03708_2008_001_PR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Front page of 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">US National Archives</a></figcaption></figure> Article two of the treaty changed the boundaries for tribal land and established the Great Sioux Reservation, to include areas of present day South Dakota west of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, including the Black Hills. This was set aside for the "absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the Indians".<a href="#cite_note-good-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> In total, it allocated about 25% of the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> as it existed at the time.<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 4  It made the total tribal lands smaller, and moved them further eastward. This was to "take away access to the prime buffalo herds that occupied the area and encourage the Sioux to become farmers."<a href="#cite_note-ipj-46">[40]</a>: 2  The government agreed that no parties, other than those authorized by the treaty, would be allowed to "pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory".<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> According to one source writing on article two, "What remained unstated in the treaty, but would have been obvious to Sherman and his men, is that land not placed in the reservation was to be considered United States property, and not Indian territory."<a href="#cite_note-jen-37">[32]</a>: 37–8  As in 1851, the US recognized most of the land north of the Sioux reservation as Indian territory of the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan.<a href="#cite_note-47">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 594 <a href="#cite_note-48">[h]</a> In addition, the US still recognized the 1851 Crow claim to the Indian territory west of the Powder. The Crow and the US came to an agreement about this expanse on May 7, 1868.<a href="#cite_note-49">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 1008–11 <a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 92  With the reservation border following "the northern line of Nebraska", the Peace Commission ceded to the Sioux the original <a href="/wiki/Ponca_Reservation" title="Ponca Reservation">Ponca Reservation</a>, which had already been guaranteed the Ponca in multiple treaties with the government.<a href="#cite_note-50">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a>: 836–7  "No one has ever been able to explain" this blunder, which was nonetheless enforced by the government, irrespective of their earlier agreements.<a href="#cite_note-Howard1965-52">[42]</a>: 21  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_III">Article III</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Article III">edit</a>]</div> Article three provided for allotments of up to 160 acres (65 ha) of tillable land to be set aside for farming by members of the tribes.<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-bia-53">[43]</a>: 15  By 1871, 200 farms of 80 acres (32 ha) and 200 farms of 40 acres (16 ha) had been established including 80 homes. By 1877, this had risen to 153 homes "50 of which had shingle roofs and most had board floors" according to an 1876 report by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bia-53">[43]</a>: 15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_IV">Article IV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Article IV">edit</a>]</div> The government agreed to build a number of buildings on the reservation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Warehouse</li> <li>Store-room</li> <li>Agency building</li> <li>Physician residence</li> <li>Carpenter residence</li> <li>Farmer residence</li> <li>Blacksmith residence</li> <li>Miller residence</li> <li>Engineer residence</li> <li>School house</li> <li>Saw mill<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a></li></ul> </div> Article four also provided for the establishment of an agency on the reservation for the purpose of government administration. In practice, five were constructed and two more later added. These original five were composed of the Grand River Agency (Later Standing Rock), Cheyenne River Agency, Whetstone Agency, Crow Creek Agency, and Lower Brulé Agency. Another would later be set up on the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Missouri_River_tributary)" title="White River (Missouri River tributary)">White River</a>, and again on the <a href="/wiki/North_Platte_River" title="North Platte River">North Platte River</a>, but would later be moved to also be on the White.<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 5–6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_V_through_X">Articles V through X</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Articles V through X">edit</a>]</div> The government agreed that the agent for the Bureau of Indian Affairs shall keep his office open to complaints, which he will investigate and forward to the Commissioner. The decision of the Commissioner, subject to review by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a>, "shall be binding on the parties".<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> Article six laid out provisions for members of the tribes to take legal individual ownership of previously commonly held land, up to 320 acres (130 ha) for the heads of families, and 80 acres (32 ha) for any adult who was not the head of a family.<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> This land then "may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may continue to cultivate it."<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> Article seven addressed education for those aged six to 16, in order, as the treaty states, to "insure the civilization of the Indians entering into this treaty".<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> The tribes agreed to compel both male and females to attend school, and the government agreed to provide a schoolhouse and teacher for every 30 students who could be made to attend.<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> In article eight, the government agreed to provide seeds, tools, and training for any of the residents who selected tracts of land, and agreed to farm them. This was to be in the amount of up to $100 worth for the first year, and up to $25 worth for the second and third years.<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> These were one of a number of provisions of the treaty designed to encourage farming, rather than hunting, and move the tribes "closer to the white man's way of life."<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 44  After 10 years the government was able to withdraw the individuals from article 13, but if so, it would provide $10,000 annually "devoted to the education of said Indians ... as will best promote the education and moral improvement of said tribes." These were to be managed by a local Indian agent under the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-nih-55">[45]</a> Article 10 provided for an allotment of clothes, and food, in addition to one "good American cow" and two oxen for each lodge or family who moved to the reservation.<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> It further provided for an annual payment over 30 years of $10 for each person who hunted, and $20 for those who farmed, to be used by the Secretary of the Interior for the "purchase of such articles as from time to time the condition and necessities of the Indians may indicate to be proper."<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_XI">Article XI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Article XI">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03708_2008_019_PR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/03708_2008_019_PR.jpg/170px-03708_2008_019_PR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/03708_2008_019_PR.jpg/255px-03708_2008_019_PR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/03708_2008_019_PR.jpg/340px-03708_2008_019_PR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>One of the signature pages from the treaty, including <a href="/wiki/X_mark" title="X mark">X marks</a> for the tribal leaders, as a substitute for signed names</figcaption></figure> Article 11 included several provisions stating the tribes agreed to withdraw opposition to the construction of railroads (mentioned three times), military posts and roads, and will not attack or capture white settlers or their property. The same guarantee protected third parties defined as "persons friendly" with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 1002  The government agreed to reimburse the tribes for damages caused in the construction of works on the reservation, in the amount assessed by "three disinterested commissioners" appointed by the President.<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> It guaranteed the tribes access to the area to the north and west of the Black Hills<a href="#cite_note-56">[k]</a> as hunting grounds, "so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase."<a href="#cite_note-Hollabaugh2017-57">[46]</a>: 4  As one source examined the treaty language with regard to "so long as the buffalo may range", the tribes considered this language to be a perpetual guarantee, because "they could not envision a day when buffalo would not roam the plains"; however: <blockquote>The concept was clear enough to the commissioners … [who] well knew that hide hunters, with Sherman's blessing, were already beginning the slaughter that would eventually drive the Indians to complete dependence on the government for their existence.<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a></blockquote> Despite Sioux promises of undisturbed construction of railroads and no attacks, more than 10 surveying crew members, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Indian_Scouts" title="United States Army Indian Scouts">US Army Indian scouts</a> and soldiers were killed in 1872<a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-32">[27]</a>: 49 <a href="#cite_note-Robertson1984-58">[47]</a>: 11, 13–4 <a href="#cite_note-Webb1939-59">[48]</a>: 61  and 1873.<a href="#cite_note-Howe1952-60">[49]</a>: 532–4 <a href="#cite_note-61">[l]</a> Because of the Sioux massacre on the Pawnee in southern Nebraska during a hunting expedition in 1873, the US banned such hunts outside the reservation. Thus, the US decision nullified a part of Article XI.<a href="#cite_note-62">[50]</a>: 8  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_XII">Article XII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Article XII">edit</a>]</div> Article 12 required the agreement of "three-fourths of all the adult male Indians" for a treaty with the tribes to "be of any validity".<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-jen-37">[32]</a>: 44  Hedren reflected on article 12 writing that the provision indicated the government "already anticipated a time when different needs would demand the abrogation of the treaty terms."<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 5  These provisions have since been controversial, because subsequent treaties amending that of 1868 did not include the required agreement of three-fourths of adult males, and so under the terms of 1868, are invalid.<a href="#cite_note-ipj-46">[40]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-64">[m]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_XIII_through_XV">Articles XIII through XV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles XIII through XV">edit</a>]</div> The government agreed to furnish the tribes with a "physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, and blacksmiths".<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-nih-55">[45]</a> The government agreed to provide $100 in prizes for those who "in the judgment of the agent may grow the most valuable crops for the respective year."<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> Once the promised buildings were constructed, the tribes agreed to regard the reservation as their "permanent home" and make "no permanent settlement elsewhere".<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_XVI">Article XVI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Article XVI">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Laramie_Treaty_(1851)._Definition_of_Crow_territory_west_of_Powder_River_enlarged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_%281851%29._Definition_of_Crow_territory_west_of_Powder_River_enlarged.jpg/220px-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_%281851%29._Definition_of_Crow_territory_west_of_Powder_River_enlarged.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_%281851%29._Definition_of_Crow_territory_west_of_Powder_River_enlarged.jpg/330px-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_%281851%29._Definition_of_Crow_territory_west_of_Powder_River_enlarged.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_%281851%29._Definition_of_Crow_territory_west_of_Powder_River_enlarged.jpg/440px-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_%281851%29._Definition_of_Crow_territory_west_of_Powder_River_enlarged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="3734" /></a><figcaption>Fort Laramie Treaty (1851). Definition of <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a> territory west of <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_(Wyoming_and_Montana)" title="Powder River (Wyoming and Montana)">Powder River</a> enlarged</figcaption></figure> Article 16 stated that country north of the <a href="/wiki/North_Platte_River" title="North Platte River">North Platte River</a> and east of the summits of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Horn Mountains">Big Horn Mountains</a> would be "unceded Indian territory" that no white settlers could occupy without the consent of the tribes.<a href="#cite_note-good-3">[2]</a> This included 33,000,000 acres (13,000,000 ha) of land outside the reservation which were previously set aside by the 1851 treaty, as well as around an additional 25,000,000 acres (10,000,000 ha).<a href="#cite_note-justice-65">[52]</a>: 268  As part of this, the government agreed to close the forts associated with the Bozeman Trail. Article 16 did not however, address issues related to important hunting grounds north and northwest of the reservation.<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 5  The Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan held the treaty right to the bigger part of those hunting grounds according to the 1851 treaty.<a href="#cite_note-66">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 594 <a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a>: map facing p. 112  With the 1868 treaty, the Sioux ceded land to the US directly north of the reservation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[o]</a> This article proclaims the shift of the Indian title to the land east of the summits of the Big Horn Mountains to Powder River (the combat zone of Red Cloud's War). In 1851, the US had acknowledged the claim of the Crow to this area.<a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 595  Following defeat, the Peace Commission recognized it as "unceded Indian territory" held by the Sioux. The US Government could only dispose of Crow treaty territory, because it held parallel negotiations with the Crow tribe. The talks ended on May 7, 1868.<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 92  The Crows accepted to give up large tracts of land to the US<a href="#cite_note-68">[p]</a> and settle on a <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">reservation</a> in the heart of the 1851 territory.<a href="#cite_note-69">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 1008–1011 <a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 99  It was possible for the Peace Commission to allow the Sioux to hunt on the <a href="/wiki/Republican_River" title="Republican River">Republican Fork</a> in Nebraska (200 miles south of the Sioux reservation) along with others, because the US held the title to this river area. The Cheyenne and Arapaho had ceded the western part of the Republican Fork in 1861 in a more-or-less well-understood treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Weist1984-70">[53]</a>: 48 <a href="#cite_note-71">[54]</a> The US had bought the eastern part of the Republican Fork from the Pawnee in 1833. The Pawnee held a treaty right to hunt in their ceded territory.<a href="#cite_note-Kappler1904-11">[7]</a>: 416 <a href="#cite_note-Blaine1990-44">[38]</a>: 84  In 1873, the Massacre Canyon battle took place here.<a href="#cite_note-72">[r]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_XVII">Article XVII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Article XVII">edit</a>]</div> The treaty, as agreed to "shall be construed as abrogating and annulling all treaties and agreements heretofore entered into."<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signing">Signing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Signing">edit</a>]</div> Over the course of 192 days ending November 6, the treaty was signed by a total of 156 Sioux, and 25 Arapaho, in addition to the commissioners, and an additional 34 signatories as witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-73">[55]</a> Although the commissioners signed the document on April 29 along with the Brulé, the party broke up in May, with only two remaining at Fort Laramie to conclude talks there, before traveling up the Missouri River to gather additional signatures from tribes elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 44  Throughout this process, no further amendments were made to the terms. As one writer phrased it, "the commissioners essentially cycled Sioux in and out of Fort Laramie ... seeking only the formality of the chiefs' marks and forgoing true agreement in the spirit that the Indians understood it."<a href="#cite_note-harvard-38">[33]</a>: 2537–8  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakota_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dakota_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Dakota_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Dakota_Chiefs_at_Fort_Laramie_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="307" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Commission_members_at_Fort_Laramie_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Commission_members_at_Fort_Laramie_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Commission_members_at_Fort_Laramie_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Commission_members_at_Fort_Laramie_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="305" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Sioux Chiefs (left) and members of the Peace Commission (right) at Fort Laramie, 1868</div></div></div></div> Following initial negotiations, those from the Peace Commission did not discuss the conditions of the treaty to subsequent tribes who arrived over the following months to sign. Rather, the treaty was read aloud, and it was permitted "some time for the chiefs to speak" before "instructing them to place their marks on the prepared document."<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 44  As the source continues: <blockquote>These tribes had little interest in or understanding of what had taken place at the Fort Laramie councils. They wanted the whites out of their country and would fight as long as necessary.<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 44 </blockquote> The process of abandoning the forts associated with the Bozeman Trail, as part of the conditions agreed to, proved to be a long process, and was stalled by difficulty arranging the sale of the goods from the fort to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Fort C.F. Smith was not emptied until July 29. Fort Phil Kearny and Fort Reno were not emptied until August 1. Once abandoned, Red Cloud and his followers, who had been monitoring the activities of the troops rode down and burned what remained.<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 45–6  The peace commission dissolved on October 10 after presenting its report to Congress, which among other things, recommended the government "cease to recognize the Indian tribes as domestic dependent nations," and that no further "treaties shall be made with any Indian tribe."<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 46  William Dye, the commander at Fort Laramie was left to represent the commission, and met with Red Cloud, who was among the last to sign the treaty on November 6.<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 46  The government remained unwilling to negotiate the terms further, and after two days, Red Cloud is reported to have "washed his hands with the dust of the floor" and signed, formally ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 46  The US Senate ratified the treaty on February 16, 1869.<a href="#cite_note-74">[56]</a>: 1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signatories">Signatories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Signatories">edit</a>]</div> Notable signatories presented in the order they signed are as follows. Two exceptions are included. Henderson was a commissioner, but did not sign the treaty. Red Cloud was among the last to sign, but is listed here out-of-order along with the other Oglala. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commissioners">Commissioners</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commissioners">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Green_Taylor" title="Nathaniel Green Taylor">Nathaniel Green Taylor</a>, Commissioner of Indian Affairs<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a>, US Army<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[s]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Harney" title="William S. Harney">William S. Harney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a>, US Army<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Sanborn" title="John B. Sanborn">John B. Sanborn</a>, former brevet major general of <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Army_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer Army of the United States">volunteers</a>, and former member of a previous peace commission organized by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sully" title="Alfred Sully">Alfred Sully</a><a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_F._Tappan" title="Samuel F. Tappan">Samuel F. Tappan</a>, journalist, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, and activist who rose to prominence after investigating the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a><a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Augur" title="Christopher C. Augur">Christopher C. Augur</a>, Brevet Major General, and commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Platte" title="Department of the Platte">Department of the Platte</a><a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[t]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Terry" title="Alfred Terry">Alfred Terry</a>, Brevet major general, US Army<a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">John B. Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senator</a> and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[u]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chiefs_and_headmen">Chiefs and headmen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chiefs and headmen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Brulé">Brulé</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brulé">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Shell" title="Iron Shell">Iron Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bull" title="White Bull">White Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Nation" title="Iron Nation">Iron Nation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oglala">Oglala</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oglala">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Man_Afraid_Of_His_Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Man Afraid Of His Horses">Young Man Afraid Of His Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clown_Horse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clown Horse (page does not exist)">Clown Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[v]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Horse" title="American Horse">American Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Horse_(Lakota_leader)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Horse (Lakota leader) (page does not exist)">Blue Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[w]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Arapaho[59]">Arapaho<a href="#cite_note-82">[59]</a></h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arapaho[59]">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bear_(chief)" title="Black Bear (chief)">Black Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Black_Coal" title="Chief Black Coal">Black Coal</a></li> <li>Sorrel Horse</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Miniconjou">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Elk" title="Spotted Elk">Spotted Elk</a></li> <li>Big Eagle</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Yanctonais">Yanctonais</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Yanctonais">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Soldier" title="Little Soldier">Little Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Horse_(Lakota_chief)" title="Red Horse (Lakota chief)">Red Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Shield" title="Little Shield">Little Shield</a><a href="#cite_note-yale-36">[31]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siouxreservationmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png/220px-Siouxreservationmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png/330px-Siouxreservationmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png/440px-Siouxreservationmap.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the 1868 <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a>, and the subsequent changes in reservation borders</figcaption></figure> Although the treaty required the consent of three-fourths of the men of the tribes, many did not sign or recognize the results.<a href="#cite_note-nd-7">[4]</a> Others would later complain that the treaty contained complex language that was not well explained in order to avoid arousing suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-ipj-46">[40]</a>: 1–2  Yet others would not fully learn the terms of the agreement until 1870, when Red Cloud returned from a trip to Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 47  The treaty overall, and in comparison with the 1851 agreement, represented a departure from earlier considerations of tribal customs, and demonstrated instead the government's "more heavy-handed position with regard to tribal nations, and ... desire to assimilate the Sioux into American property arrangements and social customs."<a href="#cite_note-water-83">[60]</a> According to one source, "animosities over the treaty arose almost immediately" when a group of Miniconjou were informed they were no longer welcome to trade at Fort Laramie, being south of their newly established territory. This was notwithstanding that the treaty did not make any stipulation that the tribes could not travel outside their land, only that they would not permanently occupy outside land. The only travel expressly forbidden by the treaty was that of white settlers onto the reservation.<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a> Although a treaty between the US and the Sioux, it had profound effect on the Crow tribe, since it held the title to some of the territories set aside in the new treaty. By entering the peace talks "... the government had in effect betrayed the Crows, who had willingly helped the army to hold the [Bozeman Trail] posts ...".<a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-32">[27]</a>: 40  When the Sioux Indians had stopped the advance of the US in 1868, they quickly resumed their "own program of expansions"<a href="#cite_note-White1978-25">[21]</a>: 342  into the adjoining Indian territories.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a>: 120  Although all parties took and gave,<a href="#cite_note-Mallory1886-10">[6]</a>: 145–6 <a href="#cite_note-McGinnis1990-22">[18]</a>: 135–6 <a href="#cite_note-Lubetkin2002-84">[61]</a>: 42  the Sioux and their allies once again threatened the homeland of some of the Indian nations around them. Attacks on the Crows and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shoshone" title="Eastern Shoshone">Shoshones</a> were "frequent, both by the Northern Cheyennes and by the Arapahos, as well as the Sioux, and by parties made up from all three tribes".<a href="#cite_note-Hyde1987-85">[62]</a>: 347 <a href="#cite_note-Linderman1962-86">[63]</a>: 127, 153, 257  The Crows reported Sioux Indians in the Bighorn area from 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Lubetkin2002-84">[61]</a>: 43  This eastern part of the Crow reservation was taken over a few years later by the Sioux in quest of buffalo. When a force of Sioux warriors confronted a Crow reservation camp at Pryor Creek in 1873 throughout a whole day,<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 107  Crow chief Blackfoot called for decisive actions against the Indian intruders by the US.<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 106  In 1876, the Crows (and the Eastern Shoshones) fought alongside the Army at the Rosebud.<a href="#cite_note-Hoxie1995-12">[8]</a>: 108–9 <a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-32">[27]</a>: 114–6  They scouted for Custer against the Sioux, "who were now in the old Crow country".<a href="#cite_note-MedCrow1939-87">[64]</a>: X  Both the tribes and the government chose to ignore portions of the treaty, or to "comply only as long as conditions met their favor," and between 1869 and 1876, at least seven separate skirmishes occurred within the vicinity of Fort Laramie.<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 6–7  Prior to the Black Hills expedition, Army sources mention attacks in Montana north of the Yellowstone and north of the Sioux reservation in North Dakota carried out by unidentified groups of Sioux.<a href="#cite_note-Webb1939-59">[48]</a>: 61, 66  Large war parties of Sioux Indians left their reservation to attack distant Indian enemies near <a href="/wiki/Like-a-Fishhook_Village" title="Like-a-Fishhook Village">Like-a-Fishhook Village</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a>: 120 <a href="#cite_note-McGinnis1990-22">[18]</a>: 133 <a href="#cite_note-Howard1960-88">[65]</a>: 112 <a href="#cite_note-89">[x]</a> The first talks of actions against the Sioux arose. In his 1873 report, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs advocated, "that those [Sioux] Indians roaming west of the Dakota line be forced by the military to come in to the Great Sioux Reservation."<a href="#cite_note-Kvasnicka1979-90">[66]</a>: 145  The government eventually broke the terms of the treaty following the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition">expedition into the area</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> in 1874, and failed to prevent white settlers from moving onto tribal lands. Rising tensions eventually led again to open conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nps2-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-jen-37">[32]</a>: 46 <a href="#cite_note-91">[67]</a> The 1868 treaty would be modified three times by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a> between 1876 and 1889, each time taking more land originally granted, including unilaterally seizing the Black Hills in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-water-83">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></div> On June 30, 1980, the US Supreme Court ruled that the government had illegally taken land in the Black Hills granted by the 1868 treaty, by unlawfully abrogating article two of the agreement during negotiations in 1876, while failing to achieve the signatures of two-thirds the adult male population required to do so. It upheld an award of $15.5 million for the market value of the land in 1877, along with 103 years worth of interest at 5 percent, for an additional $105 million. The Lakota Sioux, however, have refused to accept payment and instead continue to demand the return of the territory from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-92">[68]</a> As of 24 August 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit">[update]</a> the Sioux interest on the money has compounded to over 1 billion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-93">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> Marking the 150th anniversary of the treaty, the <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Legislature" title="South Dakota Legislature">South Dakota Legislature</a> passed Senate Resolution 1, reaffirming the legitimacy of the treaty, and according to the original text, illustrating to the federal government that the Sioux are "still here" and are "seeking a future of forward-looking, positive relationships with full respect for the sovereign status of Native American nations confirmed by the treaty."<a href="#cite_note-94">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[71]</a> On March 11, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Wyoming">Governor of Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Mead" title="Matt Mead">Matt Mead</a> signed a similar bill into law, calling on "the federal government to uphold its federal trust responsibilities," and calling for a permanent display of the original treaty, on file with the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Legislature" title="Wyoming Legislature">Wyoming Legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herrera_v._Wyoming">Herrera v. Wyoming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Herrera v. Wyoming">edit</a>]</div> In May 2019, in a 5-4 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the <a href="/wiki/Herrera_v._Wyoming" title="Herrera v. Wyoming">Herrera v. Wyoming</a> case that Wyoming's statehood did not void hunting rights which were guaranteed to the Crow tribe by the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-98">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Land_Claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Land Claim">Black Hills Land Claim</a>, ongoing dispute between the Sioux and the US Government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline" title="Dakota Access Pipeline">Dakota Access Pipeline</a>, underground oil pipeline, opposed by some Sioux based on the terms of the 1851 and 1868 treaties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a>, series of legislation passed by the US government related to tribal lands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States treaties">List of United States treaties</a>, articles on treaties to which the US was a party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Medicine Lodge Treaty</a> – Negotiated by the Peace Commission with southern <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Indian">Plains Indian</a> tribes in 1867</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Shell" title="Iron Shell">Iron Shell</a> was the first to sign the document on April 29. <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a> and five others were the last on November 6.<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> officially the Treaty with the Sioux—Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee—and Arapaho, 1868<a href="#cite_note-good-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> depending on the interpretation of <a href="#Article_XVI">article XVI</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> called Gros Ventre </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> See Map 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> see Map 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" title="File:The outline of the 1851 Sioux territory. Crow 1851 territory (yellow 517, grey 619 and pink 635).jpg">Map 1</a>, green area 529 and grey area 620 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> map facing p. 112<a href="#cite_note-Meyer1977-16">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" title="File:The outline of the 1851 Sioux territory. Crow 1851 territory (yellow 517, grey 619 and pink 635).jpg">Map 1</a>, yellow area 571, grey area 619 and pink area 635 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" title="File:The outline of the 1851 Sioux territory. Crow 1851 territory (yellow 517, grey 619 and pink 635).jpg">Map 1</a>, small pink area 472 in the lower right side </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Modern day Wyoming and Montana </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honsinger_Bluff" title="Battle of Honsinger Bluff">Battle of Honsinger Bluff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pease_Bottom" title="Battle of Pease Bottom">Battle of Pease Bottom</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> In the case of the 1876 proposal to relinquish the territory of the Black Hills, the document was signed by only 10% of adult males. Congress none-the-less passed an act in 1877 enacting the terms.<a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" title="File:The outline of the 1851 Sioux territory. Crow 1851 territory (yellow 517, grey 619 and pink 635).jpg">Map 1</a>, green area 529 and grey area 620 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Map 1. Yellow area 516 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" title="File:The outline of the 1851 Sioux territory. Crow 1851 territory (yellow 517, grey 619 and pink 635).jpg">Map 1</a>, yellow area 517 ceded </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" title="File:The outline of the 1851 Sioux territory. Crow 1851 territory (yellow 517, grey 619 and pink 635).jpg">Map 1</a>, grey area 619 and pink area 635 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> See Map 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Sherman was recalled to Washington D.C. in the previous November.<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a> According to one source, he "would come and go throughout he life of the commission."<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 39  According to the same source, Sherman was also recalled to Washington D.C. the following April to testify in the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 42–3  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Augur replaced Sherman as commissioner when Sherman was recalled.<a href="#cite_note-end-54">[44]</a>: 39  </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Henderson is listed in the first paragraph of the treaty as a party, but unlike the remaining commissioners, his signature does not appear in the original document following the text of the treaty. Compare also <a href="/wiki/File:03708_2008_018_PR_(cropped).jpg" title="File:03708 2008 018 PR (cropped).jpg">this excerpt from the original document</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. According to one source, the previous November, both Sherman and Henderson were recalled to Washington D.C. "to attend urgent business."<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a> Around October, one source has Henderson in Washington attending to the impeachment proceedings of President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Some sources appear to disputed this<a href="#cite_note-nd-7">[4]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Although Sitting Bull was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a> Lakota,<a href="#cite_note-79">[58]</a> his signature is listed on the treaty itself under "the Ogallalla band of Sioux by the chiefs and headmen whose names are hereto subscribed". Whether this may be attributable to error on the part of those who crafted the treaty or those bearing witness and recording the signatures is unclear. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Red Cloud was among the last to sign the treaty, insisting he wait until the army had cleared forts along the Bozeman Trail as they had agreed to. He supposedly replied to attempts to bring him to the talks "We are on the mountains looking down on the soldiers and forts. When we see the soldiers moving away and the forts abandoned, then I will come down and talk."<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 3  His arrival at the fort is variously reported as both November 4<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a> and October 4,<a href="#cite_note-great-35">[30]</a>: 3  although both agree he signed the treaty on November 6.<a href="#cite_note-mcchris-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/File:The_outline_of_the_1851_Sioux_territory._Crow_1851_territory_(yellow_517,_grey_619_and_pink_635).jpg" title="File:The outline of the 1851 Sioux territory. Crow 1851 territory (yellow 517, grey 619 and pink 635).jpg">Map 1</a>, grey area 620 and a part of the adjoining pink area </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mcchris-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcchris_1-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcChristian2017" class="citation book cs1">McChristian, Douglas C. (March 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iItiDgAAQBAJ">Fort Laramie: Military Bastion of the High Plains</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806158594" title="Special:BookSources/9780806158594"><bdi>9780806158594</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Laramie%3A+Military+Bastion+of+the+High+Plains&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft.isbn=9780806158594&rft.aulast=McChristian&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiItiDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-good-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-good_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_III2012" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, III, Charles M. (September 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxR-7Q9t988C">A Good Year to Die: The Story of the Great Sioux War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307823373" title="Special:BookSources/9780307823373"><bdi>9780307823373</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Good+Year+to+Die%3A+The+Story+of+the+Great+Sioux+War&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.isbn=9780307823373&rft.aulast=Robinson%2C+III&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxR-7Q9t988C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1970" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Dee (1970). "15. Standing Bear Becomes a Person". Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. United States: St. Martin's Press. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6669-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6669-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-6669-2</bdi></a>. <q>Ten years later, however—while the treaty makers were negotiating with the Sioux—through some bureaucratic blunder in Washington the Ponca lands were included with territory assigned the Sioux in the treaty of 1868. Although the Poncas protested over and over again to Washington, officials took no action. Wild young men from the Sioux tribes came down demanding horses as tribute, threatening to drive the Poncas off land which they now claimed as their own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Standing+Bear+Becomes+a+Person&rft.btitle=Bury+My+Heart+at+Wounded+Knee&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6669-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nd-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nd_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nd_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nd_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nd_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nd_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104043027/https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-2-sitting-bulls-people/section-3-treaties-fort-laramie-1851-1868">"Section 3: The Treaties of Fort Laramie, 1851 & 1868"</a>. North Dakota Studies, North Dakota State Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-2-sitting-bulls-people/section-3-treaties-fort-laramie-1851-1868">the original</a> on November 4, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+Studies%2C+North+Dakota+State+Government&rft.atitle=Section+3%3A+The+Treaties+of+Fort+Laramie%2C+1851+%26+1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndstudies.gov%2Fgr8%2Fcontent%2Funit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920%2Flesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts%2Ftopic-2-sitting-bulls-people%2Fsection-3-treaties-fort-laramie-1851-1868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nps_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nps_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nps_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/scbl/planyourvisit/upload/Horse-Creek-Treaty.pdf">"Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 (Horse Creek Treaty)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074156/https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-2-sitting-bulls-people/section-3-treaties-fort-laramie-1851-1868">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fort+Laramie+Treaty+of+1851+%28Horse+Creek+Treaty%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fscbl%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fupload%2FHorse-Creek-Treaty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory1886-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory1886_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory1886_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerrick1880" class="citation book cs1">Gerrick, Mallory (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbu418821883smit">"The Dakota Winter Counts"</a>. 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Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+village+Indians+of+the+upper+Missouri%3A+the+Mandans%2C+Hidatsas%2C+and+Arikaras&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1977-10-01&rft.isbn=9780803209138&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Roy+Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4R8aAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malouf1963-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malouf1963_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malouf1963_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalouf1963" class="citation book cs1">Malouf, Carling Isaac (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IvwtAEACAAJ">Crow-Flies-High (32MZ1), a Historic Hidatsa Village in the Garrison Reservoir Area, North Dakota</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911830143">911830143</a>. 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Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+European+Culture+Contacts+Upon+the+Economic%2C+Social%2C+and+Religious+Life+of+the+Crow+Indians&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42984003&rft.aulast=Medicine+Crow&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrBgnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard1960-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard1960_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1960" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, James H. (1960). 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Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution+Archives&rft.atitle=Black+Hills+Expedition+%281874%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiarchives.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fauth_exp_fbr_eace0102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrommer2001" class="citation web cs1">Frommer, Frederic (August 19, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111171159/http://www.bellevuecollege.edu/diversitycaucus/aiff/cbe.htm">"Black Hills Are Beyond Price to Sioux"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 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Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Saying+No+to+%241+Billion&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Streshinsky&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2011%2F03%2Fsaying-no-to-1-billion%2F308380%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sddp.org/s-d-senate-passes-resolution-confirming-south-dakotas-support-for-the-1868-treaty-of-fort-laramie/">"S.D. Senate Passes Resolution Confirming South Dakota's Support for the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota Democratic Party</a>. January 25, 2018. 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Retrieved March 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+South+Dakota&rft.atitle=Senate+Resolution+No.+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdlegislature.gov%2FLegislative_Session%2FBills%2FBill.aspx%3FFile%3DSR1P.htm%26Session%3D2018%26Version%3DPrinted%26Bill%3DSR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kgab.com/wyoming-governor-signs-41-bills-into-law/">"Wyoming Governor Signs 41 Bills into Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KGAB" title="KGAB">KGAB</a>. March 13, 2018. 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Retrieved March 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wyoming+Legislature&rft.atitle=SJ0002+%E2%80%93+150th+Anniversary+of+the+1868+Treaty+of+Fort+Laramie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flso.wyoleg.gov%2FLegislation%2F2018%2FSJ0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-532_q86b.pdf">"Supreme Court Of The United States: Herrera v. Wyoming"</a> (PDF). U.S. Supreme Court. May 20, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Of+The+United+States%3A+Herrera+v.+Wyoming&rft.pub=U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F18pdf%2F17-532_q86b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm">"Treaty with the Sioux — Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee — and Arapaho, 1868" (Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1868).</a> 15 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-15-635">635</a>, April 29, 1868. Ratified February 16, 1868; proclaimed February 24, 1868. In Charles J. Kappler, compiler and editor, Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties — Vol. II: Treaties. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904, pp. 998–1007. Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center...</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjo2014" class="citation book cs1">Harjo, Suzan Shown (2014). Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations. National Museum of the American Indian. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588344786" title="Special:BookSources/9781588344786"><bdi>9781588344786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+to+Nation%3A+Treaties+Between+the+United+States+and+American+Indian+Nations.&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+the+American+Indian&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781588344786&rft.aulast=Harjo&rft.aufirst=Suzan+Shown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+Laramie+%281868%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1868" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/15/635?link-type=pdf&.pdf">Treaty text</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/15/635?link-type=details">15 Stat. 635</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insiderexclusive.com/american-indian-rights-and-treaties-the-story-of-the-1868-treaty-of-fort-laramie/">American Indian Rights And Treaties – The Story Of The 1868 Treaty Of Fort Laramie</a>, video from <a href="/wiki/Insider_Exclusive" title="Insider Exclusive">Insider Exclusive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmai.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties-fort-laramie/index.html#introduction">Fort Laramie Treaty: Case Study</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">National Museum of the American Indian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/sv000194.xml">Collection of Photographs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(photographer)" title="Alexander Gardner (photographer)">Alexander Gardner</a>, from his travels with the Peace Commission at Fort Laramie in 1868, from the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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the Black Hills"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arapaho</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bear_(chief)" title="Black Bear (chief)">Black Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Coolidge" title="Sherman Coolidge">Sherman Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Friday (Arapaho chief)">Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Owl_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Little Owl (Arapaho chief)">Little Owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Poisal" title="Margaret Poisal">Margaret Poisal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower#Native_American_folklore" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyan_Kara_Mountain" title="Inyan Kara Mountain">Inyan Kara Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore#History" title="Mount Rushmore">Six Grandfathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Race_(Native_American_legend)" title="Great Race (Native American legend)">Great Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills#History" title="Black Hills">History of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Cavern_Dance_Pavilion" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion">Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern events and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_the_Black_Hills" title="Seizure of the Black Hills">Seizure of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Journey_Museum_and_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journey Museum and Gardens">The Journey Museum and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Republic of Lakotah proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Black_Elk" title="Charlotte Black Elk">Charlotte Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Tall" title="JoAnn Tall">JoAnn Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmaine_White_Face" title="Charmaine White Face">Charmaine White Face</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For more information, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a>. Nearby modern <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Template:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Template talk:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Country_USA" title="Bear Country USA">Bear Country USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Wilderness" title="Black Elk Wilderness">Black Elk Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Central_Railroad" title="Black Hills Central Railroad">Black Hills Central Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_National_Forest" title="Black Hills National Forest">Black Hills National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Playhouse" title="Black Hills Playhouse">Black Hills Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_in_the_Hills" title="Chapel in the Hills">Chapel in the Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_State_Park" title="Custer State Park">Custer State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park" title="Dinosaur Park">Dinosaur Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_City_(South_Dakota)" title="Bedrock City (South Dakota)">Flintstones Bedrock City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stockade" title="Gordon Stockade">Gordon Stockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestake_Mine_(South_Dakota)" title="Homestake Mine (South Dakota)">Homestake Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave_National_Monument" title="Jewel Cave National Monument">Jewel Cave National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mammoth_Site" title="The Mammoth Site">The Mammoth Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Missile_National_Historic_Site" title="Minuteman Missile National Historic Site">Minuteman Missile National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument">Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Miner_Ski_Resort" title="Mystic Miner Ski Resort">Mystic Miner Ski Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needles_(Black_Hills)" title="Needles (Black Hills)">Needles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactola_Lake" title="Pactola Lake">Pactola Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_Gardens" title="Reptile Gardens">Reptile Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmore_Cave" title="Rushmore Cave">Rushmore Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Lake_(South_Dakota)" title="Sheridan Lake (South Dakota)">Sheridan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Caverns" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns">Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgis_Motorcycle_Rally" title="Sturgis Motorcycle Rally">Sturgis Motorcycle Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Lake_(South_Dakota)" title="Sylvan Lake (South Dakota)">Sylvan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Peak" title="Terry Peak">Terry Peak ski area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_bison_herd" title="Wind Cave bison herd">bison herd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scenic routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck_Scenic_Byway" title="Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway">Norbeck Scenic Byway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_16A" title="U.S. Route 16A">Iron Mountain Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needles_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Needles Highway">Needles Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfish_Canyon" title="Spearfish Canyon">Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hills_Centennial_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Hills Centennial Trail (page does not exist)">Black Hills Centennial Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Mickelson_Trail" title="George S. Mickelson Trail">George S. Mickelson Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Fourche,_South_Dakota" title="Belle Fourche, South Dakota">Belle Fourche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_City,_South_Dakota" title="Central City, South Dakota">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer,_South_Dakota" title="Custer, South Dakota">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgemont,_South_Dakota" title="Edgemont, South Dakota">Edgemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_South_Dakota" title="Hot Springs, South Dakota">Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_City,_South_Dakota" title="Hill City, South Dakota">Hill City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead,_South_Dakota" title="Lead, South Dakota">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_Wyoming" title="Newcastle, Wyoming">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfish,_South_Dakota" title="Spearfish, South Dakota">Spearfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgis,_South_Dakota" title="Sturgis, South Dakota">Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewood,_South_Dakota" title="Whitewood, South Dakota">Whitewood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Gap,_South_Dakota" title="Buffalo Gap, South Dakota">Buffalo Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairburn,_South_Dakota" title="Fairburn, South Dakota">Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermosa,_South_Dakota" title="Hermosa, South Dakota">Hermosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone,_South_Dakota" title="Keystone, South Dakota">Keystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pringle,_South_Dakota" title="Pringle, South Dakota">Pringle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance,_Wyoming" title="Sundance, Wyoming">Sundance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unincorporated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewey,_South_Dakota" title="Dewey, South Dakota">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mile,_South_Dakota" title="Four Mile, South Dakota">Four Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena,_South_Dakota" title="Galena, South Dakota">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna,_South_Dakota" title="Hanna, South Dakota">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Siding,_South_Dakota" title="Johnson Siding, South Dakota">Johnson Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemo,_South_Dakota" title="Nemo, South Dakota">Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford,_South_Dakota" title="Rochford, South Dakota">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockerville,_South_Dakota" title="Rockerville, South Dakota">Rockerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City,_South_Dakota" title="Silver City, South Dakota">Silver City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forks,_South_Dakota" title="Three Forks, South Dakota">Three Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War, or Great Sioux War (1876)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory (1861–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition">Black Hills Expedition (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush" title="Black Hills gold rush">Black Hills gold rush (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Jenney_Party" title="Newton–Jenney Party">Newton–Jenney Party (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne%E2%80%93Black_Hills_Stage_Route_and_Rawhide_Buttes_and_Running_Water_Stage_Stations" title="Cheyenne–Black Hills Stage Route and Rawhide Buttes and Running Water Stage Stations">Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route (1876–1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney-Black_Hills_Trail" title="Sidney-Black Hills Trail">Sidney-Black Hills Stage Road (1876–1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_Black_Hills_and_Western_Railroad" title="Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad">Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad (1893–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Bullock" title="Seth Bullock">Seth Bullock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bullock" title="Martha Bullock">Martha Bullock</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_DuFran" title="Dora DuFran">Dora DuFran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">Wild Bill Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Doane_Robinson" title="Doane Robinson">Doane Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Star" title="Sol Star">Sol Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Swearengen" title="Al Swearengen">Al Swearengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Utter" title="Charlie Utter">Charlie Utter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghost towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addie_Camp,_South_Dakota" title="Addie Camp, South Dakota">Addie Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth,_South_Dakota" title="Bismuth, South Dakota">Bismuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktail,_South_Dakota" title="Blacktail, South Dakota">Blacktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdock,_South_Dakota" title="Burdock, South Dakota">Burdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria,_Wyoming" title="Cambria, Wyoming">Cambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate,_South_Dakota" title="Carbonate, South Dakota">Carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta,_South_Dakota" title="Etta, South Dakota">Etta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron,_South_Dakota" title="Flatiron, South Dakota">Flatiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Lawrence_County,_South_Dakota" title="Greenwood, Lawrence County, South Dakota">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_South_Dakota" title="Maitland, South Dakota">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers_City,_South_Dakota" title="Myers City, South Dakota">Myers City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic,_South_Dakota" title="Mystic, South Dakota">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahant,_South_Dakota" title="Nahant, South Dakota">Nahant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novak,_South_Dakota" title="Novak, South Dakota">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactola,_South_Dakota" title="Pactola, South Dakota">Pactola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan,_South_Dakota" title="Sheridan, South Dakota">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_South_Dakota" title="Spokane, South Dakota">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraville,_South_Dakota" title="Terraville, South Dakota">Terraville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigerville,_South_Dakota" title="Tigerville, South Dakota">Tigerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinton,_South_Dakota" title="Tinton, South Dakota">Tinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan,_South_Dakota" title="Trojan, South Dakota">Trojan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Cycad_National_Monument" title="Fossil Cycad National Monument">Fossil Cycad National Monument (1922–1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratobowl" title="Stratobowl">Stratobowl (1934–1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Black_Hills_flood" title="1972 Black Hills flood">Black Hills flood (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Jasper_Fire" title="2000 Jasper Fire">2000 Jasper Fire</a></li> <li>Sculptors <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a></li> <li>Author <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bottum_(author)" title="Joseph Bottum (author)">Joseph Bottum</a></li> <li>Politician <a href="/wiki/Francis_Case" title="Francis Case">Francis Case</a></li> <li>Poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_Badger_Clark" title="Charles Badger Clark">Charles Badger Clark</a></li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Watson_Parker" title="Watson Parker">Watson Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City_Rapid_Ride" title="Rapid City Rapid Ride">Rapid City Rapid Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lines" title="Jefferson Lines">Jefferson Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road junctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Crossing,_South_Dakota" title="Cheyenne Crossing, South Dakota">Cheyenne Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners,_Wyoming" title="Four Corners, Wyoming">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mile,_South_Dakota" title="Four Mile, South Dakota">Four Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Wye" title="Keystone Wye">Keystone Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maverick_Junction,_South_Dakota" title="Maverick Junction, South Dakota">Maverick Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_Creek_Junction,_Wyoming" title="Mule Creek Junction, Wyoming">Mule Creek Junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_in_popular_culture" title="Mount Rushmore in popular culture">Mount Rushmore in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&oldid=1258577821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)&oldid=1258577821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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