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id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Internal structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Colour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Magnetosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Storms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Internal heating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_and_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Orbit and rotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_resonances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_resonances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Formation and resonances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_and_resonances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formation and resonances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_resonances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_resonances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_resonances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Orbital resonances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_resonances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Moons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Planetary rings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Observation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Neptune</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 226 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-226" aria-hidden="true" > 226 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(Planet)" title="Neptun (Planet) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neptun (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%90%E1%8D%95%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%95" title="ነፕቲዩን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ነፕቲዩን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="नेप्च्युन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नेप्च्युन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Neptune (planēta) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Neptune (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نبتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno_(planeta)" title="Neptuno (planeta) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Neptuno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Neptuno (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Neptuno (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="নেপচুন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নেপচুন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunu_(planeta)" title="Neptunu (planeta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neptunu (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="नेपच्यून ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नेपच्यून ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%C3%BAno" title="Netúno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Netúno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planet)" title="Neptun (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neptun (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نپتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نپتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ptunus" title="Néptunus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Néptunus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="নেপচুন গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেপচুন গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-%C3%B4ng-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Hái-ông-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-ông-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Нептун (планета) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нептун (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нэптун – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэптун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="नेपच्यून ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेपच्यून ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Нептун (планета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нептун (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(Planet)" title="Neptun (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Neptun (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐར་མ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐར་མ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neizhan" title="Neizhan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Neizhan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Далайн ван – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Далайн ван" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C3%BA_(planeta)" title="Neptú (planeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neptú (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planeta)" title="Neptun (planeta) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neptun (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Vidinda" title="Chanya la Vidinda – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya la Vidinda" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettunu" title="Nettunu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nettunu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neifion_(planed)" title="Neifion (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neifion (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planet)" title="Neptun (planet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neptun (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيپتون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيپتون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(Planet)" title="Neptun (Planet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neptun (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9%CA%BCtoon" title="Néʼtoon – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Néʼtoon" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="वरुणग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वरुणग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93" title="ནེཔ་ཊུན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ནེཔ་ཊུན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuun" title="Neptuun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neptuun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Ποσειδώνας (πλανήτης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποσειδώνας (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%C3%B3n" title="Netón – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Netón" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno_(planeta)" title="Neptuno (planeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neptuno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno_(planedo)" title="Neptuno (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neptuno (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netunu_(praneta)" title="Netunu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Netunu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نپتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نپتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varungrah" title="Varungrah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Varungrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Neptune (planète) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neptune (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus_(planeet)" title="Neptunus (planeet) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neptunus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netun_(planet)" title="Netun (planet) – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Netun (planet)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neipti%C3%BAn_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Neiptiún (pláinéad) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neiptiún (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptioon" title="Neptioon – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Neptioon" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neaptun" title="Neaptun – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neaptun" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="海王星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8A%D9%86" title="نيپتۊن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نيپتۊن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="નૅપ્ચ્યુન (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નૅપ્ચ્યુન (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Neptune" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3i-v%C3%B2ng-s%C3%AAn" title="Hói-vòng-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hói-vòng-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%99%95%EC%84%B1" title="해왕성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해왕성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Neptune" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepekune" title="Nepekune – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nepekune" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նեպտուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեպտուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="वरुण (ग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वरुण (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)" title="Нептун (планетæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нептун (планетæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(i-astronomy)" title="Neptune (i-astronomy) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Neptune (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNolundwa" title="UNolundwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNolundwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C3%BAnus_(reikistjarna)" title="Neptúnus (reikistjarna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neptúnus (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettuno_(astronomia)" title="Nettuno (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nettuno (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="נפטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%9Bptiini" title="Nɛptiini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nɛptiini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೆಪ್ಚೂನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆಪ್ಚೂನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C3%BAnu" title="Neptúnu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Neptúnu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნეპტუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეპტუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Нептун (ғаламшар) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нептун (ғаламшар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevyon_(planet)" title="Nevyon (planet) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nevyon (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Neptuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptin_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Neptin (planèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Neptin (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8ptin_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Nèptin (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nèptin (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C3%BBn_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Neptûn (gerstêrk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Neptûn (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netun" title="Netun – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Netun" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99" title="ດາວເນບຕູນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວເນບຕູນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus_(planeta)" title="Neptunus (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neptunus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C5%ABns_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Neptūns (planēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neptūns (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Neptun (Planéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Neptun (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C5%ABnas_(planeta)" title="Neptūnas (planeta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neptūnas (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettun_(astronomia)" title="Nettun (astronomia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nettun (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus_(planeet)" title="Neptunus (planeet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neptunus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun%C3%A9" title="Neptuné – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Neptuné" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netuno" title="Netuno – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Netuno" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/neptun" title="neptun – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="neptun" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%C3%BC_(pianeta)" title="Netü (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Netü (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunusz_(bolyg%C3%B3)" title="Neptunusz (bolygó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neptunusz (bolygó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptiona_(planeta)" title="Neptiona (planeta) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Neptiona (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="നെപ്റ്റ്യൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെപ്റ്റ്യൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettunu_(pjaneta)" title="Nettunu (pjaneta) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nettunu (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="नेपच्यून ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेपच्यून ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="ნეპტუნი (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნეპტუნი (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيبتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيبتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="نپتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نپتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A9_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯁꯥꯃꯩ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯃꯩ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i-u%C3%B2ng-s%C4%ADng" title="Hāi-uòng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi-uòng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netuno_(planeta)" title="Netuno (planeta) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Netuno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Нептун (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Нептун (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Далайн ван – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Далайн ван" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="နက်ပကျွန်းဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နက်ပကျွန်းဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81locc%C4%ABtlalli" title="Tlāloccītlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlāloccītlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus_(planeet)" title="Neptunus (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neptunus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus_(planeet)" title="Neptunus (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Neptunus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="वरुणग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वरुणग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3" title="वरुण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वरुण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海王星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettunno" title="Nettunno – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nettunno" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%95%DF%8C%DF%AE" title="ߟߌ߲ߓߊ߲ߕߌ߮ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߟߌ߲ߓߊ߲ߕߌ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planet)" title="Neptun (planet) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neptun (planet)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Neptun" title="Planeten Neptun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Neptun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(planete)" title="Neptune (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Neptune (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planeta)" title="Neptun (planeta) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neptun (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8" title="ନେପଚୁନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନେପଚୁନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeptuuniin" title="Neeptuuniin – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Neeptuuniin" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A3_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਵਰੁਣ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰੁਣ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="نیپچون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیپچون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="نیپټون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیپټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptyuun" title="Neptyuun – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Neptyuun" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93" title="ភពណិបទូន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពណិបទូន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netun_(pianeta)" title="Netun (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Netun (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(Planet)" title="Neptun (Planet) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Neptun (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netuno_(planeta)" title="Netuno (planeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Netuno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planeta)" title="Neptun (planeta) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Neptun (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepptuun_(Planneet)" title="Nepptuun (Planneet) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Nepptuun (Planneet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketor" title="Ketor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ketor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planet)" title="Neptun (planet) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Neptun (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niptun_(puriq_quyllur)" title="Niptun (puriq quyllur) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niptun (puriq quyllur)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Нептун (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нептун (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="नेप्चून्-ग्रहः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नेप्चून्-ग्रहः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱷᱩᱛ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱩᱛ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netunu_(praneta)" title="Netunu (praneta) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Netunu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neptune" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neptuni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettunu_(pianeta)" title="Nettunu (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nettunu (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="නෙප්චූන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෙප්චූන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neptune" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيپچون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيپچون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C3%BAn" title="Neptún – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neptún" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%97%D0%B4%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Посїдѡнъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Посїдѡнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C5%AFn" title="Neptůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Neptůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docay" title="Docay – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Docay" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="نێپتوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نێپتوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun_(planeta)" title="Neptun (planeta) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neptun (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ptunus" title="Néptunus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Néptunus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="நெப்டியூன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெப்டியூன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibtun" title="Nibtun – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Nibtun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Нептун (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нептун (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="నెప్ట్యూన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నెప్ట్యూన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="ดาวเนปจูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเนปจูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%9A" title="ᏁᏆᏚ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏁᏆᏚ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C3%BCn" title="Neptün – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neptün" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Нептун – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нептун" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Нептун (планета) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нептун (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="نیپچون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیپچون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%86" title="نېپتۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېپتۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqhaijvuengz" title="Ndaundeiqhaijvuengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqhaijvuengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netun_(astronomia)" title="Netun (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Netun (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_H%E1%BA%A3i_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Sao Hải Vương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Hải Vương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuun" title="Neptuun – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Neptuun" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海王星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus_(planete)" title="Neptunus (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Neptunus (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuno" title="Neptuno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neptuno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuun" title="Neptuun – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Neptuun" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海王星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="נעפטון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעפטון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%B9%CC%81pt%C3%BAn%C3%B9" title="Nẹ́ptúnù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nẹ́ptúnù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海王星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus_(planete)" title="Neptunus (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Neptunus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nept%C5%ABns" title="Neptūns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Neptūns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海王星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8ptunus" title="Nèptunus – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Nèptunus" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Neptunus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Neptun" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" 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For the Roman god, see <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Neptune (disambiguation)">Neptune (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Neptune</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/290px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/435px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/580px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Neptune in true colour<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> as captured by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>. Like <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, Neptune has a muted appearance; several storms can still be seen, such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a> GDS-89<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> at the center</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Discovery<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-3">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle" title="Johann Gottfried Galle">Johann Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1846</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɛptuːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f3\/En-us-Neptune.ogg\/En-us-Neptune.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Neptune.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/En-us-Neptune.ogg/En-us-Neptune.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Neptune.ogg" title="File:En-us-Neptune.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-tjuːn/</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Latin Neptunus, via French Neptune</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Neptunian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/nɛpˈtjuːniən/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Poseidean<a href="#cite_note-Poseidean-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♆"><img alt="♆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Neptune_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Neptune_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Neptune_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Neptune_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Neptune_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Neptune_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯉"><img alt="⯉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/36px-Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/48px-Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><a href="#cite_note-Horizons-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-barycentre-8">[b]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.33 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (4.54 billion km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29.81 AU (4.46 billion km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">30.07 AU (4.50 billion km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.008678</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>164.8 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></li> <li>60,195 days</li> <li>89,666 Neptunian <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a><a href="#cite_note-planet_years-9">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">367.49 days<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.43 km/s<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">259.883°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.770° to <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> 6.43° to <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s equator 0.74° to <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a><a href="#cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">131.783°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Time of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2042-Sep-04<a href="#cite_note-horizons-perihelion-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">273.187°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">16</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,622±19 km<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,764±15 km<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[c]</a> 3.883 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,341±30 km<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[c]</a> 3.829 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0171±0.0013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.6187×109 km2<a href="#cite_note-fact2-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[c]</a> 14.98 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.253×1013 km3<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[c]</a> 57.74 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.02409×1026 kg<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a> 17.147 Earths 5.15×10−5 Suns</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.638 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar_b-16">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11.15 m/s2 (1.137 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a>)<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.23<a href="#cite_note-PS15-17">[13]</a> (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">23.5 km/s<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.67125 d 16 h 6 m 36 s<a href="#cite_note-planet_years-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.6713 day<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a> 16 h 6 min 36 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.68 km/s<a href="#cite_note-g142-18">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">28.32° (to orbit)<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">19h 57m 20s<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a> 299.36° <a href="#cite_note-iau2015-19">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">43.46° <a href="#cite_note-iau2015-19">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.290 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Pearl_et_al_Neptune-20">[16]</a> 0.442 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geom.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_et_al-21">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">1 bar level</th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">72 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−201 °C)<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">0.1 bar (10 kPa)</th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">55 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−218 °C)<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.67<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-22">[18]</a> to 8.00<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-22">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−6.9<a href="#cite_note-IMCCE-23">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.2–2.4″<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-24">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">Scale height</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">19.7±0.6 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>80%±3.2% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li> <li>19%±3.2% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li> <li>1.5%±0.5% <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a></li> <li>~0.019% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li>~0.00015% <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a></li> <li>Icy <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Neptune is the eighth and farthest known <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">fourth-largest planet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planet</a>. It is 17 times the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass of Earth">mass of Earth</a>. Compared to its fellow <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, Neptune is slightly more massive, but denser and smaller. Being composed primarily of gases and liquids,<a href="#cite_note-c102-25">[21]</a> it has no well-defined solid surface, and orbits the Sun once every 164.8 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">years</a> at an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital distance">orbital distance</a> of 30.1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (4.5 billion kilometres; 2.8 billion miles). It is named after <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">the Roman god of the sea</a> and has the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♆"><img alt="♆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Trident_of_Poseidon" title="Trident of Poseidon">Neptune's trident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[e]</a> Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System that was found from mathematical predictions derived from indirect observations rather than being initially observed by direct <a href="/wiki/Empirical_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical observation">empirical observation</a>, when unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Bouvard" title="Alexis Bouvard">Alexis Bouvard</a> to hypothesise that its orbit was subject to gravitational <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbation</a> by an unknown planet. After Bouvard's death, the position of Neptune was predicted from his observations, independently, by <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a>. Neptune was subsequently directly observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-3">[2]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle" title="Johann Gottfried Galle">Johann Gottfried Galle</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree</a> of the position predicted by Le Verrier. Its largest moon, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">remaining moons</a> were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a small <a href="/wiki/Apparent_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent size">apparent size</a>, and its distance from the Sun renders it very dim, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Only the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> and of large ground-based telescopes with <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optics</a> allowed for detailed observations. Neptune was visited by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">flew by</a> the planet on 25 August 1989; Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to have visited it.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141018-KC-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>), Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, along with traces of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, but contains a higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">ices</a> such as water, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. Similar to Uranus, its interior is primarily composed of ices and rock;<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-29">[24]</a> both planets are normally considered "ice giants" to distinguish them.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>, traces of methane in the outermost regions make Neptune appear faintly blue.<a href="#cite_note-bluecolour-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> In contrast to the strongly seasonal atmosphere of Uranus, which can be featureless for long periods of time, Neptune's atmosphere has active and consistently visible weather patterns. At the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a <a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a> comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> on Jupiter. In 2018, a newer main dark spot and smaller dark spot were identified and studied.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20201222-33">[28]</a> These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, as high as 2,100 km/h (580 m/s; 1,300 mph).<a href="#cite_note-Suomi1991-34">[29]</a> Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−218 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; −361 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C; 9,300 °F).<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-nettelmann-36">[31]</a> Neptune has <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">a faint and fragmented ring system</a> (labelled "arcs"), discovered in 1984 and confirmed by Voyager 2.<a href="#cite_note-ring1-37">[32]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Neptune" title="Discovery of Neptune">Discovery of Neptune</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:218px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/178px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/267px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/356px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> may have been the first person to sight Neptune</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:225px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Verrier_colored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Le_Verrier_colored.jpg/178px-Le_Verrier_colored.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Le_Verrier_colored.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="326" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> mostly successfully predicted Neptune's position</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:210px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannGalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/JohannGalle.jpg/178px-JohannGalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/JohannGalle.jpg/267px-JohannGalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/JohannGalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="371" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle" title="Johann Gottfried Galle">Johann Gottfried Galle</a> was requested by Le Verrier to look for Neptune</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:225px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Couch_Adams_Cornwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/John_Couch_Adams_Cornwall.jpg/178px-John_Couch_Adams_Cornwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/John_Couch_Adams_Cornwall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="326" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> independently calculated Neptune's position</div></div></div></div></div> Some of the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopic</a> observations ever, Galileo's drawings on 28 Dec. 1612 and 27 Jan. 1613 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New Style</a>) contain plotted points that match what is now known to have been the positions of Neptune on those dates. Both times, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed star">fixed star</a> when it appeared close—in <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunction</a>—to Jupiter in the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> Hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in Dec. 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned <a href="/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion" title="Apparent retrograde motion">retrograde</a> that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> In 2009, a study suggested that Galileo was at least aware that the "star" he had observed had moved relative to fixed stars.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> In 1821, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Bouvard" title="Alexis Bouvard">Alexis Bouvard</a> published astronomical tables of the <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesize that an unknown body was <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbing</a> the orbit through <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitational</a> interaction.<a href="#cite_note-MNRAS7-42">[37]</a> In 1843, <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. He requested extra data from Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Airy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomer Royal</a>, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–1846 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> In 1845–1846, <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a>, developed his own calculations independently from Adams, but aroused no enthusiasm among his compatriots. In June 1846, upon seeing Le Verrier's first published estimate of the planet's longitude and its similarity to Adams's estimate, Airy persuaded <a href="/wiki/James_Challis" title="James Challis">James Challis</a> to search for the planet. Challis vainly scoured the sky throughout August and September.<a href="#cite_note-MNRAS7-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> Challis had, in fact, observed Neptune a year before the planet's subsequent discoverer, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle" title="Johann Gottfried Galle">Johann Gottfried Galle</a>, and on two occasions, 4 and 12 August 1845. However, his out-of-date star maps and poor observing techniques meant that he failed to recognize the observations as such until he carried out later analysis. Challis was full of remorse but blamed his neglect on his maps and the fact that he was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-MNRAS7-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> Meanwhile, Le Verrier sent a letter and urged <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Observatory" title="Berlin Observatory">Berlin Observatory</a> astronomer Galle to search with the observatory's <a href="/wiki/Refractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractor">refractor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest" title="Heinrich Louis d'Arrest">Heinrich d'Arrest</a>, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune just northeast of <a href="/wiki/Iota_Aquarii" title="Iota Aquarii">Iota Aquarii</a>, 1° from the "five degrees east of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Capricorni" title="Delta Capricorni">Delta Capricorn</a>" position Le Verrier had predicted it to be,<a href="#cite_note-auto-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> about 12° from Adams's prediction, and on the border of <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricornus</a> according to the modern <a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">IAU constellation</a> boundaries. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen_-_15803973590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutsches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen_-_15803973590.jpg/170px-Deutsches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen_-_15803973590.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutsches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen_-_15803973590.jpg/255px-Deutsches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen_-_15803973590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Deutsches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen_-_15803973590.jpg/340px-Deutsches_Museum_M%C3%BCnchen_-_15803973590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1646" /></a><figcaption>The 9" refractor used by Galle to discover Neptune</figcaption></figure> In the wake of the discovery, there was a nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that Le Verrier and Adams deserved joint credit.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> Since 1966, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Rawlins" title="Dennis Rawlins">Dennis Rawlins</a> has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents) to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neptdisc-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3></div> Shortly after its discovery, Neptune was referred to simply as "the planet exterior to Uranus" or as "Le Verrier's planet". The first suggestion for a name came from Galle, who proposed the name <a href="/wiki/Janus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Janus (mythology)">Janus</a>. In England, Challis put forward the name <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French <a href="/wiki/Bureau_des_Longitudes" title="Bureau des Longitudes">Bureau des Longitudes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a>. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, and Leverrier for the new planet.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve">Struve</a> came out in favour of the name Neptune on 29 December 1846, to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> after the colour of the planet as viewed through a telescope.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> Soon, Neptune became the internationally accepted name. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> was the god of the sea, identified with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets, all of which were named for deities in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> and Roman mythology.<a href="#cite_note-59">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-60">[54]</a> Most languages today use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. In Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星).<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, Neptune is called Dalain van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">In Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahab_(term)" title="Rahab (term)">Rahab</a> (רהב), from <a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)#Jewish_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">a Biblical sea monster</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>, was selected in a vote managed by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term Neptun (נפטון) is commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayadan.org.il-65">[59]</a> In <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the <a href="/wiki/Tangaroa" title="Tangaroa">Māori god of the sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics-66">[60]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a>, the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god <a href="/wiki/Tl%C4%81loc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlāloc">Tlāloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appendix_5:_Planetary_Linguistics-66">[60]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, Neptune is referred to by the Westernised name Dao Nepchun/Nepjun (ดาวเนปจูน) but is also called Dao Ket (ดาวเกตุ, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'star of Ketu'), after <a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a> (केतु), the descending <a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">lunar node</a>, who plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, the name Waruna, after the <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Hindu god of seas</a>, is attested as far back as the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> but was eventually superseded by the Latinate equivalents Neptun (in <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a>) or Neptunus (in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a>). The usual adjectival form is Neptunian. The <a href="/wiki/Nonce_word" title="Nonce word">nonce</a> form Poseidean (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈsaɪdiən/</a>), from <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, has also been used,<a href="#cite_note-Poseidean-6">[5]</a> though the usual adjectival form of Poseidon is Poseidonian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌpɒsaɪˈdoʊniən/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3></div> From its discovery in 1846 until the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Pluto" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Pluto">discovery of Pluto</a> in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> was discovered, it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the second-farthest known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer than Neptune to the Sun, making Neptune the ninth planet from the Sun during this period.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> The increasingly accurate estimations of Pluto's mass from ten times <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">that of Earth's</a> to far less than <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar mass">that of the Moon</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> <a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">defined the word "planet"</a> for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "<a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>" and making Neptune once again the outermost-known planet in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune,_Earth_size_comparison_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_true_color.jpg/220px-Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_true_color.jpg/330px-Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_true_color.jpg/440px-Neptune%2C_Earth_size_comparison_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>A size comparison of Neptune and Earth</figcaption></figure> Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a> is intermediate between Earth and the larger <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass">that of Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mass-77">[g]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> of Earth,<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> and surpassed only by Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-Unsöld_&_Baschek_2001-79">[72]</a> Neptune's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> radius of 24,764 km<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a> is nearly four times <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">that of Earth</a>. Neptune, like <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a>, a subclass of <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planet</a>, because they are smaller and have higher concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> than Jupiter and Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-Boss-80">[73]</a> In the search for <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, Neptune has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a>: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes",<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_diamonds" title="Extraterrestrial diamonds">Extraterrestrial diamonds</a></div> Neptune's internal structure resembles <a href="/wiki/Uranus#Internal_structure" title="Uranus">that of Uranus</a>. Its atmosphere forms about 5 to 10% of its mass and extends perhaps 10 to 20% of the way towards the core. Pressure in the atmosphere reaches about 10 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>, or about 105 atmospheres. Increasing concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and water are found in the lower regions of the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-35">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_Neptune_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Another_Neptune_diagram.svg/330px-Another_Neptune_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Another_Neptune_diagram.svg/495px-Another_Neptune_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Another_Neptune_diagram.svg/660px-Another_Neptune_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the physical component of Neptune's interior and its surroundings in <a href="/wiki/False_color" title="False color">false colours</a></figcaption></figure> The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-3">[2]</a> As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is called <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">icy</a> even though it is a hot, dense <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a>. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Atreya2006-82">[75]</a> The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, and deeper down <a href="/wiki/Superionic_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Superionic water">superionic water</a> in which the oxygen crystallizes but the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen ions</a> float around freely within the oxygen lattice.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> At a depth of 7,000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170825-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> Scientists believe that this kind of diamond rain occurs on Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170825-85">[78]</a> Very-high-pressure experiments at <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> suggest that the top of the mantle may be an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2004-89">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2010-90">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> of Neptune is likely composed of iron, nickel and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>, with an interior <a href="/wiki/Scientific_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific model">model</a> giving a mass about 1.2x that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-pass43-91">[84]</a> The pressure at the centre is 7 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">Mbar</a> (700 GPa), about twice as high as that at the centre of Earth, and the temperature may be 5,400 K (5,100 °C; 9,300 °F).<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-nettelmann-36">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune-Methane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neptune-Methane.jpg/218px-Neptune-Methane.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neptune-Methane.jpg/327px-Neptune-Methane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neptune-Methane.jpg/436px-Neptune-Methane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="380" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Combined colour and near-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> image of Neptune, showing bands of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and four of its moons, <a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Despina_(moon)" title="Despina (moon)">Despina</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/218px--Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="218" height="164" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Neptune's_Dynamic_Environment.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm/Neptune%27s_Dynamic_Environment.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">A timelapse video of Neptune and its moons</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Cloud_Cover_Over_Three_Decades_(2023-019).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Neptune_Cloud_Cover_Over_Three_Decades_%282023-019%29.png/218px-Neptune_Cloud_Cover_Over_Three_Decades_%282023-019%29.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Neptune_Cloud_Cover_Over_Three_Decades_%282023-019%29.png/327px-Neptune_Cloud_Cover_Over_Three_Decades_%282023-019%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Neptune_Cloud_Cover_Over_Three_Decades_%282023-019%29.png/436px-Neptune_Cloud_Cover_Over_Three_Decades_%282023-019%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1082" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Neptune's cloud cover over three decades (1994–2023).<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230818-92">[85]</a> False colour image based on data from <a href="/wiki/WFPC2" class="mw-redirect" title="WFPC2">WFPC2</a> and <a href="/wiki/WFC3" class="mw-redirect" title="WFC3">WFC3</a> instruments of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/218px-Neptune_clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/327px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/436px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="596" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bands of high-altitude clouds cast shadows on Neptune's lower cloud deck. The colour is exaggerated to show the clouds more clearly.</div></div></div></div></div> At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and 19% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hubbard-35">[30]</a> A trace amount of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> is present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its faint blue hue,<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> which is more pronounced for Neptune's due to concentrated haze in Uranus's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240104-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[88]</a> Neptune's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions: the lower <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, where temperature decreases with altitude, and the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, where temperature increases with altitude. The boundary between the two, the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>, lies at a pressure of 0.1 bars (10 kPa).<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> The stratosphere then gives way to the <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> at a pressure lower than 10−5 to 10−4 bars (1 to 10 Pa).<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> The thermosphere gradually transitions to the <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-l086-96">[89]</a> Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230818-92">[85]</a> The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium sulfide">ammonium sulfide</a>, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 °C; 32 °F). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-97">[90]</a> High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitudes. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck.<a href="#cite_note-apj125-98">[91]</a> These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. In August 2023, the high-altitude clouds of Neptune vanished, prompting a study spanning thirty years of observations by the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes. The study found that Neptune's high-altitude cloud activity is bound to <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">Solar cycles</a>, and not to the planet's seasons.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230818-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> Neptune's <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectra</a> suggest that its lower stratosphere is hazy due to condensation of products of ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> of methane, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">ethyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-hubbard-35">[30]</a> The stratosphere is home to trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-101">[94]</a> The stratosphere of Neptune is warmer than that of Uranus due to the elevated concentration of hydrocarbons.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K (477 °C; 890 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Broadfoot19989-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-103">[96]</a> The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetic field</a>. Other candidates are <a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">gravity waves</a> from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> and dust.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-97">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-101">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour">Colour</h3></div> Neptune's atmosphere is faintly blue in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">optical spectrum</a>, only slightly more saturated than the blue of Uranus's atmosphere. Early renderings of the two planets greatly exaggerated Neptune's colour contrast "to better reveal the clouds, bands and winds", making it seem deep blue compared to Uranus's off-white. The two planets had been imaged with different systems, making it hard to directly compare the resulting <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composite images</a>. This was revisited with the colour normalised over time, most comprehensively in late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-104">[97]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original 2-colour (orange-green) NASA/JPL image from Voyager 2, with exaggerated colour[98]"><img alt="Original 2-colour (orange-green) NASA/JPL image from Voyager 2, with exaggerated colour[98]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Neptune_Full.jpg/200px-Neptune_Full.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Neptune_Full.jpg/300px-Neptune_Full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Neptune_Full.jpg/400px-Neptune_Full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original 2-colour (orange-green) NASA/JPL image from <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, with exaggerated colour<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_-_Voyager_2_(29347980845)_flatten_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colour recalibrated in 2016 (Justin Cowart), preserving some enhancement for contrast[99]"><img alt="Colour recalibrated in 2016 (Justin Cowart), preserving some enhancement for contrast[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg/200px-Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg/300px-Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg/400px-Neptune_-_Voyager_2_%2829347980845%29_flatten_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colour recalibrated in 2016 (Justin Cowart), preserving some enhancement for contrast<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colour recalibrated in 2023 (Patrick Irwin), approximating the true colour[100]"><img alt="Colour recalibrated in 2023 (Patrick Irwin), approximating the true colour[100]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/200px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/300px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/400px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colour recalibrated in 2023 (Patrick Irwin), approximating the true colour<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</h3></div> Neptune's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> that is strongly tilted relative to its <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotational axis</a> at 47° and offset of at least 0.55 radius (~13,500 km) from the planet's physical centre—resembling Uranus's magnetosphere. Before the arrival of Voyager 2 to Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's sideways rotation caused its tilted magnetosphere. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convective</a> fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrically conducting</a> liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water),<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-97">[90]</a> resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> action.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">microteslas</a> (0.14 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">G</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Connerney1991-109">[102]</a> The dipole <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole" title="Quadrupole">quadrupole</a> moment that may exceed the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">dipole</a> moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of an offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.<a href="#cite_note-science4936-110">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> Measurements by Voyager 2 in extreme-ultraviolet and radio frequencies revealed that Neptune has faint and weak but complex and unique <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a>; however, these observations were limited in time and did not contain infrared. Subsequent astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have not glimpsed the aurorae, in contrast to the more well-defined aurorae of Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-Lamy_2020_p._20190481-112">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-esa-113">[106]</a> Neptune's <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">bow shock</a>, where the magnetosphere begins to slow the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, occurs at a distance of 34.9 times the radius of the planet. The <a href="/wiki/Magnetopause" title="Magnetopause">magnetopause</a>, where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances the solar wind, lies at a distance of 23–26.5 times the radius of Neptune. The tail of the magnetosphere extends out to at least 72 times the radius of Neptune, and likely much farther.<a href="#cite_note-science4936-110">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_storms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neptune_storms.jpg/220px-Neptune_storms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neptune_storms.jpg/330px-Neptune_storms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neptune_storms.jpg/440px-Neptune_storms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a> (top), Scooter (middle white cloud),<a href="#cite_note-scooter-114">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Small_Dark_Spot" title="Small Dark Spot">Small Dark Spot</a> (bottom), with contrast exaggerated</figcaption></figure> Neptune's weather is characterized by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—exceeding <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_speed" title="Supersonic speed">supersonic</a> flow.<a href="#cite_note-Suomi1991-34">[29]</a> More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel1989-115">[108]</a> At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-97">[90]</a> Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation.<a href="#cite_note-burgess2-116">[109]</a> The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a "<a href="/wiki/Skin_effect" title="Skin effect">skin effect</a>" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> At 70°S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> Due to seasonal changes, the cloud bands in the southern hemisphere of Neptune have been observed to increase in size and <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>. This trend was first seen in 1980. The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting 40 Earth years.<a href="#cite_note-villard-117">[110]</a> Neptune differs from Uranus in its typical level of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> activity. Voyager 2 observed weather phenomena on Neptune during its 1989 flyby,<a href="#cite_note-spot-118">[111]</a> but no comparable phenomena on Uranus during its 1986 flyby. The abundance of methane, ethane and <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> at Neptune's equator is 10–100 times greater than at the poles. This is interpreted as evidence for upwelling at the equator and subsidence near the poles, as photochemistry cannot account for the distribution without meridional circulation.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages about 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> The relative "hot spot" is due to Neptune's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>, which has exposed the south pole to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storms">Storms</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg/210px-Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg/315px-Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg/421px-Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The Great Dark Spot imaged by Voyager 2 in an enhanced colour image</figcaption></figure> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">anticyclonic</a> storm system spanning 13,000 km × 6,600 km (8,100 mi × 4,100 mi),<a href="#cite_note-spot-118">[111]</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s Voyager 2 spacecraft. The storm resembled the <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> of Jupiter. Some five years later, on 2 November 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet. Instead, a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in Neptune's northern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2).<a href="#cite_note-burgess2-116">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Small_Dark_Spot" title="Small Dark Spot">Small Dark Spot</a> is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed, which can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> In 2018, a newer main dark spot and smaller dark spot were identified and studied.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20201222-33">[28]</a> In 2023, the first ground-based observation of a dark spot on Neptune was announced.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:362px;max-width:362px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_storm_is_coming_Neptune.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Neptune with its Northern Great Dark Spot visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_storm_is_coming_Neptune.tif/lossy-page1-172px-A_storm_is_coming_Neptune.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_storm_is_coming_Neptune.tif/lossy-page1-258px-A_storm_is_coming_Neptune.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_storm_is_coming_Neptune.tif/lossy-page1-344px-A_storm_is_coming_Neptune.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="543" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Northern Great Dark Spot imaged by Hubble in 2018</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Dark_Spot_Jr._Hubble.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Neptune_Dark_Spot_Jr._Hubble.png/182px-Neptune_Dark_Spot_Jr._Hubble.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Neptune_Dark_Spot_Jr._Hubble.png/273px-Neptune_Dark_Spot_Jr._Hubble.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Neptune_Dark_Spot_Jr._Hubble.png/364px-Neptune_Dark_Spot_Jr._Hubble.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1041" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Northern Great Dark Spot and a smaller companion storm imaged by Hubble in 2020</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:360px;max-width:360px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune%E2%80%99s_shrinking_vortex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Neptune%E2%80%99s_shrinking_vortex.jpg/358px-Neptune%E2%80%99s_shrinking_vortex.jpg" decoding="async" width="358" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Neptune%E2%80%99s_shrinking_vortex.jpg/537px-Neptune%E2%80%99s_shrinking_vortex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Neptune%E2%80%99s_shrinking_vortex.jpg/716px-Neptune%E2%80%99s_shrinking_vortex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="572" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Neptune's SDS-2015<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> vortex in around two years, which has appeared to be shrinking and disappearing</div></div></div></div></div> Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features,<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a> structures.<a href="#cite_note-apj125-98">[91]</a> Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> layer.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other, unknown mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_four_sides_of_Neptune_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif/lossy-page1-210px-The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif/lossy-page1-316px-The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif/lossy-page1-420px-The_four_sides_of_Neptune_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption>Four images taken a few hours apart with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope's <a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Camera_3" title="Wide Field Camera 3">Wide Field Camera 3</a>. Near-infrared radiation data has been used as a red channel.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1989, Voyager 2's <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2#Scientific_instruments" title="Voyager 2">Planetary Radio Astronomy</a> (PRA) experiment observed around 60 lightning flashes, or Neptunian electrostatic discharges emitting energies over 7×108 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> A plasma wave system (PWS) detected 16 electromagnetic wave events with a frequency range of 50–12 kHz at magnetic latitudes 7–33˚.<a href="#cite_note-Atmospheric_Electricity_at_the_Ice-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whistlers_in_Neptune's_magnetospher-131">[124]</a> These plasma wave detections were possibly triggered by lightning over 20 minutes in the ammonia clouds of the magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Whistlers_in_Neptune's_magnetospher-131">[124]</a> During Voyager 2’s closest approach to Neptune, the PWS instrument provided Neptune's first plasma wave detections at a sample rate of 28,800 samples per second.<a href="#cite_note-Whistlers_in_Neptune's_magnetospher-131">[124]</a> The measured plasma densities range from 10−3 – 10−1 cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Whistlers_in_Neptune's_magnetospher-131">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> Neptunian lightning may occur in three cloud layers,<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> with microphysical modelling suggesting that most of these occurrences happen in the water clouds of the troposphere or the shallow ammonia clouds of the magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Atmospheric_Electricity_at_the_Ice-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> Neptune is predicted to have 1/19 the lightning flash rate of Jupiter and to display most of its lightning activity at high latitudes. However, lightning on Neptune seems to resemble lightning on Earth rather than Jovian lightning.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_heating">Internal heating</h3></div> Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher <a href="/wiki/Internal_heating" title="Internal heating">internal heating</a>. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K (−221.3 °C). At a depth where the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> equals 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> (100 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>), the temperature is 72.00 K (−201.15 °C).<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun;<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> Neptune is over 50% farther from the Sun than Uranus and receives only ~40% of Uranus's amount of sunlight;<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-30">[25]</a> however, its internal energy is still enough for the fastest planetary winds in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is harder to explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Orbit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Neptune_Orbit.gif/210px-Neptune_Orbit.gif" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Neptune_Orbit.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Neptune (red arc) completes one orbit around the Sun (centre) for every 164.79 orbits of Earth. The light blue dot represents Uranus.</figcaption></figure> The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU), the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years. The perihelion distance is 29.81 AU, and the aphelion distance is 30.33 AU.<a href="#cite_note-141">[h]</a> Neptune's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> is only 0.008678, making it the planet in the Solar System with the second most circular orbit after <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> The orbit of Neptune is <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclined</a> 1.77° compared to that of Earth. On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycentric</a> orbit since its discovery in 1846;<a href="#cite_note-obsjul711-143">[135]</a> it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July, Neptune was not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun—if the more common <a href="/wiki/Solar_coordinate_systems" title="Solar coordinate systems">heliocentric coordinate system</a> is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-fact2-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-UT2010-08-144">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horizons2011-146">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> of Neptune is 28.32°,<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> which is similar to the tilts of Earth (23°) and Mars (25°). As a result, Neptune experiences seasonal changes similar to those on Earth. The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years.<a href="#cite_note-villard-117">[110]</a> Its sidereal rotation period (day) is roughly 16.11 hours.<a href="#cite_note-fact2-15">[12]</a> Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth's, the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme. Because Neptune is not a solid body, its atmosphere undergoes <a href="/wiki/Differential_rotation" title="Differential rotation">differential rotation</a>. The wide equatorial zone rotates with a period of about 18 hours, which is slower than the 16.1-hour rotation of the planet's magnetic field. By contrast, the reverse is true for the polar regions where the rotation period is 12 hours. This differential rotation is the most pronounced of any planet in the Solar System,<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> and it results in strong latitudinal wind shear.<a href="#cite_note-apj125-98">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_resonances">Formation and resonances</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhborbits.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/440px-Lhborbits.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/660px-Lhborbits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/880px-Lhborbits.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>A simulation showing the outer planets and Kuiper belt: a) before Jupiter and Saturn reached a 2:1 resonance; b) after inward scattering of Kuiper belt objects following the orbital shift of Neptune; c) after ejection of scattered Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter</figcaption></figure> The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has been difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a>, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disc</a> and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive <a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boss-80">[73]</a> An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">migrated</a> to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> The current most widely accepted<a href="#cite_note-Crida2009-151">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desch07-152">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-153">[145]</a> explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">dynamical evolution</a> scenario that explores the potential effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_resonances">Orbital resonances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">resonant trans-Neptunian object</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/220px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/330px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/440px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing the major orbital resonances in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> caused by Neptune: the highlighted regions are the 2:3 resonance (<a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">plutinos</a>), the nonresonant <a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">"classical belt"</a> (cubewanos), and the 1:2 resonance (<a href="/wiki/Twotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Twotino">twotinos</a>).</figcaption></figure> Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> Much in the same way that <a href="/wiki/Jupiter#Impacts" title="Jupiter">Jupiter's gravity dominates the asteroid belt</a>, Neptune's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt. Over the age of the Solar System, certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune's gravity, creating gaps in its structure. The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">resonances</a> occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects,<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as <a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">plutinos</a> because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, is among them.<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance makes it so that they can never collide.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> Neptune has a number of known <a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">trojan objects</a> occupying both the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>–Neptune <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L4_and_L5" title="Lagrange point">L4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L4_and_L5" title="Lagrange point">L5</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian points</a>—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a> can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_capture" title="Gravitational capture">captured</a>. The first object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L4_and_L5" title="Lagrange point">L5</a> Lagrangian point was <a href="/wiki/2008_LC18" title="2008 LC18">2008 LC18</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-161">[153]</a> Neptune has a temporary <a href="/wiki/Quasi-satellite" title="Quasi-satellite">quasi-satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/(309239)_2007_RW10" title="(309239) 2007 RW10">(309239) 2007 RW10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quasi-162">[154]</a> The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.<a href="#cite_note-quasi-162">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moons">Moons</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Moons of Neptune</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a timeline of discovery dates, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Webb_Images_Capture_Rare_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_(Labeled).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shown in this image are Neptune and its moons: Triton, Galatea, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Proteus, and Larissa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/New_Webb_Images_Capture_Rare_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_%28Labeled%29.png/220px-New_Webb_Images_Capture_Rare_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_%28Labeled%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/New_Webb_Images_Capture_Rare_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_%28Labeled%29.png/330px-New_Webb_Images_Capture_Rare_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_%28Labeled%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/New_Webb_Images_Capture_Rare_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_%28Labeled%29.png/440px-New_Webb_Images_Capture_Rare_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_%28Labeled%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>An annotated picture of Neptune's many moons as captured by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>. The bright blue <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_spike" title="Diffraction spike">diffraction star</a> is <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, Neptune's largest moon.</figcaption></figure> Neptune has 16 known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppardmoons2024-163">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> is the largest Neptunian moon, accounting for more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,<a href="#cite_note-164">[i]</a> and is the only one massive enough to be <a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">spheroidal</a>. Triton was discovered by <a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a> just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">retrograde</a> orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> in the Kuiper belt.<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">synchronous rotation</a>, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">tidal acceleration</a>. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System,<a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a> with estimated temperatures of 38 K (−235 °C).<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> This very low temperature is due to Triton's very high albedo which causes it to reflect a lot of sunlight instead of absorbing it.<a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> Neptune's second-known satellite (by order of discovery), the irregular moon <a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a>, has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the Solar System. The eccentricity of 0.7512 gives it an <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> that is seven times its <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> distance from Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-172">[j]</a> From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-science4936-2-173">[163]</a> Of these, the irregularly shaped <a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a> is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-174">[164]</a> Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons—<a href="/wiki/Naiad_(moon)" title="Naiad (moon)">Naiad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalassa_(moon)" title="Thalassa (moon)">Thalassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despina_(moon)" title="Despina (moon)">Despina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a>—orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a>, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-HolmanKavelaarsGrav2004-175">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a> A new moon and the smallest yet, <a href="/wiki/Hippocamp_(moon)" title="Hippocamp (moon)">Hippocamp</a>, was found in 2013 by combining multiple Hubble images.<a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-60">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetary_rings">Planetary rings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Rings of Neptune</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Webb_Image_Captures_Clearest_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_in_Decades.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_Webb_Image_Captures_Clearest_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_in_Decades.png/220px-New_Webb_Image_Captures_Clearest_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_in_Decades.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_Webb_Image_Captures_Clearest_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_in_Decades.png/330px-New_Webb_Image_Captures_Clearest_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_in_Decades.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_Webb_Image_Captures_Clearest_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_in_Decades.png/440px-New_Webb_Image_Captures_Clearest_View_of_Neptune%E2%80%99s_Rings_in_Decades.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Neptune's rings and moons viewed in infrared by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a></figcaption></figure> Neptune has a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">planetary ring</a> system, though one much less substantial than that of <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220921-178">[168]</a> The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue.<a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a> The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> The first of these planetary rings was detected in 1968 by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Guinan" title="Edward Guinan">Edward Guinan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ring1-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> In the early 1980s, analysis of this data along with newer observations led to the hypothesis that this ring might be incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a stellar <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> in 1984 when the rings obscured a star on immersion but not on emersion.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson90-183">[173]</a> Images from Voyager 2 in 1989 settled the issue by showing several faint rings. The outermost ring, Adams, contains five prominent arcs now named Courage, Liberté, Egalité 1, Egalité 2 and Fraternité (Courage, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity).<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> The existence of arcs was difficult to explain because the laws of motion would predict that arcs would spread out into a uniform ring over short timescales. Astronomers now estimate that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a>, a moon just inward from the ring.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a> Earth-based observations announced in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune's rings were much more unstable than previously thought. Images taken from the <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">W. M. Keck Observatory</a> in 2002 and 2003 show considerable decay in the rings when compared to images by Voyager 2. In particular, it seems that the Liberté arc might disappear in as little as one century.<a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptunlauf_September_Oktober2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Neptunlauf_September_Oktober2022.png/220px-Neptunlauf_September_Oktober2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Neptunlauf_September_Oktober2022.png/330px-Neptunlauf_September_Oktober2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Neptunlauf_September_Oktober2022.png/440px-Neptunlauf_September_Oktober2022.png 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Movement of Neptune in front of the stars of <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> Neptune brightened about 10% between 1980 and 2000 mostly due to the changing of the seasons.<a href="#cite_note-Schmude_et_al-188">[178]</a> Neptune may continue to brighten as it approaches perihelion in 2042. The <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> currently ranges from 7.67 to 7.89 with a mean of 7.78 and a standard deviation of 0.06.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-22">[18]</a> Prior to 1980, the planet was as faint as magnitude 8.0.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-22">[18]</a> Neptune is too faint to be visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>. It can be outshone by Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_Iris" title="7 Iris">7 Iris</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">3 Juno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/6_Hebe" title="6 Hebe">6 Hebe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk, similar in appearance to Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its <a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">angular diameter</a> only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fact-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-24">[20]</a> the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> and large ground-based telescopes with <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optics</a> (AO).<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a> Neptune is currently approaching perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it. Both Hubble and the adaptive-optics telescopes on Earth have made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet, among others. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> From Earth, Neptune goes through <a href="/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion" title="Apparent retrograde motion">apparent retrograde motion</a> every 367 days, resulting in a looping motion against the background stars during each <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>. These loops carried it close to the 1846 discovery coordinates in April and July 2010 and again in October and November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Horizons2011-146">[138]</a> Neptune's 164-year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac. In 2011, it completed its first full orbit of the Sun since being discovered and returned to where it was first spotted northeast of <a href="/wiki/Iota_Aquarii" title="Iota Aquarii">Iota Aquarii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-48">[43]</a> Observation of Neptune in the radio-frequency band shows that it is a source of both continuous emission and irregular bursts. Both sources are thought to originate from its rotating magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-97">[90]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> part of the spectrum, Neptune's storms appear bright against the cooler background, allowing the size and shape of these features to be readily tracked.<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Exploration of Neptune</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif/280px-Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif/420px-Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Animation_of_Voyager_2_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of Voyager 2's trajectory from 20 August 1977 to 30 December 2000 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Voyager 2 · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>  · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Neptune · <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a>'s encounter with <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> and its moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> all-night program, Neptune All Night.<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a> During the encounter, signals from the spacecraft required 246 minutes to reach Earth. Hence, for the most part, Voyager 2's mission relied on preloaded commands for the Neptune encounter. The spacecraft performed a near-encounter with the moon <a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a> before it came within 4,400 km of Neptune's atmosphere on 25 August, then passed close to the planet's largest moon Triton later the same day.<a href="#cite_note-burgess-198">[188]</a> The spacecraft verified the existence of a magnetic field surrounding the planet and discovered that the field was offset from the centre and tilted in a manner similar to the field around Uranus. Neptune's rotation period was determined using measurements of radio emissions and Voyager 2 showed that Neptune had a surprisingly active weather system. Six new moons were discovered, and the planet was shown to have more than one ring.<a href="#cite_note-science4936-2-173">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-burgess-198">[188]</a> The flyby provided the first accurate measurement of Neptune's mass which was found to be 0.5 per cent less than previously calculated. The new figure disproved the hypothesis that an undiscovered <a href="/wiki/Planet_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet X">Planet X</a> acted upon the orbits of Neptune and Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> Since 2018, the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a> has been studying a concept for a pair of Voyager-like interstellar probes tentatively known as <a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WuEtAl2019-201">[191]</a> Both probes would be launched in the 2020s and take differing paths to explore opposing ends of the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>; the second probe, IHP-2, would fly by Neptune in January 2038, passing only 1,000 km above the cloud tops, and potentially carry an atmospheric impactor to be released during its approach.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceNews_IHP-202">[192]</a> Afterward, it will continue its mission throughout the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> toward the heliosphere tail, which is so far unexplored. After Voyager 2 and IHP-2's flybys, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system is considered to be an orbital mission; most proposals have been by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, most often for a <a href="/wiki/Flagship_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship Program">Flagship</a> orbiter.<a href="#cite_note-Flagship-203">[193]</a> In 2003, there was a proposal in NASA's "Vision Missions Studies" for a "Neptune Orbiter with Probes" mission that does <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a>-level science.<a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a> A subsequent proposal, that was not selected, was for <a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a>, a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019, that would visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object. The focus would have been on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029.<a href="#cite_note-argho1-205">[195]</a> The proposed <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a> mission might have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system, but it was later scrapped. Currently a pending proposal for the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a> spacecraft would conduct a flyby of Neptune and Triton;<a href="#cite_note-Trident_Description-206">[196]</a> however, the mission was not selected for Discovery 15 or 16. <a href="/wiki/Neptune_Odyssey" title="Neptune Odyssey">Neptune Odyssey</a> is another concept for a Neptune orbiter and atmospheric probe that was studied as a possible <a href="/wiki/Large_strategic_science_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Large strategic science mission">large strategic science mission</a> by NASA; it would have launched between 2031 and 2033, and arrive at Neptune by 2049.<a href="#cite_note-Rymer-207">[197]</a> However, for logistical reasons the <a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a> mission was selected as the <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a> orbiter mission recommendation, with top priority ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2023decadal-208">[198]</a> Two notable proposals for a Triton-focused Neptune orbiter mission that would be costed right between the Trident and Odyssey missions (under the <a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a>) are Triton Ocean World Surveyor and Nautilus, with cruise stages taking place in the 2031–47 and 2041–56 time periods, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steckel_Conrad_Dekarske_Dolan_2023-210">[200]</a> Neptune is a potential target for China's Tianwen-5, which could arrive in 2058.<a href="#cite_note-211">[201]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Neptune" title="Outline of Neptune">Outline of Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Neptune" title="Planets in astrology">Neptune in astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_in_fiction" title="Neptune in fiction">Neptune in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune,_the_Mystic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptune, the Mystic">Neptune, the Mystic</a> – one of the seven movements in <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>'s Planets suite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future">Timeline of the far future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System#Planets" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Stats of planets in the Solar System</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Neptune's dark spots are not permanent features; the large dark spot observed by Voyager 2 was designated GDS-89 for "Great Dark Spot 1989" </li> <li id="cite_note-barycentre-8"><a href="#cite_ref-barycentre_8-0">^</a> Orbital elements refer to the Neptune barycentre and Solar System barycentre. These are the instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">osculating</a> values at the precise <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a> epoch. Barycentre quantities are given because, in contrast to the planetary centre, they do not experience appreciable changes on a day-to-day basis from the motion of the moons. </li> <li id="cite_note-1bar-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-6">g</a> Refers to the level of 1 bar (100 kPa) atmospheric pressure </li> <li id="cite_note-1bar_b-16"><a href="#cite_ref-1bar_b_16-0">^</a> Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> A second symbol, an ‘LV’ monogram <a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯉"><img alt="⯉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Neptune_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> for 'Le Verrier', analogous to the ‘H’ monogram <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♅"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> for Uranus. It was never much used outside of France and is now archaic. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> One could argue that it is true except for the 'Earth', which in the English language is the name of a Germanic deity, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Erda</a>. The <a href="/wiki/IAU" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a> policy is that one may call the Earth and the Moon by any name commonly used in the language. According to IAU, 'Terra' and 'Luna' are not the official names of planet Earth and its moon; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/">"Naming of Astronomical Objects"</a>. International Astronomical Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321174041/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.atitle=Naming+of+Astronomical+Objects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2Fnaming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mass-77"><a href="#cite_ref-mass_77-0">^</a> The mass of Earth is 5.9736×1024 kg, giving a mass ratio <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Neptune}}}{M_{\text{Earth}}}}={\tfrac {1.02\times 10^{26}}{5.97\times 10^{24}}}=17.09.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Neptune</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Earth</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.02</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>26</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>5.97</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>24</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>17.09.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Neptune}}}{M_{\text{Earth}}}}={\tfrac {1.02\times 10^{26}}{5.97\times 10^{24}}}=17.09.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a241e6b537822688c65d757734ed78513c9bf30" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:27.847ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Neptune}}}{M_{\text{Earth}}}}={\tfrac {1.02\times 10^{26}}{5.97\times 10^{24}}}=17.09.}"></dd></dl> The mass of Uranus is 8.6810×1025 kg, giving a mass ratio <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Uranus}}}{M_{\text{Earth}}}}={\tfrac {8.68\times 10^{25}}{5.97\times 10^{24}}}=14.54.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Uranus</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Earth</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>8.68</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>25</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>5.97</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>24</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14.54.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Uranus}}}{M_{\text{Earth}}}}={\tfrac {8.68\times 10^{25}}{5.97\times 10^{24}}}=14.54.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c7d638e7609f1aff4635a61f0943adeaa5649d52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:27.117ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Uranus}}}{M_{\text{Earth}}}}={\tfrac {8.68\times 10^{25}}{5.97\times 10^{24}}}=14.54.}"></dd></dl> The mass of Jupiter is 1.8986×1027 kg, giving a mass ratio <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Jupiter}}}{M_{\text{Neptune}}}}={\tfrac {1.90\times 10^{27}}{1.02\times 10^{26}}}=18.63.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Jupiter</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Neptune</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.90</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.02</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>26</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>18.63.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Jupiter}}}{M_{\text{Neptune}}}}={\tfrac {1.90\times 10^{27}}{1.02\times 10^{26}}}=18.63.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55c592091a7d4efcfe6f54109c199f3569563427" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.847ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {M_{\text{Jupiter}}}{M_{\text{Neptune}}}}={\tfrac {1.90\times 10^{27}}{1.02\times 10^{26}}}=18.63.}"></dd></dl> Mass values from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (29 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/">"Planetary Fact Sheet – Metric"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905165712/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planetary+Fact+Sheet+%E2%80%93+Metric&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The last three aphelia were 30.33 AU, the next is 30.34 AU. The perihelia are even more stable at 29.81 AU.<a href="#cite_note-AA-140">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Mass of Triton: 2.14×1022 kg. Combined mass of 12 other known moons of Neptune: 7.53×1019 kg, or 0.35%. The mass of the rings is negligible. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {r_{a}}{r_{p}}}={\tfrac {2}{1-e}}-1=2/0.2488-1\approx 7.039.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.2488</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>7.039.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {r_{a}}{r_{p}}}={\tfrac {2}{1-e}}-1=2/0.2488-1\approx 7.039.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64271a7908b352f1791ea02c1fdb79a5b96ca77c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:38.179ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {r_{a}}{r_{p}}}={\tfrac {2}{1-e}}-1=2/0.2488-1\approx 7.039.}"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwinDobinsonJamesTeanby2023" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, Patrick G. 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Retrieved 14 July 2012. <q>Neptune or Poseidon as is its Greek name, was the God of the Seas. It is the eight planet from the sun ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&rft.date=2010-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinger2009" class="citation news cs1">Ettinger, Yair (31 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4758704">"Uranus and Neptune get Hebrew names at last"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625050641/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4758704">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. 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Retrieved 24 August 2023. <q>The clear positive correlation we find between cloud activity and Solar Lyman-Alpha (121.56 nm) irradiance lends support to the theory that the periodicity in Neptune's cloud activity results from photochemical cloud/haze production triggered by Solar ultraviolet emissions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Neptune+at+near-infrared+wavelengths+from+1994+through+2022&rft.volume=404&rft.pages=115667&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2307.08157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259515455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2023.115667&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Icar..40415667C&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Erandi&rft.au=de+Pater%2C+Imke&rft.au=Redwing%2C+Erin&rft.au=Molter%2C+Edward+M.&rft.au=Roman%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=Zorzi%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Randy&rft.au=de+Kleer%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Hueso%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Wong%2C+Michael+H.&rft.au=Gates%2C+Elinor&rft.au=Lynam%2C+Paul+David&rft.au=Davies%2C+Ashley+G.&rft.au=Aycock%2C+Joel&rft.au=Mcilroy%2C+Jason&rft.au=Pelletier%2C+John&rft.au=Ridenour%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Stickel%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0019103523002440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encrenaz_2003_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncrenaz2003" class="citation journal cs1">Encrenaz, Thérèse (February 2003). 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Retrieved 15 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+first+orbit%3A+a+turning+point+in+astronomy&rft.date=2011-07-09&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2011%2Fjul%2F10%2Fneptune-orbit-anniversary-astronomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UT2010-08-144"><a href="#cite_ref-UT2010-08_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2010" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, Nancy (26 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/72088/clearing-the-confusion-on-neptunes-orbit/">"Clearing the Confusion on Neptune's Orbit"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Clearing+the+Confusion+on+Neptune%27s+Orbit&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F72088%2Fclearing-the-confusion-on-neptunes-orbit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakdawalla2010" class="citation web cs1">Lakdawalla, Emily [@elakdawalla] (19 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/elakdawalla/status/21525820626">"Doh! RT @lukedones: From Bill Folkner at JPL: Neptune will reach the same ecliptic longitude it had on Sep. 23, 1846, on July 12, 2011"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doh%21+RT+%40lukedones%3A+From+Bill+Folkner+at+JPL%3A+Neptune+will+reach+the+same+ecliptic+longitude+it+had+on+Sep.+23%2C+1846%2C+on+July+12%2C+2011.&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.aulast=Lakdawalla&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Felakdawalla%2Fstatus%2F21525820626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horizons2011-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horizons2011_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horizons2011_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2007" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous (16 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502171825/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/nept2011.txt">"Horizons Output for Neptune 2010–2011"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+five+irregular+moons+of+Neptune&rft.volume=430&rft.issue=7002&rft.pages=865-67&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4412380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15318214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.430..865H&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft.au=Kavelaars%2C+J.J.&rft.au=Grav%2C+T.&rft.au=Gladman%2C+B.J.&rft.au=Fraser%2C+W.C.&rft.au=Milisavljevic%2C+D.&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+P.D.&rft.au=Burns%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Carruba%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2F~mholman%2Fnature_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3578210.stm">"Five new moons for planet Neptune"</a>. BBC News. 18 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808234419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3578210.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+new+moons+for+planet+Neptune&rft.date=2004-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3578210.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrush2019" class="citation web cs1">Grush, Loren (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/20/18233029/neptune-moon-hippocamp-proteus-hubble-space-telescope">"Neptune's newly discovered moon may be the survivor of an ancient collision"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221130219/https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/20/18233029/neptune-moon-hippocamp-proteus-hubble-space-telescope">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+newly+discovered+moon+may+be+the+survivor+of+an+ancient+collision&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F2%2F20%2F18233029%2Fneptune-moon-hippocamp-proteus-hubble-space-telescope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20220921-178"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20220921_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO"Callaghan2022" class="citation news cs1">O"Callaghan, Jonathan (21 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/science/neptune-webb-telescope-photos.html">"Neptune and Its Rings Come Into Focus With Webb Telescope - New images from the space-based observatory offer a novel view of the planet in infrared"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922183157/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/science/neptune-webb-telescope-photos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. 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New Scientist. 26 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072747/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524925.900">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+rings+are+fading+away&rft.date=2005-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg18524925.900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmude_et_al-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmude_et_al_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmude,_R.W._Jr.Baker,_R.E.Fox,_J.Krobusek,_B.A.2016" class="citation report cs1">Schmude, R.W. Jr.; Baker, R.E.; Fox, J.; Krobusek, B.A.; Pavlov, H.; Mallama, A. (29 March 2016). 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Planetary and Space Science. 45 (8): 1031–1036. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P&SS...45.1031R">1997P&SS...45.1031R</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.66.7754">10.1.1.66.7754</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2897%2900026-3">10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00026-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201215839/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7f3f9d9e7129d47c25a3494f1609a8164e6f3cbe">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2024. 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Retrieved 5 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpacePolicyOnline.com&rft.atitle=Argo+%E2%80%93+A+Voyage+Through+the+Outer+Solar+System&rft.au=Candice+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacepolicyonline.com%2Fpages%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FPSDS%2520GP1%2520Hansen_Argo_Neptune%2520Mission%2520Concept.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trident_Description-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Trident_Description_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/3188.pdf">"Exploring Triton With Trident: A Discovery-Class Mission"</a> (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. 23 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802004250/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/3188.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universities+Space+Research+Association&rft.atitle=Exploring+Triton+With+Trident%3A+A+Discovery-Class+Mission&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hou.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2019%2Fpdf%2F3188.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rymer-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Rymer_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbigail_RymerBrenda_ClydeKirby_Runyon2020" class="citation web cs1">Abigail Rymer; Brenda Clyde; Kirby Runyon (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-pink/s3fs-public/atoms/files/Neptune%20Odyssey.pdf">"Neptune Odyssey: Mission to the Neptune-Triton System"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215003151/https://science.nasa.gov/science-pink/s3fs-public/atoms/files/Neptune%20Odyssey.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neptune+Odyssey%3A+Mission+to+the+Neptune-Triton+System&rft.date=2020-08&rft.au=Abigail+Rymer&rft.au=Brenda+Clyde&rft.au=Kirby+Runyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-pink%2Fs3fs-public%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2FNeptune%2520Odyssey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023decadal-208"><a href="#cite_ref-2023decadal_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26522/origins-worlds-and-life-a-decadal-strategy-for-planetary-science">Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032</a> (Prepublication ed.). National Academies Press. 19 January 2023. p. 800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F26522">10.17226/26522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-47578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-47578-5"><bdi>978-0-309-47578-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248283239">248283239</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins%2C+Worlds%2C+and+Life%3A+A+Decadal+Strategy+for+Planetary+Science+and+Astrobiology+2023-2032&rft.pages=800&rft.edition=Prepublication&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248283239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F26522&rft.isbn=978-0-309-47578-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F26522%2Forigins-worlds-and-life-a-decadal-strategy-for-planetary-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen-KoharcheckFielhauer2021" class="citation web cs1">Hansen-Koharcheck, Candice; Fielhauer, Karl (7 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/t-ows-triton-ocean-worlds-surveyor.pdf">"Triton Ocean Worlds Surveyor concept study"</a> (PDF). NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109122553/https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/t-ows-triton-ocean-worlds-surveyor.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Triton+Ocean+Worlds+Surveyor+concept+study&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Hansen-Koharcheck&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft.au=Fielhauer%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2Ft-ows-triton-ocean-worlds-surveyor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steckel_Conrad_Dekarske_Dolan_2023-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Steckel_Conrad_Dekarske_Dolan_2023_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteckelConradDekarskeDolan2023" class="citation web cs1">Steckel, Amanda; Conrad, Jack William; Dekarske, Jason; Dolan, Sydney; Downey, Brynna Grace; Felton, Ryan; Hanson, Lavender Elle; Giesche, Alena; Horvath, Tyler; Maxwell, Rachel; Shumway, Andrew O; Siddique, Anamika; Strom, Caleb; Teece, Bronwyn; Todd, Jessica; Trinh, Kevin T; Velez, Michael A; Walter, Callum Andrew; Lowes, Leslie L; Hudson, Troy; Scully, Jennifer E. C. (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm23/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1425806">"The Science Case for Nautilus: A Multi-Flyby Mission Concept to Triton"</a>. AGU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111010546/https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm23/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1425806">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+Case+for+Nautilus%3A+A+Multi-Flyby+Mission+Concept+to+Triton&rft.pub=AGU&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Steckel&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Jack+William&rft.au=Dekarske%2C+Jason&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Sydney&rft.au=Downey%2C+Brynna+Grace&rft.au=Felton%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Lavender+Elle&rft.au=Giesche%2C+Alena&rft.au=Horvath%2C+Tyler&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Shumway%2C+Andrew+O&rft.au=Siddique%2C+Anamika&rft.au=Strom%2C+Caleb&rft.au=Teece%2C+Bronwyn&rft.au=Todd%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Trinh%2C+Kevin+T&rft.au=Velez%2C+Michael+A&rft.au=Walter%2C+Callum+Andrew&rft.au=Lowes%2C+Leslie+L&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Troy&rft.au=Scully%2C+Jennifer+E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagu.confex.com%2Fagu%2Ffm23%2Fmeetingapp.cgi%2FPaper%2F1425806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/articles/chinas-plans-for-outer-solar-system-exploration">"China's plans for outer Solar System exploration"</a>. The Planetary Society. 21 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft.atitle=China%27s+plans+for+outer+Solar+System+exploration&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Farticles%2Fchinas-plans-for-outer-solar-system-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Burgess" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Eric (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farencounternept00burg">Far Encounter: The Neptune system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07412-4"><bdi>978-0-231-07412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+Encounter%3A+The+Neptune+system&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07412-4&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarencounternept00burg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Moore" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore" title="Patrick Moore">Moore, Patrick</a> (2000). The Data Book of Astronomy. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0620-1"><bdi>978-0-7503-0620-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Data+Book+of+Astronomy&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0620-1&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinerWessen,_Randii_R.2002" class="citation book cs1">Miner, Ellis D.; Wessen, Randii R. (2002). Neptune: The Planet, Rings, and Satellites. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-216-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-216-7"><bdi>978-1-85233-216-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neptune%3A+The+Planet%2C+Rings%2C+and+Satellites&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-216-7&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Ellis+D.&rft.au=Wessen%2C+Randii+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandage2001" class="citation book cs1">Standage, Tom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neptunefilestory00stan">The Neptune File</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1363-6"><bdi>978-0-8027-1363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neptune+File&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1363-6&rft.aulast=Standage&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneptunefilestory00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeptune" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/neptune.html">Neptune</a> from Bill Arnett's nineplanets.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-63-neptune/">Neptune</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Cast" title="Astronomy Cast">Astronomy Cast</a> episode No. 63, includes full transcript.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021115171710/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune">Neptune Profile</a> (archived 15 November 2002) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Exploration site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-neptunian-system">Interactive 3D gravity simulation of Neptune and its inner moons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922021820/https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-neptunian-system/">Archived</a> 22 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neptune" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;;background:#A0FFAO;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neptune" title="Template:Neptune"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neptune" title="Template talk:Neptune"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neptune" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neptune"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neptune" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neptune</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Neptune" title="Outline of Neptune">Outline of Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Dark_Spot" title="Small Dark Spot">Small Dark Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Rings</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="True color NASA image of Neptune"><img alt="True color NASA image of Neptune" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/100px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/150px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/200px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>True color NASA image of Neptune</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naiad_(moon)" title="Naiad (moon)">Naiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa_(moon)" title="Thalassa (moon)">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despina_(moon)" title="Despina (moon)">Despina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" title="Galatea (moon)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_(moon)" title="Larissa (moon)">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocamp_(moon)" title="Hippocamp (moon)">Hippocamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halimede_(moon)" title="Halimede (moon)">Halimede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(moon)" title="Sao (moon)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2002_N_5" title="S/2002 N 5">S/2002 N 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomedeia" title="Laomedeia">Laomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(moon)" title="Psamathe (moon)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neso_(moon)" title="Neso (moon)">Neso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_N_1" title="S/2021 N 1">S/2021 N 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Neptune" title="Discovery of Neptune">Discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle" title="Johann Gottfried Galle">Johann Gottfried Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest" title="Heinrich Louis d'Arrest">Heinrich Louis d'Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune-crossing minor planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/385571_Otrera" title="385571 Otrera">385571 Otrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/385695_Clete" title="385695 Clete">385695 Clete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_QR322" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 QR322">2001 QR322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_KV18" title="2004 KV18">2004 KV18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_TN53" title="2005 TN53">2005 TN53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_RJ103" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 RJ103">2006 RJ103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_VL305" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 VL305">2007 VL305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_LC18" title="2008 LC18">2008 LC18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_HM102" title="2011 HM102">2011 HM102</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> (1989 flyby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_Odyssey" title="Neptune Odyssey">Neptune Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_Hopper" title="Triton Hopper">Triton Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not selected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_in_fiction" title="Neptune in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Neptune" title="Category:Neptune">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheres" title="Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheres" title="Template talk:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmospheres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere"><img alt="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/150px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/225px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/300px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn#Atmosphere" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Atmosphere">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake#Atmosphere" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)#Surface_and_atmosphere" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Atmosphere" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJ_1132_b#Atmosphere" title="GJ 1132 b">GJ 1132 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b#Stratosphere_and_upper_clouds" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b#Cloud_mapping" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Solar system">Solar system</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" 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