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id="toc-Weather_Bureau_contract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Electric_Signaling_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Electric_Signaling_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>National Electric Signaling Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Electric_Signaling_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary-spark_transmitter_and_the_first_two-way_transatlantic_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary-spark_transmitter_and_the_first_two-way_transatlantic_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rotary-spark transmitter and the first two-way transatlantic transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary-spark_transmitter_and_the_first_two-way_transatlantic_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_transmissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_transmissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Audio transmissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_transmissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternator-transmitter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternator-transmitter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Alternator-transmitter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternator-transmitter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_entertainment_radio_broadcast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_entertainment_radio_broadcast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>First entertainment radio broadcast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_entertainment_radio_broadcast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_work_and_dismissal_from_NESCO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_work_and_dismissal_from_NESCO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Continuing work and dismissal from NESCO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_work_and_dismissal_from_NESCO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reginald_A._Fessenden_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reginald_A._Fessenden_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reginald A. Fessenden House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reginald_A._Fessenden_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reginald Fessenden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ريجنالد فيسيندين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريجنالد فيسيندين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="رجینالد ابری فسندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رجینالد ابری فسندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%A7%80%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C_%ED%8E%98%EC%84%BC%EB%93%A0" title="레지널드 페센든 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레지널드 페센든" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="रेगिनाल्ड फेसेंडेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेगिनाल्ड फेसेंडेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="レジナルド・フェッセンデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レジナルド・フェッセンデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%88%D9%86" title="ریجنالڈ فسنڈن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریجنالڈ فسنڈن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden" title="Reginald Aubrey Fessenden – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reginald Aubrey Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Фессенден, Реджинальд Обри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фессенден, Реджинальд Обри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reginald Fessenden" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Реджинальд Фессенден – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реджинальд Фессенден" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%94" title="范信達 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="范信達" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q334347#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian-born American electrical engineer and inventor (1866–1932)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Reginald Fessenden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fessenden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fessenden.JPG/220px-Fessenden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fessenden.JPG/330px-Fessenden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fessenden.JPG/440px-Fessenden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait photograph of Fessenden from Harper's Weekly Magazine, 1903</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Reginald Aubrey Fessenden</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1866-10-06</span>)</span>October 6, 1866<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/East_Bolton,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bolton, Quebec">East Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 22, 1932<span style="display:none">(1932-07-22)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> (buried St. Mark's Church cemetery)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Canada<br />United States<sup id="cite_ref-passport_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_School" title="Trinity College School">Trinity College School</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_College_School" title="Bishop's College School">Bishop's College School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bishop%27s_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bishop's College">University of Bishop's College</a> (dropped out)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessenden_oscillator" title="Fessenden oscillator">Fessenden oscillator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">Amplitude modulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_frequency_oscillator" title="Beat frequency oscillator">Beat frequency oscillator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heterodyne" title="Heterodyne">Heterodyne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Hot-wire barretter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mast_radiator" title="Mast radiator">Mast radiator</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelephony">Radiotelephony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter#Rotary_gap_transmitters" title="Spark-gap transmitter">Rotary gap transmitter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_antenna" title="Umbrella antenna">Umbrella antenna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Helen May Trott</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IRE_Medal_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="IRE Medal of Honor">IRE Medal of Honor</a> (1921)<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> (1922)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reginald Aubrey Fessenden</b> (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932) was a Canadian-born American <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a> and inventor who received hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Fessenden patents">patents</a> in various fields, most notably ones related to <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>. </p><p>Fessenden is best known for his pioneering work developing radio technology, including the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> (AM) radio. His achievements included the first transmission of speech by radio (1900), and the first two-way radiotelegraphic communication across the Atlantic Ocean (1906). In 1932 he reported that, in late 1906, he also made the first radio broadcast of entertainment and music, although a lack of verifiable details has led to some doubts about this claim. </p><p>He did a majority of his work in the United States and, in addition to his Canadian citizenship, claimed U.S. citizenship through his American-born father.<sup id="cite_ref-passport_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passport-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reginald Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in <a href="/wiki/East_Bolton,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bolton, Quebec">East Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>, the eldest of the Reverend Elisha Joseph Fessenden and <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Trenholme" title="Clementina Trenholme">Clementina Trenholme</a>'s four children. Elisha Fessenden was a <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Church of England in Canada</a> minister, and the family moved to a number of postings throughout the province of Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitney_Institute_Bermuda_founded_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Whitney_Institute_Bermuda_founded_1881.jpg/220px-Whitney_Institute_Bermuda_founded_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Whitney_Institute_Bermuda_founded_1881.jpg/330px-Whitney_Institute_Bermuda_founded_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Whitney_Institute_Bermuda_founded_1881.jpg/440px-Whitney_Institute_Bermuda_founded_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitney_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitney Institute (page does not exist)">Whitney Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, founded in 1881, of which Fessenden was headmaster</figcaption></figure> <p>While growing up Fessenden attended a number of educational institutions. At the young age of nine he was enrolled in the DeVeaux Military school for a year. He next attended <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_School" title="Trinity College School">Trinity College School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario" title="Port Hope, Ontario">Port Hope, Ontario</a>, from 1877 until the summer of 1879. He also spent a year working for the Imperial Bank at Woodstock because he had not yet reached the age of 16 needed to enroll in college. </p><p>At the age of fourteen, he returned to his hometown in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a> and went to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_College_School" title="Bishop's College School">Bishop's College School</a>, which granted him a mathematics mastership (teaching job)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a scholarship for studying in its college division at <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_University" title="Bishop's University">University of Bishop's College</a>. Thus, while Fessenden was still a teenager, he taught mathematics to the school's younger students (some older than himself) for four years, while simultaneously studying natural sciences with older students at the college.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of eighteen, Fessenden left Bishop's without having been awarded a degree, although he had "done substantially all the work necessary", in order to accept a position at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitney_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitney Institute (page does not exist)">Whitney Institute</a>, near to <a href="/wiki/Flatts_Village,_Bermuda" title="Flatts Village, Bermuda">Flatts Village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, where for the next two years he worked as the <a href="/wiki/Headmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Headmaster">headmaster</a> and sole teacher. (This lack of a degree may have hurt Fessenden's employment opportunities. When <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in Montreal established an electrical engineering department, his application to become its chairman was turned down.) While in Bermuda, he became engaged to Helen May Trott of <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith's Parish, Bermuda">Smith's Parish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-partvi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partvi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married on September 21, 1890, in the United States at Manhattan in New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later had a son, Reginald Kennelly Fessenden, born May 7, 1893, in Lafayette, Allen, Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center" style="background-color:white"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px;background-color:white"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:lightsteelblue"><b>Reginald Fessenden commemorative plaque, located at Austin, Quebec, Canada</b></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:376px;max-width:376px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:280px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque.JPG" title="File:Reginald Fessenden Commemorative Plaque.JPG"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque.JPG/374px-Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="374" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque.JPG/561px-Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque.JPG/748px-Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Located near Fessenden's birthplace, this plaque was installed by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:280px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque_2.JPG" title="File:Reginald Fessenden Commemorative Plaque 2.JPG"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque_2.JPG/210px-Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque_2.JPG/315px-Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque_2.JPG/420px-Reginald_Fessenden_Commemorative_Plaque_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">It reviews his telecommunications and submarine detection work</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_work">Early work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fessenden's classical education provided him with only a limited amount of scientific and technical training. Interested in increasing his skills in the electrical field, he moved to New York City in 1886, with hopes of gaining employment with the famous inventor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. However, his initial attempts were rebuffed; in his first application Fessenden wrote, "Do not know anything about electricity, but can learn pretty quick," to which Edison replied, "Have enough men now who do not know about electricity." However, Fessenden persevered, and before the end of the year was hired for a semi-skilled position as an assistant tester for the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a>, which was laying underground electrical mains in New York City. He quickly proved his worth, and received a series of promotions, with increasing responsibility for the project. In late 1886, Fessenden began working directly for Edison at the inventor's new laboratory in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>, as a junior technician.<sup id="cite_ref-partvi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partvi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in a broad range of projects, which included work in solving problems in chemistry, metallurgy, and electricity. However, in 1890, facing financial problems, Edison was forced to lay off most of the laboratory employees, including Fessenden.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Fessenden remained an admirer of Edison his entire life, and in 1925 stated that "there is only one figure in history which stands in the same rank as him as an inventor, <i>i. e.</i> <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>".)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking advantage of his recent practical experience, Fessenden was able to find positions with a series of manufacturing companies. In 1892, he received an appointment as professor for the newly formed Electrical Engineering department at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in West Lafayette, Indiana; while there he helped the Westinghouse Corporation install the lighting for the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World_Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="World Columbian Exposition">Chicago World Columbian Exposition</a>. Later that year, <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> personally recruited Fessenden for the newly created position of chair of the Electrical Engineering department at the <a href="/wiki/Western_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Western University of Pennsylvania">Western University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> (now the University of Pittsburgh).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_work">Radio work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radio work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1890s, reports began to appear about the success <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> was having in developing a practical system of transmitting and receiving radio signals, then commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>". Fessenden began limited radio experimentation, and soon came to the conclusion that he could develop a far more efficient system than the <a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark-gap transmitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a>-<a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a> combination which had been created by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a> and Marconi. By 1899 he was able to send radiotelegraph messages between Pittsburgh and <a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny City</a> (now an area of Pittsburgh), using a receiver of his own design.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_Bureau_contract">Weather Bureau contract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weather Bureau contract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobb_island_md_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cobb_island_md_aerial.jpg/220px-Cobb_island_md_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cobb_island_md_aerial.jpg/330px-Cobb_island_md_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cobb_island_md_aerial.jpg/440px-Cobb_island_md_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cobb_Island,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobb Island, Maryland">Cobb Island</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, scene of the first successful radio transmission of speech in the fall of 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1900 Fessenden left Pittsburgh to work for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Weather_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Weather Bureau">United States Weather Bureau</a>, with the objective of demonstrating the practicality of using coastal stations to transmit weather information, thereby avoiding the expense of the existing telegraph lines. The contract called for him to be paid $3,000 per year and provided with work space, assistance, and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-Karwatka,_D._2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karwatka,_D._2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fessenden would retain ownership of any inventions, but the agreement also gave the Weather Bureau royalty-free use of any discoveries made during the term of the contract. Fessenden quickly made major advances, especially in receiver design, as he worked to develop audio reception of signals. His initial success came from the invention of a <a href="/wiki/Barretter_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Barretter detector">barretter detector</a>. This was followed by an <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">electrolytic detector</a>, consisting of a fine wire dipped in nitric acid, which for the next few years set the standard for sensitivity in radio reception.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As his work progressed, Fessenden also developed the <a href="/wiki/Heterodyne_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodyne principle">heterodyne principle</a>, which used two closely spaced radio signals to produce an audible tone that made <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> transmissions much easier to hear. However, heterodyne reception would not become practical for a decade after it was invented, because it required a method for producing a stable local signal, which would not become available until the development of the oscillating <a href="/wiki/Vacuum-tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum-tube">vacuum-tube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fessenden's initial Weather Bureau work took place at <a href="/wiki/Cobb_Island_(Maryland)" title="Cobb Island (Maryland)">Cobb Island</a>, Maryland, located in the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> about 80 kilometers (50 mi) downstream from Washington, D.C. As the experimentation expanded, additional stations were built along the Atlantic Coast in North Carolina and Virginia. However, in the midst of promising advances, Fessenden became embroiled in disputes with his sponsor. In particular, he charged that Bureau Chief Willis Moore had attempted to gain a half-share of the patents. Fessenden refused to sign over the rights, and his work for the Weather Bureau ended in August 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Electric_Signaling_Company">National Electric Signaling Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Electric Signaling Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Electric_Signalling_Company_(1904_advertisement).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/National_Electric_Signalling_Company_%281904_advertisement%29.gif/325px-National_Electric_Signalling_Company_%281904_advertisement%29.gif" decoding="async" width="325" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/National_Electric_Signalling_Company_%281904_advertisement%29.gif/488px-National_Electric_Signalling_Company_%281904_advertisement%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/National_Electric_Signalling_Company_%281904_advertisement%29.gif/650px-National_Electric_Signalling_Company_%281904_advertisement%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>April 1904 company advertisement<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NESCO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="NESCO (disambiguation)">NESCO</a>.</div> <p>In November 1902, two wealthy <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> businessmen, Hay Walker Jr. and Thomas H. Given, financed the formation of the National Electric Signaling Company (NESCO) to support Fessenden's research. Initially the new company was based in Washington, D.C., where a station was constructed for experimental and demonstration purposes. Two additional demonstration stations were constructed at Collingswood, New Jersey (near Philadelphia) and Jersey City, New Jersey (near New York City).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904 an attempt was made to link the General Electric plants in Schenectady, New York, and Lynn, Massachusetts, a distance of 185 miles (298 km), however the effort was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to sell equipment to the U.S. and other governments, as well as private companies, met with little success. An ongoing area of conflict, especially with the U.S. Navy, were the high prices Fessenden tried to charge. The Navy in particular felt Fessenden's quotes were too far above the device's manufacturing costs to be considered reasonable, and contracted with other companies to build equipment that used Fessenden designs. This led to bad feelings and a series of patent infringement lawsuits. An alternate plan to sell the company as a whole was unsuccessful in finding a buyer. Eventually a radical change in company orientation took place. In 1904 it was decided to compete with the existing ocean cables, by setting up a transatlantic radiotelegraph link. The headquarters for company operations was moved to <a href="/wiki/Brant_Rock,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brant Rock, Massachusetts">Brant Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, which was to be the western terminal for the proposed new service.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary-spark_transmitter_and_the_first_two-way_transatlantic_transmission">Rotary-spark transmitter and the first two-way transatlantic transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rotary-spark transmitter and the first two-way transatlantic transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plan was to conduct the transatlantic service using Fessenden-designed <a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">rotary spark-gap transmitters</a>. A 420-foot (128 meter) guyed antenna was constructed at Brant Rock, with a similar tower erected at <a href="/wiki/Machrihanish" title="Machrihanish">Machrihanish</a> in western Scotland. In January 1906, these stations made the first successful two-way transmission across the Atlantic, exchanging Morse code messages. (Marconi had only achieved one-way transmissions at this time.) However, the system was unable to reliably bridge this distance when the sun was up, or during the summer months when interference levels were higher, so work was suspended until later in the year. Then, on December 6, 1906, the Machrihanish radio tower collapsed in a gale,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abruptly ending the transatlantic project before it could begin commercial service. (A detailed review in <i>Engineering</i> magazine blamed the collapse on sub-standard construction, due to "the way in which the joints were made by the man employed for the purpose by the sub-contractors to whom the work was entrusted by the Brown Hoisting Machinery Company" and "The only wonder is that the tower did not fall before.")<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter published in the January 19, 1907, issue of <i>Scientific American</i>, Fessenden discounted the effect of the tower collapse, stating that "The working up to the date of the accident was, however, so successful that the directors of the National Electric Signaling Company have decided that it is unnecessary to carry on the experimental developments any further, and specifications are being drawn up for the erection of five stations for doing transatlantic and other cable work, and a commercial permit is being applied for in England."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the tower collapse did in fact mark the end of NESCO's transatlantic efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center" style="background-color:white"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px;background-color:white"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:lightsteelblue"><b>Brant Rock, Massachusetts, facility</b></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fessenden_alternator_transmitter_(1906).jpg" title="File:Fessenden alternator transmitter (1906).jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fessenden_alternator_transmitter_%281906%29.jpg/240px-Fessenden_alternator_transmitter_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fessenden_alternator_transmitter_%281906%29.jpg/360px-Fessenden_alternator_transmitter_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fessenden_alternator_transmitter_%281906%29.jpg/480px-Fessenden_alternator_transmitter_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Alternator transmitter, used for audio transmissions (1906)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:346px;max-width:346px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fessenden_500_CPS_Transmitter.jpg" title="File:Fessenden 500 CPS Transmitter.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fessenden_500_CPS_Transmitter.jpg/344px-Fessenden_500_CPS_Transmitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="344" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fessenden_500_CPS_Transmitter.jpg/516px-Fessenden_500_CPS_Transmitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fessenden_500_CPS_Transmitter.jpg/688px-Fessenden_500_CPS_Transmitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rotary spark-gap transmitter (c.1906), used for radiotelegraph communication</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:272px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brant_rock_radio_tower_1910.jpg" title="File:Brant rock radio tower 1910.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Brant_rock_radio_tower_1910.jpg/175px-Brant_rock_radio_tower_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Brant_rock_radio_tower_1910.jpg/263px-Brant_rock_radio_tower_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Brant_rock_radio_tower_1910.jpg/350px-Brant_rock_radio_tower_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Postcard (c. 1910) of the 420-foot- (128-meter-) tall Brant Rock radio tower</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:411px;max-width:411px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:272px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Base_of_Fessenden_antenna_at_Brant_Rock.jpg" title="File:Base of Fessenden antenna at Brant Rock.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Base_of_Fessenden_antenna_at_Brant_Rock.jpg/409px-Base_of_Fessenden_antenna_at_Brant_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="409" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Base_of_Fessenden_antenna_at_Brant_Rock.jpg/614px-Base_of_Fessenden_antenna_at_Brant_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Base_of_Fessenden_antenna_at_Brant_Rock.jpg/818px-Base_of_Fessenden_antenna_at_Brant_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Although the tower was demolished in 1917, the insulated base on which it stood survives. The layers of concrete were originally separated by ceramic insulators.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_transmissions">Audio transmissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Audio transmissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fessenden had a very early interest in the possibility of making audio radio transmissions, in contrast to the early spark-gap transmissions that could only transmit Morse code messages. As early as 1891, he had investigated sending alternating currents of varying frequencies along telegraph lines, in order to create a multiplex telegraph system.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would later apply the knowledge gained about tuning and resonance from his alternating current electrical work to the higher frequency currents used in radio, in order to develop the concept of <a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous-wave</a> radio signals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fessenden's basic approach was disclosed in U.S. Patent 706,737, which he applied for on May 29, 1901, and was issued the next year. It called for the use of a high-speed alternator (referred to as "an alternating-current dynamo") that generated "pure sine waves" and produced "a continuous train of radiant waves of substantially uniform strength", or, in modern terminology, a continuous-wave (CW) transmitter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of using continuous-wave radio signals was in direct conflict with the current orthodoxy that the abrupt "whiplash" effect produced by large electrical sparks was needed in order to create adequately strong signals. <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a>, a Marconi associate, was particularly dismissive in his book <i>The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy</i>, a detailed review of the state of the art as he saw it that was published in 1906. Reviewing Fessenden's patent, he wrote that "The creation of an electric wave seems to involve a certain suddenness in the beginning of the oscillations, and an alternator giving a simple sine-curve would not be likely to produce the required effect..."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In view of Fessenden's ultimate success, this statement disappeared from the book's 1916 edition.) Fessenden's next step, taken from standard wire-telephone practice, was to insert a simple <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">carbon microphone</a> into the transmission line, which was used to modulate the <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> signal for audio transmissions, or, again using modern terms, used to produce <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulated</a> (AM) radio signals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fessenden began his research on audio transmissions while still on Cobb Island. Because he did not yet have a continuous-wave transmitter, initially he worked with an experimental "high-frequency spark" transmitter, taking advantage of the fact that the higher the spark rate, the closer a spark-gap transmission comes to producing continuous waves. He later reported that, on December 23, 1900, he successfully transmitted speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers (one mile), saying; “One, two, three, four. Is It snowing where you are, Mr. Thiessen? If so, telegraph back and let me know”, which appears to have been the first successful audio transmission using radio signals.<sup id="cite_ref-experiments_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiments-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at this time the sound was far too distorted to be commercially practical, although as a test this did show that with further refinements it would become possible to effectively transmit sounds by radio.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a time Fessenden continued working with more sophisticated high-frequency spark transmitters, including versions that used compressed air, which began to take on some of the characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Arc_converter" title="Arc converter">arc-transmitters</a> patented by <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Valdemar Poulsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fessenden unsuccessfully attempted to sell this form of radiotelephone, later noting: "In 1904, with a 20,000 frequency spark and compressed nitrogen gap, such good results were obtained that a demonstration was given to a number of electrical engineers, who signed affidavits that they considered the articulation as commercially good over twenty-five miles, and the sets were advertised for sale..."<sup id="cite_ref-FESS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FESS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In a 1908 review, he conceded that with this approach "The transmission was, however, still not absolutely perfect.")<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternator-transmitter">Alternator-transmitter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternator-transmitter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fessenden's ultimate plan for an audio-capable transmitter was to take a basic electrical <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>, which normally rotated at speeds that produced alternating current of at most a few hundred cycles-per-second (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>), and greatly increase its rotational speed, in order to create electrical currents of tens-of-thousands of cycles-per-second (kHz), thus producing a steady continuous-wave transmission when connected to an aerial. However, it would take many years of expensive development before even a prototype alternator-transmitter would be ready, and a few years beyond that for high-power versions to become available. One concern was whether at these high speeds the alternator might disintegrate due to the high rotation speed tearing it apart. Because of this, as a precaution, while the alternator was being initially developed it was "placed in a pit surrounded by sandbags".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fessenden contracted with <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE) to help design and produce a series of high-frequency alternator-transmitters. In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Charles Proteus Steinmetz</a> of GE delivered a 10 kHz version which proved of limited use and could not be directly used as a radio transmitter. Fessenden's request for a faster, more powerful unit was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst F. W. Alexanderson</a>, who in August 1906 delivered an improved model which operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50 kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alternator-transmitter achieved the goal of transmitting quality audio signals, but the lack of any way to amplify the signals meant they were somewhat weak. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden made an extensive demonstration of the new alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock, showing its utility for point-to-point wireless telephony, including interconnecting his stations to the wire telephone network. As part of the demonstration, speech was transmitted 18 kilometers (11 miles) to a listening site at Plymouth, Massachusetts. A detailed review of this demonstration appeared in <i>The American Telephone Journal</i><sup id="cite_ref-experiments_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiments-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a summary by Fessenden appeared in <i>Scientific American</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of a report produced by <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Whittier_Pickard" title="Greenleaf Whittier Pickard">Greenleaf W. Pickard</a> of the Telephone Company's Boston office, which includes additional information on some still existing defects, appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruhmer" title="Ernst Ruhmer">Ernst Ruhmer</a>'s <i>Wireless Telephony in Theory and Practice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although primarily designed for transmissions spanning a few kilometers, on a couple of occasions the test Brant Rock audio transmissions were apparently overheard by NESCO employee James C. Armor across the Atlantic at the <a href="/wiki/Machrihanish" title="Machrihanish">Machrihanish</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_entertainment_radio_broadcast">First entertainment radio broadcast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First entertainment radio broadcast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the early 1930s, it was generally accepted that <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a>, who conducted a series of test broadcasts beginning in 1907, and who was widely quoted promoting the potential of organized radio broadcasting, was the first person to transmit music and entertainment by radio. De Forest's first entertainment broadcast occurred in February 1907, when he transmitted electronic <a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">telharmonium</a> music from his laboratory station in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by tests that included, in the fall, <a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Farrar" title="Eugenia Farrar">Eugenia Farrar</a> singing "I Love You Truly".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Beginning in 1904, the U.S. Navy had broadcast daily time signals and weather reports, but these employed spark transmitters, transmitting in Morse code). </p><p>In 1928, as part of a lecture reviewing "The Early History of Radio in the United States", H. P. Davis, commenting on entertainment offerings, asserted that "Reginald Fessenden, probably the first to attempt this, broadcast a program Christmas Eve 1906",<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not provide any additional details, and his comment was little noticed at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first widely publicized information about Fessenden's early broadcasts did not appear until 1932, when an article prepared by former Fessenden associate Samuel M. Kintner, "Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio", appeared in the December 1932 issue of <i>The Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reviewed information included in a January 29, 1932, letter sent by Fessenden to Kintner. (Fessenden subsequently died five months before Kintner's article appeared). In this account, Fessenden reported that on the evening of December 24, 1906 (<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>), he had made the first of two radio broadcasts of music and entertainment to a general audience, using the alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock. Fessenden remembered producing a short program that included a phonograph record of <a href="/wiki/Ombra_mai_fu" title="Ombra mai fu">Ombra mai fu</a> (Largo) by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, followed by Fessenden playing <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adolphe Adam</a>'s carol <i><a href="/wiki/O_Holy_Night" title="O Holy Night">O Holy Night</a></i> on the violin and singing <i>Adore and be Still</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gounod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gounod">Gounod</a>, and closing with a biblical passage: "Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to men of good will" (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 2:14). He also stated that a second short program was broadcast on December 31 (<a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a>). The intended audience for both of these transmissions was primarily shipboard radio operators along the Atlantic seaboard. Fessenden claimed that the two programs had been widely publicized in advance, and the Christmas Eve broadcast had been heard "as far down" as <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, while the New Year Eve's broadcast had reached listeners in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anticipation of the 2006 centennial anniversary of Fessenden's reported broadcasts brought renewed interest, as well as additional questions. A key issue was why, despite Fessenden's assertion that the two programs had been widely heard, there did not appear to be any independent corroborating evidence for his account. (Even the Helen Fessenden biography relies exclusively on details contained in the January 29, 1932, letter used by the Kintner article.) There was general consensus in the centennial discussions that Fessenden had the technical means to make broadcasts, given the widespread reports about the success of the December 21 alternator-transmitter demonstrations. However, because of the station's very low power, even if the broadcasts had taken place it was questionable if the range could have matched Fessenden's claim of being heard hundreds of kilometers away.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the period leading up to the centennial, James E. O'Neal conducted extensive research, but did not find any ships' radio log accounts, or any contemporary literature, to confirm the reported holiday broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A follow-up article two years later further reported that a similar attempt to verify the details of the broadcasts had taken place in 1956, which had also failed to uncover any confirmation of Fessenden's statements. One alternate possibility proposed by O'Neal was that perhaps something similar to what Fessenden remembered could have taken place during a series of tests conducted in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review by Donna L. Halper and Christopher H. Sterling suggested that debating the existence of the holiday broadcasts was ignoring the fact that, in their opinion, the December 21 demonstration, which included the playing of a phonograph record, in itself qualified to be considered an entertainment broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack Belrose flatly argued that there was no reason to doubt Fessenden's account, in part because it had not been challenged in the years immediately following publication of the Kintner article.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Fessenden's claim for the first radio broadcast in 1906 is recognized as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in view of the contrasting opinions among radio historians, Mike Adams summarized the situation as "More than 100 years after its possible occurrence, the Fessenden 'first broadcaster' controversy continues."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>American Telephone Journal</i> account of the December 21 alternator-transmitter demonstration included the statement that "It is admirably adapted to the transmission of news, music, etc. as, owing to the fact that no wires are needed, simultaneous transmission to many subscribers can be effected as easily as to a few",<sup id="cite_ref-experiments_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiments-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> echoing the words of a handout distributed to the demonstration witnesses, which stated "[Radio] Telephony is admirably adapted for transmitting news, stock quotations, music, race reports, etc. simultaneously over a city, on account of the fact that no wires are needed and a single apparatus can distribute to ten thousand subscribers as easily as to a few. It is proposed to erect stations for this purpose in the large cities here and abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other than the two reported holiday transmissions, Fessenden does not appear to have conducted any other radio broadcasts, or to have even given additional thought about the potential of a regular broadcast service. In a 1908 comprehensive review of "Wireless Telephony", he included a section titled "possibilities" that listed promising radio telephone uses. Neither the main article, nor this list, makes any reference to broadcasting, instead only noting conventional applications of point-to-point communication, enumerated as "local exchanges", "long-distance lines", "transmarine transmission", "wireless telephony from ship to ship", and "wireless telephone from ship to local exchange".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuing_work_and_dismissal_from_NESCO">Continuing work and dismissal from NESCO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continuing work and dismissal from NESCO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technical achievements made by Fessenden were not matched by financial success. Walker and Given continued to hope to sell NESCO to a larger company such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph Company">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T). After the December 21, 1906, demonstrations, AT&T was said to be planning to acquire NESCO, but financial setbacks caused the telephone company to reconsider, and NESCO was unable to find another buyer. There were growing strains between Fessenden and the company owners, and Fessenden's formation of the Fessenden Wireless Company of Canada in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1906 may have led to suspicion that he was trying to freeze Walker and Given out of a potentially lucrative competing transatlantic service. The final break occurred in January 1911, when Fessenden was formally dismissed from NESCO. This resulted in his bringing suit against NESCO, for breach of contract. Fessenden won the initial court trial and was awarded damages; however, NESCO prevailed on appeal. To conserve assets, NESCO went into receivership in 1912, and Samuel Kintner was appointed general manager of the company. The legal stalemate would continue for over 15 years. In 1917, NESCO finally emerged from receivership, and was soon renamed the International Radio Telegraph Company. The company limped along for a few years, until it was sold to the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company in 1920, and the next year its assets, including numerous important Fessenden patents, were sold to the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA), which also inherited the longstanding Fessenden legal proceedings. Finally, on March 31, 1928, Fessenden settled his outstanding lawsuits with RCA, receiving a significant cash settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Fessenden left NESCO, Ernst Alexanderson continued to work on alternator-transmitter development at General Electric, mostly for long range radiotelegraph use. He eventually developed the high-powered <a href="/wiki/Alexanderson_alternator" title="Alexanderson alternator">Alexanderson alternator</a>, capable of transmitting across the Atlantic, and by 1916 the Fessenden-Alexanderson alternator was more reliable for transoceanic communication than the spark transmitters which were originally used to provide this service. Also, after 1920 radio <a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcasting</a> became widespread, and although the stations used vacuum-tube transmitters rather than alternator-transmitters (which vacuum-tubes made obsolete), they employed the same continuous-wave AM signals that Fessenden had introduced in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Fessenden ceased radio research after his dismissal from NESCO in 1911, he continued to work in other fields. As early as 1904 he had helped engineer the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> power plant for the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Electric_Power_Commission_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario">Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario</a>. However, his most extensive work was in marine communication as consulting engineer with the Submarine Signal Company which built a widely used aid to navigation using bells, termed a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_signals" title="Submarine signals">submarine signal</a>, acting much as an underwater foghorn. While there, he invented the <a href="/wiki/Fessenden_oscillator" title="Fessenden oscillator">Fessenden oscillator</a>, an electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a>. Though the company immediately began replacing bells and primitive receivers on ships with the new device, it was also the basis for entirely new applications: underwater telegraphy and sonic distance measurement. The later was the basis for <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> (SOund NAvigation Ranging), echo-sounding and the principle applied to <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> (RAdio Detection And Ranging). The device was soon put to use for submarines to signal each other, as well as a method for locating icebergs, to help avoid another disaster like the one that sank <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></a>. While the company quickly applied his invention to replace the bells of its systems and entered acoustic telegraphy it ignored the echo ranging potential.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Echo_sounding" title="Echo sounding">echo sounding</a> was invented in 1912 by German physicist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Behm" title="Alexander Behm">Alexander Behm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Fessenden volunteered his services to the Canadian government and was sent to London where he developed a device to detect enemy artillery and another to locate enemy submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other efforts included a version of <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a>, that helped him to keep a compact record of his inventions, projects and patents. He also patented the basic ideas leading to <a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">reflection seismology</a>, a technique important for its use in exploring for petroleum, and received patents for diverse subjects that included <a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">tracer bullets</a>, paging, television apparatus, and a turbo electric drive for ships.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An inveterate tinkerer, Fessenden eventually became the holder of more than 500 patents. He could often be found in a river or lake, floating on his back, a cigar sticking out of his mouth and a hat pulled down over his eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-onehundred_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onehundred-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At home he liked to lie on the carpet, a cat on his chest. In this state of relaxation, Fessenden could imagine, invent and think his way to new ideas. Fessenden also had a reputation for being temperamental, although in his defense his wife later stated that "Fessenden was never a difficult man to W O R K with but he was an intensely difficult man to play politics with."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one of his former assistants, Charles J. Pannill, recalled that "He was a great character, of splendid physique, but what a temper!", while a second, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Alexander_Weagant" title="Roy Alexander Weagant">Roy Weagant</a>, ruefully noted that "He could be very nice at times, but only at times."<sup id="cite_ref-onehundred_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onehundred-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, <i>Radio News</i>, saluting Fessenden as "one of the greatest American radio inventors", began a monthly autobiographical series titled "The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden", with the intention of publishing the completed installments as a book. However, instead of reviewing his radio work, Fessenden immediately went on a series of tangents, including discussions of which races he believed were the most capable of producing inventions, and the proper approach that government institutions should be taking in order to support inventors. (At the close of the seventh installment, <i>Radio News</i> included a disclaimer that it was "not responsible for any opinions expressed in Dr. Fessenden's article".)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After eleven installments Fessenden had only covered his life up to 1893, having discussed virtually nothing about radio, and the series was quietly terminated at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a> presented Fessenden with its <a href="/wiki/IRE_Medal_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="IRE Medal of Honor">IRE Medal of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medallion was gold plated, and somehow Fessenden became convinced that earlier awards had been solid gold, so he angrily returned it. Only after Greenleaf W. Pickard investigated the matter and determined that the prior medals were also plated was Fessenden willing to relent. The next year Philadelphia's Board of Directors of City Trusts awarded Fessenden a <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a>, which included a cash prize of $800, for "his invention of a reception scheme for continuous wave telegraphy and telephony",<sup id="cite_ref-Science_1922_johnscottmedal_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_1922_johnscottmedal-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recognized him as "One whose labors had been of great benefit." There was suspicion by Fessenden that these two awards had not been made in sincerity but in order to placate him. In his wife's biography, referring to the IRE medal, she quoted the proverb "beware of Greeks bearing gifts". The Scott Medal came under additional suspicion because it had been awarded at the suggestion of Westinghouse engineers, who were working for a company that had had financial disputes with Fessenden. In Helen Fessenden's opinion, "The Medal cost [Westinghouse] nothing and was a good 'sop to Cereberus'", and overall compared the medals to "small change for tips in the pockets of Big Business". In 1929 Fessenden was awarded <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>'s Safety at Sea Gold Medal, in recognition of his invention "of the Fathometer and other safety instruments for safety at sea".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden%27s_gravesite_June_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden%27s_gravesite_June_2012.jpg/220px-Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden%27s_gravesite_June_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden%27s_gravesite_June_2012.jpg/330px-Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden%27s_gravesite_June_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden%27s_gravesite_June_2012.jpg/440px-Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden%27s_gravesite_June_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Gravesite in St. Mark's church cemetery in Bermuda</figcaption></figure> <p>After settling his lawsuit with RCA, Fessenden purchased a small estate called "Wistowe" (previously the home of Charles Maxwell Allen, the United States Consul, who had hosted <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Clemens">Samuel Clemens</a> there), in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Parish, Bermuda">Hamilton Parish</a>, near to <a href="/wiki/Flatts_Village,_Bermuda" title="Flatts Village, Bermuda">Flatts Village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died there on July 22, 1932, and was interred in the cemetery of St. Mark's Church, Bermuda. On the occasion of his death, an editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i>, "Fessenden Against the World", said: </p> <blockquote><p>It sometimes happens, even in science, that one man can be right against the world. Professor Fessenden was that man. It is ironic that among the hundreds of thousands of young radio engineers whose commonplaces of theory rest on what Professor Fessenden fought for bitterly and alone only a handful realize that the battle ever happened... It was he who insisted, against the stormy protests of every recognized authority, that what we now call radio was worked by "continuous waves" of the kind discovered by Hertz, sent through the ether by the transmitting station as light waves are sent out by a flame. Marconi and others insisted, instead, that what was happening was the so-called "whiplash effect"... It is probably not too much to say that the progress of radio was retarded a decade by this error... The whiplash theory faded gradually out of men's minds and was replaced by the continuous wave one with all too little credit to the man who had been right...<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Beginning in 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Exploration_Geophysicists" title="Society of Exploration Geophysicists">Society of Exploration Geophysicists</a> has annually awarded its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Fessenden Award (page does not exist)">Reginald Fessenden Award</a> to "a person who has made a specific technical contribution to exploration geophysics".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, a Fessenden-Trott Scholarship was established at Purdue University's School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, in memory of Reginald Fessenden and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reginald_A._Fessenden_House">Reginald A. Fessenden House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reginald A. Fessenden House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reginald_A._Fessenden_House" title="Reginald A. Fessenden House">Fessenden's home</a> at 45 Waban Hill Road in the village of <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Massachusetts" title="Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts">Chestnut Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton, Massachusetts</a>, is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and is also a U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. He bought the house in 1906 or earlier and owned it for the rest of his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderson_alternator" title="Alexanderson alternator">Alexanderson alternator</a>: used by Fessenden for his first radio broadcast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fessenden_oscillator" title="Fessenden oscillator">Fessenden oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bishop%27s_College_School_alumni" title="List of Bishop's College School alumni">List of Bishop's College School alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Fessenden patents">Reginald Fessenden patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-passport-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-passport_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passport_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden_application_for_United_States_passport_-_26AUG1914.jpg">" Reginald Fessenden U.S. passport application</a> "Form for Native Citizen", dated August 26, 1914. The signed and notarized application stated that Fessenden was a "native and loyal citizen of the United States" who held U.S. birthright citizenship through his American-born father. In addition, although for his early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Reginald_Fessenden_patents" title="List of Reginald Fessenden patents">U.S. patents</a> Fessenden listed his citizenship as Canadian, in a majority of his subsequent applications he described himself as "a citizen of the United States".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1631">"The Inventions of Reginald Fessenden: Part III"</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, March 1925, p. 1631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In June 1878 Bishop's College School had an enrollment of 43 boys.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2054">"The Inventions of Reginald Fessenden: Part V"</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, May 1925, pp. 2054–2056.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Total enrollment at Bishop's College for the school year 1883–84 was twenty-five students.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Born 23 June 1866, the daughter of Thaddeus Trott and Louisa Margaret Trott (born Louisa Margaret Pearman). p. 395 (Devonshire 'White' Baptisms), "19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda". Indexed by A.C. Hollis Hallett. Second Edition. A joint publication of Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. © 2005 Board of Trustees, Bermuda Maritime Museum Association. The Keep, Royal Naval Dockyard, Ireland Island, Sandys Parish, Bermuda. Production by Paul Shapiro, Brimstone Media Ltd. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0921992238" title="Special:BookSources/0921992238">0921992238</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-partvi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-partvi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-partvi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2216">"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part VI"</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, June 1925, pp. 2216–2218, 2274, 2276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marriage Certificate Number: 10666. Ancestry.com. New York, Extracted Marriage Index, 1866–1937 [database on-line]. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Original data: Index to New York City Marriages, 1866–1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baptised on 8 July 1894. The baptism was registered at Saint Mark's Church, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Bermuda" title="Anglican Church of Bermuda">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">Parish church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith's Parish, Bermuda">Smith's Parish</a>, Bermuda, with the family's home parish noted as "Allegheney" and the father's occupation as "Professor of Engineering". p. 290 (Smith's Parish Baptisms), "19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda". Indexed by A.C. Hollis Hallett. Second Edition. A joint publication of Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. © 2005 Board of Trustees, Bermuda Maritime Museum Association. The Keep, Royal Naval Dockyard, Ireland Island, Sandys Parish, Bermuda. Production by Paul Shapiro, Brimstone Media Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0921992238" title="Special:BookSources/0921992238">0921992238</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA156">"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part VIII"</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, August 1925, pp. 156–158, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA276">"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part IX"</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, September 1925, pp. 276–277, 380–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA590">"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part XI"</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, November 1925, pp. 590–591, 712–718.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Western University was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> in 1908.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Continuous Wave</i> by Hugh G. J. Aitken, 1985, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karwatka,_D._2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karwatka,_D._2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karwatka, D. (2004). "Reginald Fessenden and Radio Transmission". <i>Tech Directions</i>, March 2004, 63(8), 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t4pk08c44&view=1up&seq=142">"Electrolytic Detectors"</a>, <i>Wireless Telegraph Construction For Amateurs</i> by Alfred Powell Morgan, 1914, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken (1985) pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This incident recalled <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ormand_Jonathan_Smith" title="Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith">F. O. J. Smith</a>, a member of the House of Representatives from Maine, who had used his influence to gain a one-quarter interest in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>'s telegraph.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090837729&view=1up&seq=600">National Electric Signalling Company</a> (advertisement), <i>The Electrician</i>, April 22, 1904, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken (1985), p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112008072784&view=1up&seq=781">"Some Interesting Radio History"</a>, <i>Radio World</i>, September 8, 1923, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Helen (1940) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=138">pp. 124–126</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000919131k&view=1up&seq=217">"Fall of a Wireless Telegraphy Tower in a Gale"</a> by W. A. S. Douglas, <i>Symons's Meteorological Magazine</i>, December 1906, pp. 201–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Trans-Atlantic Wireless Telegraphy", <i>Engineering</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA89">Part I</a>: January 18, 1907, p. 89; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA108">Part II</a>: January 25, 1907, pp. 108–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000062999960&view=1up&seq=78">"The Wireless Telegraph Situation"</a> (correspondence from Reginald Fessenden), <i>Scientific American</i>, January 19, 1907, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken (1985) p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101048865586&view=1up&seq=280">"Sine Form Curves of Alternating E. M. F."</a> (letter from Reginald Fessenden), <i>The Electrical World</i>, September 15, 1894, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Helen (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=74">pp. 60–61, 76</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US706737">US 706737</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=706737&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> patent: "Wireless Telegraphy", submitted May 29, 1901, and issued August 12, 1902, to Reginald Fessenden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89059298398&view=1up&seq=557"><i>The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy</i></a> by J. A. Fleming, 1906 edition, p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015057240221&view=1up&seq=149">"Figure 9"</a>, "Experiments and Results in Wireless Telephony" (part II) by John Grant, <i>The American Telephone Journal</i>, February 2, 1907, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-experiments-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-experiments_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-experiments_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-experiments_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Experiments and Results in Wireless Telephony" by John Grant, <i>The American Telephone Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015057240221&view=1up&seq=111">Part I</a>: January 26, 1907, pp. 49–51; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015057240221&view=1up&seq=147">Part II</a>: February 2, 1907, pp. 68–70, 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/12/23/the-canadian-father-of-radio-broadcasting.html">The Canadian Father of Radio Broadcasting – Toronto Star</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken (1985), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken (1985), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FESS-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FESS_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFessenden,_Reginald_A." class="citation web cs1">Fessenden, Reginald A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/radio/radio_wireless.html">"Inventing the Wireless Telephone and the Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Wireless+Telephone+and+the+Future&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.au=Fessenden%2C+Reginald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fewh.ieee.org%2Freg%2F7%2Fmillennium%2Fradio%2Fradio_wireless.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068171985&view=1up&seq=585">"Wireless Telephony"</a> by Reginald A. Fessenden, <i>Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers</i>, Vol. XXVII (1908), Part 1, pp. 553–629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken (1985), p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Brant Rock rotary-spark transmitter was rated at 100,000 watts (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112008072784&view=1up&seq=787">"Some Interesting Radio History"</a>, <i>Radio World</i>, September 8, 1923, p. 21), while the alternator transmitter had an estimated output of 12 watts (Aitken (1985) p. 74).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000062999960&view=1up&seq=76">"Recent Progress in Wireless Telephony"</a> by Reginald A. Fessenden, <i>Scientific American</i>, January 19, 1907, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b33006&view=1up&seq=229">"Wireless Telephone Tests at Brant Rock and Plymouth, Mass."</a> by Greenleaf W. Pickard, included as an appendix in <i>Wireless Telephony in Theory and Practice</i> by Ernst Ruhmer (translated from the German by James Erskine-Murray), 1908, pp. 205–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=transatlantic;id=pst.000063000184&view=1up&seq=187">" The First Transatlantic Telephonic Transmission"</a> (correspondence from Reginald Fessenden), <i>Scientific American</i>, September 7, 1918, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Father of Radio</i> by Lee de Forest, 1950, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020686641&view=1up&seq=60"><i>I Looked and I Listened</i></a> by Ben Gross, 1954, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioindustrysto00harvrich/page/190/mode/1up">"The Early History of Radio in the United States"</a> by H. P. Davis, in <i>The Radio Industry: The Story of its Development</i>, 1928, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquewireless.org/wp-content/uploads/Vol.-19-.pdf#page=128">"Fessenden's Christmas Eve Broadcast: Reconsidering An Historic Event"</a>, by Donna L. Halper and Christopher H. Sterling, <i>The AWA Review</i>, August 2006, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio" by S. M. Kintner, <i>Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers</i>, December 1932, pp. 1849–1862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Helen (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=167">pp. 153–154</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052530/http://www.radioworld.com/headlines/0045/fessenden-worlds-first-broadcaster/311783">"Fessenden: World's First Broadcaster?"</a>. 25 October 2006. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fessenden%3A+World%27s+First+Broadcaster%3F&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioworld.com%2Fheadlines%2F0045%2Ffessenden-worlds-first-broadcaster%2F311783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> by James E. O'Neal, <i>Radio World</i>, October 25, 2006. (radioworld.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703180123/http://www.radioworld.com/article/fessenden-%E2%80%94-the-next-chapter/273">"Fessenden – The Next Chapter"</a>. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fessenden+%E2%80%93+The+Next+Chapter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioworld.com%2Farticle%2Ffessenden-%25E2%2580%2594-the-next-chapter%2F273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> by James E. O'Neal, <i>Radio World</i>, December 23, 2008. (radioworld.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halper and Sterling (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquewireless.org/wp-content/uploads/Vol.-19-.pdf#page=136">page 129.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiocom.net/Fessenden/BelroseXmas.htm">"Fessenden's Christmas Eve Broadcast – Revisited"</a> by John S. (Jack) Belrose, 2007(?). (radiocom.net) Includes the full text of Fessenden's January 29, 1932, letter to Kintner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:First_Wireless_Radio_Broadcast_by_Reginald_A._Fessenden,_1906">"Milestones: First Wireless Radio Broadcast by Reginald A. Fessenden, 1906"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+First+Wireless+Radio+Broadcast+by+Reginald+A.+Fessenden%2C+1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3AFirst_Wireless_Radio_Broadcast_by_Reginald_A._Fessenden%2C_1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lee de Forest: King of Radio, Television, and Film</i> by Mike Adams, 2012, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/0004/dec-21-1906-a-very-significant-date-in-radio/338869">"Dec. 21, 1906: A Very Significant Date in Radio"</a>. 22 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053127/http://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/0004/dec-21-1906-a-very-significant-date-in-radio/338869">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dec.+21%2C+1906%3A+A+Very+Significant+Date+in+Radio&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioworld.com%2Fcolumns-and-views%2F0004%2Fdec-21-1906-a-very-significant-date-in-radio%2F338869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span> by James E. O'Neal, December 22, 2016. (radioworld.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Reginald (1908), "Wireless Telephony", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068171985&view=1up&seq=638">pp. 606–608</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Helen (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=343">pp. 327–334</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433094078015&view=1up&seq=133">"Continuous Wave Radio Communication"</a> by D. G. Little, <i>The Electric Journal</i>, April 1921, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blake_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1914" class="citation web cs1">Blake, R.F. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/docs/sub-signalling.html">"1914: Submarine Signaling; Submarine Signaling: The Protection of Shipping by a Wall of Sound and other Uses of the Submarine Telegraph Oscillator"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Transcription<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1914%3A+Submarine+Signaling%3B+Submarine+Signaling%3A+The+Protection+of+Shipping+by+a+Wall+of+Sound+and+other+Uses+of+the+Submarine+Telegraph+Oscillator&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+Transcription&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fdocs%2Fsub-signalling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2001" class="citation web cs1">Frost, Gary L. (July 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236802325">"Inventing Schemes and Strategies: The Making and Selling of the Fessenden Oscillator"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventing+Schemes+and+Strategies%3A+The+Making+and+Selling+of+the+Fessenden+Oscillator&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236802325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay1917" class="citation journal cs1">Fay, H. J. H. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA101">"Submarine Signaling-Fessenden Oscillator"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers</i>. <b>24</b>. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Naval Engineers: 101–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-3584.1917.tb01183.x">10.1111/j.1559-3584.1917.tb01183.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Naval+Engineers&rft.atitle=Submarine+Signaling-Fessenden+Oscillator&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=101-113&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-3584.1917.tb01183.x&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FBCAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jörg Schimmler (2013): <i>Alexander Behm – Erfinder des Echolots</i>. BoD (Books on Demand), Norderstedt. P. 31: <i>Am 24. September 1912 reichte Behm sein Echolotkonzept auf der Grundlage der Intensitätsmessung mit seinem Sonometer in Österreich zum Patent ein. Das Echolot – zumindest von der Idee her – war geboren. Das Patent wurde nicht erteilt, da in Österreich eine Idee allein nicht patentfähig war. Patentierbar wäre nur die technische Ausführung gewesen.</i> (rough translation: <i>On September 24, 1912, Behm filed Sonar concept based on the intensity measurement with his sonometer in Austria for a patent. The echo sounder - at least in terms of the idea - was born. The patent was not granted because an idea alone was not patentable in Austria. Only the technical design would have been patentable.</i>) In 1913, Behr successfully filed for a patent in Germany: He got <i>Reichspatent DRP 282009</i> on 22 July 1913 (Schimmler, p. 47)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz1999" class="citation book cs1">Seitz, Frederick (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiocom.net/Seitz/"><i>The cosmic inventor: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1866–1932)</i></a>. Vol. 89. <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. pp. 41–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087169896X" title="Special:BookSources/087169896X"><bdi>087169896X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cosmic+inventor%3A+Reginald+Aubrey+Fessenden+%281866%E2%80%931932%29&rft.pages=41-46&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=087169896X&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiocom.net%2FSeitz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onehundred-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onehundred_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onehundred_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Radio's 100 Men of Science</i> by Orrin E. Dunlap, 1944, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Helen (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=259">p. 245</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA119">"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden: Part VII"</a>, <i>Radio News</i>, July 1925, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken (1985), p. 29 (footnote #2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate-awards.ieee.org/recipients/ieee-medal-of-honor-recipients/">"IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients"</a>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Medal+of+Honor+Recipients&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate-awards.ieee.org%2Frecipients%2Fieee-medal-of-honor-recipients%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_1922_johnscottmedal-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science_1922_johnscottmedal_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.55.1422.344.a">"John Scott Medal Fund"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>55</b> (1422). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 344. March 31, 1922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.55.1422.344-a">10.1126/science.55.1422.344-a</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=John+Scott+Medal+Fund&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1422&rft.pages=344&rft.date=1922-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.55.1422.344-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.55.1422.344.a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Helen (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=316">pp. 302, 325–327</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/flatts-the-small-town-with-a-big-history/">"Flatts: The Small Town with a Big History: Wistowe & the Tidal Race"</a>, by Elizabeth Jones. <i>The Bermudian magazine</i>. The City of Hamilton, Bermuda. 5 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Helen (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=332">pp. 316–317</a>. The editorial being quoted, "Fessenden Against the World", appeared on p. 14 of the July 29, 1932 <i>New York Herald-Tribune</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden_Award_%28formerly_Medal_Award%29">Reginald Fessenden Award (formerly Medal Award)</a> (SEG.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/Academics/Undergraduates/UGO/Undergraduate_Resources/Scholarships/ECE_Scholarships">ECE Scholarships</a> (engineering.purdue.edu)</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>General information</b> </p> <ul><li>Hugh G. J. Aitken, <i>The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932</i>. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 1985.</li> <li>Ira Brodsky, "The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses" (Telescope Books, 2008)</li> <li>Susan J. Douglas, <i>Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 1987.</li> <li>Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., <i>Radio's 100 Men of Science</i>, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden entry, p. 137–141. Harper & Brothers Publishers. New York. 1944.</li> <li>Helen M. Fessenden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711&view=1up&seq=9"><i>Fessenden: Builder of Tomorrows</i></a>. Coward-McCann, Inc. New York. 1940.</li> <li>Reginald A. Fessenden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p16062coll28/id/3114">"The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden"</a> <i>Radio News,</i> 11 part series beginning with the January 1925 issue.</li> <li>Reginald A. Fessenden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068171985&view=1up&seq=585">"Wireless Telephony,"</a> <i>Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,</i> XXXVII (1908): 553–629.</li> <li>Gary L. Frost, "Inventing Schemes and Strategies: The Making and Selling of the Fessenden Oscillator," <i>Technology and Culture</i> 42, no. 3 (July 2001): 462–488.</li> <li>S. M. Kintner, "Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio," <i>Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers,</i> (December 1932): 1849–1862.</li> <li>David W. Kraeuter, "The U. S. Patents of Reginald A. Fessenden". <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Antique_Radio_Society" title="Pittsburgh Antique Radio Society">Pittsburgh Antique Radio Society</a>, Inc., Washington Pennsylvania. 1990. OCLC record 20785626.</li> <li>William M. McBride, "Strategic Determinism in Technology Selection: The Electric Battleship and U.S. Naval-Industrial Relations," <i>Technology and Culture</i> 33, no. 2 (April 1992): 248–277.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Fessenden patents">Reginald Fessenden patents</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reginald_Fessenden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127204625/http://www.fessenden.ca/">Reginald Aubrey Fessenden: Over a Century of Radio</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2023-01-27)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelrose1995" class="citation book cs1">Belrose, John S. (September 5–7, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/491789">"Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century"</a>. <i>International Conference on 100 Years of Radio</i>. Vol. 1995. pp. 32–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fcp%3A19950787">10.1049/cp:19950787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852966490" title="Special:BookSources/0852966490"><bdi>0852966490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fessenden+and+Marconi%3A+Their+Differing+Technologies+and+Transatlantic+Experiments+During+the+First+Decade+of+this+Century&rft.btitle=International+Conference+on+100+Years+of+Radio&rft.pages=32-43&rft.date=1995-09-05%2F1995-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fcp%3A19950787&rft.isbn=0852966490&rft.aulast=Belrose&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F491789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201040453/https://broadcasting-history.ca/start-radio-broadcasting">Canadian Communications Foundation's "The Start of Radio Broadcasting"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2021-12-01)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelrose2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Belrose, John (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fessendenmilestone.quartomese.com/Documents/FessendenWireless.pdf">"Reginald Aubrey Fessenden and the Birth of Wireless Telephony"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine</i>. Vol. 44, no. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226061346/http://fessendenmilestone.quartomese.com/Documents/FessendenWireless.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Magazine&rft.atitle=Reginald+Aubrey+Fessenden+and+the+Birth+of+Wireless+Telephony&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Belrose&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffessendenmilestone.quartomese.com%2FDocuments%2FFessendenWireless.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz1999" class="citation web cs1">Seitz, Frederick (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiocom.net/Seitz/">"The Cosmic Inventor"</a>. <i>Transactions of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Cosmic+Inventor&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiocom.net%2FSeitz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Brian (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Fessenden.html">"The Story of Reginald Aubrey Fessenden"</a>. On the shortwaves.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Reginald+Aubrey+Fessenden&rft.pub=On+the+shortwaves.com&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontheshortwaves.com%2FFessenden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0055">"George H. Clark Radioana Collection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. 1880–1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=George+H.+Clark+Radioana+Collection&rft.date=1880%2F1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsova.si.edu%2Fdetails%2FNMAH.AC.0055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsm.org/people/fessenden/">"The National Electric Signaling Co"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Wireless_and_Steam_Museum" title="New England Wireless and Steam Museum">New England Wireless and Steam Museum</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+Wireless+and+Steam+Museum&rft.atitle=The+National+Electric+Signaling+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsm.org%2Fpeople%2Ffessenden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReginald+Fessenden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231071626/https://www.npr.org/2006/12/22/6665738/christmas-eve-and-the-birth-of-talk-radio">"Christmas Eve and the Birth of 'Talk' Radio" – NPR</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2022-12-31)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey"><a class="external text" 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Armstrong</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1920)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reginald Fessenden</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" 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compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a 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communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334347#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334347#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334347#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081475753">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3875149068619365730008">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/279983/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121960889">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91001523">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17748020q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17748020q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk2010537608&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p190753811">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/89254">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007281022605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=133282">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:fessenden.r-a">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121960889.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121960889">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/103479899">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570608">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pv79fv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&oldid=1258609509">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&oldid=1258609509</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1866_births" title="Category:1866 births">1866 births</a></li><li><a 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