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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion_on_the_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_on_the_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Expansion on the Plains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_on_the_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemies_and_warrior_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemies_and_warrior_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enemies and warrior culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemies_and_warrior_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Arapaho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Arapaho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relationship with the Arapaho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Arapaho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_1825" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_1825"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Treaty of 1825</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_1825-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_Emigrant_Trail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_Emigrant_Trail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Effects of the Emigrant Trail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_Emigrant_Trail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punitive_US_expedition_of_1857" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punitive_US_expedition_of_1857"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Punitive US expedition of 1857</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punitive_US_expedition_of_1857-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Pike's Peak Gold Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sand_Creek_Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sand_Creek_Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Sand Creek Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand_Creek_Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Washita_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Washita_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.5</span> <span>Battle of Washita River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Washita_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.6</span> <span>Battle of the Little Bighorn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.7</span> <span>Northern Cheyenne Exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_culture_on_the_Great_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_culture_on_the_Great_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Horse culture on the Great Plains</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Horse_culture_on_the_Great_Plains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Horse culture on the Great Plains subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Horse_culture_on_the_Great_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Role models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Cheyenne_Figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Cheyenne_Figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical Cheyenne Figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Cheyenne_Figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_Cheyenne_Figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_Cheyenne_Figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Living Cheyenne Figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_Cheyenne_Figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Population history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheyenne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_(volk)" title="Cheyenne (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cheyenne (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="شايان (قبيلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شايان (قبيلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шаены – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шаены" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Шайени – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шайени" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Cheyenne" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeiene" title="Xeiene – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xeiene" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ajeni" title="Šajeni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šajeni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_(indf%C3%B8dte_amerikanere)" title="Cheyenne (indfødte amerikanere) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cheyenne (indfødte amerikanere)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_(Volk)" title="Cheyenne (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cheyenne (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BD_(%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE)" title="Τσεγιέν (φυλή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσεγιέν (φυλή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenes" title="Cheyenes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cheyenes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ejenoj" title="Ĉejenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉejenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txeiene" title="Txeiene – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txeiene" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%82%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="شای‌ان (قبیله سرخ‌پوست) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شای‌ان (قبیله سرخ‌پوست)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyennes" title="Cheyennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cheyennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjajinnen" title="Sjajinnen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjajinnen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_cheyenne" title="Pobo cheyenne – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo cheyenne" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%94%EC%A1%B1" title="샤이엔족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤이엔족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շայեններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շայեններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ajeni" title="Šajeni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šajeni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cheyenne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שאיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שאיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шайендер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шайендер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ajenai" title="Šajenai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šajenai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1jenek" title="Sájenek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sájenek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_seienina" title="Fiteny seienina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny seienina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شايان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شايان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_(volk)" title="Cheyenne (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cheyenne (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%97%8F" title="シャイアン族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャイアン族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_(folk)" title="Cheyenne (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cheyenne (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_(Volk)" title="Cheyenne (Volk) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheyenne (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szejeni" title="Szejeni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szejeni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyennes" title="Cheyennes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cheyennes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шайенны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шайенны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_people" title="Cheyenne people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cheyenne people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Чејени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чејени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ajeni" title="Šajeni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šajeni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyennet" title="Cheyennet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cheyennet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenner" title="Cheyenner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cheyenner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9ts%C3%AAh%C3%A9st%C3%A2hese" title="Tsétsêhéstâhese – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tsétsêhéstâhese" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eayenler" title="Şayenler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şayenler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Шеєни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шеєни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne people</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American Indian tribe from the Great Plains</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Native American people. For the capital city of Wyoming, see <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming" title="Cheyenne, Wyoming">Cheyenne, Wyoming</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cheyenne (disambiguation)">Cheyenne (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cheyenne</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">22,970<br /> (Northern: 10,840;<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Cheyenne_Tribe_website_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Cheyenne_Tribe_website-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern: 12,130<sup id="cite_ref-OIA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Traditional tribal religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a>, Suhtai, and other <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cheyenne</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>  <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b6\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Cheyenne.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Cheyenne.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cheyenne.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Cheyenne.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Cheyenne.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Cheyenne.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cheyenne.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">shy-<span style="font-size:90%">AN</span></i></a>) are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Great_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Great Plains">Indigenous people of the Great Plains</a>. The Cheyenne comprise two <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes, the <b>Só'taeo'o</b> or <b>Só'taétaneo'o</b> (more commonly spelled as <b>Suhtai</b> or <b>Sutaio</b>) and the <b>Tsétsėhéstȧhese</b> (also spelled <b>Tsitsistas</b>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡sɪt͡shɪstʰɑs]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the tribes merged in the early 19th century. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized nations</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cheyenne">Southern Cheyenne</a>, who are enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a>, who are enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Tribe_of_the_Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne language</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language family</a>. </p><p>Over the past 400 years, the Cheyenne have changed their lifestyles from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Great Lakes woodlands</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Northern Plains</a> and by the mid-19th century, the US government forced them onto reservations. At the time of their first European contact in the 16th century, the Cheyenne lived in what is now <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. They were close allies of the <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> and loosely aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>. By the early 18th century, they were forced west by other tribes across the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> and into <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they adopted the <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a>. Having settled the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of South Dakota and the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Country" title="Powder River Country">Powder River Country</a> of present-day Montana and Wyoming, they introduced the horse culture to Lakota people around 1730. The main group of Cheyenne, the Tsêhéstáno, was once composed of ten bands that spread across the Great Plains from southern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to the Black Hills in South Dakota. They fought their historic enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a> and later (1856–79) the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. In the mid-19th century, the bands began to split, with some bands choosing to remain near the Black Hills, while others chose to remain near the <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte Rivers</a> of central Colorado. With the <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, the Cheyenne pushed the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> to the Southern Plains. In turn, they were pushed west by the more numerous <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Cheyenne, known in Cheyenne either as <b>Notameohmésėhese,</b> meaning "Northern Eaters" (or simply as <b>Ohmésėhese</b> meaning "Eaters"), live in southeastern Montana on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" title="Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a>. Tribal enrollment figures, as of late 2014, indicate that there are approximately 10,840 members, of which about 4,939 reside on the reservation. Approximately 91% of the population are Native Americans (full or part race), with 72.8% identifying themselves as Cheyenne. Slightly more than one-quarter of the population five years or older spoke a language other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheyenne_Tribe_website_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheyenne_Tribe_website-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cheyenne">Southern Cheyenne</a>, known in Cheyenne as <b>Heévâhetaneo'o</b> meaning "Roped People", together with the Southern Arapaho, form the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes</a>, in western Oklahoma. Their combined population is 12,130, as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-OIA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, approximately 8,000 of these identified themselves as Cheyenne, although with continuing intermarriage it has become increasingly difficult to separate the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilcrease_-_Cheyenne_Beaded_Dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gilcrease_-_Cheyenne_Beaded_Dress.jpg/170px-Gilcrease_-_Cheyenne_Beaded_Dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gilcrease_-_Cheyenne_Beaded_Dress.jpg/255px-Gilcrease_-_Cheyenne_Beaded_Dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gilcrease_-_Cheyenne_Beaded_Dress.jpg/340px-Gilcrease_-_Cheyenne_Beaded_Dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Cheyenne hide dress, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span>, <a href="/wiki/Gilcrease_Museum" title="Gilcrease Museum">Gilcrease Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolaroc_-_Cheyenne-Shirt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Woolaroc_-_Cheyenne-Shirt.jpg/170px-Woolaroc_-_Cheyenne-Shirt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Woolaroc_-_Cheyenne-Shirt.jpg/255px-Woolaroc_-_Cheyenne-Shirt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Woolaroc_-_Cheyenne-Shirt.jpg/340px-Woolaroc_-_Cheyenne-Shirt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Cheyenne beaded hide shirt, <a href="/wiki/Woolaroc" title="Woolaroc">Woolaroc</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne_model_teepee_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cheyenne_model_teepee_1860.jpg/220px-Cheyenne_model_teepee_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cheyenne_model_teepee_1860.jpg/330px-Cheyenne_model_teepee_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cheyenne_model_teepee_1860.jpg/440px-Cheyenne_model_teepee_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Cheyenne model tipi, buffalo hide, 1860</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WRichardWestJr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WRichardWestJr.jpg/170px-WRichardWestJr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WRichardWestJr.jpg/255px-WRichardWestJr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WRichardWestJr.jpg/340px-WRichardWestJr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W._Richard_West_Jr." title="W. Richard West Jr.">W. Richard West Jr.</a>, former director and cofounder of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian's</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">National Museum of the American Indian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Cheyenne called themselves <i>Tsétsêhéstâhese</i> (more commonly as the <i>Tsitsistas</i>; singular: <i>Tsétsêhéstaestse</i>), which translates to "those who are like this".<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Suhtai, also called the Só'taeo'o, Só'taétaneo'o, Sutaio (singular: Só'taétane) traveled with the Tsétsêhéstâhese and merged with them after 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-grin10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Suhtai had slightly different speech and customs from the Tsétsêhéstâhese.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell,_p._2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell,_p._2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Cheyenne" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Siouan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan language">Lakota Sioux</a> <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> <i>Šahíyena</i> meaning "little <i>Šahíya</i>". The identity of the <i>Šahíya</i> is not known, but many <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plains tribes">Great Plains tribes</a> assume that it means <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> or another people who spoke an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a> related to Cree and Cheyenne.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Cheyenne name for Ojibwe is <i>Sáhea'eo'o</i>, a word that sounds similar to the <i>Lakota</i> word <i>Šahíya</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another of the common etymologies for <i>Cheyenne</i> is "a bit like the [people of an] alien speech" (literally, "red-talker").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" title="George Bird Grinnell">George Bird Grinnell</a>, the Lakota had referred to themselves and fellow <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a>-language bands as "white talkers", and those of other language families, such as the Algonquian Cheyenne, as "red talkers" (<i>Šahíyena</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell,_p._2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell,_p._2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The etymology of the name Tsitsistas (Tsétsėhéstȧhese), which the Cheyenne call themselves, is uncertain. According to the Cheyenne dictionary offered online by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Dull_Knife_College" title="Chief Dull Knife College">Chief Dull Knife College</a>, there is no consensus and various origins and translation of the word have been proposed. Grinnell's record is typical and states, "They call themselves Tsistsistas [sic, Tsitsistas is the correct pronunciation], which the books commonly give as meaning "people". It most likely means related to one another, similarly bred, like us, our people, or us.<sup id="cite_ref-lexicon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexicon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term for the Cheyenne homeland is <i>Tsistano</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne language</a></div> <p>The Cheyenne of Montana and Oklahoma speak the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne language</a>, known as <i>Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse</i> (common spelling: Tsisinstsistots). Approximately 800 people speak Cheyenne in Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only a handful of vocabulary differences between the two locations. The Cheyenne alphabet contains 14 letters. The Cheyenne language is one of the larger <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian-language</a> group. Formerly, the Só'taeo'o (Só'taétaneo'o) or Suhtai (Sutaio) bands of Southern and Northern Cheyenne spoke <i>Só'taéka'ėškóne</i> or <i>Só'taenėstsestȯtse</i>, a language so close to <i>Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse</i> (Cheyenne language), that it is sometimes termed a Cheyenne dialect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_084.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_084.jpg/220px-Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_084.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_084.jpg/330px-Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_084.jpg/440px-Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_084.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Cheyenne woman photograph by <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis" title="Edward S. Curtis">Edward S. Curtis</a>, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest written record of the Cheyenne was in the mid-17th century, when a group of Cheyenne visited the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Crevecoeur" title="Fort Crevecoeur">Fort Crevecoeur</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a>. The Cheyenne at this time lived between the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Lake" title="Mille Lacs Lake">Mille Lacs Lake</a>. Their economy was based on the collection of <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> and hunting, especially of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>, which lived in the prairies 70 to 80 miles west of the Cheyenne villages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to tribal history, during the 17th century, the Cheyenne were driven by the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a> (Hóheeheo'o) from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region to present-day <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, where they established villages. The most prominent of the ancient Cheyenne villages is <a href="/wiki/Biesterfeldt_Site" title="Biesterfeldt Site">Biesterfeldt Village</a>, in eastern North Dakota along the <a href="/wiki/Sheyenne_River" title="Sheyenne River">Sheyenne River</a>. They first reached the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> in 1676.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent analysis of early records posits that at least some of the Cheyenne remained in the Mille Lac region of Minnesota until about 1765, when the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> with firearms — pushing the Cheyenne, in turn, to the Minnesota River, where they were reported in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Missouri River, the Cheyenne came into contact with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a> (Tsé-heše'émâheónese, "people who have <a href="/wiki/Earth_lodge" title="Earth lodge">soil houses</a>"), and <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a> people (Ónoneo'o), adopting many of their cultural characteristics. They were first of the later Plains tribes to move into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Country" title="Powder River Country">Powder River Country</a>. About 1730, they introduced the horse to <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> bands (Ho'óhomo'eo'o). Conflict with migrating Lakota and Ojibwe people forced the Cheyenne further west, and they, in turn, pushed the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-cheyenne_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheyenne-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1776, the Lakota had overwhelmed the Cheyenne and taken over much of their territory near the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>. In 1804, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark</a> visited a surviving Cheyenne village in what is now North Dakota. Such European explorers learned many different names for the Cheyenne and did not realize how the different sections were forming a unified tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-cheyenne_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheyenne-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cheyenne tribes today descend from two related tribes, the <i>Tsétsėhéstȧhese / Tsitsistas</i> (Cheyenne proper) and <i>Só'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o</i> (better known as Suhtai or Sutaio). The latter merged with the Tsétshéstȧhese in the mid-19th century. Their <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> relays that both tribal peoples are characterized, and represented by two <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural hero">cultural heroes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> who received divine articles from their god Ma'heo'o, whom the Só'taeo'o called He'emo. </p><p>The Tsétsėhéstȧhese / Tsitsistas prophet Motsé'eóeve (Sweet Medicine Standing, Sweet Root Standing, commonly called Sweet Medicine) received the <i>Maahótse</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">(Sacred) Arrows Bundle</a>) at <i>Nóávóse</i> (″medicine(sacred)-hill″, name for <a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a>, northwest of Rapid City, South Dakota,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they carried when they waged tribal-level war<sup id="cite_ref-cheyenne_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheyenne-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were kept in the <i>maahéome</i> (Arrow Lodge or Arrow Tepee). He organized the structure of Cheyenne society, their <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_military_societies" title="Cheyenne military societies">military or war societies</a> led by prominent warriors, their system of legal justice, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Forty-four" title="Council of Forty-four">Council of Forty-four</a> peace chiefs. The latter was formed from four <i>véhoo'o</i> (chiefs or leaders) of the ten principal <i>manaho</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">bands</a>) and an additional four ″Old Man″ meetings to deliberate at regular tribal gatherings, centered around the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweet Medicine is the Cheyenne prophet who predicted the coming of the horse, the cow, the white man, and other new things to the Cheyenne. He was named for <i>motsé'eonȯtse</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sweet_grass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sweet grass (disambiguation)">sweetgrass</a>), one of the sacred plant medicines used by many <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains peoples</a> in ceremonies. The <i>Maahótse</i> (Sacred Arrows) are symbols of <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> power. The <i>Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e</i> (Sacred Buffalo Hat) is the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> power. The Sacred Buffalo Hat and the Sacred Arrows together form the two great covenants of the Cheyenne Nation. Through these two bundles, Ma'heo'o assures continual life and blessings for the people. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The Só'taeo'o prophet Tomȯsévėséhe ("Erect Horns") received the <i>Ésevone</i> (aka <i>Is'siwun</i> – "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">Sacred (Buffalo) Hat Bundle</a>") at <i>Tȯhóonévose</i> (″Stone Hammer Mountain″) near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in the present state of Minnesota. The <i>Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e (Sacred Buffalo Hat)</i> is kept in the <i>vonȧhéome</i> (old term) or <i>hóhkėha'éome</i> (new term) ("Sacred Hat Lodge, Sacred Hat Tepee"). Erect Horns gave them the accompanying ceremonies and the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a>. His vision convinced the tribe to abandon their earlier sedentary agricultural traditions to adopt <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> Plains <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a>. They replaced their earth lodges with portable <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipis</a> and switched their diet from fish and agricultural produce, to mainly <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and wild fruits and vegetables. Their lands ranged from the upper <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> into what is now <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, Montana, Colorado, and South Dakota.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e</i> ("Sacred Buffalo Hat") is kept among the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Só'taeo'o. The <i>Tséá'enōvȧhtse</i> (″Sacred (Buffalo) Hat Keeper″ or ″Keeper of the Sacred (Buffalo) Hat″) must belong to the Só'taeo'o (Northern or Southern alike). In the 1870s tribal leaders became disenchanted with the keeper of the bundle demanded the keeper Broken Dish give up the bundle; he agreed but his wife did not and desecrated the Sacred Hat and its contents; a ceremonial pipe and a buffalo horn were lost. In 1908 a Cheyenne named Three Fingers gave the horn back to the Hat. The pipe came into possession of a Cheyenne named Burnt All Over who gave it to Hattie Goit of <a href="/wiki/Poteau,_Oklahoma" title="Poteau, Oklahoma">Poteau, Oklahoma</a> who in 1911 gave the pipe to the Oklahoma Historical Society. In 1997 the Oklahoma Historal Society negotiated with the Northern Cheyenne to return the pipe to the tribal keeper of the Sacred Medicine Hat Bundle James Black Wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_on_the_Plains">Expansion on the Plains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion on the Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_N%C3%A9-hee-%C3%B3-ee-w%C3%B3o-tis,_Wolf_on_the_Hill,_Chief_of_the_Tribe_-_1985.66.143_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_N%C3%A9-hee-%C3%B3-ee-w%C3%B3o-tis%2C_Wolf_on_the_Hill%2C_Chief_of_the_Tribe_-_1985.66.143_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/170px-George_Catlin_-_N%C3%A9-hee-%C3%B3-ee-w%C3%B3o-tis%2C_Wolf_on_the_Hill%2C_Chief_of_the_Tribe_-_1985.66.143_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_N%C3%A9-hee-%C3%B3-ee-w%C3%B3o-tis%2C_Wolf_on_the_Hill%2C_Chief_of_the_Tribe_-_1985.66.143_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/255px-George_Catlin_-_N%C3%A9-hee-%C3%B3-ee-w%C3%B3o-tis%2C_Wolf_on_the_Hill%2C_Chief_of_the_Tribe_-_1985.66.143_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_N%C3%A9-hee-%C3%B3-ee-w%C3%B3o-tis%2C_Wolf_on_the_Hill%2C_Chief_of_the_Tribe_-_1985.66.143_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/340px-George_Catlin_-_N%C3%A9-hee-%C3%B3-ee-w%C3%B3o-tis%2C_Wolf_on_the_Hill%2C_Chief_of_the_Tribe_-_1985.66.143_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Chief Wolf-on-the-Hill (Cheyenne), portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1832, in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Fort Pierre, South Dakota">Fort Pierre, South Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After being pushed south and westward by the Lakota, the Cheyenne began to establish new territory. Around 1811, the Cheyenne formally allied with the <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arapaho people">Arapaho people</a> (Hetanevo'eo'o), which would remain strong throughout their history and into the present. The alliance helped the Cheyenne expand their territory that stretched from southern Montana, through most of Wyoming, the eastern half of Colorado, far western Nebraska, and far western Kansas. </p><p>By 1820, American traders and explorers reported contact with Cheyenne at present-day <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>, and on the Arkansas River. The Cheyenne likely hunted and traded in Denver much earlier. They may have migrated to the south for winter. The Hairy Rope band is reputed to have been the first band to move south, capturing wild horses as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_River_(Arkansas_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimarron River (Arkansas River)">Cimarron River</a> Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent's Fort">Bent's Fort</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bent" title="Charles Bent">Charles Bent</a>, a non-Native trader and ally, a large portion of the tribe moved further south and stayed around the area.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other part of the tribe continued to live along the headwaters of the North Platte and Yellowstone rivers. The groups became the Southern Cheyenne, or Sówoníă (Southerners), and the Northern Cheyenne, or O'mǐ'sǐs (Eaters). The two divisions maintained regular and close contact. </p><p>In the southern portion of their territory, the Cheyenne and Arapaho warred with the allied Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache. Numerous battles were fought including a notable fight along the Washita River in 1836 with the Kiowa which resulted in the death of 48 Cheyenne warriors of the Bowstring society.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 1838, many Cheyenne and Arapaho attacked a camp of Kiowa and Comanche along Wolf Creek in Oklahoma resulting in heavy losses from both sides. Among the losses were White Thunder (keeper of the Medicine Arrows and <a href="/wiki/Owl_Woman" title="Owl Woman">Owl Woman's</a> father), Flat-War-Club (Cheyenne), and Sleeping Wolf (Kiowa).<sup id="cite_ref-hyde-80_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyde-80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conflict with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache ended in 1840 when the tribes allied with each other. The new alliance allowed the Cheyenne to enter the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and northeastern New Mexico to hunt bison and trade. Their expansion in the south and alliance with the Kiowa led to their first raid into <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1853. The raid ended in disaster with heavy resistance from Mexican lancers, resulting in all but three of the war party being killed. </p><p>To the north, the Cheyenne allied with the Lakota, which allowed them to expand their territory into part of their former lands around the Black Hills. By heading into the Rocky Mountains, they managed to escape the 1837–39 smallpox epidemics that swept across the plains from white settlements but were greatly affected by the 1849 cholera epidemic. Contact with Euro-Americans was mostly light, with most contact involving mountain men, traders, explorers, treaty makers, and painters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enemies_and_warrior_culture">Enemies and warrior culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enemies and warrior culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_military_societies" title="Cheyenne military societies">Cheyenne military societies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_warriors_fighting_Mexican_Lancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_warriors_fighting_Mexican_Lancers.jpg/220px-Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_warriors_fighting_Mexican_Lancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_warriors_fighting_Mexican_Lancers.jpg/330px-Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_warriors_fighting_Mexican_Lancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_warriors_fighting_Mexican_Lancers.jpg/440px-Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_warriors_fighting_Mexican_Lancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawing by Hubble Big Horse showing a battle between Cheyenne warriors and Mexican lancers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger_drawing_-_Cheyenne_and_Pawnee_or_Osage_fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ledger_drawing_-_Cheyenne_and_Pawnee_or_Osage_fight.jpg/220px-Ledger_drawing_-_Cheyenne_and_Pawnee_or_Osage_fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ledger_drawing_-_Cheyenne_and_Pawnee_or_Osage_fight.jpg/330px-Ledger_drawing_-_Cheyenne_and_Pawnee_or_Osage_fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ledger_drawing_-_Cheyenne_and_Pawnee_or_Osage_fight.jpg/440px-Ledger_drawing_-_Cheyenne_and_Pawnee_or_Osage_fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawing showing a battle between a Cheyenne warrior (right) and an Osage or Pawnee warrior (left).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow-Cheyenne-fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Crow-Cheyenne-fight.jpg/220px-Crow-Cheyenne-fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Crow-Cheyenne-fight.jpg/330px-Crow-Cheyenne-fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Crow-Cheyenne-fight.jpg/440px-Crow-Cheyenne-fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawing of a mounted Cheyenne warrior counting coup with lance on a dismounted Crow warrior.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_Crazy_Dog_Society_Warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_Crazy_Dog_Society_Warrior.jpg/220px-Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_Crazy_Dog_Society_Warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_Crazy_Dog_Society_Warrior.jpg/330px-Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_Crazy_Dog_Society_Warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_Crazy_Dog_Society_Warrior.jpg/440px-Ledger_Drawing_-_Cheyenne_Crazy_Dog_Society_Warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Ledger drawing of a Cheyenne warrior with <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn_antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronghorn antelope">pronghorn</a> horned headdress, symbol of the Crazy Dog Society.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many other Plains Indian nations, the Cheyenne were a <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse and warrior</a> people who developed as skilled and powerful mounted warriors. A warrior in Cheyenne society is not a fighter but also a protector, provider, and leader. Warriors gained rank in Cheyenne society by performing and accumulating various acts of bravery in battle known as <a href="/wiki/Counting_coup" title="Counting coup">counting coups</a>. The title of war chief could be earned by any warrior who performs enough of the specific coups required to become a war chief. </p><p>Specific <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_military_societies" title="Cheyenne military societies">warrior societies</a> evolved. Each society had selected leaders who would invite those that they saw worthy enough to their society lodge for initiation into the society. Often, societies would have minor rivalries; however, they might work together as a unit when warring with an enemy. Military societies played an important role in Cheyenne government. Society leaders were often in charge of organizing hunts and raids as well as ensuring proper discipline and the enforcement of laws within the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-greene-9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the six distinct warrior societies of the Cheyenne took turns leadering the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-hyde-336_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyde-336-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four original military societies of the Cheyenne were the Swift Fox Society, Elk Horn Scrapper or Crooked Lance Society, Shield Society, and the Bowstring Men Society. The fifth society is split between the Crazy Dog Society and the famous <a href="/wiki/Dog_Soldiers" title="Dog Soldiers">Dog Soldiers</a>. The sixth society is the Contrary Warrior Society, most notable for riding backward into battle as a sign of bravery.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All six societies and their various branches exist among the Southern and Northern Cheyenne nations in present times. </p><p>Warriors used a combination of weapons from <a href="/wiki/Gunstock_war_club" title="Gunstock war club">war clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(axe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomahawk (axe)">tomahawks</a>, and bows and arrows, and lances to <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> acquired through raiding and trade. </p><p>The enemies of the Cheyenne included the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Apsáalooke</a> (Óoetaneo'o – "crow (bird) people"), <a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a> (Sósone'eo'o), <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfeet</a> (Mo'ȯhtávėhahtátaneo'o, same literal meaning), <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation">Interior Salish and Kuntenai</a> (Kȧhkoestséataneo'o – "flat-headed-people"), <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce</a> (Otaesétaneo'o – "pierced nose people"), <a href="/wiki/Arikara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikara people">Arikara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros Ventre people">Gros Ventre</a> (Hestóetaneo'o – "beggars for meat", "spongers" or Mȯhónooneo'o – lit. "scouting all over ones"), <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Plains Cree</a> (Vóhkoohétaneo'o – "rabbit people") to the north and west of Cheyenne territory. By the help of the Medicine Arrows (the Mahuts), the Cheyenne tribe <a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_Massacre_(1820)" title="Tongue River Massacre (1820)">massacred a Crow camp in 1820</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of Cheyenne Territory they fought with the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_people" title="Iowa people">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a> (Onéhao'o). <a href="/wiki/The_Pawnee_capture_of_the_Cheyenne%27s_Sacred_Arrows" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pawnee capture of the Cheyenne's Sacred Arrows">The Pawnee captured the Cheyenne's Sacred Arrows</a> during an attack on a hunting camp around 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorsey1903_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorsey1903-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South of Cheyenne territory they fought with the Kiowa, Comanche, <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> tribes, and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>. Many of the enemies the Cheyenne fought were only encountered occasionally, such as on a long-distance raid or hunt. Some of their enemies, particularly the Eastern Plains tribe such as the Pawnee and Osage would act as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Indian_Scouts" title="United States Army Indian Scouts">Indian Scouts</a> for the US Army, providing valuable tracking skills and information regarding Cheyenne habits and fighting strategies to US soldiers. Some of their enemies such as the Lakota would later in their history become their strong allies, helping the Cheyenne fight against the United States Army during <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>. The Comanche, Kiowa and Plains Apache became allies of the Cheyenne towards the end of the Indian wars on the Southern Plains, fighting together during conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_Arapaho">Relationship with the Arapaho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Arapaho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arapaho people">Arapaho people</a></div> <p>The Cheyenne and Arapaho formed an alliance around 1811 that helped them expand their territories and strengthen their presence on the plains. Like the Cheyenne, the <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho language</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a>, although the two languages are not mutually intelligible. The Arapaho remained strong allies with the Cheyenne and helped them fight alongside the Lakota and Dakota during Red Cloud's War and the Great Sioux War of 1876, also known commonly as the Black Hills War. On the Southern Plains, the Arapaho and Cheyenne allied with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache to fight invading settlers and US soldiers. </p><p>The Arapaho were present with the Cheyenne at the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Creek Massacre">Sand Creek Massacre</a> when a peaceful encampment of mostly women, children, and the elderly were attacked and massacred by US soldiers. Both major divisions of the Cheyenne, the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne were allies to the Arapaho who like the Cheyenne are split into northern and southern divisions. The Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho were assigned to the same reservation in Oklahoma <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> and remained together as the federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes</a> after the reservation was opened to American settlement and into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Arapaho were to be assigned a reservation of their own or share one with the Cheyenne; however, the US federal government failed to provide them with either and placed them on the already established <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Wind River Indian Reservation">Wind River Indian Reservation</a> in Wyoming with their former enemies the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_1825">Treaty of 1825</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treaty of 1825"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1825, the tribe was visited on the Upper Missouri River by a US treaty commission consisting of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">General Henry Atkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_O%27Fallon" title="Benjamin O'Fallon">Benjamin O'Fallon</a>, accompanied by a military escort of 476 men. General Atkinson and his fellow commissioner left <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a> on May 16, 1825. Ascending the Missouri, they negotiated <a href="/wiki/Treaty#United_States" title="Treaty">treaties</a> of friendship and trade with tribes of the upper Missouri, including the <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a>, the Cheyenne, the Crow, the <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a>, and several bands of the Lakota and Dakota. At that time, the US had competition on the upper Missouri from British traders, who came south from Canada. </p><p>The treaties acknowledged that the tribes lived within the United States, vowed perpetual friendship between the US and the tribes, and, recognizing the right of the United States to regulate trade, the tribes promised to deal only with licensed traders. The tribes agreed to forswear private retaliation for injuries, and to return stolen horses or other goods or compensate the owner. The commission's efforts to contact the Blackfoot and the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a> were unsuccessful. During their return to Fort Atkinson at the Council Bluff in Nebraska, the commission had successful negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Otoe_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe tribe">Otoe</a>, the Pawnee and the <a href="/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha (tribe)">Omaha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_the_Emigrant_Trail">Effects of the Emigrant Trail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effects of the Emigrant Trail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increased traffic of emigrants along the related <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> trails, beginning in the early 1840s, heightened competition with Native Americans for scarce resources of water and game in arid areas. With resource depletion along the trails, the Cheyenne became increasingly divided into the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne, where they could have adequate territory for sustenance. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>, emigrants brought in <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. It spread in mining camps and waterways due to poor sanitation. The disease was generally a major cause of death for emigrants, about one-tenth of whom died during their journeys. </p><p>Perhaps from traders, the cholera epidemic reached the Plains Indians in 1849, resulting in severe loss of life during the summer of that year. Historians estimate about 2,000 Cheyenne died, one-half to two-thirds of their population. There were significant losses among other tribes as well, which weakened their social structures. Perhaps because of severe loss of trade during the 1849 season, Bent's Fort was abandoned and burned.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fort_Laramie_Treaty_of_1851">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arapaho_and_Cheyenne_1851_treaty_territory._(Area_426_and_477).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arapaho_and_Cheyenne_1851_treaty_territory._%28Area_426_and_477%29.png/220px-Arapaho_and_Cheyenne_1851_treaty_territory._%28Area_426_and_477%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arapaho_and_Cheyenne_1851_treaty_territory._%28Area_426_and_477%29.png/330px-Arapaho_and_Cheyenne_1851_treaty_territory._%28Area_426_and_477%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arapaho_and_Cheyenne_1851_treaty_territory._%28Area_426_and_477%29.png/440px-Arapaho_and_Cheyenne_1851_treaty_territory._%28Area_426_and_477%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Arapaho and Cheyenne 1851 treaty territory. (Area 426 and 477). Area 477 is the reserve established by treaty of Fort Wise, February 18, 1861.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne_warrior_Alights_on_the_Cloud_in_his_armor,_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cheyenne_warrior_Alights_on_the_Cloud_in_his_armor%2C_1852.jpg/110px-Cheyenne_warrior_Alights_on_the_Cloud_in_his_armor%2C_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cheyenne_warrior_Alights_on_the_Cloud_in_his_armor%2C_1852.jpg/165px-Cheyenne_warrior_Alights_on_the_Cloud_in_his_armor%2C_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cheyenne_warrior_Alights_on_the_Cloud_in_his_armor%2C_1852.jpg/220px-Cheyenne_warrior_Alights_on_the_Cloud_in_his_armor%2C_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Cheyenne warrior Alights on the Cloud in his armor. <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Alights_on_the_Cloud" title="Killing of Alights on the Cloud">He was killed</a> during an attack on a Pawnee hunting camp in 1852</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzpatrick_(trapper)" title="Thomas Fitzpatrick (trapper)">Thomas Fitzpatrick</a> was appointed US <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a> for the upper Arkansas and <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte River</a>. His efforts to negotiate with the Northern Cheyenne, the Arapaho and other tribes led to a great council at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie">Fort Laramie</a> in 1851. Treaties were negotiated by a commission consisting of Fitzpatrick and David Dawson Mitchell, US <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Superintendent of Indian Affairs</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Indians of the northern plains</a>. </p><p>To reduce intertribal warfare on the Plains, the government officials "assigned" territories to each tribe and had them pledge mutual peace. In addition, the government secured permission to build and maintain roads for European-American travelers and traders through Indian country on the Plains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Emigrant_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrant Trail">Emigrant Trail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a>, and to maintain <a href="/wiki/Fortification#American_West" title="Fortification">forts</a> to guard them. The tribes were compensated with annuities of cash and supplies for such encroachment on their territories. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851</a> affirmed the Cheyenne and Arapaho territory on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> between the <a href="/wiki/North_Platte_River" title="North Platte River">North Platte River</a> and the Arkansas. This territory included what is now Colorado, east of the Front Range of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rockies</a> and north of the Arkansas River; Wyoming and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, south of the North Platte River; and extreme western <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punitive_US_expedition_of_1857">Punitive US expedition of 1857</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Punitive US expedition of 1857"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1856, an incident at the Platte River Bridge (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming" title="Casper, Wyoming">Casper, Wyoming</a>), resulted in the wounding of a Cheyenne warrior. He returned to the Cheyenne on the plains. During the summer of 1856, Indians attacked travelers along the Emigrant Trail near Fort Kearny. In retaliation, the US Cavalry attacked a Cheyenne camp on <a href="/wiki/Grand_Island_(Nebraska)" title="Grand Island (Nebraska)">Grand Island in Nebraska</a>. They killed ten Cheyenne warriors and wounded eight or more. </p><p>Cheyenne parties attacked at least three emigrant settler parties before returning to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_River" title="Republican River">Republican River</a>. The Indian agent at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie">Fort Laramie</a> negotiated with the Cheyenne to reduce hostilities, but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Regiment_(1855)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Cavalry Regiment (1855)">1st Cavalry Regiment (1855)</a> to carry out a punitive expedition under the command of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Vose_Sumner" title="Edwin Vose Sumner">Colonel Edwin V. Sumner</a>. He went against the Cheyenne in the spring of 1857. <a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Major John Sedgwick</a> led part of the expedition up the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, and via Fountain Creek to the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a>. Sumner's command went west along the North Platte to Fort Laramie, then down along the Front Range to the South Platte. The combined force of 400 troops went east through the plains searching for Cheyenne.<sup id="cite_ref-Berthrong_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthrong-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell111_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell111-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._99-105_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde,_pp._99-105-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a> White Bull (also called Ice) and Grey Beard (also called Dark), the Cheyenne went into battle believing that strong spiritual <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)#Native_American_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">medicine</a> would prevent the soldiers' guns from firing. They were told that if they dipped their hands in a nearby spring, they had only to raise their hands to repel army bullets. Hands raised, the Cheyenne surrounded the advancing troops as they advanced near the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_River" title="Solomon River">Solomon River</a>. Sumner ordered a cavalry charge and the troops charged with drawn sabers; the Cheyenne fled. With tired horses after long marches, the cavalry could not engage more than a few Cheyenne, as their horses were fresh. </p><p>This was the first battle that the Cheyenne fought against the US Army. Casualties were few on each side; <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a>, then a young lieutenant, was shot in the breast while attacking a Cheyenne warrior with a sabre. The troops continued on and two days later burned a hastily abandoned Cheyenne camp; they destroyed lodges and the winter supply of buffalo meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell111_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell111-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._99-105_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde,_pp._99-105-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berthrong_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthrong-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumner continued to <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent's Fort">Bent's Fort</a>. To punish the Cheyenne, he distributed their annuities to the Arapaho. He intended further punitive actions, but the Army ordered him to Utah because of an outbreak of trouble with the Mormons (this would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a>). The Cheyenne moved below the Arkansas into <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> country. In the fall, the Northern Cheyenne returned to their country north of the Platte.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell111_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell111-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berthrong_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthrong-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush"><span id="Pike.27s_Peak_Gold_Rush"></span>Pike's Peak Gold Rush</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pike's Peak Gold Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dull_Knife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dull_Knife.jpg/170px-Dull_Knife.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dull_Knife.jpg/255px-Dull_Knife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dull_Knife.jpg/340px-Dull_Knife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(chief)" title="Morning Star (chief)">Morning Star (aka Dull Knife)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a>: <i>Vóóhéhéve</i> or <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>: <i>Tamílapéšni</i>), Chief of Northern Cheyenne at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Bighorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Little Bighorn">Battle of Little Bighorn</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Black_Kettle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chief_Black_Kettle.jpg/180px-Chief_Black_Kettle.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Chief_Black_Kettle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Chief <a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a> of the Southern Cheyenne, an advocate of peace among his people.</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1859 with the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Gold Rush">Colorado Gold Rush</a>, European-American settlers moved into lands reserved for the Cheyenne and other Plains Indians. Travel greatly increased along the Emigrant Trail along the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a> and some emigrants stopped before going on to California. For several years there was peace between settlers and Indians. The only conflicts were related to the <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">endemic warfare</a> between the Cheyenne and Arapaho of the plains and the <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Utes</a> of the mountains. </p><p>US negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a> and other Cheyenne favoring peace resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wise" title="Treaty of Fort Wise">Treaty of Fort Wise</a>: it established a small reservation for the Cheyenne in southeastern Colorado in exchange for the territory agreed to in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. Many Cheyenne did not sign the treaty, and they continued to live and hunt on their traditional grounds in the Smoky Hill and Republican basins, between the Arkansas and the South Platte, where there were plentiful buffalo.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell,_pp._124_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell,_pp._124-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to make a wider peace continued, but in the spring of 1864, <a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(Colorado_governor)" title="John Evans (Colorado governor)">John Evans</a>, governor of Colorado Territory, and <a href="/wiki/John_Chivington" title="John Chivington">John Chivington</a>, commander of the Colorado Volunteers, a <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">citizens militia</a>, began a series of attacks on Indians camping or hunting on the plains. They killed any Indian on sight and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a>. General warfare broke out and Indians made many raids on the trail along the South Platte, which Denver depended on for supplies. The Army closed the road from August 15 until September 24, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell,_pp._124_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell,_pp._124-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sand_Creek_Massacre">Sand Creek Massacre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sand Creek Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Creek Massacre">Sand Creek Massacre</a></div> <p>On November 29, 1864, the Colorado Militia attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment under <a href="/wiki/Chief_Black_Kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Black Kettle">Chief Black Kettle</a>, although it flew a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">flag of truce</a> and indicated its allegiance to the US government. The <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a>, as it came to be known, resulted in the death of between 150 and 200 Cheyenne, mostly unarmed women and children. The survivors fled northeast and joined the camps of the Cheyenne on the <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hill_River" title="Smoky Hill River">Smoky Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_River" title="Republican River">Republican</a> rivers. There warriors smoked the war pipe, passing it from camp to camp among the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._168_to_195_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde,_pp._168_to_195-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1865, they planned and carried out a retaliatory <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg" title="Battle of Julesburg">attack</a> with about 1000 warriors on Camp Rankin, a stage station and fort at <a href="/wiki/Julesburg,_Colorado" title="Julesburg, Colorado">Julesburg</a>. The Indians made numerous raids along the South Platte, both east and west of Julesburg, and raided the fort again in early February. They captured much <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">loot</a> and killed many European Americans. Most of the Indians moved north into Nebraska on their way to the Black Hills and the Powder River.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._168_to_195_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde,_pp._168_to_195-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg" title="Battle of Julesburg">Battle of Julesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder River Expedition">Powder River Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platte_Bridge" title="Battle of Platte Bridge">Battle of Platte Bridge</a>) </p><p>Black Kettle continued to desire peace and did not join in the second raid or in the plan to go north to the Powder River country. He left the large camp and returned with 80 lodges of his tribesmen to the Arkansas River, where he intended to seek peace with the US.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Washita_River">Battle of Washita River</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Washita River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></div> <p>Four years later, on November 27, 1868, <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> and his troops attacked Black Kettle's band at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a>. Although his band was camped on a defined reservation, complying with the government's orders, some of its members had been linked to raiding into <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> by bands operating out of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. Custer claimed 103 Cheyenne "warriors" and an unspecified number of women and children killed whereas different Cheyenne informants named between 11 and 18 men (mostly 10 Cheyenne, 2 Arapaho, 1 Mexican trader) and between 17 and 25 women and children killed in the village.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are conflicting claims as to whether the band was hostile or friendly. Historians believe that Chief Black Kettle, head of the band, was not part of the war party but the peace party within the Cheyenne nation. But, he did not command absolute authority over members of his band and the European Americans did not understand this. When younger members of the band took part in raiding parties, European Americans blamed the entire band for the incidents and casualties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of the Little Bighorn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Northern Cheyenne fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>, which took place on June 25, 1876. The Cheyenne, together with the Lakota, other Sioux warriors and a small band of <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, killed General <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> and much of his 7th Cavalry contingent of soldiers. Historians have estimated that the population of the Cheyenne, Lakota and Arapaho encampment along the <a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_River" title="Little Bighorn River">Little Bighorn River</a> was approximately 10,000, making it one of the largest gatherings of Native Americans in North America in pre-reservation times. News of the event traveled across the United States and reached <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, just as the nation was celebrating its <a href="/wiki/Centennial" title="Centennial">Centennial</a>. Public reaction arose in outrage against the Cheyenne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus">Northern Cheyenne Exodus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northern Cheyenne Exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" title="Northern Cheyenne Exodus">Northern Cheyenne Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson_tragedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Robinson tragedy">Fort Robinson tragedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murder_trial_of_seven_Cheyenne_(1879)" title="Murder trial of seven Cheyenne (1879)">Murder trial of seven Cheyenne (1879)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Coyote_and_Morning_Star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Little_Coyote_and_Morning_Star.jpg/170px-Little_Coyote_and_Morning_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Little_Coyote_and_Morning_Star.jpg/255px-Little_Coyote_and_Morning_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Little_Coyote_and_Morning_Star.jpg/340px-Little_Coyote_and_Morning_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_Wolf" title="Little Wolf">Little Coyote (Little Wolf)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(chief)" title="Morning Star (chief)">Morning Star (Dull Knife)</a>, chiefs of the Northern Cheyenne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne-prisoners-Kansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cheyenne-prisoners-Kansas.jpg/220px-Cheyenne-prisoners-Kansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cheyenne-prisoners-Kansas.jpg/330px-Cheyenne-prisoners-Kansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cheyenne-prisoners-Kansas.jpg/440px-Cheyenne-prisoners-Kansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Cheyenne prisoners in Kansas involved in escape northward. From left to right: Tangle Hair, Wild Hog, Strong Left Hand, George Reynolds (interpreter), Old Crow, Noisy Walker, Porcupine, and Blacksmith. All prisoners were released free from charges.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the US Army increased attempts to capture the Cheyenne. In 1879, after the <a href="/wiki/Dull_Knife_Fight" title="Dull Knife Fight">Dull Knife Fight</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a> surrendered at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a>, a few Cheyenne chiefs and their people surrendered as well. They were <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(chief)" title="Morning Star (chief)">Morning Star (aka Dull Knife)</a>, Standing Elk and Wild Hog with around 130 Cheyenne. Later that year <a href="/wiki/Two_Moons" title="Two Moons">Two Moons</a> surrendered at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Keogh" title="Fort Keogh">Fort Keogh</a>, with 300 Cheyenne. The Cheyenne wanted and expected to live on the reservation with the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> in accordance to an April 29, 1868 treaty of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie">Fort Laramie</a>, which both Dull Knife and Little Wolf had signed.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of a US increase in troops following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the Army reassigned Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a> and his Fourth Cavalry to the Department of the Platte. Stationed initially at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Camp Robinson</a>, they formed the core of the Powder River Expedition. It departed in October 1876 to locate the northern Cheyenne villages. On November 25, 1876, his column discovered and defeated a village of Northern Cheyenne in the Dull Knife Fight in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a>. After the soldiers destroyed the lodges and supplies and confiscated the horses, the Northern Cheyenne soon surrendered. They hoped to remain with the Sioux in the north but the US pressured them to locate with the Southern Cheyenne on their reservation in Indian Territory. After a difficult council, the Northern Cheyenne eventually agreed to go South. </p><p>When the Northern Cheyenne arrived at Indian Territory, conditions were very difficult: rations were inadequate, there were no buffalo near the reservation and, according to several sources, there was <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> among the people. On 9 September 1878, a portion of the Northern Cheyenne, led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife started their trek back to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" title="Northern Cheyenne Exodus">the north</a>. After fighting battles with the U.S. army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turkey_Springs" title="Battle of Turkey Springs">Turkey Springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punished_Woman%27s_Fork" title="Battle of Punished Woman's Fork">Punished Woman's Fork</a> and reaching the northern area, they split into two bands. That led by Dull Knife (mostly women, children and elders) surrendered and were taken to Fort Robinson, where subsequent events became known as the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson_tragedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Robinson tragedy">Fort Robinson tragedy</a>. Dull Knife's group was first offered food and firewood and then, after a week and a half, they were told to go back to <a href="/wiki/Indian_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian territory">Indian territory</a>. When they said no, they were then locked in the wooden barracks with no food, water or firewood for heat for four days. Most escaped in an estimated forty degrees below zero on January 9, 1879, but all were recaptured or killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually the US forced the Northern Cheyenne onto a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne Reservation">reservation</a>, in southern Montana.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" title="Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Northern_Cheyenne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Northern_Cheyenne.svg/220px-Flag_of_Northern_Cheyenne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Northern_Cheyenne.svg/330px-Flag_of_Northern_Cheyenne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Northern_Cheyenne.svg/440px-Flag_of_Northern_Cheyenne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Tribe_of_the_Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a> in Montana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteBuffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WhiteBuffalo.jpg/170px-WhiteBuffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WhiteBuffalo.jpg/255px-WhiteBuffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WhiteBuffalo.jpg/340px-WhiteBuffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_(Cheyenne_leader)" title="White Buffalo (Cheyenne leader)">White Buffalo</a>, a Northern Cheyenne chief who received the rank of sergeant in the United States Army.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cheyenne who traveled to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Keogh" title="Fort Keogh">Fort Keogh</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Miles_City,_Montana" title="Miles City, Montana">Miles City, Montana</a>), including Little Wolf, settled near the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Cheyenne worked with the army as scouts. The Cheyenne scouts were pivotal in helping the Army find <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a> and his band of <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce tribe">Nez Percé</a> in northern Montana. Fort Keogh became a staging and gathering point for the Northern Cheyenne. Many families began to migrate south to the <a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_(Montana)" title="Tongue River (Montana)">Tongue River</a> watershed area, where they established homesteads.<sup id="cite_ref-WE,_THE_NORTHERN_CHEYENNE_PEOPLE_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WE,_THE_NORTHERN_CHEYENNE_PEOPLE-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg/220px-Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg/330px-Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg/440px-Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Map of Indian Reservations in the state of Montana including the Northern Cheyenne Reservation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The US established the Tongue River Indian Reservation, now named the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" title="Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a>, of 371,200 acres (1,502 km<sup>2</sup>) by the executive order of <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">President Chester A. Arthur</a> November 16, 1884. It excluded Cheyenne who had homesteaded further east near the Tongue River. The western boundary is the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a>. On March 19, 1900, <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">President William McKinley</a> extended the reservation to the west bank of the Tongue River, making a total of 444,157 acres (1,797 km<sup>2</sup>). Those who had homesteaded east of the Tongue River were relocated to the west of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-WE,_THE_NORTHERN_CHEYENNE_PEOPLE_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WE,_THE_NORTHERN_CHEYENNE_PEOPLE-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Cheyenne, who were sharing the Lakota land at <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> were finally allowed to return to the Tongue River on their own reservation. Along with the Lakota and Apache, the Cheyenne were the last nations to be overpowered and forced on reservations. (The <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> tribe of Florida never made a treaty with the US government.) </p><p>The Northern Cheyenne were given the right to remain in the north, near the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>, land which they consider sacred. The Cheyenne also managed to retain their culture, religion and language. Today, the Northern Cheyenne Nation is one of the few American Indian nations to have control over the majority of its land base, currently 98%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Back_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Big_Back_art.jpg/220px-Big_Back_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Big_Back_art.jpg/330px-Big_Back_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Big_Back_art.jpg/440px-Big_Back_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Cheyenne courting scenes, by Big Back, before 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the past 400 years, the Cheyenne have changed their lifestyles. In the 16th century, they lived in the regions near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They farmed corn, squash, and beans, and harvested <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> like other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a>. They migrated west in the 18th century and hunted bison on the Great Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century, the US forced them onto <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional Cheyenne government system is a politically unified system. The central traditional government system of the Cheyenne is the Arrow Keeper, followed by the Council of Forty-Four. Early in Cheyenne history, three related tribes, known as the <i>Heviqsnipahis</i>, the <i>Só'taeo'o</i> and the <i>Masikota</i>, unified themselves to form the <i>Tsétsėhéstȧhese</i> or the "Like Hearted People" who are known today as the "Cheyenne". The unified tribe then divided themselves into ten principal bands: </p> <ul><li>Hevéškėsenėhpȧho'hese (<i>Iviststsinihpah</i>)</li> <li>Hévhaitanio (<i>Heévȧhetaneo'o</i>)</li> <li>Masikota</li> <li>Omísis (<i>Ȯhmésėhese</i>, the Notameohmésėhese proper)</li> <li>Só'taeo'o (<i>Suhtai</i> or <i>Sutaio</i>, Northern and Southern)</li> <li>Wotápio</li> <li>Oivimána (<i>Oévemana</i>, Northern and Southern)</li> <li>Hisíometanio (<i>Hesé'omeétaneo'o</i> or <i>Issiometaniu</i>)</li> <li>Ohktounna (<i>Oqtóguna</i>)</li> <li>Hónowa (<i>Háovȯhnóva</i>)</li></ul> <p>Each of the ten bands had four seated chief delegates; the remaining four chiefs were the principal advisers of the other delegates. Smaller bands or sub-bands had no right to send delegates to the council. This system also regulated the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_military_societies" title="Cheyenne military societies">Cheyenne military societies</a> that developed for planning warfare, enforcing rules, and conducting ceremonies. </p><p>Anthropologists debate about Cheyenne societal organization. On the plains, it appears that they had a bilateral band kinship system. However, some anthropologists reported that the Cheyenne had a matrilineal band system. Studies into whether, and if so, how much the Cheyenne developed a matrilineal <a href="/wiki/Clan_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan system">clan system</a> are continuing. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne_dance4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Cheyenne sun dance gathering, c. 1909."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cheyenne_dance4.jpg/1500px-Cheyenne_dance4.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cheyenne_dance4.jpg/2250px-Cheyenne_dance4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cheyenne_dance4.jpg/3000px-Cheyenne_dance4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne_dance4.jpg" title="File:Cheyenne dance4.jpg"> </a></div>A Cheyenne <a href="/wiki/Sun_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun dance">sun dance</a> gathering, c. 1909.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horse_culture_on_the_Great_Plains">Horse culture on the Great Plains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Horse culture on the Great Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While they participated in nomadic Plains horse culture, men hunted and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">fought with and raided</a> other tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women tanned and dressed hides for clothing, shelter, and other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinnell,_pp._1-57_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinnell,_pp._1-57-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also gathered roots, berries, and other useful plants.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the products of <a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_gathering_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting and gathering society">hunting and gathering</a>, the women also made lodges, clothing, and other equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their lives were active and physically demanding.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cheyenne held territory in and near the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills of South Dakota">Black Hills</a>, but later all the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> from Dakota to the Arkansas River. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_models">Role models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Role models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Cheyenne woman has a higher status if she is part of an extended family with distinguished ancestors. Also, if she is friendly and compatible with her female relatives and does not have members in her extended family who are alcoholics or otherwise in disrepute. It is expected of all Cheyenne women to be hardworking, chaste, modest, skilled in traditional crafts, knowledgeable about Cheyenne culture and history and speak Cheyenne fluently. Tribal powwow princesses are expected to have these characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> of the pulverized leaves and blossoms of <a href="/wiki/Tansy" title="Tansy">tansy</a> is used for dizziness and weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They give dried leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_cuneata" title="Sagittaria cuneata">Sagittaria cuneata</a></i> to horses for urinary troubles and for a sore mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Cheyenne_Figures">Historical Cheyenne Figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historical Cheyenne Figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Please list 20th and 21st-century Cheyenne people under their specific tribes, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Tribe_of_the_Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a>.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bent" title="George Bent">George Bent</a> (1843–1918), son of <a href="/wiki/Owl_Woman" title="Owl Woman">Owl Woman</a>, warrior, interpreter and Cheyenne historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a> (c. 1803–1868) (in Cheyenne: <i>Moke-tav-a-to</i> or <i>Mo'ȯhtavetoo'o</i>, since 1854 member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Forty-four" title="Council of Forty-four">Council of Forty-four</a> and chief of the Wotapio band of Southern Cheyenne, killed by <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(chief)" title="Morning Star (chief)">Morning Star</a> (1810–1883) (in Cheyenne: <i>Vóóhéhéve</i>, better known as <a href="/wiki/Dull_Knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Dull Knife">Dull Knife</a>, a translation of his Lakota name <i>Tamílapéšni</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Head chief of the Northern Cheyenne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Wolf" title="Little Wolf">Little Wolf</a> (ca. 1820–1904) (in Cheyenne: <i>Ó'kȯhómȯxháahketa</i>, more correctly translated <i>Little Coyote</i>, Northern Só'taeo'o chief and Sweet Medicine Chief, was one of the "Old Man" chiefs among the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Forty-four" title="Council of Forty-four">Council of Forty-four</a>, belonged to the Elk Horn Scrapers (Hémo'eoxeso), one of the four original <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_military_societies" title="Cheyenne military societies">Cheyenne military societies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pendleton_Oakerhater" title="David Pendleton Oakerhater">St. David Pendleton Oakerhater</a>, <i>Okuhhatuh</i> or "Making Medicine," Southern Cheyenne (1847–1931), veteran of the Red River War, Fort Marion prisoner of war, ledger artist, deacon of Whirlwind Mission, sun dancer, canonized saint in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Woman" title="Owl Woman">Owl Woman</a> (d. 1847), daughter of White Thunder (keeper of the Medicine Arrows) and wife of <a href="/wiki/William_Bent" title="William Bent">William Bent</a>; mother of George Bent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Nose">Roman Nose</a> (in Cheyenne: <i>Vóo'xénéhe</i>, Northern Cheyenne, legendary war hero and chief of the <i>Elk Horn Scrapers</i> (Hémo'eoxeso), one of the four original <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_military_societies" title="Cheyenne military societies">Cheyenne military societies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Bull" title="Tall Bull">Tall Bull</a>, chief of the Cheyenne <a href="/wiki/Dog_Soldiers" title="Dog Soldiers">Dog Soldiers</a>, killed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Summit_Springs" title="Battle of Summit Springs">Battle of Summit Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Moons" title="Two Moons">Two Moons</a>, Northern Cheyenne Chief, in Cheyenne: <i>Éše'he Ȯhnéšesėstse</i>, also known as Ónonevóo'xénéhe (Ree Roman Nose) or Mȧsėhávoo'xénéhe (Crazy Roman Nose)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Leg" title="Wooden Leg">Wooden Leg</a>, Northern Cheyenne, warrior fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Robe" title="Wolf Robe">Wolf Robe</a>, chief, Southern Cheyenne, peacemaker</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_Cheyenne_Figures">Living Cheyenne Figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Living Cheyenne Figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is reserved for notable figures of the Cheyenne people, this includes Northern and Southern Cheyenne peoples. Please communicate within the talk section to add or remove notable tribal figures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_history">Population history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Population history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian agent Thomas S. Twiss in Indian Affairs 1856 estimated the Cheyenne at 2,000 warriors (therefore around 10,000 people) and 1,000 lodges. Indian Affairs 1875 reported them as 4,228 people. Indian Affairs 1900 counted 3,446 (2,037 Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma and 1,409 Northern Cheyenne in Montana and South Dakota). The 1910 census counted 3,055. In 1921 they numbered 3,281.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cheyenne population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. The U.S. census of 2020 counted 22,979.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native American tribes in Nebraska</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cheyenne_Indians:_Their_History_and_Lifeways" title="The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways">The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Cheyenne_Tribe_website-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Cheyenne_Tribe_website_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202173827/http://cheyennenation.com/">"Northern Cheyenne Tribe website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheyennenation.com/">the original</a> on February 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Cheyenne+Tribe+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheyennenation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OIA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OIA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OIA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oklahoma Indian Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/index.html">Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211145522/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2008:7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH030.html">"Cheyenne, Southern."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228093233/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH030.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Oklahoma History Center's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.</i> Retrieved 3 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, James R. & DeMallie, Raymond J. "Lakota Society" 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheyenne_Tribe_website-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cheyenne_Tribe_website_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202173827/http://cheyennenation.com/">"Northern Cheyenne Tribe website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheyennenation.com/">the original</a> on 2011-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Cheyenne+Tribe+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheyennenation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chief Dull Knife College <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdkc.edu/cheyennedictionary/lexicon/main.htm">"Cheyenne Dictionary"</a> 2007-09-05. Retrieved June 10, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grin10-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grin10_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGcGZhz7P0AC"><i>The Cheyenne Indians</i></a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grinnell,_p._2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell,_p._2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell,_p._2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807032944/http://geocities.com/cheyenne_language/origin.htm">"What is the origin of the word "Cheyenne"?"</a>. Cheyenne Language Web Site. 2002-03-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language/origin.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+origin+of+the+word+%22Cheyenne%22%3F&rft.pub=Cheyenne+Language+Web+Site&rft.date=2002-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fcheyenne_language%2Forigin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bright, William (2004). <i>Native American Place Names of the United States</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexicon-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lexicon_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chief Dull Knife College, Cheyenne Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdkc.edu/cheyennedictionary/lexicon/main.htm">"Tsé-tsėhéstȧhese"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, John H. <i>The Cheyenne.</i> Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co., 1999, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>, pp. 1–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, John H. <i>The Cheyenne.</i> Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co., 1999, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cheyenne-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cheyenne_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheyenne_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheyenne_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberty" class="citation web cs1">Liberty, Dr. Margot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/cheyenneprimacy.htm">"Cheyenne Primacy: The Tribes' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army; A Possible Alternative To "The Great Sioux War Of 1876"</a>. Friends of the Little Bighorn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheyenne+Primacy%3A+The+Tribes%27+Perspective+As+Opposed+To+That+Of+The+United+States+Army%3B+A+Possible+Alternative+To+%22The+Great+Sioux+War+Of+1876&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Little+Bighorn&rft.aulast=Liberty&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Margot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendslittlebighorn.com%2Fcheyenneprimacy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the Bear Butte, near Fort Meade, South Dakota, which was called Náhkȯhévose ("bear hill")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, George E.: <i>Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters</i>. Norman, 1987. Pp. 24 and 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, George Bird: "The Great Mysteries of the Cheyenne." <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1910): 542–575, p. 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19971126&id=Wi4vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s6YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4055,444089&hl=en">Reading Eagle November 26, 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthrong, pp. 13–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthrong, pp. 24–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/sites/fswolfcreek">"Battle of Wolf Creek"</a>. <i>Oklahoma History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+History&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Wolf+Creek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fsites%2Ffswolfcreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyde-80-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hyde-80_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde 1968, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greene-9_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene 2004, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyde-336-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hyde-336_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde 1968, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, George E.: Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters. Norman, 1987. Pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorsey1903-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorsey1903_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorsey, George A.: "How the Pawnee Captured the Cheyenne Medicine Arrows." <i>American Anthropologist</i>, New Series. Vol. 5 (Oct. – Dec. 1903), No. 4, pp. 644–658.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/redriver/">"Red River War"</a>. <i>Texas Beyond History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Beyond+History&rft.atitle=Red+River+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasbeyondhistory.net%2Fredriver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler" class="citation web cs1">Fowler, Loretta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AR002">"Arapaho, Southern"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Arapaho%2C+Southern&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Loretta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry%3Fentry%3DAR002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHxu5MRcDNcC&dq=treaty+cheyenne+%22Henry+Atkinson%22&pg=PA143">Page 143</a>, Francis Paul Prucha, <i>American Indian treaties: the history of a political anomaly</i>, University of California Press (March 15, 1997), trade paperback, 562 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20895-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20895-1">0-520-20895-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20895-7">978-0-520-20895-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthrong, pp. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthrong, pp. 106–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berthrong-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berthrong_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berthrong_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berthrong_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthrong, pp. 133– 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grinnell111-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell111_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell111_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell111_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>, pp. 111–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyde,_pp._99-105-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._99-105_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._99-105_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, pp. 99–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 97-98, David Fridtjof Halaas and Andrew E. Masich, <i>Halfbreed: The Remarkable True Story Of <a href="/wiki/George_Bent" title="George Bent">George Bent</a> – Caught Between The Worlds Of The Indian And The White Man</i>, Da Capo Press (March 15, 2005), hardcover, 458 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81410-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81410-2">0-306-81410-2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306814105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306814105">978-0306814105</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, pp. 99–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grinnell,_pp._124-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell,_pp._124_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell,_pp._124_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>, pp. 124 to 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyde,_pp._168_to_195-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._168_to_195_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyde,_pp._168_to_195_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, pp. 168 to 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Dee_1970_pp.332-349_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, pp. 332–349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddux Albert Glenn, <i>In Dull Knife's Wake: The True Story of the Northern Cheyenne Exodus of 1878,</i> Horse Creek Publications (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9722217-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9722217-1-9">0-9722217-1-9</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9722217-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9722217-1-9">978-0-9722217-1-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>, pp. 398–427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WE,_THE_NORTHERN_CHEYENNE_PEOPLE-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WE,_THE_NORTHERN_CHEYENNE_PEOPLE_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WE,_THE_NORTHERN_CHEYENNE_PEOPLE_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/wenortherncheyen2008amblrich/wenortherncheyen2008amblrich_djvu.txt">"WE, THE NORTHERN CHEYENNE PEOPLE</a>: Our Land, Our History, Our Culture", Chief Dull Knife College. Page 30. Accessed September 20, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Cheyenne Indians</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 258–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grinnell,_pp._1-57-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grinnell,_pp._1-57_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Cheyenne Indians</i>, pp. 1–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Cheyenne Indians</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 247–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Cheyenne Indians</i>, Vol. 1, 209–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, <i>The Cheyenne Indians</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 63–71, 127–129, 247–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, pp. 154–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGcGZhz7P0AC"><i>The Cheyenne Indians</i></a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1–55, page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">recorded as <b>Tah-me-la-pash-me</b>; from <b>ta</b> (his) + <b>míla</b> (big knife) + <b>péšni</b> (dull)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzywicki1934" class="citation book cs1">Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4381154&view=1up&seq=346&skin=2021"><i>Primitive society and its vital statistics</i></a>. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 451.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+society+and+its+vital+statistics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Polish+Sociological+Institute&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Krzywicki&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4381154%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D346%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statimetric.com/us-ethnicity/American_Indian_tribes_Cheyenne">"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Cheyenne People in the US"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+American+Indian+tribes%3A+Cheyenne+People+in+the+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statimetric.com%2Fus-ethnicity%2FAmerican_Indian_tribes_Cheyenne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ambler, Marjane; Little Bear, Richard E; <i>et al.</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wenortherncheyen2008amblrich"><i>We, The Northern Cheyenne People</i></a>. Lame Deer, MT: Chief Dull Knife College</li> <li>Berthrong, Donald J. <i>The Southern Cheyenne</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dee_Brown_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee Brown (novelist)">Brown, Dee</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee</a></i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805017305" title="Special:BookSources/0805017305">0805017305</a>.</li> <li>Bourke, John G. <i>Mackenzie's Last Fight with the Cheyenne</i>. New York: Argonaut Press, 1966.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Greene, Jerome A. (2004). <i>Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army. Campaigns and Commanders Series</i>, vol. 3. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 9 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Grinnell, George Bird. <i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956. (original copyright 1915, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879280751" title="Special:BookSources/0879280751">0879280751</a>.</li> <li>Grinnell, George Bird. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGcGZhz7P0AC"><i>The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1923. 2 volumes; trade paperback, reprints: <i>The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 1: History and Society</i>, Bison Books, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803257719" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803257719">978-0803257719</a>; <i>The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 2: War, Ceremonies, and Religion</i>, Bison Books, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803257726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803257726">978-0803257726</a>.</li> <li>Hill, Christina Gish (2016). <i>Webs of Kinship: Family in Northern Cheyenne Nationhood.</i> Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hyde, George E. <i>Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters</i>, ed. Savoie Lottinville, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968. Reprint, trade paperback, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806115771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806115771">978-0806115771</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber1900" class="citation journal cs1">Kroeber, A L (July–September 1900). "Cheyenne Tales". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Folklore" title="Journal of American Folklore">Journal of American Folklore</a></i>. <b>13</b> (50): 161–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F533882">10.2307/533882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/533882">533882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Cheyenne+Tales&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=161-190&rft.date=1900-07%2F1900-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F533882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F533882%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=A+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1996" class="citation book cs1">Moore, John H. Moore (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2mGnzKF3uQC"><i>The Cheyenne</i></a>. The peoples of America. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557864840" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557864840"><bdi>978-1557864840</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34412067">34412067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cheyenne&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=The+peoples+of+America&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34412067&rft.isbn=978-1557864840&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=John+H.+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2mGnzKF3uQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pritzker, Barry M. <i>[ [...]A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.]</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195138771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195138771">978-0195138771</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110922173645/http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/IndianEd/Search/Social%20Studies/Bringing%20the%20Story%20of%20the%20Cheyenne%20People%20to%20the%20Children%20of%20Today.pdf"><i>Bringing the Story of the Cheyenne People to the Children of Today</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Northern Cheyenne Social Studies Units. Northern Cheyenne Curriculum Committee, Montana Office of Public Instruction. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opi.mt.gov/pdf/IndianEd/Search/Social%20Studies/Bringing%20the%20Story%20of%20the%20Cheyenne%20People%20to%20the%20Children%20of%20Today.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+the+Story+of+the+Cheyenne+People+to+the+Children+of+Today&rft.series=Northern+Cheyenne+Social+Studies+Units&rft.pub=Northern+Cheyenne+Curriculum+Committee%2C+Montana+Office+of+Public+Instruction&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opi.mt.gov%2Fpdf%2FIndianEd%2FSearch%2FSocial%2520Studies%2FBringing%2520the%2520Story%2520of%2520the%2520Cheyenne%2520People%2520to%2520the%2520Children%2520of%2520Today.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stands_In_Timber_and_Margot_Liberty2013" class="citation book cs1">John Stands In Timber and Margot Liberty (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9nOdmwEACAAJ"><i>A Cheyenne Voice: The complete John Stands in Timber interviews</i></a>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806143798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806143798"><bdi>978-0806143798</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cheyenne+Voice%3A+The+complete+John+Stands+in+Timber+interviews&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0806143798&rft.au=John+Stands+In+Timber+and+Margot+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9nOdmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooden_Leg_&_Thomas_B._Marquis1931" class="citation book cs1">Wooden Leg & Thomas B. Marquis (1931). <i>Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1539063747" title="Special:BookSources/1539063747"><bdi>1539063747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wooden+Leg%3A+A+Warrior+Who+Fought+Custer&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.isbn=1539063747&rft.au=Wooden+Leg+%26+Thomas+B.+Marquis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheyenne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="chy:"> Cheyenne edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cheyenne_(tribe)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cheyenne (tribe)">Cheyenne</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheyennenation.com/">Northern Cheyenne Tribe</a>, Montana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheyenneandarapaho-nsn.gov/">Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes</a>, Oklahoma</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdkc.edu/cheyennedictionary/index-en.htm">Cheyenne Dictionary</a>, Chief Dull Knife College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.na.019">Cheyennes</a>, Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the Ancients">Trail of the Ancients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian tribe">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikara people">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska">Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe people">Otoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Ponca Tribe of Nebraska">Ponca Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation_of_Missouri_in_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska">Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidi" title="Skidi">Skidi Pawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Hocak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Omaha-Ponca language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac language">Sac language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Present reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioway_Reservation" title="Ioway Reservation">Ioway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Reservation" title="Omaha Reservation">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Reservation" title="Ponca Reservation">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Reservation" title="Sac and Fox Reservation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation" title="Santee Sioux Reservation">Santee Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Reservation" title="Winnebago Reservation">Winnebago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present tribal<br />colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Priest_Tribal_College" title="Little Priest Tribal College">Little Priest Tribal College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Indian_Community_College" title="Nebraska Indian Community College">Nebraska Indian Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Barada" title="Antonine Barada">Antonine Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Elk" title="Big Elk">Big Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Blackbird">Chief Blackbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joba_Chamberlain" title="Joba Chamberlain">Joba Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_EchoHawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry EchoHawk">Larry EchoHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Fontenelle" title="Logan Fontenelle">Logan Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_La_Flesche" title="Francis La Flesche">Francis La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_LaFlesche" title="Joseph LaFlesche">Joseph La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lady_Grieves_The_Enemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lady Grieves The Enemy">Old Lady Grieves The Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petalesharo" title="Petalesharo">Petalesharo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_La_Flesche_Picotte" title="Susan La Flesche Picotte">Susan La Flesche Picotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_LaFlesche_Tibbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Susette LaFlesche Tibbles">Susette LaFlesche Tibbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Young_Deer" title="James Young Deer">James Young Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Yellow_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Yellow Horse">Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash_Hollow" title="Battle of Ash Hollow">Battle of Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_Canyon" title="Massacre Canyon">Massacre Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warbonnet_Creek" title="Battle of Warbonnet Creek">Battle of Warbonnet Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grattan_massacre" title="Grattan massacre">Grattan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne War">Cheyenne War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Congress" title="Indian Congress">Indian Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto Reservation">Oto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_Reservation" title="Pawnee Reservation">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobrara_Reservation" title="Niobrara Reservation">Niobrara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ton%27wontongathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ton'wontongathon (page does not exist)">Ton'wontongathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike-Pawnee_Village_Site" title="Pike-Pawnee Village Site">Pike-Pawnee Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Site" title="Palmer Site">Skidi Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_Creek_Pawnee_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horse Creek Pawnee Village (page does not exist)">Horse Creek Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottonwood_Creek_Archeological_Site_(Belgrade,_Nebraska)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cottonwood Creek Archeological Site (Belgrade, Nebraska) (page does not exist)">Cottonwood Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fullerton_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerton Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Fullerton Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto_Indian_Village_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oto Indian Village Site (page does not exist)">Oto Indian Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leshara_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshara Site (page does not exist)">Leshara Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McClean_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McClean Site (page does not exist)">McClean Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodcliff_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodcliff Site (page does not exist)">Woodcliff Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Davis_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Davis Site (page does not exist)">Theodore Davis Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelso_Site" title="Kelso Site">Kelso Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wright_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wright Site (page does not exist)">Wright Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_Rock_(hill)" title="Guide Rock (hill)">Pahur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahkawitakol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahkawitakol (page does not exist)">Ahkawitakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalawakohtito" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalawakohtito">Lalawakohtito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahuk" title="Pahuk">Pahuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunningham_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cunningham Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Cunningham Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Hill" title="Blackbird Hill">Blackbird Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Genoa Indian Industrial School">Genoa Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_Memorial_Hospital" title="Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital">Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies_in_Nebraska" title="List of Indian agencies in Nebraska">Indian agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan LaFlesche Picotte House (page does not exist)">Susan LaFlesche Picotte House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanza">Nanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Merrill_Mission" title="Moses Merrill Mission">Moses Merrill Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pawnee_Mission_and_Burnt_Village_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia_Volcano" title="Ionia Volcano">Ionia Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Village_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plains Village tradition">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leary_Site" title="Leary Site">Leary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Hollow_State_Historical_Park" title="Ash Hollow State Historical Park">Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coufal_site" title="Coufal site">Coufal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schultz_site" title="Schultz site">Schultz site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Butte" title="Signal Butte">Signal Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archeological_Site_25SM20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeological Site 25SM20 (page does not exist)">Site 25SM20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champe-Fremont_1_Archeological_Site" title="Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site">Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Parker_Archeological_Site" title="Frank Parker Archeological Site">Frank Parker Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_Archeological_Site" title="Sweetwater Archeological Site">Sweetwater Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkett_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burkett Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Burkett Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashland_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashland Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Ashland Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutan_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutan Site (page does not exist)">Yutan Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Archeological_Site" title="Humphrey Archeological Site">Humphrey Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_Rock_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Table Rock Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Table Rock Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other precontact places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Cave_State_Park" title="Indian Cave State Park">Indian Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Hill_Archeological_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Hill Archeological District (page does not exist)">Indian Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Gilmore_site" title="Walker Gilmore site">Walker Gilmore site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_No._JF00-072" title="Site No. JF00-072">Site JF00-072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson-Meng_Bison_Kill" title="Hudson-Meng Bison Kill">Hudson-Meng Bison Kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcliff_Burials" title="Woodcliff Burials">Woodcliff Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nehawka_Flint_Quarries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehawka Flint Quarries (page does not exist)">Nehawka Flint Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farwell_Archeological_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farwell Archeological District (page does not exist)">Farwell Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska" title="Blue Springs, Nebraska">Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barneston_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barneston Site (page does not exist)">Barneston Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurz_Omaha_Village_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurz Omaha Village Site (page does not exist)">Kurz Omaha Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patterson_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterson Site (page does not exist)">Patterson Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenelle_Forest" title="Fontenelle Forest">Fontenelle Forest Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfe_and_Grey_(Schuyler)_Sites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites (page does not exist)">Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schulte_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulte Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schulte Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiseman_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiseman Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Wiseman Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durflinger_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durflinger Site (page does not exist)">Durflinger Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_in_Nebraska_of_Native_American_origin" title="List of place names in Nebraska of Native American origin">Native American place names in Nebraska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr 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/></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Template:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Template talk:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arapaho</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bear_(chief)" title="Black Bear (chief)">Black Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Coolidge" title="Sherman Coolidge">Sherman Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Friday (Arapaho chief)">Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Owl_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Little Owl (Arapaho chief)">Little Owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Poisal" title="Margaret Poisal">Margaret Poisal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower#Native_American_folklore" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyan_Kara_Mountain" title="Inyan Kara Mountain">Inyan Kara Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore#History" title="Mount Rushmore">Six Grandfathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Race_(Native_American_legend)" title="Great Race (Native American legend)">Great Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills#History" title="Black Hills">History of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Cavern_Dance_Pavilion" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion">Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern events and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_the_Black_Hills" title="Seizure of the Black Hills">Seizure of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Journey_Museum_and_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journey Museum and Gardens">The Journey Museum and Gardens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Republic of Lakotah proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Black_Elk" title="Charlotte Black Elk">Charlotte Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Tall" title="JoAnn Tall">JoAnn Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmaine_White_Face" title="Charmaine White Face">Charmaine White Face</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For more information, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a>. Nearby modern <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Template:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Template talk:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Country_USA" title="Bear Country USA">Bear Country USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Wilderness" title="Black Elk Wilderness">Black Elk Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Central_Railroad" title="Black Hills Central Railroad">Black Hills Central Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_National_Forest" title="Black Hills National Forest">Black Hills National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Playhouse" title="Black Hills Playhouse">Black Hills Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_in_the_Hills" title="Chapel in the Hills">Chapel in the Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_State_Park" title="Custer State Park">Custer State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park" title="Dinosaur Park">Dinosaur Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_City_(South_Dakota)" title="Bedrock City (South Dakota)">Flintstones Bedrock City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stockade" title="Gordon Stockade">Gordon Stockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestake_Mine_(South_Dakota)" title="Homestake Mine (South Dakota)">Homestake Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave_National_Monument" title="Jewel Cave National Monument">Jewel Cave National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mammoth_Site" title="The Mammoth Site">The Mammoth Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Missile_National_Historic_Site" title="Minuteman Missile National Historic Site">Minuteman Missile National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument">Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Miner_Ski_Resort" title="Mystic Miner Ski Resort">Mystic Miner Ski Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needles_(Black_Hills)" title="Needles (Black Hills)">Needles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactola_Lake" title="Pactola Lake">Pactola Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_Gardens" title="Reptile Gardens">Reptile Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmore_Cave" title="Rushmore Cave">Rushmore Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Lake_(South_Dakota)" title="Sheridan Lake (South Dakota)">Sheridan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Caverns" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns">Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgis_Motorcycle_Rally" title="Sturgis Motorcycle Rally">Sturgis Motorcycle Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Lake_(South_Dakota)" title="Sylvan Lake (South Dakota)">Sylvan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Peak" title="Terry Peak">Terry Peak ski area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_bison_herd" title="Wind Cave bison herd">bison herd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scenic routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck_Scenic_Byway" title="Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway">Norbeck Scenic Byway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_16A" title="U.S. Route 16A">Iron Mountain Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needles_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Needles Highway">Needles Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfish_Canyon" title="Spearfish Canyon">Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hills_Centennial_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Hills Centennial Trail (page does not exist)">Black Hills Centennial Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Mickelson_Trail" title="George S. Mickelson Trail">George S. Mickelson Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated<br />places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Fourche,_South_Dakota" title="Belle Fourche, South Dakota">Belle Fourche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_City,_South_Dakota" title="Central City, South Dakota">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer,_South_Dakota" title="Custer, South Dakota">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgemont,_South_Dakota" title="Edgemont, South Dakota">Edgemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_South_Dakota" title="Hot Springs, South Dakota">Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_City,_South_Dakota" title="Hill City, South Dakota">Hill City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead,_South_Dakota" title="Lead, South Dakota">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_Wyoming" title="Newcastle, Wyoming">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfish,_South_Dakota" title="Spearfish, South Dakota">Spearfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgis,_South_Dakota" title="Sturgis, South Dakota">Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewood,_South_Dakota" title="Whitewood, South Dakota">Whitewood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Gap,_South_Dakota" title="Buffalo Gap, South Dakota">Buffalo Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairburn,_South_Dakota" title="Fairburn, South Dakota">Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermosa,_South_Dakota" title="Hermosa, South Dakota">Hermosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone,_South_Dakota" title="Keystone, South Dakota">Keystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pringle,_South_Dakota" title="Pringle, South Dakota">Pringle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance,_Wyoming" title="Sundance, Wyoming">Sundance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unincorporated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewey,_South_Dakota" title="Dewey, South Dakota">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mile,_South_Dakota" title="Four Mile, South Dakota">Four Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena,_South_Dakota" title="Galena, South Dakota">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna,_South_Dakota" title="Hanna, South Dakota">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Siding,_South_Dakota" title="Johnson Siding, South Dakota">Johnson Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemo,_South_Dakota" title="Nemo, South Dakota">Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford,_South_Dakota" title="Rochford, South Dakota">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockerville,_South_Dakota" title="Rockerville, South Dakota">Rockerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City,_South_Dakota" title="Silver City, South Dakota">Silver City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forks,_South_Dakota" title="Three Forks, South Dakota">Three Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History<br />and people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War, or Great Sioux War (1876)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory (1861–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition">Black Hills Expedition (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush" title="Black Hills gold rush">Black Hills gold rush (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Jenney_Party" title="Newton–Jenney Party">Newton–Jenney Party (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne%E2%80%93Black_Hills_Stage_Route_and_Rawhide_Buttes_and_Running_Water_Stage_Stations" title="Cheyenne–Black Hills Stage Route and Rawhide Buttes and Running Water Stage Stations">Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route (1876–1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney-Black_Hills_Trail" title="Sidney-Black Hills Trail">Sidney-Black Hills Stage Road (1876–1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_Black_Hills_and_Western_Railroad" title="Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad">Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad (1893–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Bullock" title="Seth Bullock">Seth Bullock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bullock" title="Martha Bullock">Martha Bullock</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_DuFran" title="Dora DuFran">Dora DuFran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">Wild Bill Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Doane_Robinson" title="Doane Robinson">Doane Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Star" title="Sol Star">Sol Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Swearengen" title="Al Swearengen">Al Swearengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Utter" title="Charlie Utter">Charlie Utter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghost towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addie_Camp,_South_Dakota" title="Addie Camp, South Dakota">Addie Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth,_South_Dakota" title="Bismuth, South Dakota">Bismuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktail,_South_Dakota" title="Blacktail, South Dakota">Blacktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdock,_South_Dakota" title="Burdock, South Dakota">Burdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria,_Wyoming" title="Cambria, Wyoming">Cambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate,_South_Dakota" title="Carbonate, South Dakota">Carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta,_South_Dakota" title="Etta, South Dakota">Etta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron,_South_Dakota" title="Flatiron, South Dakota">Flatiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Lawrence_County,_South_Dakota" title="Greenwood, Lawrence County, South Dakota">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_South_Dakota" title="Maitland, South Dakota">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers_City,_South_Dakota" title="Myers City, South Dakota">Myers City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic,_South_Dakota" title="Mystic, South Dakota">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahant,_South_Dakota" title="Nahant, South Dakota">Nahant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novak,_South_Dakota" title="Novak, South Dakota">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactola,_South_Dakota" title="Pactola, South Dakota">Pactola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan,_South_Dakota" title="Sheridan, South Dakota">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_South_Dakota" title="Spokane, South Dakota">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraville,_South_Dakota" title="Terraville, South Dakota">Terraville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigerville,_South_Dakota" title="Tigerville, South Dakota">Tigerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinton,_South_Dakota" title="Tinton, South Dakota">Tinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan,_South_Dakota" title="Trojan, South Dakota">Trojan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Cycad_National_Monument" title="Fossil Cycad National Monument">Fossil Cycad National Monument (1922–1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratobowl" title="Stratobowl">Stratobowl (1934–1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Black_Hills_flood" title="1972 Black Hills flood">Black Hills flood (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Jasper_Fire" title="2000 Jasper Fire">2000 Jasper Fire</a></li> <li>Sculptors <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a></li> <li>Author <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bottum_(author)" title="Joseph Bottum (author)">Joseph Bottum</a></li> <li>Politician <a href="/wiki/Francis_Case" title="Francis Case">Francis Case</a></li> <li>Poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_Badger_Clark" title="Charles Badger Clark">Charles Badger Clark</a></li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Watson_Parker" title="Watson Parker">Watson Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City_Rapid_Ride" title="Rapid City Rapid Ride">Rapid City Rapid Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lines" title="Jefferson Lines">Jefferson Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road junctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Crossing,_South_Dakota" title="Cheyenne Crossing, South Dakota">Cheyenne Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners,_Wyoming" title="Four Corners, Wyoming">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mile,_South_Dakota" title="Four Mile, South Dakota">Four Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Wye" title="Keystone Wye">Keystone Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maverick_Junction,_South_Dakota" title="Maverick Junction, South Dakota">Maverick Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_Creek_Junction,_Wyoming" title="Mule Creek Junction, Wyoming">Mule Creek Junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_in_popular_culture" title="Mount Rushmore in popular culture">Mount Rushmore in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322951#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/853943/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cheyenne Indians"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85023188">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Čejeni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128062&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285683005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e308f041-8daf-4dc8-9976-f008dcf170d6">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637182">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&oldid=1259334108">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&oldid=1259334108</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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