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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-automatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automated_manual_/_clutchless_manual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_manual_/_clutchless_manual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Automated manual / clutchless manual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_manual_/_clutchless_manual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Automatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_automatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_automatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Hydraulic automatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_automatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual-clutch_(DCT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual-clutch_(DCT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Dual-clutch (DCT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-clutch_(DCT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuously-variable_Ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuously-variable_Ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Continuously-variable Ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuously-variable_Ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_and_vibration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_and_vibration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Noise and vibration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_and_vibration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmission (mechanical device)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="علبة نقل (ميكانيكا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علبة نقل (ميكانيكا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissiya" title="Transmissiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transmissiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трансмісія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трансмісія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трансьмісія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трансьмісія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treuzkas_(mekanikerezh)" title="Treuzkas (mekanikerezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treuzkas (mekanikerezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissi%C3%B3_mec%C3%A0nica" title="Transmissió mecànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transmissió mecànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmise" title="Transmise – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transmise" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getriebe" title="Getriebe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Getriebe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clekanne_(masinaehitus)" title="Ülekanne (masinaehitus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülekanne (masinaehitus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Κιβώτιο ταχυτήτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιβώτιο ταχυτήτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisiilo_(mekaniko)" title="Transmisiilo (mekaniko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transmisiilo (mekaniko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="جعبه‌دنده (دستگاه مکانیکی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جعبه‌دنده (دستگاه مکانیکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(m%C3%A9canique)" title="Transmission (mécanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transmission (mécanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Փոխհաղորդակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխհաղորդակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80)" title="संचरण (यांत्रिकी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संचरण (यांत्रिकी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_prijenos" title="Mehanički prijenos – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mehanički prijenos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_transmisi" title="Sistem transmisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem transmisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasmissione_(meccanica)" title="Trasmissione (meccanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasmissione (meccanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансмиссия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трансмиссия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisija" title="Transmisija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transmisija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisi" title="Transmisi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transmisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbrenging" title="Overbrenging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Overbrenging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissiya" title="Transmissiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Transmissiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przek%C5%82adnia" title="Przekładnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przekładnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансмиссия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансмиссия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission" title="Transmission – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transmission" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB)" title="Трансмисија (аутомобил) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансмисија (аутомобил)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_prijenos" title="Mehanički prijenos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mehanički prijenos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft%C3%B6verf%C3%B6ring" title="Kraftöverföring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kraftöverföring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ระบบส่งกำลัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบส่งกำลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трансмісія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансмісія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="变速器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="变速器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16259746#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Drivetrain transmitting propulsion power</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of the word "transmission", see <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Transmission (disambiguation)">Transmission</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gearbox" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gearbox_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gearbox (disambiguation)">Gearbox (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambio_H.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cambio_H.jpg/220px-Cambio_H.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cambio_H.jpg/330px-Cambio_H.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cambio_H.jpg/440px-Cambio_H.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>Transmission internals for a 2009 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>transmission</b> (also called a <b>gearbox</b>) is a mechanical device which uses a <a href="/wiki/Gear_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Gear set">gear set</a>—two or more <a href="/wiki/Gears" class="mw-redirect" title="Gears">gears</a> working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication/reduction in a <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transmissions can have a single fixed-gear ratio, multiple distinct <a href="/wiki/Gear_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gear ratio">gear ratios</a>, or continuously variable ratios. Variable-ratio transmissions are used in all sorts of machinery, especially vehicles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_uses">Early uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>-powered devices, and <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam</a>-powered devices. Applications of these devices included <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(device)" title="Hoist (device)">hoists</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycles">Bicycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bicycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycles</a> traditionally have used <a href="/wiki/Hub_gear" title="Hub gear">hub gear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Derailleur_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Derailleur gear">Derailleur gear</a> transmissions, but there are other more recent design innovations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powerband.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Powerband.gif/220px-Powerband.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Powerband.gif/330px-Powerband.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Powerband.gif/440px-Powerband.gif 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Power and torque curves for two example car engines</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">power</a> output of an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> varies with its <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobiles</a> powered by ICEs require multiple gear ratios to keep the engine within its <a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">power band</a> to produce optimal power, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, and smooth operation. Multiple gear ratios are also needed to provide sufficient acceleration and velocity for safe & reliable operation at modern highway speeds. ICEs typically operate over a range of approximately 600–7000 rpm, while the vehicle's speeds requires the wheels to <a href="/wiki/Rotational_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational speed">rotate</a> in the range of 0–1800 rpm.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early mass-produced automobiles, the standard transmission design was <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a>: the combination of gears was selected by the driver through a lever (the <a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">gear stick</a>) that displaced gears and gear groups along their axes. Starting in 1939, cars using various types of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a> became available in the US market. These vehicles used the engine's own power to change the effective gear ratio depending on the load so as to keep the engine running close to its optimal rotation speed. Automatic transmissions now are used in more than 2/3 of cars globally, and on almost all new cars in the US. </p><p>Most currently-produced passenger cars with gasoline or diesel engines use transmissions with 4–10 forward gear ratios (also called speeds) and one reverse gear ratio. <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicles</a> typically use a fixed-gear or two-speed transmission with no reverse gear ratio. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicopter_Bristol_171_Sycamore_main_gear_box_and_rotor_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Helicopter_Bristol_171_Sycamore_main_gear_box_and_rotor_head.jpg/220px-Helicopter_Bristol_171_Sycamore_main_gear_box_and_rotor_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Helicopter_Bristol_171_Sycamore_main_gear_box_and_rotor_head.jpg/330px-Helicopter_Bristol_171_Sycamore_main_gear_box_and_rotor_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Helicopter_Bristol_171_Sycamore_main_gear_box_and_rotor_head.jpg/440px-Helicopter_Bristol_171_Sycamore_main_gear_box_and_rotor_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Transmission for a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Sycamore" title="Bristol Sycamore">Bristol Sycamore</a> helicopter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorcycles">Motorcycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motorcycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_transmission" title="Motorcycle transmission">Motorcycle transmission</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fixed-ratio">Fixed-ratio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fixed-ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest transmissions used a fixed ratio to provide either a gear reduction or increase in speed, sometimes in conjunction with a change in the orientation of the output shaft. Examples of such transmissions are used in <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>. In the case of a wind turbine, the first stage of the gearbox is usually a planetary gear, to minimize the size while withstanding the high torque inputs from the turbine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-ratio">Multi-ratio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multi-ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many transmissions – especially for transportation applications – have multiple gears that are used to change the ratio of input speed (e.g. engine rpm) to the output speed (e.g. the speed of a car) as required for a given situation. Gear (ratio) selection can be manual, semi-automatic, or automatic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual">Manual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">Manual transmission</a></div> <p>A manual transmission requires the driver to manually select the gears<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by operating a <a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">gear stick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a> (which is usually a foot pedal for cars or a hand lever for motorcycles). </p><p>Most transmissions in modern cars use <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission#Synchromesh" title="Manual transmission">synchromesh</a> to synchronise the speeds of the input and output shafts. However, prior to the 1950s, most cars used <a href="/wiki/Non-synchronous_transmission" title="Non-synchronous transmission">non-synchronous transmissions</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Deere_3350_tractor_cut_transmission.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="16-speed tractor transmission (plus 8 reverse gears)"><img alt="16-speed tractor transmission (plus 8 reverse gears)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John_Deere_3350_tractor_cut_transmission.JPG/360px-John_Deere_3350_tractor_cut_transmission.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John_Deere_3350_tractor_cut_transmission.JPG/540px-John_Deere_3350_tractor_cut_transmission.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John_Deere_3350_tractor_cut_transmission.JPG/720px-John_Deere_3350_tractor_cut_transmission.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16-speed tractor transmission (plus 8 reverse gears)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M5OD_transmission.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mazda M5OD manual transmission (viewed from the engine side)"><img alt="Mazda M5OD manual transmission (viewed from the engine side)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/M5OD_transmission.jpg/360px-M5OD_transmission.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/M5OD_transmission.jpg/540px-M5OD_transmission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/M5OD_transmission.jpg/720px-M5OD_transmission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mazda_M5OD_transmission" title="Mazda M5OD transmission">Mazda M5OD</a> <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a> transmission (viewed from the engine side)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gearbox_4gears_sequential.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation of a 4-speed sequential manual transmission"><img alt="Animation of a 4-speed sequential manual transmission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gearbox_4gears_sequential.gif/253px-Gearbox_4gears_sequential.gif" decoding="async" width="169" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gearbox_4gears_sequential.gif/380px-Gearbox_4gears_sequential.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gearbox_4gears_sequential.gif/506px-Gearbox_4gears_sequential.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation of a 4-speed <a href="/wiki/Sequential_manual_transmission" title="Sequential manual transmission">sequential manual transmission</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sequential_manual">Sequential manual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sequential manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sequential_manual_transmission" title="Sequential manual transmission">Sequential manual transmission</a></div> <p>A sequential manual transmission is a type of non-synchronous transmission used mostly for motorcycles and racing cars. It produces faster shift times than synchronized manual transmissions, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Dog_clutch" title="Dog clutch">dog clutches</a> rather than synchromesh.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sequential manual transmissions also restrict the driver to selecting either the next or previous gear, in a successive order. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-automatic">Semi-automatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Semi-automatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic transmission</a> is where some of the operation is automated (often the actuation of the clutch), but the driver's input is required to move off from a standstill or to change gears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automated_manual_/_clutchless_manual"><span id="Automated_manual_.2F_clutchless_manual"></span>Automated manual / clutchless manual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automated manual / clutchless manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutchless_manual_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Clutchless manual transmission">Clutchless manual transmission</a></div> <p>An automated manual transmission (AMT) is essentially a conventional manual transmission that uses automatic actuation to operate the clutch and/or shift between gears. </p><p>Many early versions of these transmissions were semi-automatic in operation, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Autostick#Volkswagen_Autostick" title="Autostick">Autostick</a></i>, which automatically control only the <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a>, but still require the driver's input to initiate gear changes. Some of these systems are also referred to as <i>clutchless manual</i> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-motorbiscuit.com_clutchless_manual_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorbiscuit.com_clutchless_manual-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Selespeed" title="Selespeed">Selespeed</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Easytronic" title="Easytronic">Easytronic</a></i>, can control both the clutch operation and the gear shifts automatically, without any input from the driver.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tranzmile.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tranzmile.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic">Automatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Automatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a> does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydraulic_automatic">Hydraulic automatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hydraulic automatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_automatic_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic automatic transmission">Hydraulic automatic transmission</a></div> <p>The most common design of automatic transmissions is the hydraulic automatic, which typically uses <a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">planetary gearsets</a> that are operated using <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transmission is connected to the engine via a <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">torque converter</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">fluid coupling</a> prior to the 1960s), instead of the <a href="/wiki/Clutch#Friction_clutches" title="Clutch">friction clutch</a> used by most manual transmissions and dual-clutch transmissions.<sup id="cite_ref-awnc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awnc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hydraulic automatic transmission (cutaway view)"><img alt="Hydraulic automatic transmission (cutaway view)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg/362px-Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Automatic_transmission_cut.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission#Hydraulic_automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">Hydraulic automatic</a> transmission (cutaway view)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 337.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 335.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epicyclic_gear_ratios.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Epicyclic gearing diagram, as used in hydraulic automatic transmissions"><img alt="Epicyclic gearing diagram, as used in hydraulic automatic transmissions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Epicyclic_gear_ratios.png/503px-Epicyclic_gear_ratios.png" decoding="async" width="336" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Epicyclic_gear_ratios.png/754px-Epicyclic_gear_ratios.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Epicyclic_gear_ratios.png/1005px-Epicyclic_gear_ratios.png 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a> diagram, as used in hydraulic automatic transmissions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZF_Automatik_6HP26.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cutaway view of a ZF 6HP hydraulic automatic transmission"><img alt="Cutaway view of a ZF 6HP hydraulic automatic transmission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ZF_Automatik_6HP26.JPG/405px-ZF_Automatik_6HP26.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ZF_Automatik_6HP26.JPG/608px-ZF_Automatik_6HP26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ZF_Automatik_6HP26.JPG/810px-ZF_Automatik_6HP26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cutaway view of a <a href="/wiki/ZF_6HP_transmission" title="ZF 6HP transmission">ZF 6HP</a> hydraulic automatic transmission</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual-clutch_(DCT)"><span id="Dual-clutch_.28DCT.29"></span>Dual-clutch (DCT)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dual-clutch (DCT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></div> <p>A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) uses two separate <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutches</a> for odd and even <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear sets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design is often similar to two separate <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual transmissions</a> with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit.<sup id="cite_ref-AEI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PorschePDK_Glossary_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PorschePDK_Glossary-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuously-variable_Ratio">Continuously-variable Ratio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Continuously-variable Ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></div> <p>A continuously variable transmission (CVT) can change seamlessly through a continuous range of <a href="/wiki/Gear_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gear ratio">gear ratios</a>. This contrasts with other transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a> while the vehicle moves at varying speeds. </p><p>CVTs are used in cars, tractors, <a href="/wiki/Side-by-side_(vehicle)" title="Side-by-side (vehicle)">side-by-sides</a>, motor scooters, <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobiles</a>, bicycles, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">earthmoving equipment</a>. </p><p>The most common type of CVT uses two <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a> connected by a <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">belt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">chain</a>; however, several other designs have also been used at times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noise_and_vibration">Noise and vibration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noise and vibration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gearboxes are often a major source of <a href="/wiki/Roadway_noise" title="Roadway noise">noise</a> and vibration in vehicles and stationary machinery. Higher <a href="/wiki/Sound_intensity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound intensity level">sound levels</a> are generally emitted when the vehicle is engaged in lower gears. The design life of the lower ratio gears is shorter, so cheaper gears may be used, which tend to generate more noise due to smaller overlap ratio and a lower mesh stiffness etc. than the helical gears used for the high ratios. This fact has been used to analyze vehicle-generated sound since the late 1960s, and has been incorporated into the simulation of urban roadway noise and corresponding design of urban <a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">noise barriers</a> along roadways.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transmission" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:transmission">transmission</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Transmissions" class="extiw" title="commons:Transmissions"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Transmissions</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_gearing" title="Bicycle gearing">Bicycle gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_mechanism" title="Direct-drive mechanism">Direct-drive mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">List of auto parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_case" title="Transfer case">Transfer case</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_(mechanical_device)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._J._UickerG._R._PennockJ._E._Shigley2003" class="citation book cs1">J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AW+North+Carolina&rft.atitle=How+does+the+AT+work%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aw-nc.com%2Fproducts%2Fdrivetrain%2Fstructure%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+%28mechanical+device%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unofficialbmw.com/images/SHIFT1.pdf">"Powertrain — transmissions: Shift in power to the gearbox"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Auto,_Motor_und_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto, Motor und Sport">AMS</a></i>. UnofficialBMW.com. September–October 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717164509/http://www.unofficialbmw.com/images/SHIFT1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AMS&rft.atitle=Powertrain+%E2%80%94+transmissions%3A+Shift+in+power+to+the+gearbox&rft.date=2003-09%2F2003-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unofficialbmw.com%2Fimages%2FSHIFT1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+%28mechanical+device%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEI-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEI_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007173150/http://www.dctfacts.com/documents/1-117-6-20.pdf">"Automatic-shifting dual-clutch transmissions are poised to grab share from traditional transmissions thanks to their combination of efficiency and convenience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>AEI-online.org</i>. DCTfacts.com. June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dctfacts.com/documents/1-117-6-20.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AEI-online.org&rft.atitle=Automatic-shifting+dual-clutch+transmissions+are+poised+to+grab+share+from+traditional+transmissions+thanks+to+their+combination+of+efficiency+and+convenience&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dctfacts.com%2Fdocuments%2F1-117-6-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+%28mechanical+device%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PorschePDK_Glossary-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PorschePDK_Glossary_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205135604/http://www.porsche.com/microsite/technology/default.aspx?pool=uk&ShowSingleTechterm=PTPDopKuGe&Category=&Model=&SearchedString=&SelectedVariant=">"Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK)"</a>. Porsche.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.porsche.com/microsite/technology/default.aspx?pool=uk&ShowSingleTechterm=PTPDopKuGe&Category=&Model=&SearchedString=&SelectedVariant=">the original</a> on 5 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porsche+Doppelkupplung+%28PDK%29&rft.pub=Porsche.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.porsche.com%2Fmicrosite%2Ftechnology%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpool%3Duk%26ShowSingleTechterm%3DPTPDopKuGe%26Category%3D%26Model%3D%26SearchedString%3D%26SelectedVariant%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+%28mechanical+device%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoganLatshaw1973" class="citation conference cs1">Hogan, C. Michael; Latshaw, Gary L. (21–23 May 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518225130/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/2930880"><i>The Relationship Between Highway Planning and Urban Noise</i></a>. Proceedings of the ASCE, Urban Transportation Division Specialty Conference. Chicago, Illinois: American Society of Civil Engineers, Urban Transportation Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/2930880">the original</a> on 18 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+Between+Highway+Planning+and+Urban+Noise&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers%2C+Urban+Transportation+Division&rft.date=1973-05-21%2F1973-05-23&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft.au=Latshaw%2C+Gary+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcatlibraries.org%2Fwcpa%2Ftop3mset%2F2930880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+%28mechanical+device%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Sun_and_planet_gear" title="Sun and planet gear">Sun and planet gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_wave_gearing" title="Strain wave gearing">Harmonic drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloidal_drive" title="Cycloidal drive">Cycloidal drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-circular_gear" title="Non-circular gear">Non-circular gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spur_gear" title="Spur gear">Spur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel_gear" title="Bevel gear">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gear" title="Crown gear">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_bevel_gear" title="Spiral bevel gear">Spiral bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear#Helical" title="Gear">Helical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_gear" title="Herringbone gear">Herringbone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geartooth profiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Involute_gear" title="Involute gear">Involute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloid_gear" title="Cycloid gear">Cycloid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propulsion_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Propulsion transmission">Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gear coupling">Coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_gearing" title="Bicycle gearing">Bicycle gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_(gears)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offset (gears)">Offset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bicycles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cogset" title="Cogset">Cogset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derailleur" title="Derailleur">Derailleur</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Jackscrew" title="Jackscrew">Jackscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">Belt drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_manufacturing" title="Gear manufacturing">Gear manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freewheel" title="Freewheel">Freewheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_gear_corrected_tooth" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur gear corrected tooth">Spur gear corrected tooth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Powertrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Powertrain" title="Template:Powertrain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Powertrain" title="Template talk:Powertrain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Powertrain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Powertrain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Powertrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">Powertrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engine" title="Automotive engine">Automotive engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">Steam engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propulsion_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Propulsion transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">Automatic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive#Automobiles" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_mechanism" title="Direct-drive mechanism">Direct-drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">Constant-velocity joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling" title="Coupling">Coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-shift_gearbox" title="Direct-shift gearbox">Direct-shift gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Drive shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrorheological_clutch" title="Electrorheological clutch">Electrorheological clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">Fluid coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_drive" title="Friction drive">Friction drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">Gearshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giubo" title="Giubo">Giubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive" title="Hotchkiss drive">Hotchkiss drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-slip_differential" title="Limited-slip differential">Limited-slip differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_differential" title="Locking differential">Locking differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">Manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manumatic" title="Manumatic">Manumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_pawl" title="Parking pawl">Parking pawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_by_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Park by wire">Park-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preselector_gearbox" title="Preselector gearbox">Preselector gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">Semi-automatic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift-by-wire" title="Shift-by-wire">Shift-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">Transaxle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer box">Transfer box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">Transmission control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">Universal joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wheels and tires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_assembly" title="Wheel hub assembly">Wheel hub assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_tire" title="Off-road tire">Off-road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_slick" title="Racing slick">Racing slick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">Radial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_tyre" title="Rain tyre">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">Run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">Spare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">Tubeless</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> 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