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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-化學性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>化學性质</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化學性质-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关化學性质子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-化學性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-酸性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#酸性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>酸性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-酸性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-誘導效應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#誘導效應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>誘導效應</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-誘導效應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-合成方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合成方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>合成方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-合成方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>反應</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-檢驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#檢驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>檢驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-檢驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">羧酸</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。79种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksielsuur" title="Karboksielsuur – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karboksielsuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="حمض كربوكسيلي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض كربوكسيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_carbox%C3%ADlico" title="Ácidu carboxílico – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu carboxílico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_tur%C5%9Fular%C4%B1" title="Karbon turşuları – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon turşuları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربوکسیلیک اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربوکسیلیک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_karboksiliko" title="Asidong karboksiliko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asidong karboksiliko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Карбонавыя кіслоты – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карбонавыя кіслоты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Карбонавыя кісьлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карбонавыя кісьлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карбоксилна киселина – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карбоксилна киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="কার্বক্সিলিক অ্যাসিড – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বক্সিলিক অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksilna_kiselina" title="Karboksilna kiselina – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karboksilna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_carbox%C3%ADlic" title="Àcid carboxílic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid carboxílic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ترشی کاربۆکسیلی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترشی کاربۆکسیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboxylov%C3%A9_kyseliny" title="Karboxylové kyseliny – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karboxylové kyseliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Карбон йӳçекĕ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карбон йӳçекĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_carbocsylig" title="Asid carbocsylig – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid carbocsylig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylsyre" title="Carboxylsyre – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carboxylsyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbons%C3%A4uren" title="Carbonsäuren – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carbonsäuren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Καρβοξυλικά οξέα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρβοξυλικά οξέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carboxylic acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksilata_acido" title="Karboksilata acido – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karboksilata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_carbox%C3%ADlico" title="Ácido carboxílico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido carboxílico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboks%C3%BC%C3%BClhapped" title="Karboksüülhapped – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karboksüülhapped" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_karboxiliko" title="Azido karboxiliko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido karboxiliko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربوکسیلیک اسید – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربوکسیلیک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksyylihapot" title="Karboksyylihapot – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karboksyylihapot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyls%C3%BDra" title="Carboxylsýra – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Carboxylsýra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_carboxylique" title="Acide carboxylique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide carboxylique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_carbocsaileach" title="Aigéad carbocsaileach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad carbocsaileach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_carbox%C3%ADlico" title="Ácido carboxílico – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido carboxílico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Carboxylic acid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה קרבוקסילית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה קרבוקסילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksilne_kiseline" title="Karboksilne kiseline – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karboksilne kiseline" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonsavak" title="Karbonsavak – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karbonsavak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարբոնաթթուներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարբոնաթթուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_alkanoat" title="Asam alkanoat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam alkanoat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acidi carbossilici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="カルボン酸 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルボン酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeffar_aka%E1%B9%9Bbuksilin" title="Azeffar akaṛbuksilin – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azeffar akaṛbuksilin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Карбон қышқылдары – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карбон қышқылдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B5%EC%8B%A4%EC%82%B0" title="카복실산 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카복실산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Карбон кислоталары – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карбон кислоталары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_carboxylicum" title="Acidum carboxylicum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum carboxylicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksir%C5%ABg%C5%A1tys" title="Karboksirūgštys – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karboksirūgštys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonsk%C4%81bes" title="Karbonskābes – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karbonskābes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карбоксилна киселина – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карбоксилна киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർബോക്സിലിക് ആസിഡ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബോക്സിലിക് ആസിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_karboksilik" title="Asid karboksilik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid karboksilik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonzuur" title="Carbonzuur – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carbonzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksylsyre" title="Karboksylsyre – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karboksylsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksylsyre" title="Karboksylsyre – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karboksylsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_carboxilic" title="Acid carboxilic – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid carboxilic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਕਾਰਬੌਕਸਿਲੀ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬੌਕਸਿਲੀ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasy_karboksylowe" title="Kwasy karboksylowe – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwasy karboksylowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%A9_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کاربوکسلک تیزاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربوکسلک تیزاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_carbox%C3%ADlico" title="Ácido carboxílico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido carboxílico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_carboxilic" title="Acid carboxilic – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid carboxilic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Карбоновые кислоты – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карбоновые кислоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksilna_kiselina" title="Karboksilna kiselina – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karboksilna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="කාබොක්සිලික් අම්ලය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබොක්සිලික් අම්ලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carboxylic acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboxylov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Karboxylová kyselina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karboxylová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksilna_kislina" title="Karboksilna kislina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karboksilna kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivatet_karboksilike" title="Derivatet karboksilike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Derivatet karboksilike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карбоксилна киселина – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карбоксилна киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_karboksilat" title="Asam karboksilat – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam karboksilat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboxylsyror" title="Karboxylsyror – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karboxylsyror" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்பாக்சிலிக் அமிலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பாக்சிலிக் அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="కార్బోక్సిలిక్ ఆమ్లం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బోక్సిలిక్ ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดคาร์บอกซิลิก – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดคาร์บอกซิลิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksilik_asit" title="Karboksilik asit – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karboksilik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Карбонові кислоти – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карбонові кислоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_kislotalar" title="Karbon kislotalar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karbon kislotalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_carboxylic" title="Acid carboxylic – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid carboxylic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carboxylic acid" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="羧酸 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="羧酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="羧酸 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="羧酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li 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data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-f683ec12" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylic-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carboxylic-acid.svg/150px-Carboxylic-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carboxylic-acid.svg/225px-Carboxylic-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carboxylic-acid.svg/300px-Carboxylic-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>羧酸的平面結構</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylic-acid-group-3D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Carboxylic-acid-group-3D.png/150px-Carboxylic-acid-group-3D.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Carboxylic-acid-group-3D.png/225px-Carboxylic-acid-group-3D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Carboxylic-acid-group-3D.png/300px-Carboxylic-acid-group-3D.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>羧酸的三維結構</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png/150px-Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png/225px-Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png/300px-Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>羧酸的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%A1%AB%E5%85%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="空間填充模型">空間填充模型</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png/150px-Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png/225px-Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png/300px-Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>羧酸根離子</figcaption></figure> <p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>羧</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">suō</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>酸</b><sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（英語：<span lang="en">carboxylic acid</span>），<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="有機酸">有機酸</a>的一種，是帶有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="羧基">羧基</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，通式是R-COOH。羧基的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學式">化學式</a>為-C(=O)OH，通常寫成-COOH或-CO<sub>2</sub>H，它是由一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="羰基"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81921555">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000007-QINU`"'</style><ruby><rb>羰</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>tāng</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>基</a><sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（>C=O）和一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>羥</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>qiǎng</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>基</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（-O-H）組成的複合<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%83%BD%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="官能基">官能基</a>。羧酸是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>（H<sup>+</sup>）授予者，也就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BC%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酸鹼質子理論">質子酸</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BC%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酸鹼質子理論">布-洛酸</a>）。可分為<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E9%85%B8" title="芳香酸">芳香酸</a>二大類。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%9E%E8%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="螞蟻">螞蟻</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82" class="mw-redirect" title="蜜蜂">蜜蜂</a>的分泌液中含的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="甲酸">甲酸</a>H-COOH、使<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%8B" title="醋">醋</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">酸味</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8" title="乙酸">乙酸</a>CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH...等都是常見的羧酸。擁有兩個羧基的分子叫二酸，最簡單的分子是由兩個羧基結合而成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%85%B8" title="草酸">草酸</a>(COOH)<sub>2</sub>。其他像是可在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B8%E6%AA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="檸檬">檸檬</a>中發現的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B8%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="檸檬酸">檸檬酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E8%B1%86" title="酸豆">酸豆</a>內含的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%85%B8" title="酒石酸">酒石酸</a>都是自然界中重要的羧酸。 </p><p>羧基<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="去質子化">去質子化</a>以後的共軛鹼便是含有羧酸根<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="離子">負離子</a>（-COO<sup>−</sup>）的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="羧酸鹽">羧酸鹽</a>，與<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="醇類">醇類</a>混合經<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="酯化反應">酯化反應</a>後形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="羧酸酯">羧酸酯</a>。羧酸離子因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="共振 (化學)">共振</a>而比較穩定，因此其<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸">酸性</a>會比<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="醇類">醇類</a>物質高。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化學性质"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E6.80.A7.E8.B4.A8"></span>化學性质</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：化學性质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylic_acid_dimers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carboxylic_acid_dimers.png/200px-Carboxylic_acid_dimers.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carboxylic_acid_dimers.png/300px-Carboxylic_acid_dimers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carboxylic_acid_dimers.png/400px-Carboxylic_acid_dimers.png 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><b>羧酸</b>常以二聚體形式存在 (虛線為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="氫鍵">氫鍵</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="羧基">羧基</a>由能產生氫鍵的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A5%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="羥基">羥基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="羰基">羰基</a>組成，所以所有羧酸都具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="極性">極性</a>。存在於非極性物質中的羧酸常以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E9%AB%94" title="二聚體">二聚體</a>的形式存在。碳數較少的羧酸（C<sub>1</sub>～C<sub>5</sub>）較能溶於水，而隨著碳數增加就越難溶於水，但羧基所接的烷基碳數較多的羧酸卻比較能溶於極性較小的<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9A" title="醚">醚</a>類跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87" title="醇">醇</a>類物質。<sup id="cite_ref-M&B_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&B-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>從結構中可以預期羧酸是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="極性">極性</a>的，它可以跟同類或其他分子生成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="氫鍵">氫鍵</a>，所以羧酸跟醇有相似的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="溶解性">溶解性</a>。它們都可溶於非極性有機溶劑如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF" title="苯">苯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9A" title="醚">醚</a>，也可溶於極性有機溶劑如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="二氯甲烷">二氯甲烷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8%E4%B9%99%E9%85%AF" title="乙酸乙酯">乙酸乙酯</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="甲酸">甲酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8" title="乙酸">乙酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%B8" title="丙酸">丙酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8" title="丁酸">丁酸</a>可溶於水。 </p><p>氣態的羧酸常以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E9%AB%94" title="二聚體">二聚體</a>形式存在，所以與相若<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="分子量">分子量</a>的其他化合物相比，它有異常高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>。例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8" title="丁酸">丁酸</a>的沸點為164℃，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%86%87" title="丁醇">丁醇</a>的沸點則只有118℃。 </p><p>常温下，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="甲酸">甲酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8" title="乙酸">乙酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%B8" title="丙酸">丙酸</a>是具有刺激性气味的液体，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8" title="丁酸">丁酸</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E9%85%B8" title="壬酸">壬酸</a>是有不舒服气味的油状液体，10个碳以上的一元羧酸是无味的蜡状固体，二元羧酸和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="芳香族">芳香族</a>羧酸是结晶态的固体。 </p><p>羧酸分子可能因分子間氫鍵而產生偶合，導致所測得之分子量為原本的１～２倍。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="酸性"><span id=".E9.85.B8.E6.80.A7"></span>酸性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：酸性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在O-H键断裂时，羧基解离出氢离子，表现出酸性。 </p><p>羧酸是弱酸，可以和碱反应生成盐和水。如：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOH +NaOH -> CH3COONa +H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>COOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>NaOH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>COONa</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOH +NaOH -> CH3COONa +H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8341244a4a37365f055baac313301e4f6121ead9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:46.027ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOH +NaOH -> CH3COONa +H2O}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="誘導效應"><span id=".E8.AA.98.E5.B0.8E.E6.95.88.E6.87.89"></span>誘導效應</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：誘導效應"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B1%E5%AF%BC%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="诱导效应">诱导效应</a></div> <p>如果羧酸上有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉電子基（页面不存在）">拉電子基</a>，那麽該羧酸的酸性會增强。拉電子基會令<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%8D%B5%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="成鍵電子對">成鍵電子對</a>都偏向它那端，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="羧基">羧基</a>上的氫較易<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="解離">解離</a>，負電荷得以分散，從而穩定<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E6%A0%B9%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="羧酸根離子">羧酸根離子</a>，增强酸性。同時，碳<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E5%8C%96%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="雜化軌道">雜化軌道</a>中s成分越多，拉電子的能力越來越强，因此酸性越强。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="合成方法"><span id=".E5.90.88.E6.88.90.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>合成方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：合成方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87" title="醇">醇</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>的氧化作用：在酸性環境中將<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%86%87" title="伯醇">伯醇</a>或醛跟強氧化劑如<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%8C%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="高錳酸鉀">高錳酸鉀</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="亞氯酸鈉">亞氯酸鈉</a>加熱： <ul><li>RCH<sub>2</sub>OH + [O] → RCOOH</li> <li>RCHO + [O] → RCOOH</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯">酯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" title="酰氯">酰氯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="酰胺">酰胺</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%88" title="腈">腈</a>的水解 <ul><li>RCOOR' + H<sub>2</sub>O + [H<sup>+</sup>] → RCOOH + R'OH</li> <li>RCN + H<sub>2</sub>O + [H<sup>+</sup>] → RCOOH + NH<sub>3</sub></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%B0%8F%E8%A9%A6%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="格氏試劑">格氏試劑</a> <ul><li>R-X + Mg → R-MgX</li> <li>R-MgX + CO<sub>2</sub> → R-COOMgX</li> <li>R-COOMgX + [H<sup>+</sup>] → RCOOH</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="反應"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E6.87.89"></span>反應</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：反應"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>羧酸是酸的一種，它會與鹼反應生成鹽，例如乙酸會與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="氫氧化鈉">氫氧化鈉</a>反應生成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="乙酸鈉">乙酸鈉</a>： </p> <dl><dd>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NaOH → CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>羧酸根不是一個強力的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E6%A0%B8%E8%A9%A6%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="親核試劑">親核試劑</a>，所以它不常用來作<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="親核取代反應">親核取代反應</a>。不過，當遇上強力的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%A6%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="親電試劑">親電試劑</a>，羧酸根亦會有反應： </p> <dl><dd>RCOOH + CH<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub> → RCOOCH<sub>3</sub> + N<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="酯化反應">酯化反應</a>：羧酸跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87" title="醇">醇</a>發生酯化反應，生成<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯">酯</a>跟<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>。該反應是可逆的。例子：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8" title="乙酸">乙酸</a>跟<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>反應生成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8%E4%B9%99%E9%85%AF" title="乙酸乙酯">乙酸乙酯</a>和水。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="還原">還原</a>：羧酸可被<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D%E9%94%82" title="氢化铝锂">氫化鋁鋰</a>還原成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E9%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="一级醇">一級醇</a>。 </p><p>羧酸可以跟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亚硫酰氯">亞硫酰氯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7" title="三氯化磷">三氯化磷</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7" title="五氯化磷">五氯化磷</a>反應生成<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" title="酰氯">酰氯</a>，繼而製備其他的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="羧酸衍生物">羧酸衍生物</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="酰胺">酰胺</a>等。製備酰氯的反應式如下： </p> <dl><dd>R-COOH + SOCl<sub>2</sub> → R-COCl + SO<sub>2</sub> + HCl</dd> <dd>3R-COOH + PCl<sub>3</sub> → 3R-COCl + H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub></dd> <dd>R-COOH + PCl<sub>5</sub> → R-COCl + POCl<sub>3</sub> + HCl</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="檢驗"><span id=".E6.AA.A2.E9.A9.97"></span>檢驗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：檢驗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>羧酸具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸">酸</a>的通性，可以與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="碳酸钠">碳酸鈉</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%A2%E9%92%A0" title="碳酸氢钠">碳酸氫鈉</a>反應而生成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>。此氣體可將<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E6%B0%B4" title="石灰水">石灰水</a>變乳濁。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-#1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190336/http://terms.naer.edu.tw/terms/manager_admin/new_file_download.php?Pact=FileDownLoad&button_num=g5&source_id=159&Pval=67">國立編譯館《化學命名原則》第四版〈附錄一　化學名詞用字之讀音〉</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-04-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naer.edu.tw/terms/manager_admin/new_file_download.php?Pact=FileDownLoad&button_num=g5&source_id=159&Pval=67">原始内容</a>存档于2018-04-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E7%B7%A8%E8%AD%AF%E9%A4%A8%E3%80%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%E3%80%88%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%B8%80%E3%80%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%97%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%80%E9%9F%B3%E3%80%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fterms%2Fmanager_admin%2Fnew_file_download.php%3FPact%3DFileDownLoad%26button_num%3Dg5%26source_id%3D159%26Pval%3D67&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1b028ad9608c1ae9a81035a410c1eb6f/?startswith=zh&seq=7">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121221517/https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1b028ad9608c1ae9a81035a410c1eb6f/?startswith=zh&seq=7">存档</a>于2022-11-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F1b028ad9608c1ae9a81035a410c1eb6f%2F%3Fstartswith%3Dzh%26seq%3D7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="國際純化學和應用化學聯合會">國際純化學和應用化學聯合會</a>，<i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95#IUPAC顏色書" title="IUPAC命名法">化學術語概略</a></i>，第二版。（金皮書）(1997)。在線校正版: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/C00852.html">carboxylic acids</a>"。<a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00852">10.1351/goldbook.C00852</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naer.edu.tw/terms/manager_admin/new_file_download.php?Pact=FileDownLoad&button_num=g5&source_id=159&Pval=67">國立編譯館《化學命名原則》第四版〈附錄一　化學名詞用字之讀音〉</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-04-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190336/http://terms.naer.edu.tw/terms/manager_admin/new_file_download.php?Pact=FileDownLoad&button_num=g5&source_id=159&Pval=67">存档</a>于2018-04-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E7%B7%A8%E8%AD%AF%E9%A4%A8%E3%80%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%E3%80%88%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%B8%80%E3%80%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%97%E4%B9%8B%E8%AE%80%E9%9F%B3%E3%80%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fterms%2Fmanager_admin%2Fnew_file_download.php%3FPact%3DFileDownLoad%26button_num%3Dg5%26source_id%3D159%26Pval%3D67&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M&B-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M&B_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.T. Morrison, R.N. Boyd. <i>Organic Chemistry</i>, 6th Ed. (1992) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0136436692" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-643669-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">魏榮寳; 阮偉祥. 梁婭 , 编. 有機化學. 北京: 化學工業出版社. : 301. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5025-7233-3" title="Special:网络书源/7-5025-7233-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-5025-7233-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&rft.au=%E9%98%AE%E5%81%89%E7%A5%A5&rft.au=%E9%AD%8F%E6%A6%AE%E5%AF%B3&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-5025-7233-3&rft.pages=301&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="羧酸鹽">羧酸鹽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="羧酸酯">羧酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="羧酸衍生物">羧酸衍生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羧酸列表">羧酸列表</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/carboxyl" class="extiw" title="wikt:carboxyl">carboxyl</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Carboxylic acids pH and titration <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html">– freeware for calculations, data analysis, simulation, and distribution diagram generation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190126143238/http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>饱和:<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="甲酸">甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8" title="乙酸">乙酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%B8" title="丙酸">丙酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%85%B8" title="丁酸">丁酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E9%85%B8" title="戊酸">戊酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E9%85%B8" title="己酸">己酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E9%85%B8" title="庚酸">庚酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E9%85%B8" title="辛酸">辛酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E9%85%B8" title="壬酸">壬酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B8%E9%85%B8" title="癸酸">癸酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E9%85%B8" title="十一酸">十一酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="十二酸">十二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E9%85%B8" title="十三酸">十三酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="十四酸">十四酸</a></li> <li>更多见<i><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:脂肪酸">模板:脂肪酸</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">芳香酸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="苯甲酸">苯甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-%E8%90%98%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="1-萘甲酸">1-萘甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-%E8%90%98%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="2-萘甲酸">2-萘甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="2-吡啶甲酸">2-吡啶甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E9%85%B8" title="烟酸">3-吡啶甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E7%83%9F%E9%85%B8" title="异烟酸">4-吡啶甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%A0%E9%85%B8" title="糠酸">2-呋喃甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-%E5%91%8B%E5%96%83%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-呋喃甲酸（页面不存在）">3-呋喃甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-%E5%99%BB%E5%90%A9%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="2-噻吩甲酸">2-噻吩甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-%E5%99%BB%E5%90%A9%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-噻吩甲酸（页面不存在）">3-噻吩甲酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="二羧酸">二羧酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%85%B8" title="草酸">草酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="丙二酸">丙二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80%E9%85%B8" title="琥珀酸">丁二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="戊二酸">戊二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="己二酸">己二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9A%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="庚二酸">庚二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="辛二酸">辛二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AC%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="壬二酸">壬二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B8%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="癸二酸">癸二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十一烷二酸（页面不存在）">十一烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="十二烷二酸">十二烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="十三烷二酸">十三烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十四烷二酸（页面不存在）">十四烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十五烷二酸（页面不存在）">十五烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="十六烷二酸">十六烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十七烷二酸（页面不存在）">十七烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十八烷二酸（页面不存在）">十八烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十九烷二酸（页面不存在）">十九烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二十烷二酸（页面不存在）">二十烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二十一烷二酸（页面不存在）">二十一烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="二十二烷二酸">二十二烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="二十三烷二酸">二十三烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二十四烷二酸（页面不存在）">二十四烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E7%83%B7%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二十六烷二酸（页面不存在）">二十六烷二酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="邻苯二甲酸">邻苯二甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B4%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="间苯二甲酸">间苯二甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="对苯二甲酸">对苯二甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6-3,5-%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="吡啶-3,5-二甲酸">3,5-吡啶二甲酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">多羧酸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="偏苯三甲酸">偏苯三甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="连苯三甲酸">连苯三甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="均苯三甲酸">均苯三甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,6-%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="2,4,6-吡啶三甲酸">2,4,6-吡啶三甲酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%8B%AF%E5%9B%9B%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="均苯四甲酸">均苯四甲酸</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萘四甲酸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%98%E5%9B%9B%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萘四甲酸（页面不存在）">萘四甲酸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" class="extiw" title="en:Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B8%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="檸檬酸">檸檬酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="异柠檬酸">异柠檬酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="高柠檬酸">高柠檬酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%BC%82%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="高异柠檬酸">高异柠檬酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="有机官能团" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%98%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A2" title="Template:官能团"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%AE%98%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A2" title="Template talk:官能团"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%98%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:官能团"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="有机官能团" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">有机<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A2" title="官能团">官能团</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">碳氢</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B7%E7%83%83" title="烷烃">烷烃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B7%E5%9F%BA" title="烷基">烷基</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA" title="甲基">甲基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9F%BA" title="乙基">乙基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%9F%BA" title="丙基">丙基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%9F%BA" title="丁基">丁基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E5%9F%BA" title="戊基">戊基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AF%E7%A7%AF%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%AF%E7%83%83" title="累积二烯烃">累积二烯烃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E7%83%83" title="烯烃">烯烃</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="乙烯基">乙烯基</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%99%E7%83%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丙烯基（页面不存在）">丙烯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E4%B8%99%E5%9F%BA" title="烯丙基">烯丙基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%94%E7%83%83" title="炔烃">炔烃</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E7%82%94%E5%9F%BA" title="乙炔基">乙炔基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%84%E5%9F%BA" title="苄基">苄基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%AE%BE" title="卡宾">卡宾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA" title="亚甲基">亚甲基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA" title="次甲基">次甲基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="苯基">苯基</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">碳氢氧</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">一个氧</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87" title="醇">醇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA" title="羟甲基">羟甲基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%9A" title="酚">酚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E9%86%87" title="烯醇">烯醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%94%E9%86%87" title="炔醇">炔醇</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9A" title="醚">醚</a>与烃氧基 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B7%E6%B0%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="烷氧基">烷氧基</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="甲氧基">甲氧基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9A#命名" title="醚">烯氧基与芳烃氧基等</a></li> <li>一<a href="/wiki/%F0%AB%AB%87" title="𫫇">氧杂</a>环基与<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="环氧化合物">环氧基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="酰基">酰基</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="乙酰基">乙酰基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E7%83%AF%E9%85%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="丙烯酰基">丙烯酰基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="苯甲酰基">苯甲酰基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="羰基">羰基</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E9%85%AE" title="烯酮">烯酮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%94%E9%85%AE" title="炔酮">炔酮</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">两个氧</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="羧基">羧基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="乙酰氧基">乙酰氧基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯">酯</a></li> <li>二<a href="/wiki/%F0%AB%AB%87" title="𫫇">氧杂</a>环基与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%94%B2%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="亞甲二氧基">亞甲二氧基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="有机过氧化物">有机过氧化物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%AE" title="过氧化酮">过氧化酮</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">三个氧</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%85%90" title="酸酐">酸酐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E9%85%B8" title="过氧酸">过氧酸</a></li> <li>三<a href="/wiki/%F0%AB%AB%87" title="𫫇">氧杂</a>环基</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="原酸酯">原酸酯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">除碳氢氧外<br /><u>仅一种</u>元素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">氮</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">无氧</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BA" title="胺">胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E8%83%BA" title="烯胺">烯胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E6%B0%AE%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="偶氮化物">偶氮化物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%BA" title="亚胺">亚胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%99" title="腙">腙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%88" title="腈">腈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8D" title="胍">胍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E8%85%88" title="异腈">异腈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8C%E5%95%B6" title="哌啶">哌啶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6" title="吡啶">吡啶</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有氧</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="氰酸盐">氰酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="尿素">尿素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9F" title="肟">肟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E8%83%BA" title="羟胺">羟胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="酰胺">酰胺</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%BA" title="酰亚胺">酰亚胺</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%B0%B0%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="异氰酸酯">异氰酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="硝基化合物">硝基化合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="亚硝基化合物">亚硝基化合物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">磷</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A6%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="膦酸酯">膦酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%86%A6%E9%85%B8%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%AF" title="亞膦酸二酯">亞膦酸二酯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">硫</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">二价</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%86%9A" title="硫醚">硫醚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%A1%AB%E9%8D%B5" title="雙硫鍵">二硫醚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%86%87" title="硫醇">硫醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%AF" title="硫酯">硫酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E8%84%B2" title="硫脲">硫脲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="硫代羧酸">硫代羧酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">四价</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A0%9C" title="亚砜">亚砜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="亞硫酸酯">亞硫酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A3%BA%E9%85%B8" title="亚磺酸">亚磺酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%A3%BA%E9%85%B8" title="次磺酸">次磺酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">六价</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%9C" title="砜">砜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%BA%E9%85%B8" title="磺酸">磺酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="硫酸酯">硫酸酯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">硒</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E9%86%87" title="硒醇">硒醇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%92%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硒酸酯（页面不存在）">硒酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E9%85%AE" title="硒酮">硒酮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%AC%A1%E7%A1%92%E9%85%B8" title="有机次硒酸">次硒酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%92%E9%85%B8" title="有机亚硒酸">亚硒酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%92%E9%85%B8" title="有机硒酸">硒酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">碲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2%E9%86%87" title="碲醇">碲醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2%E9%85%AE" title="碲酮">碲酮</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">卤素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%83%B7%E7%83%83" title="卤代烷烃">卤代烷烃</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他情况</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E7%A1%AB%E6%B0%B0%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="异硫氰酸酯">异硫氰酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E6%B0%B0%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="硫氰酸酯">硫氰酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E6%B0%B0%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="硒氰酸酯">硒氰酸酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%BC%E9%85%B8" title="有机硼酸">硼酸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%BC%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硼酸酯（页面不存在）">硼酸酯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="磷酰胺" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="phosphoramides"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磷酰胺（页面不存在）">磷酰胺</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phosphoramides" class="extiw" title="en:phosphoramides"><span lang="en" dir="auto">phosphoramides</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%BA%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="磺酰胺">磺酰胺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>另见：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="化学分类" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chemical classification"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学分类（页面不存在）">化学分类</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_classification" class="extiw" title="en:Chemical classification"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chemical classification</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="化学命名法">化学命名法</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="无机化学命名法">无机物</a>、<a href="/wiki/IUPAC%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="IUPAC有机物命名法">有机物</a>)<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="金属有机化合物">金属有机化合物</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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