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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Natural history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Natural history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 After formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_life_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_life_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Origin of life and evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_life_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_and_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Size and shape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Surface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonic_plates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonic_plates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tectonic plates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonic_plates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Internal structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Chemical composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Internal heat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Gravitational field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Magnetic field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_and_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Orbit and rotation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orbit and rotation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Rotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Orbit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axial_tilt_and_seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_tilt_and_seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Axial tilt and seasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_tilt_and_seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth–Moon_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth–Moon_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Earth–Moon system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Earth–Moon_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Earth–Moon system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Earth–Moon_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Moon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asteroids_and_artificial_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroids_and_artificial_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Asteroids and artificial satellites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroids_and_artificial_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Hydrosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Atmosphere </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Atmosphere subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weather_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Weather and climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Upper atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_on_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_on_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Life on Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_on_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Human geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources_and_land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources_and_land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Natural resources and land use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources_and_land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humans_and_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans_and_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Humans and the environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humans_and_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_historical_viewpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_historical_viewpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cultural and historical viewpoint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_historical_viewpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Earth</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 305 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-305" aria-hidden="true" > 305 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumoe" title="Bumoe – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bumoe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D3%80%D1%8B" title="ЩӀы – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩӀы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83" title="ЧӀыгу – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="ЧӀыгу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aarde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5" title="መሬት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሬት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenn%C3%A2mp%C3%A1llu" title="Eennâmpállu – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eennâmpállu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="धरती – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धरती" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%B0e" title="Eorðe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eorðe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Адгьыл – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адгьыл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="الأرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90" title="ܐܪܥܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܪܥܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Երկիր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկիր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locu" title="Locu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Locu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%80" title="পৃথিৱী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৃথিৱী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aski" title="Aski – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Aski" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvy_(yv%C3%B3ra)" title="Yvy (yvóra) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvy (yvóra)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Ракь (планета) – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ракь (планета)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_pacha" title="Aka pacha – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aka pacha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer" title="Yer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="یئر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumi" title="Gumi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugukolo" title="Dugukolo – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dugukolo" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="পৃথিবী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৃথিবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ki%C3%BB" title="Tē-kiû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-kiû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80" title="Ер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Зямля – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зямля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Зямля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зямля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinaban" title="Kinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadn" title="Eadn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eadn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སའི་གོ་ལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སའི་གོ་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_(planeta)" title="Zemlja (planeta) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemlja (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar_(planedenn)" title="Douar (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Дэлхэй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дэлхэй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80" title="Çĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibotan_(planeta)" title="Kalibotan (planeta) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalibotan (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9B" title="Země – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Země" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziko_Lapansi" title="Dziko Lapansi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Dziko Lapansi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinopasi" title="Rinopasi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rinopasi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charu_cha_pasi" title="Charu cha pasi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Charu cha pasi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(pianeta)" title="Terra (pianeta) – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Terra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Ddaear" title="Y Ddaear – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Ddaear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bgbani" title="Tiŋgbani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tiŋgbani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="لأرض – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لأرض" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eana" title="Eana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd" title="Erd – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Erd" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahasdz%C3%A1%C3%A1n" title="Nahasdzáán – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Nahasdzáán" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemja" title="Zemja – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zemja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84" title="འཛམ་གླིང – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="འཛམ་གླིང" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa" title="Maa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7" title="Γη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ra" title="Tèra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tèra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Мода (пертпельксэнь вал) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мода (пертпельксэнь вал)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero" title="Tero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8r%C3%B0in" title="Jørðin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jørðin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre" title="Terre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierde" title="Ierde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere" title="Tiere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhan" title="Domhan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Domhan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Dowan" title="Yn Dowan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Dowan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Talamh_(planaid)" title="An Talamh (planaid) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Talamh (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Лаьтта (дуне) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лаьтта (дуне)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%A9" title="Thĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="زيمي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زيمي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80" title="પૃથ્વી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પૃથ્વી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="धर्तरी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="धर्तरी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigba" title="Aigba – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Aigba" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-khi%C3%B9" title="Thi-khiù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-khiù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Делкә һариг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Делкә һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="지구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya" title="Duniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honua" title="Honua – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Honua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Երկիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemja" title="Zemja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zemja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero" title="Tero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80l%C3%A0" title="Àlà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Àlà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daga_(planeta)" title="Daga (planeta) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Daga (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%93%87" title="ᓄᓇ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunaqpak" title="Nunaqpak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunaqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85" title="Зæхх – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зæхх" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMhlaba" title="UMhlaba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMhlaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0in" title="Jörðin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jörðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="כדור הארץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כדור הארץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%CA%8B" title="Tɛtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunarsuaq" title="Nunarsuaq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nunarsuaq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೂಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatu" title="Yatu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Yatu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джер – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джер" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90" title="დედამიწა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედამიწა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%95_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بُتہٕ راتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بُتہٕ راتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemia" title="Zemia – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zemia" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor" title="Dor – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi" title="Isi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi" title="Isi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Isi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83" title="Му – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Му" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoto" title="Ntoto – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ntoto" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawava" title="Tawava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tawava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8" title="Latè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Latè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8" title="Latè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Latè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinya_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Dinya (gerstêrk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dinya (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Мӱлӓндӹ (планета) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӱлӓндӹ (планета)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Дуниял – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дуниял" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81" title="ໂລກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂລກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme" title="Zeme – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zeme" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellus_(planeta)" title="Tellus (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tellus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme" title="Zeme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erd" title="Äerd – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerd" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Чил (планета) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чил (планета)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Žemė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6ra" title="Tæra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerd" title="Eerd – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eerd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel%C3%A9" title="Mabelé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mabelé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mua" title="Mua – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mua" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/terdi" title="terdi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="terdi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensi" title="Ensi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ensi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ld" title="Föld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Föld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhum%C3%A8" title="Bhumè – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhumè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Земја (планета) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земја (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tany" title="Tany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ഭൂമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id-Dinja" title="Id-Dinja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Id-Dinja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papat%C5%AB%C4%81nuku" title="Papatūānuku – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Papatūānuku" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90" title="დიხაუჩა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიხაუჩა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="الارض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الارض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD" title="ဂၠးတိ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂၠးတိ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87" title="بنه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-gi%C3%B9" title="Dê-giù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-giù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Мода (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мода (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дэлхий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalticpactli" title="Tlalticpactli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalticpactli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuravura_(veivuravura)" title="Vuravura (veivuravura) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vuravura (veivuravura)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aarde (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerde" title="Eerde – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eerde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="प्रिथिबी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रिथिबी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%B1" title="ߘߎ߱ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߘߎ߱" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дуьне – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьне" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard" title="Jard – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jard" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erth" title="Erth – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Erth" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorda" title="Jorda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jorda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rre" title="Tèrre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tere" title="Tere – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tere" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Мланде (планет) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мланде (планет)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80" title="ପୃଥିବୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୃଥିବୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafa" title="Lafa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer" title="Yer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਧਰਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F" title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_(planeta)" title="Tera (planeta) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="ځمکه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oert" title="Oert – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Oert" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мушар – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мушар" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ផែនដី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផែនដី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A8re" title="Tière – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ra_(pianeta)" title="Tèra (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tèra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraun" title="Giraun – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Giraun" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eer" title="Eer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7" title="Γη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer" title="Jer – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jer" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya" title="Dünya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dünya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4d_(Planeet)" title="Ääd (Planeet) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Ääd (Planeet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pământ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuv" title="Phuv – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phuv" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiqsimuyu" title="Tiqsimuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiqsimuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Земля (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Земля (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Земля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сир – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalolagi" title="Lalolagi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lalolagi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAse_(p%C3%A4l%C3%A4n%C3%AAte)" title="Sêse (pälänête) – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêse (pälänête)" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yird" title="Yird – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ide" title="Äide – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Äide" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefatshe" title="Lefatshe – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Lefatshe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefase" title="Lefase – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Lefase" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toka" title="Toka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(pianeta)" title="Terra (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Terra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="මහ පොළොව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහ පොළොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="ڌرتي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڌرتي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem" title="Zem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%80%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%A3" title="Ꙁємл҄ѣ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙁємл҄ѣ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9ymja" title="Źymja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Źymja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhul" title="Dhul – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زەوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grontapu" title="Grontapu – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Grontapu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Земља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcapada" title="Marcapada – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Marcapada" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa" title="Maa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigdig" title="Daigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Daigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="புவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_(Amtiwg)" title="Akal (Amtiwg) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akal (Amtiwg)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagnit_(Amtiweg)" title="Tagnit (Amtiweg) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagnit (Amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre" title="Terre – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Terre" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Җир – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җир" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="ၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/hiyal" title="hiyal – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="hiyal" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="భూమి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూమి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai" title="Rai – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Rai" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C)" title="โลก (ดาวเคราะห์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลก (ดาวเคราะห์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piny_nhom" title="Piny nhom – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piny nhom" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Замин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Замин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81mani_(palanite)" title="Māmani (palanite) – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Māmani (palanite)" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎡᎶᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᎶᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೂಮಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya" title="Dünya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Der" title="Ýer – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanta" title="Swanta – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Swanta" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Музъем – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Музъем" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨒᨗᨊᨚ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨒᨗᨊᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Земля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Земля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="يەر شارى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەر شارى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuznamh" title="Giuznamh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Giuznamh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma" title="Ma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trái Đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trái Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal" title="Tal – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tal" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_(hod%27ot%C3%A4ht)" title="Maa (hod'otäht) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maa (hod'otäht)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegne" title="Daegne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Daegne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mma" title="Mma – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mma" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF" title="坤輿 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="坤輿" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirde_(planete)" title="Eirde (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirde (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibotan" title="Kalibotan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalibotan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuf" title="Suuf – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Suuf" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misava" title="Misava – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Misava" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93-%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="ערד-פלאנעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערד-פלאנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C3%A9" title="Ayé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ayé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1nya" title="Dınya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dınya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerde" title="Aerde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Aerde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Žemė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žemė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liny%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84" title="Linyọn̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Linyọn̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Andonɛɛ – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Andonɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomogunan" title="Pomogunan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pomogunan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%9Bk%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Wɛkɛ́ – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Wɛkɛ́" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99min" title="Zəmin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zəmin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D_(%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B3)" title="ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ) – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Earth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Earth (disambiguation)">Earth (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planet_Earth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Planet Earth (disambiguation)">Planet Earth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Earth</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Earth taken by the Apollo 17 mission. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disc, whereas Antarctica is at the bottom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/290px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/435px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/580px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>, December 1972</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightSteelBlue">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">Alternative names</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">The world, the <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globe</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sol_III" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sol III">Sol III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra, Tellus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>, Mother Earth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Earthly, terrestrial, terran, tellurian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">🜨 and ♁</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightSteelBlue"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000</a><a href="#cite_note-epoch-1">[n 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">152097597 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">147098450 km<a href="#cite_note-apsis-2">[n 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">149598023 km<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-3">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0167086<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-3">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">365.256363004 d<a href="#cite_note-IERS-4">[2]</a> (1.00001742096 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">a</a><a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">j</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">29.7827 km/s<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">358.617°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>7.155° – <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s equator;</li><li>1.57869° – <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Allen294-6">[4]</a></li><li>0.00005° – J2000 <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−11.26064° – J2000 ecliptic<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Time of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2023-Jan-04<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">114.20783°<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightSteelBlue">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6371.0 km<a href="#cite_note-hbcp2000-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6378.137 km<a href="#cite_note-usno-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-WGS-84-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6356.752 km<a href="#cite_note-cazenave_ahrens1995-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1/298.257222101 (<a href="/wiki/ETRS89" class="mw-redirect" title="ETRS89">ETRS89</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IERS2004-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Circumference</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40075.017 km <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a><a href="#cite_note-WGS-84-10">[8]</a></li><li>40007.86 km <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridional</a><a href="#cite_note-WGS-84-2-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-circ-14">[n 3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>510072000 km2<a href="#cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-surfacecover-16">[n 4]</a></li><li>Land: 148940000 km2</li><li>Water: 361132000 km2</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.08321×1012 km3<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.972168×1024 kg<a href="#cite_note-earthmass-17">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.513 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.80665 m/s2<a href="#cite_note-NIST2008-18">[14]</a> (exactly 1 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.3307<a href="#cite_note-Williams1994-19">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11.186 km/s<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">1.0 d (24h 00 m 00s)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">0.99726968 d<a href="#cite_note-Allen296-20">[16]</a> (23h 56 m 4.100s)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.4651 km/s<a href="#cite_note-Cox2000-21">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">23.4392811°<a href="#cite_note-IERS-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li>0.367 <a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric</a><a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></li><li>0.306 <a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a><a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">255 K (−18 °C) (<a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">blackbody temperature</a>)<a href="#cite_note-American_Chemical_Society_2013-22">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"> <a href="#cite_note-26">[n 5]</a></th> <td style="text-align:center">−89.2 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">14.76 °C</td> <td style="text-align:center">56.7 °C</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_dose" title="Equivalent dose">equivalent dose</a> <a href="/wiki/Dose_rate" title="Dose rate">rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.274 μSv/h<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−3.99</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightSteelBlue">Atmosphere</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">101.325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (at sea level)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>78.08% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (dry air)</li><li>20.95% <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (dry air)</li><li>≤1% <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> (variable)</li><li>0.9340% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a></li><li>0.0415% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a></li><li>0.00182% <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></li><li>0.00052% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li><li>0.00017% <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a></li><li>0.00011% <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a></li><li>0.00006% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li></ul></div> Source:<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Earth is the third <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the only <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> known to <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">harbor life</a>. This is enabled by Earth being an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean world</a>, the only one in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> sustaining liquid <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">70.8%</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmasses</a> within Earth's <a href="/wiki/Land_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Land hemisphere">land hemisphere</a>. Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat <a href="/wiki/Humid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid">humid</a> and covered by <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, while large <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">sheets of ice</a> at <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_polar_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's polar regions">Earth's polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">deserts</a> retain more water than Earth's <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, lakes, rivers and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor#In_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Water vapor">atmospheric water</a> combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>, which interact to produce mountain ranges, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, and earthquakes. <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Earth has a liquid outer core</a> that generates a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> capable of deflecting most of the destructive <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar winds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a>. Earth has <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">a dynamic atmosphere</a>, which sustains Earth's surface conditions and protects it from most <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">UV-light at entry</a>. It has a composition of primarily <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Water vapor</a> is widely present in the atmosphere, <a href="/wiki/Cloud#Formation" title="Cloud">forming clouds</a> that cover most of the planet. The water vapor acts as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> and, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2), creates the conditions for both liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">energy from the Sun's light</a>. This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial region">equatorial region</a> receiving more sunlight than the polar regions) drive <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>, producing a global <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> with different <a href="/wiki/Climate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate region">climate regions</a>, and a range of weather phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, allowing components such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">cycle</a>. Earth is <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">rounded</a> into <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">an ellipsoid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">a circumference</a> of about 40,000 km. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">densest planet in the Solar System</a>. Of the four <a href="/wiki/Rocky_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky planets">rocky planets</a>, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight <a href="/wiki/Light-minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-minute">light-minutes</a> away from the Sun and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">orbits it</a>, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution. <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth rotates</a> around its own axis in slightly less than a day (in about 23 hours and 56 minutes). <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Axial_tilt_and_seasons">Earth's axis of rotation</a> is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>. Earth is <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbited</a> by one <a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">permanent</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a> Earth at 384,400 km (1.28 light seconds) and is roughly a quarter as wide as Earth. The Moon's gravity helps stabilize Earth's axis, causes <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">gradually slows Earth's rotation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a> has made the Moon always face Earth with the same side. Earth, like most other bodies in the Solar System, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">formed 4.5 billion years ago</a> from gas and dust in the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">early Solar System</a>. During the first billion years of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's history">Earth's history</a>, the ocean formed and then <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">life developed</a> within it. Life spread globally and has been altering Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a> two billion years ago. <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> emerged <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">300,000 years ago</a> in Africa and have spread across every continent on Earth. Humans depend on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and natural resources for their survival, but have <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">increasingly impacted the planet's environment</a>. Humanity's current impact on Earth's climate and biosphere is <a href="/wiki/Unsustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsustainable">unsustainable</a>, threatening the livelihood of humans and many other forms of life, and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">causing widespread extinctions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> word Earth developed, via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, from an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> noun most often spelled <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eor%C3%B0e" class="extiw" title="wikt:eorðe">eorðe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oedearth-29">[24]</a> It has cognates in every <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">ancestral root</a> has been reconstructed as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Germanic/er%C3%BE%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/erþō">*erþō</a>. In its earliest attestation, the word eorðe was used to translate the many senses of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terra" class="extiw" title="wikt:terra">terra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> γῆ gē: the ground, its <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, dry land, the human world, the surface of the world (including the sea), and the globe itself. As with Roman <a href="/wiki/Terra_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra (goddess)">Terra</a>/Tellūs and Greek <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>, Earth may have been a <a href="/wiki/Earth_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth goddess">personified goddess</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>: late <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> included <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a> ("Earth"), a giantess often given as the mother of <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> Historically, "Earth" has been written in lowercase. Beginning with the use of <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle English">Early Middle English</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite sense</a> as "the globe" was expressed as "the earth". By the era of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalization_in_English#History_of_English_capitalization" title="Capitalization in English">capitalization of nouns began to prevail</a>, and the earth was also written the Earth, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as Earth, by analogy with the names of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">other planets</a>, though "earth" and forms with "the earth" remain common.<a href="#cite_note-oedearth-29">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">House styles</a> now vary: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_spelling" title="Oxford spelling">Oxford spelling</a> recognizes the lowercase form as the more common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes "Earth" when appearing as a name, such as a description of the "Earth's atmosphere", but employs the lowercase when it is preceded by "the", such as "the atmosphere of the earth". It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as "what on earth are you doing?"<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> The name Terra <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɛrə/</a> occasionally is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish humanity's inhabited planet from others,<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> while in poetry Tellus <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɛləs/</a> has been used to denote personification of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> Terra is also the name of the planet in some <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, languages that evolved from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, like Italian and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, while in other Romance languages the word gave rise to names with slightly altered spellings, like the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> Tierra and the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> Terre. The Latinate form Gæa or Gaea (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒiː.ə/</a>) of the Greek poetic name <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a> (Γαῖα; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ɡâi̯.a]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ɡâj.ja]</a>) is rare, though the alternative spelling Gaia has become common due to the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>, in which case its pronunciation is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡaɪ.ə/</a> rather than the more classical English <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡeɪ.ə/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. The word "earthly" is derived from "Earth". From the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Terra comes terran <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɛrən/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/təˈrɛstriəl/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> and (via French) terrene <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/təˈriːn/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> and from the Latin Tellus comes tellurian <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɛˈlʊəriən/</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> and telluric.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history" title="Timeline of natural history">Timeline of natural history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">Early Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/290px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/435px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/580px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A 2012 artistic impression of the early <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> from which Earth and other Solar System bodies were formed</figcaption></figure> The oldest material found in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> is dated to 4.5682+0.0002 −0.0004 <a href="/wiki/Gigaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigaannum">Ga</a> (billion years) ago.<a href="#cite_note-bouvier_wadhwa2010-40">[35]</a> By 4.54±0.04 Ga the primordial Earth had formed.<a href="#cite_note-age_earth1-41">[36]</a> The bodies in <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">the Solar System formed and evolved</a> with the Sun. In theory, a <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a> partitions a volume out of a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular cloud</a> by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disk">circumstellar disk</a>, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclides</a>). According to <a href="/wiki/Nebular_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebular theory">nebular theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a>, with the primordial Earth being estimated as likely taking anywhere from 70 to 100 million years to form.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> Estimates of the age of the Moon range from 4.5 Ga to significantly younger.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">leading hypothesis</a> is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>-sized object with about 10% of Earth's mass, named <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a>, collided with Earth.<a href="#cite_note-reilly20091022-44">[39]</a> It hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth.<a href="#cite_note-canup_asphaug2001b-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Ga, numerous <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">asteroid impacts</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_formation">After formation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a> and oceans were formed by <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> Water vapor from these sources <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">condensed</a> into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids, <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-watersource-49">[44]</a> Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth since it formed.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> In this model, atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun <a href="/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox" title="Faint young Sun paradox">had only 70%</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity">current luminosity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asp2002-51">[46]</a> By 3.5 Ga, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-physorg20100304-52">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg/330px-NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg/495px-NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg/660px-NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Pale orange dot, an artist's impression of <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">Early Earth</a>, featuring its tinted orange <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">early atmosphere</a><a href="#cite_note-Trainer_Pavlov_DeWitt_Jimenez_pp._18035–18042-53">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> As the molten outer layer of Earth cooled it <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">formed</a> the first solid <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a>, which is thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> in composition. The first <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>, which was more <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> in composition, formed by the partial melting of this mafic crust.<a href="#cite_note-comp-54">[49]</a> The presence of grains of the <a href="/wiki/Hadean_zircon" title="Hadean zircon">mineral zircon of Hadean age</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> suggests that at least some felsic crust existed as early as 4.4 Ga, only 140 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> after Earth's formation.<a href="#cite_note-science310_5756_1947-55">[50]</a> There are two main models of how this initial small volume of continental crust evolved to reach its current abundance:<a href="#cite_note-williams_santosh2004-56">[51]</a> (1) a relatively steady growth up to the present day,<a href="#cite_note-science164_1229-57">[52]</a> which is supported by the radiometric dating of continental crust globally and (2) an initial rapid growth in the volume of continental crust during the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a>, forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists,<a href="#cite_note-ajes38_613-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-tp322_19-59">[54]</a> which is supported by isotopic evidence from <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> in sedimentary rocks. The two models and the data that support them can be reconciled by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Crustal_recycling" title="Crustal recycling">recycling of the continental crust</a>, particularly during the early stages of Earth's history.<a href="#cite_note-Dhuime_etal_2018-60">[55]</a> New continental crust forms as a result of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">the period</a> of hundreds of millions of years, tectonic forces have caused areas of continental crust to group together to form <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> that have subsequently broken apart. At approximately 750 Ma, one of the earliest known supercontinents, <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a>, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a> at 600–540 Ma, then finally <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, which also began to break apart at 180 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-bradley_2011-61">[56]</a> The most recent pattern of <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> began about 40 Ma,<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> and then intensified during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> about 3 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High latitude">High-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle latitude">middle-latitude</a> regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-psc-64">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, colloquially called the "last ice age", covered large parts of the continents, to the middle latitudes, in ice and ended about 11,700 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_life_and_evolution">Origin of life and evolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reactions</a> led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last common ancestor of all current life</a> arose.<a href="#cite_note-sa282_6_90-66">[61]</a> The evolution of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant <a href="/wiki/Molecular_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular oxygen">molecular oxygen</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>O2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O3) in the upper atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131003-67">[62]</a> The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiotic theory">development of complex cells</a> called <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jas22_3_225-68">[63]</a> True multicellular organisms formed as cells within <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a> became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-burton20021129-69">[64]</a> Among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> evidence for life is <a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">microbial mat</a> fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biogenic_substance" title="Biogenic substance">biogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> found in 3.7 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Metasediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasediment">metasedimentary</a> rocks in <a href="/wiki/Western_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greenland">Western Greenland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> and remains of <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic material</a> found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">earliest direct evidence of life</a> on Earth is contained in 3.45 billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian</a> rocks showing fossils of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Archean.png/500px-Archean.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Archean.png/750px-Archean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Archean.png/1000px-Archean.png 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Divisions_of_geologic_time" title="Geologic time scale">eon</a> after Earth's formation, featuring round <a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">stromatolites</a>, which are early oxygen-producing forms of life from billions of years ago. After the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> had cooled, its water-rich barren <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">surface</a> is marked by <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, with the Moon still orbiting Earth half as far as it is today, appearing 2.8 times larger and producing strong <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute-76">[71]</a></figcaption></figure>During the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a>, 1000 to 539 Ma, much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed "<a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a>", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> Following the Cambrian explosion, 535 Ma, there have been at least five major <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">mass extinctions</a> and many minor ones.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_2016-79">[74]</a> Apart from the proposed current <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a> event, the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">most recent</a> was 66 Ma, when <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_impactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub impactor">an asteroid impact</a> triggered the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but largely spared small animals such as insects, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, lizards and birds. Mammalian life has diversified over the past 66 Mys, and several million years ago, an African <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> species gained the ability to stand upright.<a href="#cite_note-gould1994-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">evolution of humans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">development of agriculture</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient civilizations">civilization</a>, led to humans having an <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">influence on Earth</a> and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-bgsa119_1_140-82">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future">Future</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of Earth</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/290px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/435px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/580px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Conjectured illustration of the scorched Earth after the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> has entered the <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> phase, about 5–7 billion years in the future</figcaption></figure> Earth's expected long-term future is tied to that of the Sun. Over the next 1.1 billion years, solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next 3.5 billion years by 40%.<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-83">[78]</a> Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the <a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">inorganic carbon cycle</a>, possibly reducing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2 concentration to levels lethally low for current plants (10 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> for <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 photosynthesis</a>) in approximately 100–900 million years.<a href="#cite_note-britt2000-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pnas1_24_9576-85">[80]</a> A lack of vegetation would result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making current animal life impossible.<a href="#cite_note-ward_brownlee2002-86">[81]</a> Due to the increased luminosity, Earth's mean temperature may reach 100 °C (212 °F) in 1.5 billion years, and all ocean water will evaporate and be lost to space, which may trigger a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a>, within an estimated 1.6 to 3 billion years.<a href="#cite_note-Mello-2020-87">[82]</a> Even if the Sun were stable, a fraction of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges.<a href="#cite_note-Mello-2020-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-hess5_4_569-88">[83]</a> The Sun will <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolve</a> to become a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> in about 5 billion years. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (150 million km; 93 million mi), about 250 times its present radius.<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-sun_future_schroder-89">[84]</a> Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius, otherwise, with tidal effects, it may enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_shape">Size and shape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Figure of the Earth</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">Earth radius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">Earth's circumference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Earth curvature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth" title="List of highest mountains on Earth">List of highest mountains on Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg/290px-Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg/435px-Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg/580px-Earth2014shape_SouthAmerica_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Earth's western hemisphere showing topography relative to Earth's center instead of to <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a>, as in common topographic maps</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Earth has a rounded shape</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Horner_2021-90">[85]</a> with an average diameter of 12,742 kilometres (7,918 mi), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">fifth largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Planet#Planetary-mass_object" title="Planet">planetary sized</a> and largest <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial object</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> it has the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">bulging at its Equator</a>; its diameter is 43 kilometres (27 mi) longer there than at its <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ngdc2006-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-milbert_smith96-93">[88]</a> Earth's shape also has local <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographic</a> variations; the largest local variations, like the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> (10,925 metres or 35,843 feet below local sea level),<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> shortens Earth's average radius by 0.17% and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> (8,848 metres or 29,029 feet above local sea level) lengthens it by 0.14%.<a href="#cite_note-96">[n 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Since Earth's surface is farthest out from its <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> at its equatorial bulge, the summit of the volcano <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a> in Ecuador (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) is its farthest point out.<a href="#cite_note-ps20_5_16-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> Parallel to the rigid land topography <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">the ocean exhibits a more dynamic topography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> To measure the local variation of Earth's topography, <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> employs an idealized Earth producing a <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> shape. Such a shape is gained if the ocean is idealized, covering Earth completely and without any perturbations such as tides and winds. The result is a smooth but irregular geoid surface, providing a mean sea level (MSL) as a reference level for topographic measurements.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface">Surface</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">Planetary surface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_cover" title="Land cover">Land cover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peplosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplosphere">Peplosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_View_of_the_Arctic_and_Antarctic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Global_View_of_the_Arctic_and_Antarctic.jpg/220px-Global_View_of_the_Arctic_and_Antarctic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Global_View_of_the_Arctic_and_Antarctic.jpg/330px-Global_View_of_the_Arctic_and_Antarctic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Global_View_of_the_Arctic_and_Antarctic.jpg/440px-Global_View_of_the_Arctic_and_Antarctic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8400" data-file-height="8400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composite</a> image of Earth, with its different types of surface discernible: Earth's surface dominating Ocean (blue), Africa with lush (green) to dry (brown) land and Earth's polar ice in the form of <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a> (grey) covering the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic or Southern Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> (white) covering <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AYool_topography_15min.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png/290px-AYool_topography_15min.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png/435px-AYool_topography_15min.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AYool_topography_15min.png/580px-AYool_topography_15min.png 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Relief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a></figcaption></figure> Earth's surface is the boundary between the atmosphere, and the solid Earth and oceans. Defined in this way, it has an area of about 510 million km2 (197 million sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-15">[12]</a> Earth can be divided into two <a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">hemispheres</a>: by <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> into the polar <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a> hemispheres; or by <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> into the continental <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a> hemispheres. Most of Earth's surface is ocean water: 70.8% or 361 million km2 (139 million sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Percentage-102">[96]</a> This vast pool of salty water is often called the world ocean,<a href="#cite_note-Janin_Mandia_2012_p._20-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ro_2020-104">[98]</a> and makes Earth with its dynamic <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> a water world<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2021-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society_2022-106">[100]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_2017_pp._123–130-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_Worlds-108">[102]</a> Indeed, in Earth's early history the ocean may have covered Earth completely.<a href="#cite_note-Voosen_p.-109">[103]</a> The world ocean is commonly divided into the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic or Southern Ocean</a>, and Arctic Ocean, from largest to smallest. The ocean covers <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Earth's oceanic crust</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Shelf_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelf sea">shelf seas</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelves</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> to a lesser extent. The oceanic crust forms large <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basins</a> with features like <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">submarine volcanoes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ngdc2006-92">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">submarine canyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">oceanic plateaus</a>, and a globe-spanning <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> At Earth's <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface">ocean surface</a> is covered by seasonally variable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> that often connects with polar land, <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a>. Earth's land covers 29.2%, or 149 million km2 (58 million sq mi) of Earth's surface. The land surface includes many islands around the globe, but most of the land surface is taken by the four continental <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmasses</a>, which are (in descending order): <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America (landmass)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia (landmass)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DunnMitchell2016-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dempsey_2013-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-McColl-113">[107]</a> These landmasses are further broken down and grouped into the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> of the land surface varies greatly and consists of mountains, <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>. The elevation of the land surface varies from a low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>. The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 m (2,615 ft).<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> Land can be <a href="/wiki/Land_cover" title="Land cover">covered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, snow, ice, artificial structures or vegetation. Most of Earth's land hosts vegetation,<a href="#cite_note-Carlowicz_Simmon_2019-115">[109]</a> but considerable amounts of land are <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> (10%,<a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society_2006-116">[110]</a> not including the equally large area of land under <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Obu_2021_p.-117">[111]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> (33%).<a href="#cite_note-Cain_2010-118">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">pedosphere</a> is the outermost layer of Earth's land surface and is composed of soil and subject to <a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">soil formation</a> processes. Soil is crucial for land to be arable. Earth's total <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> is 10.7% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> Earth has an estimated 16.7 million km2 (6.4 million sq mi) of cropland and 33.5 million km2 (12.9 million sq mi) of pastureland.<a href="#cite_note-Hooke2012-121">[115]</a> The land surface and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean floor">ocean floor</a> form the top of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, which together with parts of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a> form <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere#Earth's_lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">Earth's lithosphere</a>. Earth's crust may be divided into <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental</a> crust. Beneath the ocean-floor sediments, the oceanic crust is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a>, while the continental crust may include lower density materials such as <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, sediments and metamorphic rocks.<a href="#cite_note-layers_earth-122">[116]</a> Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the mass of the crust.<a href="#cite_note-jessey-123">[117]</a> Earth's surface <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> comprises both the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">topography of the ocean surface</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hypsometry" title="Hypsometry">shape</a> of Earth's land surface. The submarine terrain of the ocean floor has an average <a href="/wiki/Bathymetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathymetric">bathymetric</a> depth of 4 km, and is as varied as the terrain above sea level. Earth's surface is continually being shaped by internal <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> processes including <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> driven by ice, water, wind and temperature; and by <a href="/wiki/Biological_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological processes">biological processes</a> including the growth and decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> into <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kring-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonic_plates">Tectonic plates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_(empty).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shows the extent and boundaries of tectonic plates, with superimposed outlines of the continents they support" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/220px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/330px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/440px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Earth's major plates</a>, which are:<a href="#cite_note-brown_wohletz2005-126">[120]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a><a href="#cite_note-jaes41_3_379-127">[n 7]</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plate</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> Earth's mechanically rigid outer layer of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, is divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>. These plates are rigid segments that move relative to each other at one of three boundaries types: at <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent boundaries</a>, two plates come together; at <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundaries</a>, two plates are pulled apart; and at <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform boundaries</a>, two plates slide past one another laterally. Along these plate boundaries, earthquakes, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic activity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">mountain-building</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trench</a> formation can occur.<a href="#cite_note-kious_tilling1999-128">[121]</a> The tectonic plates ride on top of the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a>, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates.<a href="#cite_note-seligman2008-129">[122]</a> As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than 100 Ma old. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and is estimated to be 200 Ma old.<a href="#cite_note-duennebier1999-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-noaa20070307-131">[124]</a> By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is 4,030 Ma,<a href="#cite_note-cmp134_3-132">[125]</a> although zircons have been found preserved as clasts within Eoarchean sedimentary rocks that give ages up to 4,400 Ma, indicating that at least some continental crust existed at that time.<a href="#cite_note-science310_5756_1947-55">[50]</a> The seven major plates are the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American</a>. Other notable plates include the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a> off the west coast of South America and the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotia Plate">Scotia Plate</a> in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and 55 Ma. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plate</a> advancing at a rate of 75 mm/a (3.0 in/year)<a href="#cite_note-podp2000-133">[126]</a> and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/a (2.0–2.7 in/year). At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the South American Plate, progressing at a typical rate of 10.6 mm/a (0.42 in/year).<a href="#cite_note-Argus_etal_2011-134">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Internal structure of Earth</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Geologic layers of Earth<a href="#cite_note-pnas76_9_4192-135">[128]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;background: white;color:black;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg/220px-Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg/330px-Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg/440px-Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Illustration of Earth's cutaway, not to scale </td></tr> <tr> <th>Depth<a href="#cite_note-robertson2001-136">[129]</a> (km) </th> <th>Component layer name </th> <th>Density (g/cm3) </th></tr> <tr> <td>0–60 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_lithosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's lithosphere">Lithosphere</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[n 8]</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>0–35 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Crust</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[n 9]</a> </td> <td>2.2–2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35–660 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">Upper mantle</a> </td> <td>3.4–4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>660–2890 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower mantle (Earth)">Lower mantle</a> </td> <td>3.4–5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100–700 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">Asthenosphere</a> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2890–5100 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Outer core</a> </td> <td>9.9–12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5100–6378 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">Inner core</a> </td> <td>12.8–13.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> or physical (<a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheological</a>) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate</a> solid crust, which is underlain by a highly <a href="/wiki/Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a> solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the <a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GeolSoc-139">[130]</a> The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) under the oceans to 30–50 km (19–31 mi) for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle" title="Upper mantle">upper mantle</a> are collectively known as the lithosphere, which is divided into independently moving tectonic plates.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> Beneath the lithosphere is the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a>, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 km (250 and 410 mi) below the surface, spanning a <a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">transition zone</a> that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer core</a> lies above a solid <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">inner core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tanimoto_ahrens1995-141">[132]</a> Earth's inner core may be rotating at a slightly higher <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">angular velocity</a> than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year, although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Deuss_2014-142">[133]</a> The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. The density increases with depth. Among the Solar System's planetary-sized objects, Earth is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">object with the highest density</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Earth" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance of the chemical elements § Earth</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Abundance of elements in Earth's crust</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth's mass</a> is approximately 5.97×1024 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> (5.970 <a href="/wiki/Yottagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Yottagram">Yg</a>). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1% <a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">by mass</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (30.1%), <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (15.1%), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (13.9%), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> (2.9%), <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (1.8%), <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (1.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation#Gravitational_separation" title="Planetary differentiation">gravitational separation</a>, the core is primarily composed of the denser elements: iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.<a href="#cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-143">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-comp-54">[49]</a> The most common rock constituents of the crust are <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>. Over 99% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a> is composed of various oxides of eleven elements, principally oxides containing silicon (the <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate minerals</a>), aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium.<a href="#cite_note-brown_mussett1981-144">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-143">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_heat">Internal heat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget" title="Earth's internal heat budget">Earth's internal heat budget</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_heat_flow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth_heat_flow.jpg/290px-Earth_heat_flow.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth_heat_flow.jpg/435px-Earth_heat_flow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth_heat_flow.jpg/580px-Earth_heat_flow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Heat_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat flow">heat flow</a> from Earth's interior to the surface of Earth's crust, mostly along the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic ridge">oceanic ridges</a></figcaption></figure> The major heat-producing <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> within Earth are <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">thorium-232</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sanders20031210-145">[136]</a> At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F),<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> and the pressure could reach 360 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a> (52 million <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ptrsl360_1795_1227-147">[138]</a> Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. At approximately 3 <a href="/wiki/Billion_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion years">Gyr</a>, twice the present-day heat would have been produced, increasing the rates of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">mantle convection</a> and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of uncommon <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiites</a> that are rarely formed today.<a href="#cite_note-T&S_137-148">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-epsl121_1-149">[140]</a> The mean heat loss from Earth is 87 mW m−2, for a global heat loss of 4.42×1013 W.<a href="#cite_note-jg31_3_267-150">[141]</a> A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plumes</a>, a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-science246_4926_103-151">[142]</a> More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs under the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-heat_loss-152">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_field">Gravitational field</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></div> The gravity of Earth is the <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth. Near Earth's surface, <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Gravitational acceleration">gravitational acceleration</a> is approximately 9.8 m/s2 (32 ft/s2). Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad regional differences in Earth's gravitational field, known as <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly" title="Gravity anomaly">gravity anomalies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_field">Magnetic field</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetosphere_Levels-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing the magnetic field lines of Earth's magnetosphere. The lines are swept back in the anti-solar direction under the influence of the solar wind." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Magnetosphere_Levels-en.svg/220px-Magnetosphere_Levels-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Magnetosphere_Levels-en.svg/330px-Magnetosphere_Levels-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Magnetosphere_Levels-en.svg/440px-Magnetosphere_Levels-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>A schematic view of Earth's magnetosphere with <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> flowing from left to right</figcaption></figure> The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">dynamo</a> process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a>. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is 3.05×10−5 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">T</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic dipole moment">magnetic dipole moment</a> of 7.79×1022 Am2 at epoch 2000, decreasing nearly 6% per century (although it still remains stronger than its long time average).<a href="#cite_note-dipole-154">[145]</a> The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_secular_variation" title="Geomagnetic secular variation">secular variation</a> of the main field and <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal" title="Geomagnetic reversal">field reversals</a> at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick2006-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-campbelwh-156">[147]</a> The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the day-side of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the night-side magnetosphere into a long tail.<a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which waves propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">bow shock</a> precedes the day-side magnetosphere within the solar wind.<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">Charged particles</a> are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[151]</a> The ring current is defined by medium-energy <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a> that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field,<a href="#cite_note-BaumjohannTreumann1997-161">[152]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a> are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but contained in the magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Allen-163">[154]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic storm">magnetic storms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substorm" title="Substorm">substorms</a>, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing an <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stern2005-164">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif/290px-EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif/435px-EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif/580px-EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Satellite <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time lapse imagery</a> of Earth's rotation showing axis tilt</figcaption></figure> Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time (86,400.0025 <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> seconds).<a href="#cite_note-aj136_5_1906-165">[156]</a> Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">tidal deceleration</a>, each day varies between 0 and 2 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> longer than the mean solar day.<a href="#cite_note-USNO_TSD-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a> Earth's rotation period relative to the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed star">fixed stars</a>, called its stellar day by the <a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a> (IERS), is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time (<a href="/wiki/UT1" class="mw-redirect" title="UT1">UT1</a>), or 23h 56m 4.0989s.<a href="#cite_note-IERS-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aoki-168">[n 10]</a> Earth's rotation period relative to the <a href="/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession (astronomy)">precessing</a> or moving mean <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a> (when the Sun is at 90° on the equator), is 86,164.0905 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.0905s).<a href="#cite_note-IERS-4">[2]</a> Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.<a href="#cite_note-seidelmann1992-169">[159]</a> Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a>, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik1998-170">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-angular-171">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit">Orbit</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's location">Earth's location</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasons1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/290px-Seasons1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/435px-Seasons1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seasons1.svg/580px-Seasons1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Exaggerated illustration of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, marking that the orbital extreme points (<a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a>) are not the same as the four seasonal extreme points, the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a></figcaption></figure> Earth orbits the Sun, making Earth the third-closest planet to the Sun and part of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar System">inner Solar System</a>. Earth's average orbital distance is about 150 million km (93 million mi), which is the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical Unit">astronomical unit</a> (AU) and is equal to roughly 8.3 <a href="/wiki/Light_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Light minute">light minutes</a> or 380 times <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Earth's distance to the Moon</a>. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a>, or one <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a>. With an apparent movement of the Sun in Earth's sky at a rate of about 1°/day eastward, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)" title="Meridian (astronomy)">meridian</a>. The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km/s (107,200 km/h; 66,600 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance from Earth to the Moon, 384,400 km (238,900 mi), in about 3.5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a> The Moon and Earth orbit a common <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a> every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the <a href="/wiki/Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">synodic month</a>, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial north pole</a>, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all <a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">counterclockwise</a>. Viewed from a vantage point above the Sun and Earth's north poles, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axis is tilted</a> some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>), and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-moon_fact_sheet-172">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">sphere of gravitational influence</a>, of Earth is about 1.5 million km (930,000 mi) in radius.<a href="#cite_note-vazquez_etal2006-173">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-hill_radius-174">[n 11]</a> This is the maximum distance at which Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than that of the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-vazquez_etal2006-173">[163]</a> Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> and orbits about 28,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> from its center. It is about 20 light-years above the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">galactic plane</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20051201-175">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_tilt_and_seasons">Axial tilt and seasons</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt#Earth" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt § Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg/290px-Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg/435px-Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg/580px-Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Earth's axial tilt causing different angles of seasonal illumination at different orbital positions around the Sun</figcaption></figure> The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281°<a href="#cite_note-IERS-4">[2]</a> with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial Poles">Celestial Poles</a>. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> occurring when the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> is facing the Sun, and in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> faces the Sun. In each instance, winter occurs simultaneously in the opposite hemisphere. During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter.<a href="#cite_note-176">[165]</a> Above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> and below the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a>, and this night extends for several months at the poles themselves. These same latitudes also experience a <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a>, where the sun remains visible all day.<a href="#cite_note-177">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[167]</a> By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>, when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere, <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> currently occurs around 21 December; <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and <a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">autumnal equinox</a> is about 22 or 23 September. In the Southern Hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped.<a href="#cite_note-bromberg2008-179">[168]</a> The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo <a href="/wiki/Nutation" title="Nutation">nutation</a>; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years.<a href="#cite_note-lin2006-180">[169]</a> The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">precessing</a> around in a complete circle over each 25,800-year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This <a href="/wiki/Polar_motion" title="Polar motion">polar motion</a> has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed <a href="/wiki/Quasiperiodic_motion" title="Quasiperiodic motion">quasiperiodic motion</a>. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the <a href="/wiki/Chandler_wobble" title="Chandler wobble">Chandler wobble</a>. Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation.<a href="#cite_note-fisher19960205-181">[170]</a> Earth's annual orbit is elliptical rather than circular, and its closest approach to the Sun is called <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>. In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a> around 4 July. These dates shift over time due to precession and changes to the orbit, the latter of which follows cyclical patterns known as <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>. The annual change in the Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.8% in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion.<a href="#cite_note-182">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-solar_energy-183">[n 12]</a> Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earth–Moon_system">Earth–Moon system</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_system_(astronomy)" title="Satellite system (astronomy)">Satellite system (astronomy)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moon">Moon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit of the Moon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg/220px-MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg/330px-MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg/440px-MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Earth and the Moon as seen from <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></figcaption></figure> The Moon is a relatively large, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">planet-like natural satellite</a>, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> is larger relative to the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[174]</a> The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as "moons", after Earth's.<a href="#cite_note-187">[175]</a> The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the <a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">giant-impact hypothesis</a>, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-canup_asphaug2001b-45">[40]</a> Computer simulations suggest that two blob-like remnants of this protoplanet could be inside the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231101-188">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20231101-189">[177]</a> The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes <a href="/wiki/Lunar_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar tide">lunar tides</a> on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-190">[178]</a> The same effect on the Moon has led to its <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidal locking</a>: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet.<a href="#cite_note-191">[179]</a> As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar phases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[180]</a> Due to their <a href="/wiki/Tidal_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal interactions">tidal interaction</a>, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm/a (1.5 in/year). Over millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">μs</a>/yr—add up to significant changes.<a href="#cite_note-espenak_meeus20070207-193">[181]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> period, for example, (approximately 620 Ma) there were 400±7 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.9±0.4 hours.<a href="#cite_note-194">[182]</a> The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate. <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontological</a> evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-aaa428_261-195">[183]</a> Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torques</a> applied by the Sun and planets to Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting large changes over millions of years, as is the case for Mars, though this is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[185]</a> Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The <a href="/wiki/Angular_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular size">angular size</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Solid_angle" title="Solid angle">solid angle</a>) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant.<a href="#cite_note-angular-171">[161]</a> This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asteroids_and_artificial_satellites">Asteroids and artificial satellites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed moons of Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debris-GEO1280.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/220px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/330px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Debris-GEO1280.jpg/440px-Debris-GEO1280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A computer-generated image mapping the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a> around Earth in <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a></figcaption></figure> Earth's <a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">co-orbital asteroids</a> population consists of <a href="/wiki/Quasi-satellite" title="Quasi-satellite">quasi-satellites</a>: objects with a <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_orbit" title="Horseshoe orbit">horseshoe orbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">trojans</a>. There are at least five quasi-satellites, including <a href="/wiki/469219_Kamo%CA%BBoalewa" title="469219 Kamoʻoalewa">469219 Kamoʻoalewa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-christou_asher2011-199">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">trojan asteroid</a> companion, <a href="/wiki/2010_TK7" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 TK7">2010 TK7</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">librating</a> around the leading <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrange triangular point</a>, L4, in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a> around the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Choi-201">[189]</a> The tiny <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroid">near-Earth asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_RH120" title="2006 RH120">2006 RH120</a> makes close approaches to the Earth–Moon system roughly every twenty years. During these approaches, it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-202">[190]</a> As of September 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 4,550 operational, human-made <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> orbiting Earth.<a href="#cite_note-ucs-203">[191]</a> There are also inoperative satellites, including <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_1" title="Vanguard 1">Vanguard 1</a>, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 16,000 pieces of tracked <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-space_debris-204">[n 13]</a> Earth's largest artificial satellite is the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS).<a href="#cite_note-205">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_world_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/220px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/330px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/440px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A view of Earth with its <a href="/wiki/Global_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Global ocean">global ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloud cover</a>, which dominate Earth's surface and <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>; at Earth's <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar</a> regions, its hydrosphere forms larger areas of ice cover.</figcaption></figure> Earth's hydrosphere is the sum of Earth's water and its distribution. Most of Earth's hydrosphere consists of Earth's global ocean. Earth's hydrosphere also consists of water in the atmosphere and on land, including clouds, inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters. The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35×1018 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of 361.8 million km2 (139.7 million sq mi) with a mean depth of 3,682 m (12,080 ft), resulting in an estimated volume of 1.332 billion km3 (320 million cu mi).<a href="#cite_note-ocean23_2_112-206">[193]</a> If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km (1.68 to 1.74 mi).<a href="#cite_note-207">[194]</a> About 97.5% of the water is <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a>; the remaining 2.5% is <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[196]</a> Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[197]</a> The remaining 30% is <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> (covering only 2.8% of Earth's land)<a href="#cite_note-Lake_Scientist_2016-211">[198]</a> and other small forms of fresh water deposits such as <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> in the atmosphere, biological binding, etc.<a href="#cite_note-School_2019-212">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Education_2022-213">[200]</a> In Earth's coldest regions, snow survives over the summer and <a href="/wiki/Ice_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice formation">changes into ice</a>. This accumulated snow and ice eventually forms into <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, bodies of ice that flow under the influence of their own gravity. <a href="/wiki/Alpine_glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine glaciers">Alpine glaciers</a> form in mountainous areas, whereas vast <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheets">ice sheets</a> form over land in polar regions. The flow of glaciers erodes the surface, changing it dramatically, with the formation of <a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valleys</a> and other landforms.<a href="#cite_note-214">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a> in the Arctic covers an area about as big as the United States, although it is quickly retreating as a consequence of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-215">[202]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of seawater (3.5% salt).<a href="#cite_note-kennish2001-216">[203]</a> Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks.<a href="#cite_note-mullen2002-217">[204]</a> The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms.<a href="#cite_note-natsci_oxy4-218">[205]</a> Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large <a href="/wiki/Heat_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat reservoir">heat reservoir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-michon2006-219">[206]</a> Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts, such as the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sample2005-220">[207]</a> The abundance of water, particularly liquid water, on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes it from other planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Solar System planets with considerable atmospheres do partly host atmospheric water vapor, but they lack surface conditions for stable surface water.<a href="#cite_note-Center_2021-221">[208]</a> Despite some <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a> showing signs of large reservoirs of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">extraterrestrial liquid water</a>, with possibly even more volume than Earth's ocean, all of them are <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_lakes_and_seas_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System">large bodies of water</a> under a kilometers thick frozen surface layer.<a href="#cite_note-222">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-42_Waning_sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISS-42_Waning_sun.jpg/220px-ISS-42_Waning_sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISS-42_Waning_sun.jpg/330px-ISS-42_Waning_sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISS-42_Waning_sun.jpg/440px-ISS-42_Waning_sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>A view of Earth with different layers of its atmosphere visible: the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> with its clouds casting shadows, a band of <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric">stratospheric</a> blue sky at the horizon, and a line of green <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a> of the lower <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> around an <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">altitude of 100 km, at the edge of space</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> at Earth's sea level averages 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi),<a href="#cite_note-Exline2006-223">[210]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">scale height</a> of about 8.5 km (5.3 mi).<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a> A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.<a href="#cite_note-Exline2006-223">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Water vapor</a> content varies between 0.01% and 4%<a href="#cite_note-Exline2006-223">[210]</a> but averages about 1%.<a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-5">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">Clouds cover</a> around two-thirds of Earth's surface, more so over oceans than land.<a href="#cite_note-King_Platnick_Menzel_Ackerman_2013_pp._3826–3852-224">[211]</a> The height of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> varies with latitude, ranging between 8 km (5 mi) at the poles to 17 km (11 mi) at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.<a href="#cite_note-geerts_linacre97-225">[212]</a> Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> has significantly altered its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolution#Oxygen_evolution_in_nature" title="Oxygen evolution">Oxygenic photosynthesis</a> evolved 2.7 Gya, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen catastrophe">forming</a> the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131003-67">[62]</a> This change enabled the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic organisms">aerobic organisms</a> and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">conversion of atmospheric <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O2 into <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O3</a>. The ozone layer blocks <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a>, permitting life on land.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_2002-226">[213]</a> Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature.<a href="#cite_note-atmosphere-227">[214]</a> This last phenomenon is the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> emitted from the surface, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Pidwirny2006_7-228">[215]</a> and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.<a href="#cite_note-Narottam2008-229">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_and_climate">Weather and climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg/300px-IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg/450px-IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg/600px-IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/ITCZ" class="mw-redirect" title="ITCZ">ITCZ</a>'s band of clouds over the Eastern Pacific and the Americas as seen from space</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_(1980%E2%80%932016)_no_borders.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_%281980%E2%80%932016%29_no_borders.png/300px-K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_%281980%E2%80%932016%29_no_borders.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_%281980%E2%80%932016%29_no_borders.png/450px-K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_%281980%E2%80%932016%29_no_borders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_%281980%E2%80%932016%29_no_borders.png/600px-K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_Climate_Classification_Map_%281980%E2%80%932016%29_no_borders.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Worldwide <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classifications</a></div></div></div></div></div> Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, gradually becoming thinner and fading into outer space.<a href="#cite_note-230">[217]</a> Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km (6.8 mi) of the surface; this lowest layer is called the troposphere.<a href="#cite_note-231">[218]</a> Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a> that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.<a href="#cite_note-moran2005-232">[219]</a> The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a> in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°.<a href="#cite_note-berger2002-233">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">Ocean heat content</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a> are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.<a href="#cite_note-rahmstorf2003-234">[221]</a> Earth receives 1361 W/m2 of <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar irradiance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[223]</a> The amount of solar energy that reaches Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles, and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.<a href="#cite_note-sadava_heller2006-237">[224]</a> Earth's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are the tropical (or equatorial), <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar</a> climates.<a href="#cite_note-climate_zones-238">[225]</a> Further factors that affect a location's climates are its <a href="/wiki/Continentality" class="mw-redirect" title="Continentality">proximity to oceans</a>, the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and topology.<a href="#cite_note-239">[226]</a> Places close to oceans typically have colder summers and warmer winters, due to the fact that oceans can store large amounts of heat. The wind transports the cold or the heat of the ocean to the land.<a href="#cite_note-240">[227]</a> Atmospheric circulation also plays an important role: San Francisco and Washington DC are both coastal cities at about the same latitude. San Francisco's climate is significantly more moderate as the prevailing wind direction is from sea to land.<a href="#cite_note-241">[228]</a> Finally, temperatures <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">decrease with height</a> causing mountainous areas to be colder than low-lying areas.<a href="#cite_note-242">[229]</a> Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moran2005-232">[219]</a> Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.<a href="#cite_note-hydrologic_cycle-243">[230]</a> The commonly used <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system has five broad groups (<a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">humid tropics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid middle latitudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> and cold <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar</a>), which are further divided into more specific subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-berger2002-233">[220]</a> The Köppen system rates regions based on observed temperature and precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-244">[231]</a> Surface <a href="/wiki/Highest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth" title="Highest temperature recorded on Earth">air temperature can rise to</a> around 55 °C (131 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert">hot deserts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth" title="Lowest temperature recorded on Earth">can fall as low as</a> −89 °C (−128 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_atmosphere">Upper atmosphere</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/290px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/435px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/580px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4285" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>Earth's night-side upper atmosphere appearing from the bottom as bands of <a href="/wiki/Afterglow" title="Afterglow">afterglow</a> illuminating the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> in white and blue. Next the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a> (pink area) extends to the orange and faintly green line of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>, at about one hundred kilometers at the <a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Boundary" title="Outer space">edge of space</a> and the lower edge of the <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> (invisible). Continuing with green and red bands of <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a> stretching over several hundred kilometers.</figcaption></figure> The upper atmosphere, the atmosphere above the troposphere,<a href="#cite_note-247">[234]</a> is usually divided into the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atmosphere-227">[214]</a> Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a> thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind.<a href="#cite_note-sciweek2004-248">[235]</a> Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>, defined as 100 km (62 mi) above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cordoba2004-249">[236]</a> Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">loss of the atmosphere into space</a>. Because unfixed <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> has a low <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a>, it can achieve <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a> more readily, and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases.<a href="#cite_note-jas31_4_1118-250">[237]</a> The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth's atmosphere and surface from an initially <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> state to its current oxidizing one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-sci293_5531_839-251">[238]</a> Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-abedon1997-252">[239]</a> In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-arwps4_265-253">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_on_Earth">Life on Earth</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Cycle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mollweide_Cycle.gif/290px-Mollweide_Cycle.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mollweide_Cycle.gif/435px-Mollweide_Cycle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mollweide_Cycle.gif/580px-Mollweide_Cycle.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>An animation of the changing density of <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">productive</a> vegetation on land (low in brown; heavy in dark green) and phytoplankton at the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface">ocean surface</a> (low in purple; high in yellow)</figcaption></figure> Earth is the only known place that has ever been <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable</a> for life. Earth's life developed in Earth's early bodies of water some hundred million years after Earth formed. Earth's life has been shaping and inhabiting many particular <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> on Earth and has eventually expanded globally forming an overarching biosphere.<a href="#cite_note-254">[241]</a> Therefore, life has impacted Earth, significantly altering Earth's atmosphere and surface over long periods of time, causing changes like the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[242]</a> Earth's life has also over time greatly diversified, allowing the biosphere to have different <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>, which are inhabited by comparatively similar plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-256">[243]</a> The different biomes developed at distinct elevations or <a href="/wiki/Ocean_depths" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean depths">water depths</a>, planetary temperature <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> and on land also with different <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity">Earth's species diversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> reaches a peak in shallow waters and with <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">forests, particularly in equatorial, warm and humid conditions</a>. While freezing <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">high altitudes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">extremely arid areas</a> are relatively barren of plant and animal life.<a href="#cite_note-amnat163_2_192-257">[244]</a> Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a> can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain a <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ab2003-258">[245]</a> Plants and other organisms take up <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> from water, soils and the atmosphere. These nutrients are constantly recycled between different species.<a href="#cite_note-259">[246]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Electric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Desert_Electric.jpg/220px-Desert_Electric.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Desert_Electric.jpg/330px-Desert_Electric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Desert_Electric.jpg/440px-Desert_Electric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">High Desert</a> storm in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a></figcaption></figure> Extreme weather, such as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a>), occurs over most of Earth's surface and has a large impact on life in those areas. From 1980 to 2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year.<a href="#cite_note-260">[247]</a> Many places are subject to earthquakes, <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, volcanic eruptions, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzards</a>, floods, droughts, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, and other calamities and disasters.<a href="#cite_note-261">[248]</a> Human impact is felt in many areas due to pollution of the air and water, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, loss of vegetation (<a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>), loss of wildlife, species <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_depletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil depletion">soil depletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[249]</a> Human activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which cause <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ConsensusOnConsensus-263">[250]</a> This is driving <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">changes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">melting of glaciers and ice sheets</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">global rise in average sea levels</a>, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Warming_Effects-264">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_geography">Human geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP,_1994-1995_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg/290px-Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg/435px-Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg/580px-Earth%27s_City_Lights_by_DMSP%2C_1994-1995_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A composite image of <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">artificial light emissions</a> at night on a map of Earth</figcaption></figure> Originating from earlier <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> in Eastern Africa 300,000 years ago <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_migration" title="History of human migration">humans have since been migrating</a> and with the advent of agriculture in the 10th millennium BC increasingly <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">settling</a> Earth's land.<a href="#cite_note-265">[252]</a> In the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> had been the last continent to see a first and until today limited human presence. <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Human population</a> has since the 19th century grown exponentially to seven billion in the early 2010s,<a href="#cite_note-266">[253]</a> and is projected to peak at around ten billion in the second half of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-2020-267">[254]</a> Most of the growth is expected to take place in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-2020-267">[254]</a> Distribution and <a href="/wiki/Population_density#Human_population_density" title="Population density">density of human population</a> varies greatly around the world with the majority living in south to eastern Asia and 90% inhabiting only the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> of Earth,<a href="#cite_note-268">[255]</a> partly due to the <a href="/wiki/Land_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Land hemisphere">hemispherical predominance of the world's land mass</a>, with 68% of the world's land mass being in the Northern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-269">[256]</a> Furthermore, since the 19th century humans have increasingly converged into urban areas with the majority living in urban areas by the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-OWID_urbanization_2019-270">[257]</a> Beyond Earth's surface humans have lived on a temporary basis, with only a few special-purpose deep <a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">underground</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater living">underwater</a> presences and a few <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a>. The human population virtually completely remains on Earth's surface, fully depending on Earth and the environment it sustains. Since the second half of the 20th century, some hundreds of humans have temporarily <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travellers_by_first_flight" title="List of space travellers by first flight">stayed beyond Earth</a>, a tiny fraction of whom have reached another celestial body, the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-shayler_vis2005-271">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[259]</a> Earth has been subject to extensive human settlement, and humans have developed diverse societies and cultures. Most of Earth's land has been territorially claimed since the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> (countries) separated by <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">political borders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">205 such states</a> exist today,<a href="#cite_note-273">[260]</a> with only parts of Antarctica and a few small regions <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">remaining unclaimed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[261]</a> Most of these states together form the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the leading worldwide <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[262]</a> which extends human governance <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea">over the ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctica</a>, and therefore all of Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources_and_land_use">Natural resources and land use</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resource</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global-land-use-graphic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global-land-use-graphic.png/290px-Global-land-use-graphic.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global-land-use-graphic.png/435px-Global-land-use-graphic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global-land-use-graphic.png/580px-Global-land-use-graphic.png 2x" data-file-width="6251" data-file-height="3951" /></a><figcaption>Earth's land use for human agriculture in 2019</figcaption></figure> Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans.<a href="#cite_note-276">[263]</a> Those termed <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">non-renewable resources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, are only replenished over geological timescales.<a href="#cite_note-277">[264]</a> Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-278">[265]</a> These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production.<a href="#cite_note-279">[266]</a> Mineral <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of <a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis" title="Ore genesis">ore genesis</a>, resulting from actions of <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">magmatism</a>, erosion, and plate tectonics.<a href="#cite_note-280">[267]</a> These metals and other elements are extracted by mining, a process which often brings environmental and health damage.<a href="#cite_note-281">[268]</a> Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans, including food, wood, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>, oxygen, and the recycling of organic waste. The land-based ecosystem depends upon <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends on dissolved nutrients washed down from the land.<a href="#cite_note-science299_5607_673-282">[269]</a> In 2019, 39 million km2 (15 million sq mi) of Earth's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands, 12 million km2 (4.6 million sq mi) was shrub and grassland, 40 million km2 (15 million sq mi) were used for animal feed production and grazing, and 11 million km2 (4.2 million sq mi) were cultivated as croplands.<a href="#cite_note-OWID_2019-283">[270]</a> Of the 12–14% of ice-free land that is used for croplands, 2 <a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">percentage points</a> were irrigated in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-284">[271]</a> Humans use <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> to construct shelters.<a href="#cite_note-285">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humans_and_the_environment">Humans and the environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The graph from 1880 to 2020 shows natural drivers exhibiting fluctuations of about 0.3 degrees Celsius. Human drivers steadily increase by 0.3 degrees over 100 years to 1980, then steeply by 0.8 degrees more over the past 40 years." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/290px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/435px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg/580px-Global_Temperature_And_Forces_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Change in average surface air temperature and drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.<a href="#cite_note-286">[273]</a></figcaption></figure> Human activities have impacted Earth's environments. Through activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, humans have been increasing the amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere, altering <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a> and climate.<a href="#cite_note-ConsensusOnConsensus-263">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[274]</a> It is estimated that global temperatures in the year 2020 were 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) warmer than the preindustrial baseline.<a href="#cite_note-288">[275]</a> This increase in temperature, known as <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, has contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">melting of glaciers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a>, increased risk of drought and wildfires, and migration of species to colder areas.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Warming_Effects-264">[251]</a> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a> was introduced to quantify humanity's impact on Earth. Of the nine identified boundaries, five have been crossed: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biosphere integrity</a>, climate change, chemical pollution, destruction of wild habitats and the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> are thought to have passed the safe threshold.<a href="#cite_note-Boundaries-289">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[277]</a> As of 2018, no country meets the basic needs of its population without transgressing planetary boundaries. It is thought possible to provide all basic physical needs globally within sustainable levels of resource use.<a href="#cite_note-291">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_historical_viewpoint">Cultural and historical viewpoint</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Earth in culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_in_science_fiction" title="Earth in science fiction">Earth in science fiction</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woman seeing the Earth from space through a window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg/250px-Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg/375px-Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg/500px-Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson_in_Cupola_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Caldwell_Dyson" title="Tracy Caldwell Dyson">Tracy Caldwell Dyson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut, observing Earth from the <a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola module</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on 11 September 2010</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Human cultures</a> have developed many views of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224b-292">[279]</a> The standard <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">astronomical symbols</a> of Earth are a quartered circle, <a href="/wiki/File:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>,<a href="#cite_note-liungman2004-293">[280]</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Four_corners_of_the_world" title="Four corners of the world">four corners of the world</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">globus cruciger</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Globus_cruciger_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♁"><img alt="♁" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Globus_cruciger_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>. Earth is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personified</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>. In many cultures it is a <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> that is also the primary <a href="/wiki/Fertility_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility deity">fertility deity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stookey-2004-294">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a> in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities.<a href="#cite_note-Stookey-2004-294">[281]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>, developed in the mid-20th century, compared Earth's environments and life as a single self-regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability.<a href="#cite_note-295">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">Images of Earth taken from space</a>, particularly during the Apollo program, have been credited with altering the way that people viewed the planet that they lived on, called the <a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">overview effect</a>, emphasizing its beauty, uniqueness and apparent fragility.<a href="#cite_note-298">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[286]</a> In particular, this caused a realization of the scope of effects from human activity on Earth's environment. Enabled by science, particularly <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[287]</a> humans have started to take <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">action on environmental issues</a> globally,<a href="#cite_note-301">[288]</a> acknowledging the impact of humans and the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_network" title="Ecological network">interconnectedness of Earth's environments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[289]</a> Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people's view of the planet. Initial belief in a <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">flat Earth</a> was gradually displaced in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> by the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">spherical Earth</a>, which was attributed to both the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[291]</a> Earth was generally believed to be <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">the center of the universe</a> until the 16th century, when scientists first concluded that it was <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">a moving object</a>, one of the planets of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-arnett20060716-305">[292]</a> It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's age">Earth's age</a> was at least many millions of years.<a href="#cite_note-306">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> used <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radioactive dating</a> were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old.<a href="#cite_note-307">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">Celestial sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_phase" title="Earth phase">Earth phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_extremes" title="List of Solar System extremes">List of Solar System extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_physical_properties_of_planets_in_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of physical properties of planets in the Solar System">Table of physical properties of planets in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future">Timeline of the far future</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epoch-1"><a href="#cite_ref-epoch_1-0">^</a> All astronomical quantities vary, both <a href="/wiki/Secular_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular phenomena">secularly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">periodically</a>. The quantities given are the values at the instant <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a> of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations. </li> <li id="cite_note-apsis-2"><a href="#cite_ref-apsis_2-0">^</a> aphelion = a × (1 + e); perihelion = a × (1 – e), where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.—<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, John (2009). Probing the New Solar System. CSIRO Publishing. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09949-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09949-4"><bdi>978-0-643-09949-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probing+the+New+Solar+System&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-643-09949-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-circ-14"><a href="#cite_ref-circ_14-0">^</a> Earth's <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a> is almost exactly 40,000 km because the meter was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator. </li> <li id="cite_note-surfacecover-16"><a href="#cite_ref-surfacecover_16-0">^</a> Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelves</a>, and mapping conventions for <a href="/wiki/Vertical_datum" title="Vertical datum">vertical datums</a>, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the <a href="/wiki/Vector_Map" title="Vector Map">Vector Map</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landcover.org/">Global Landcover</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326085837/http://www.landcover.org/">Archived</a> 26 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice sheets of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Source for minimum,<a href="#cite_note-asu_lowest_temp-23">[19]</a> mean,<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> and maximum<a href="#cite_note-asu_highest_temp-25">[21]</a> surface temperature </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> If Earth were shrunk to the size of a <a href="/wiki/Billiard_ball" title="Billiard ball">billiard ball</a>, some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections, whereas much of the planet, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plains</a>, would feel smoother.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaes41_3_379-127"><a href="#cite_ref-jaes41_3_379_127-0">^</a> Including the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Plate">Somali Plate</a>, which is being formed out of the African Plate. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorowicz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). "The East African rift system". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Earth_Sciences" title="Journal of African Earth Sciences">Journal of African Earth Sciences</a>. 43 (1–3): 379–410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JAfES..43..379C">2005JAfES..43..379C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2005.07.019">10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+East+African+rift+system&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=379-410&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2005.07.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JAfES..43..379C&rft.aulast=Chorowicz&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Locally varies between 5 and 200 km. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Locally varies between 5 and 70 km. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aoki-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Aoki_168-0">^</a> The ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAokiKinoshitaGuinotKaplan1982" class="citation journal cs1">Aoki, S.; Kinoshita, H.; Guinot, B.; Kaplan, G. H.; McCarthy, D. D.; Seidelmann, P. K. (1982). "The new definition of universal time". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 105 (2): 359–361. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982A&A...105..359A">1982A&A...105..359A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+new+definition+of+universal+time&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-361&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982A%26A...105..359A&rft.aulast=Aoki&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kinoshita%2C+H.&rft.au=Guinot%2C+B.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+G.+H.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+D.+D.&rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_radius-174"><a href="#cite_ref-hill_radius_174-0">^</a> For Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Hill_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill radius">Hill radius</a> is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{H}=a\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{H}=a\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/596f8baf206a81478afd4194b44138715dc1a05c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.736ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{H}=a\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}">, where m is the mass of Earth, a is an astronomical unit, and M is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{3\cdot 332,946}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}=0.01}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>332</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>946</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.01</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{3\cdot 332,946}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}=0.01}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ab5412b4744a2163206868fe8ec2726455c4785" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.076ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{3\cdot 332,946}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}=0.01}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-solar_energy-183"><a href="#cite_ref-solar_energy_183-0">^</a> Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% of the energy at aphelion. </li> <li id="cite_note-space_debris-204"><a href="#cite_ref-space_debris_204-0">^</a> As of 4 January 2018, the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 18,835 artificial objects, mostly debris. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnz-MeadorShoots2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anz-Meador, Phillip; Shoots, Debi, eds. (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i1.pdf">"Satellite Box Score"</a> (PDF). Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 22 (1): 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402034308/https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbital+Debris+Quarterly+News&rft.atitle=Satellite+Box+Score&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fquarterly-news%2Fpdfs%2Fodqnv22i1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VSOP87-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSOP87_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSOP87_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1994" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, J.L.; et al. (February 1994). 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(16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html">"Earth Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=NASA%2FGoddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fearthfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen294-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen294_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenCox2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clabon_Allen" title="Clabon Allen">Allen, Clabon Walter</a>; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA294">Allen's Astrophysical Quantities</a>. Springer. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98746-0"><bdi>978-0-387-98746-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221195157/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA294">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98746-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Clabon+Walter&rft.au=Cox%2C+Arthur+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8PK2XFLLH8C%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2022" class="citation web cs1">Park, Ryan (9 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27399%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-10%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27@Sun%27">"Horizons Batch Call for 2023 Perihelion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703175825/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27399%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-10%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27%40Sun%27">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horizons+Batch+Call+for+2023+Perihelion&rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%2527399%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272023-01-01%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272023-01-10%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%25271%2520hour%2527%26QUANTITIES%3D%252720%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527%40Sun%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbcp2000-8"><a href="#cite_ref-hbcp2000_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious2000" class="citation book cs1">Various (2000). David R. Lide (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (81st ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0481-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0481-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-0481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0481-1&rft.au=Various&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usno-9"><a href="#cite_ref-usno_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826043456/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt">"Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011"</a>. 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New York: AIP Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98746-0"><bdi>978-0-387-98746-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221195217/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. 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Oxford English Dictionary (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199571123.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3"><bdi>978-0-19-957112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=earth%2C+n.%C2%B9&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199571123.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957112-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall, Angela. <a href="/wiki/D.S._Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="D.S. Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7"><bdi>978-0-85991-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-513-7&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"earth". The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1st ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6"><bdi>978-0-19-861263-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=earth&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861263-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Terra" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Terra">"Terra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terra&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTerra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Tellus" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Tellus">"Tellus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tellus&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTellus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Gaia" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Gaia">"Gaia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaia&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DGaia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Terran" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Terran">"Terran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terran&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTerran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-terrestrial" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=terrestrial">"terrestrial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=terrestrial&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dterrestrial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-terrene" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=terrene">"terrene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=terrene&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dterrene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-tellurian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=tellurian">"tellurian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tellurian&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dtellurian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331100415/https://www.lexico.com/definition/telluric">"telluric"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/telluric">the original</a> on 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=telluric&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftelluric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bouvier_wadhwa2010-40"><a href="#cite_ref-bouvier_wadhwa2010_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouvierWadhwa2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bouvier, Audrey; <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Wadhwa" title="Meenakshi Wadhwa">Wadhwa, Meenakshi</a> (September 2010). "The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 637–641. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..637B">2010NatGe...3..637B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo941">10.1038/ngeo941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Solar+System+redefined+by+the+oldest+Pb%E2%80%93Pb+age+of+a+meteoritic+inclusion&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=637-641&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo941&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NatGe...3..637B&rft.aulast=Bouvier&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft.au=Wadhwa%2C+Meenakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-age_earth1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-age_earth1_41-0">^</a> See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Dalrymple" title="Brent Dalrymple">Dalrymple, G. Brent</a> (1991). The Age of the Earth. California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1569-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-1569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1569-0&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2007" class="citation web cs1">Newman, William L. (9 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">"Age of the Earth"</a>. Publications Services, USGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=Publications+Services%2C+USGS&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fgeotime%2Fage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Dalrymple" title="Brent Dalrymple">Dalrymple, G. Brent</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205">"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved"</a>. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130092094">130092094</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111141237/http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205-221&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130092094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GSLSP.190..205D&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F190%2F1%2F205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRighterSchonbachler2018" class="citation journal cs1">Righter, K.; Schonbachler, M. (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991">"Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal–Silicate Partitioning"</a>. Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets. 2084: 4034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPICo2084.4034R">2018LPICo2084.4034R</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106093844/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. 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Univ of California Press. pp. 232–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28989-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28989-5"><bdi>978-0-520-28989-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221195225/https://books.google.com/books?id=-aowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. 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Geography Realm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826235549/https://www.geographyrealm.com/continents/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geography+Realm&rft.atitle=Geography+Facts+about+the+World%27s+Continents&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographyrealm.com%2Fcontinents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McColl-113"><a href="#cite_ref-McColl_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.W._McColl2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">R.W. McColl, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA215">"continents"</a>. Encyclopedia of World Geography. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7229-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-7229-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221195231/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2022. <q>And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing [...] the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of Panama).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=continents&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Geography&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJgnebGbAB8C%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter2020" class="citation web cs1">Center, National Geophysical Data (19 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_surface_histogram.html">"Hypsographic Curve of Earth's Surface from ETOPO1"</a>. ngdc.noaa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114233/https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_surface_histogram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ngdc.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Hypsographic+Curve+of+Earth%27s+Surface+from+ETOPO1&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=National+Geophysical+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fngdc.noaa.gov%2Fmgg%2Fglobal%2Fetopo1_surface_histogram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlowicz_Simmon_2019-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlowicz_Simmon_2019_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlowiczSimmon2019" class="citation web cs1">Carlowicz, Michael; Simmon, Robert (15 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ForestCarbon#:~:text=They%20cover%20about%2030%20percent,percent%20of%20the%20Earth's%20land.">"Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon: Mapping the World's Forests in Three Dimensions"</a>. NASA Earth Observatory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231005400/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ForestCarbon#:~:text=They%20cover%20about%2030%20percent,percent%20of%20the%20Earth's%20land.">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Seeing+Forests+for+the+Trees+and+the+Carbon%3A+Mapping+the+World%27s+Forests+in+Three+Dimensions&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft.aulast=Carlowicz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Simmon%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Ffeatures%2FForestCarbon%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThey%2520cover%2520about%252030%2520percent%2Cpercent%2520of%2520the%2520Earth%27s%2520land.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Geographic_Society_2006-116"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society_2006_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ice-sheet/">"Ice Sheet"</a>. National Geographic Society. 6 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127174259/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ice-sheet/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Ice+Sheet&rft.date=2006-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fice-sheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obu_2021_p.-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Obu_2021_p._117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Obu, J. (2021). "How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 126 (5). American Geophysical Union (AGU). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JGRF..12606123O">2021JGRF..12606123O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021jf006123">10.1029/2021jf006123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9003">2169-9003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235532921">235532921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Earth+Surface&rft.atitle=How+Much+of+the+Earth%27s+Surface+is+Underlain+by+Permafrost%3F&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021jf006123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235532921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2169-9003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JGRF..12606123O&rft.aulast=Obu&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cain_2010-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Cain_2010_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2010" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Fraser (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/65639/what-percentage-of-the-earths-land-surface-is-desert/">"What Percentage of the Earth's Land Surface is Desert?"</a>. 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World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002170510/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS/countries/1w?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+arable+land&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FAG.LND.ARBL.ZS%2Fcountries%2F1W%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS/countries?display=graph">"World Bank permanent cropland"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713131245/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS/countries?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2015. 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GSA Today. 22 (12): 4–10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GSAT...12l...4H">2012GSAT...12l...4H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAT151A.1">10.1130/GSAT151A.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181247/https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/12/pdf/gt1212.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2018. 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Volcano World. Oregon State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2013. 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Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513055527/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/epo_web/impact_cratering/intro/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. 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Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8001-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8001-2"><bdi>978-0-7637-8001-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635476788">635476788</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221195236/https://books.google.com/books?id=agaOKrvAoeAC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 77 (12): 6973–6977. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980PNAS...77.6973M">1980PNAS...77.6973M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.77.12.6973">10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422">350422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16592930">16592930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Chemical+composition+of+Earth%2C+Venus%2C+and+Mercury&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6973-6977&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC350422%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16592930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.77.12.6973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980PNAS...77.6973M&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Anders%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC350422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown_mussett1981-144"><a href="#cite_ref-brown_mussett1981_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMussett1981" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Geoff C.; Mussett, Alan E. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inaccessibleeart0000brow_r5i2/page/166">The Inaccessible Earth</a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inaccessibleeart0000brow_r5i2/page/166">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-550028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-550028-4"><bdi>978-0-04-550028-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inaccessible+Earth&rft.pages=166&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-04-550028-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Geoff+C.&rft.au=Mussett%2C+Alan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finaccessibleeart0000brow_r5i2%2Fpage%2F166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969). </li> <li id="cite_note-sanders20031210-145"><a href="#cite_ref-sanders20031210_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2003" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Robert (10 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/10_heat.shtml">"Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core"</a>. UC Berkeley News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826214233/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/10_heat.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radioactive+potassium+may+be+major+heat+source+in+Earth%27s+core&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2003%2F12%2F10_heat.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628075455/http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/Earth-Center-Hotter/Earth-Centre-Hotter/">"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought"</a>. The European Synchrotron (ESRF). 25 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/Earth-Center-Hotter">the original</a> on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+European+Synchrotron+%28ESRF%29&rft.atitle=The+Earth%27s+Centre+is+1000+Degrees+Hotter+than+Previously+Thought&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrf.eu%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2FEarth-Center-Hotter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptrsl360_1795_1227-147"><a href="#cite_ref-ptrsl360_1795_1227_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfèGillanVočadloBrodholt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Alfè, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vočadlo, L.; Brodholt, J.; Price, G. D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf">"The ab initio simulation of the Earth's core"</a> (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 360 (1795): 1227–1244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RSPTA.360.1227A">2002RSPTA.360.1227A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2002.0992">10.1098/rsta.2002.0992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12804276">12804276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21132433">21132433</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930142841/http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=The+ab+initio+simulation+of+the+Earth%27s+core&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=1795&rft.pages=1227-1244&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2002.0992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21132433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12804276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002RSPTA.360.1227A&rft.aulast=Alf%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Gillan%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Vo%C4%8Dadlo%2C+L.&rft.au=Brodholt%2C+J.&rft.au=Price%2C+G.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk%2F~dario%2Fpubblicazioni%2FPTRSA2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-T&S_137-148"><a href="#cite_ref-T&S_137_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurcotteSchubert2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Turcotte" title="Donald L. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181621/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf">"Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle"</a> (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 121 (1–2): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E&PSL.121....1V">1994E&PSL.121....1V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2894%2990028-0">10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0</a>. 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A.; Duncan, R. A.; <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Courtillot" title="Vincent Courtillot">Courtillot, V. E.</a> (1989). "Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot Tracks: Plume Heads and Tails". Science. 246 (4926): 103–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...246..103R">1989Sci...246..103R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.246.4926.103">10.1126/science.246.4926.103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17837768">17837768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9147772">9147772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Flood+Basalts+and+Hot-Spot+Tracks%3A+Plume+Heads+and+Tails&rft.volume=246&rft.issue=4926&rft.pages=103-107&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.246.4926.103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9147772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17837768&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...246..103R&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Courtillot%2C+V.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heat_loss-152"><a href="#cite_ref-heat_loss_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSclaterParsonsJaupart1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sclater, John G; Parsons, Barry; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jaupart" title="Claude Jaupart">Jaupart, Claude</a> (1981). 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Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (B12): 11535. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JGR....8611535S">1981JGR....8611535S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJB086iB12p11535">10.1029/JB086iB12p11535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Oceans+and+Continents%3A+Similarities+and+Differences+in+the+Mechanisms+of+Heat+Loss&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=B12&rft.pages=11535&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJB086iB12p11535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JGR....8611535S&rft.aulast=Sclater&rft.aufirst=John+G&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Barry&rft.au=Jaupart%2C+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsDaly1981" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, A. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006041822/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/nov/19/space-how-far-have-we-gone-and-where-are-we-going">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020. 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Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPI+%E2%80%93+European+Space+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=ESPI+Evening+Event+%22Seeing+Our+Planet+Whole%3A+A+Cultural+and+Ethical+View+of+Earth+Observation%22&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespi.or.at%2Fnews%2Fespi-evening-event-seeing-our-planet-whole-a-cultural-and-ethical-view-of-earth-observation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/two-early-images-of-earth-that-bolstered-the-environmental-movement-1.5534843">"Two early images of Earth that bolstered the environmental movement – CBC Radio"</a>. CBC. 16 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127201802/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/two-early-images-of-earth-that-bolstered-the-environmental-movement-1.5534843">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Two+early+images+of+Earth+that+bolstered+the+environmental+movement+%E2%80%93+CBC+Radio&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fquirks%2Ftwo-early-images-of-earth-that-bolstered-the-environmental-movement-1.5534843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayEatonBauman2023" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Karen; Eaton, Heather; Bauman, Whitney, eds. (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/fordham-scholarship-online/book/55509">Earthly Things: Immanence, New Materialisms, and Planetary Thinking</a>. Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5422%2Ffordham%2F9781531503055.001.0001">10.5422/fordham/9781531503055.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5315-0413-7"><bdi>978-1-5315-0413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthly+Things%3A+Immanence%2C+New+Materialisms%2C+and+Planetary+Thinking&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5422%2Ffordham%2F9781531503055.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-1-5315-0413-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ffordham-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F55509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Kahn" title="Charles H. Kahn">Kahn, Charles H.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA72">Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History</a>. Indianapolis, IN and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-575-8"><bdi>978-0-87220-575-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214140222/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72&q=Pythagoreanism#v=snippet&q=Pythagoreanism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Pythagoreans%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN+and+Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-575-8&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKUtAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPythagoreanism%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarwood2008" class="citation book cs1">Garwood, Christine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184822945">Flat earth : the history of an infamous idea</a> (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 26–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38208-7"><bdi>978-0-312-38208-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/184822945">184822945</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331100434/https://www.worldcat.org/title/flat-earth-the-history-of-an-infamous-idea/oclc/184822945">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flat+earth+%3A+the+history+of+an+infamous+idea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-31&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F184822945&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38208-7&rft.aulast=Garwood&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F184822945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnett20060716-305"><a href="#cite_ref-arnett20060716_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett2006" class="citation web cs1">Arnett, Bill (16 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nineplanets.org/earth.html">"Earth"</a>. The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823145301/http://nineplanets.org/earth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2000. Retrieved 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nine+Planets%2C+A+Multimedia+Tour+of+the+Solar+System%3A+one+star%2C+eight+planets%2C+and+more&rft.atitle=Earth&rft.date=2006-07-16&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnineplanets.org%2Fearth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroeWicanderHazlett2007" class="citation book cs1">Monroe, James; Wicander, Reed; Hazlett, Richard (2007). Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 263–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-01148-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-01148-4"><bdi>978-0-495-01148-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Geology%3A+Exploring+the+Earth&rft.pages=263-265&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-01148-4&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wicander%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hazlett%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshaw2014" class="citation book cs1">Henshaw, John M. (2014). An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1491-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1491-1"><bdi>978-1-4214-1491-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Equation+for+Every+Occasion%3A+Fifty-Two+Formulas+and+Why+They+Matter&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1491-1&rft.aulast=Henshaw&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield1990" class="citation book cs1">Burchfield, Joe D. (1990). Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth. University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08043-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08043-7"><bdi>978-0-226-08043-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin+and+the+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.pages=13-18&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-08043-7&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.aufirst=Joe+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" 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title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Structure_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthsinterior" title="Template:Earthsinterior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthsinterior" title="Template talk:Earthsinterior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthsinterior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthsinterior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structure_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle" title="Upper mantle">Upper mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithospheric_mantle" title="Lithospheric mantle">Lithospheric mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">Asthenosphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mantle" title="Lower mantle">Lower mantle</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere_(mantle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosphere (mantle)">Mesosphere</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Outer core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">Inner core</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global discontinuities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">410 discontinuity (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">660 discontinuity (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">Core–mantle boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_core#Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">Inner-core boundary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional discontinuities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_discontinuity" title="Conrad discontinuity">Conrad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithosphere%E2%80%93asthenosphere_boundary" title="Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary">Gutenberg (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmann_discontinuity" title="Lehmann discontinuity">Lehmann (upper mantle)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_the_Earth" title="Category:Structure of the Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth_science" title="Template:Earth science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth_science" title="Template talk:Earth science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences" title="Outline of Earth sciences">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Earth_science_articles" title="Index of Earth science articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleogeoscience" title="Paleogeoscience">Paleogeoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth_sciences" title="Category:Earth sciences">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earth_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Earth sciences">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology" title="Template:Geology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology" title="Template talk:Geology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geology" title="Outline of geology">Outline of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Glossary of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Index of geology articles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/50px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/75px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/100px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geology" title="Timeline of geology">Timeline of geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition and structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_geology" title="Historical geology">Historical geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamic Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science#Planetary_geodesy" title="Planetary science">Planetary geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">Geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science#Planetary_Geophysics_and_Space_Physics" title="Planetary science">Planetary geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonophysics" title="Tectonophysics">Tectonophysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_geology" title="Environmental geology">Environmental geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">Forensic geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritics" title="Meteoritics">Meteoritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_geology" title="Mining geology">Mining geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geologist" title="Petroleum geologist">Petroleum geologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanologist" title="Volcanologist">Volcanologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Geology" title="Category:Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Geology">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_articles_related_to_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Other_articles_related_to_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles related to Earth</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Location_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth%27s_location" title="Template:Earth's location"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth%27s_location" title="Template talk:Earth's location"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth%27s_location" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth's location"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Location_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Included</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth</a> → <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_View" title="Cosmic View">Cosmic View (1957 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Moon_and_Beyond" title="To the Moon and Beyond">To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Zoom" title="Cosmic Zoom">Cosmic Zoom (1968 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Ten_(film)" title="Powers of Ten (film)">Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Voyage_(1996_film)" title="Cosmic Voyage (1996 film)">Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Eye" title="Cosmic Eye">Cosmic Eye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_center_of_the_Universe" title="History of the center of the Universe">History of the center of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">Order of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces%E2%80%93Cetus_Supercluster_Complex" title="Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex">Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Space">Space portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere (Earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin (abiogenesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6270149919445006650001">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1860481/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8v443pPTqgvXgPkBtrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1135962553">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040427">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975911n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975911n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573040">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117167&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453913">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055925&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998010647">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007445644605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637787">NARA</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046628">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=15977">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yer">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/20px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/31px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/41px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Solar system">Solar system</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/42px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Earth at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="wikt:Earth">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earth" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Earth">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="n:Earth">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="q:Earth">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="s:Earth">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="b:Earth">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="v:Earth">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&oldid=1258622167">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&oldid=1258622167</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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