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<span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_Space_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_Space_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Egyptian Space Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_Space_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&params=30.12949_N_31.38166_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°07′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°22′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.12949°N 31.38166°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.12949; 31.38166</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Egyptian space institution</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&params=30.12949_N_31.38166_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°07′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°22′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.12949°N 31.38166°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.12949; 31.38166</span></span></span></a></span></span> <b>National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences</b> (<b>NARSS</b>) is the pioneering <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> institution in the field of <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Space sciences">space sciences</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NARSS is an outgrowth of <i>Egyptian Remote Sensing Center</i>, established in 1973 as an American-Egyptian joint project were affiliated with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Academy_of_Scientific_Research_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (page does not exist)">Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology</a>. In 1994 the authority was established as an organization under the State Ministry of Scientific Research to promote the use of state of the art <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a> for the development of the country and introducing High Tech capabilities to <a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional planning</a> and other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-about_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sector of remote sensing works on the use of data provided by <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">earth observation satellites</a> and airborne sensors to produce maps and spatial data for the evaluation and monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>, natural hazards and environmental management. </p><p>The sector of space sciences is concerned with the development of sensors for earth observation to be mounted on satellites and with all the problems involved with monitoring communication with satellites and retrieving the information for processing, and ultimately on launching an Egyptian remote sensing satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-about_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the headquarters and the New Cairo space control station are located in Cairo. The receiving station is located in Aswan.<sup id="cite_ref-about_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellites">Satellites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/EgyptSat_1" title="EgyptSat 1">EgyptSat 1</a> was a remote sensing satellite that was launched on 17 April 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>. Control and communication was lost July 2010.The satellite weighed 100 kg and contained a multi-spectral imager for Earth observations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/EgyptSat_2" title="EgyptSat 2">EgyptSat 2</a> was an imaging satellite built by <a href="/wiki/RSC_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSC Energia">RSC Energia</a> that launched on 16 April 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20140416_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20140416-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite was lost in April 2015 when a dual failure in the flight control system occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/EgyptSat-A" title="EgyptSat-A">EgyptSat-A</a> is a replacement imaging satellite launched on 21 February 2019 at <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>, paid for by insurance for the loss of EgyptSat 2.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20190221_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20190221-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_Space_Program">Egyptian Space Program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Egyptian Space Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Egyptian space program started in the 1950s but it was not until the establishment of the Egyptian Space Council in 1998 and approval of a year later of the Egyptian Space Program within the National Authority of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. </p> <ul><li>Enabling Egypt to join the Space Technology Age through designing and manufacturing of small research and remote sensing satellites, acquiring technological knowledge and capabilities, and building required infrastructure to achieve self-capability to design & manufactures small satellites</li> <li>Transfer of advanced space technologies in communication, computers, programs, optics, sensors, new materials, command and control and energy to the Egyptian Scientific community.</li> <li>Drive innovation in earth observations and space sciences</li> <li>Utilizing of space technologies & applications in development plans.</li> <li>Acquiring national capabilities in Space Technology disciplines.</li> <li>Establishment of scientific & industrial base in advanced technology fields.</li> <li>Building human resource capabilities for space sciences fields.</li> <li>Coordinating and enhancing the cooperation between the research & industrial centers and space program through a national project</li> <li>To establish a scientific and technological base for space and high technology industries in Egypt and the development of the relevant human capacity and improve local stakeholders in remote sensing applications.</li> <li>To support decision makers in sustainable development by providing space images.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">List of government space agencies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-about-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narss.sci.eg/about">"About NARSS"</a>. <i>National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Authority+for+Remote+Sensing+%26+Space+Sciences&rft.atitle=About+NARSS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.narss.sci.eg%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Authority+for+Remote+Sensing+and+Space+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-012A">"EgyptSat1"</a>. <i>NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Space+Science+Data+Coordinated+Archive&rft.atitle=EgyptSat1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D2007-012A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Authority+for+Remote+Sensing+and+Space+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn-20140416-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfn-20140416_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Clark2014" class="citation news cs1">Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/16egyptsat2/">"Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz"</a>. Spaceflight Now. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013018/http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/16egyptsat2/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egyptian+reconnaissance+satellite+launched+by+Soyuz&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft.au=Stephen+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1404%2F16egyptsat2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Authority+for+Remote+Sensing+and+Space+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-2.htm">"EgyptSat 2"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017205831/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=EgyptSat+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Fegyptsat-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Authority+for+Remote+Sensing+and+Space+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn-20190221-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfn-20190221_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2019" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Stephen (21 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/02/21/egyptian-observation-satellite-successfully-launched-by-russian-rocket/">"Egyptian observation satellite launched by Russian rocket"</a>. Spaceflight Now<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egyptian+observation+satellite+launched+by+Russian+rocket&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2019%2F02%2F21%2Fegyptian-observation-satellite-successfully-launched-by-russian-rocket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Authority+for+Remote+Sensing+and+Space+Sciences" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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research</a> in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a> (Algeria)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NARSS</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/15px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_royal_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9d%C3%A9tection_spatiale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre royal de télédétection spatiale (page does not exist)">CRTS</a> (Morocco)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_national_de_la_cartographie_et_de_la_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9d%C3%A9tection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre national de la cartographie et de la télédétection (page does not exist)">CNCT</a> (Tunisia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-Saharan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a> (Ghana)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Space_Agency" title="Kenya Space Agency">KSA</a> (Kenya)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Space_Agency" title="Rwanda Space Agency">RSA</a> (Rwanda)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartography_of_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cartography_of_Africa.svg/20px-Cartography_of_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cartography_of_Africa.svg/40px-Cartography_of_Africa.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a> (ASA)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Uganda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Makuka_Nkoloso#Space_program" title="Edward Makuka Nkoloso">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_observatories_in_Algeria" title="Category:Astronomical observatories in Algeria">in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_observatories_in_Namibia" title="Category:Astronomical observatories in Namibia">in Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_observatories_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Astronomical observatories in South Africa">in South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_Southern_Africa" title="Astronomical Society of Southern Africa">Astronomical Society of Southern Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4314942#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata385" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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