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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance_when_mutated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance_when_mutated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance when mutated</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance_when_mutated-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance when mutated subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance_when_mutated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorectal_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorectal_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Colorectal cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorectal_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-KRAS_amplification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KRAS_amplification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><i>KRAS</i> amplification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KRAS_amplification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lung_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lung_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lung cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lung_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pancreatic_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pancreatic_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pancreatic cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pancreatic_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KRAS_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KRAS_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>KRAS</i> testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KRAS_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_therapeutic_target" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_therapeutic_target"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As a therapeutic target</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_therapeutic_target-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a therapeutic target subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_therapeutic_target-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-G12C_mutation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G12C_mutation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>G12C mutation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G12C_mutation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G12D_mutation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G12D_mutation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>G12D mutation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G12D_mutation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">KRAS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="KRAS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كيراس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيراس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="KRAS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kras_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kras (disambiguation)">Kras</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">KRAS</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KRAS_protein_3GFT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/KRAS_protein_3GFT.png/250px-KRAS_protein_3GFT.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/KRAS_protein_3GFT.png/375px-KRAS_protein_3GFT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/KRAS_protein_3GFT.png/500px-KRAS_protein_3GFT.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="859" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P32883%20or%20P01116%20or%20A0A024RAV5">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P32883,P01116,A0A024RAV5">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4WA7">4WA7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1D8D">1D8D</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1D8E">1D8E</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3GFT">3GFT</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4DSN">4DSN</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4DSO">4DSO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4EPR">4EPR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4EPT">4EPT</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4EPV">4EPV</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4EPW">4EPW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4EPX">4EPX</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4EPY">4EPY</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4L8G">4L8G</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LDJ">4LDJ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LPK">4LPK</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LRW">4LRW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LUC">4LUC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LV6">4LV6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LYF">4LYF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LYH">4LYH</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4LYJ">4LYJ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4M1O">4M1O</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4M1S">4M1S</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4M1T">4M1T</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4M1W">4M1W</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4M1Y">4M1Y</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4M21">4M21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4M22">4M22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4NMM">4NMM</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4OBE">4OBE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4PZY">4PZY</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4PZZ">4PZZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4Q01">4Q01</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4Q02">4Q02</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4Q03">4Q03</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4QL3">4QL3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4TQ9">4TQ9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4TQA">4TQA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4DST">4DST</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4DSU">4DSU</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5F2E">5F2E</a>,%%s<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2MSC">2MSC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2MSD">2MSD</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2MSE">2MSE</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6407">KRAS</a></span>, C-K-RAS, CFC2, K-RAS2A, K-RAS2B, K-RAS4A, K-RAS4B, KI-RAS, KRAS1, KRAS2, NS, NS3, RALD, RASK2, K-ras, KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase, c-Ki-ras2, OES, c-Ki-ras, K-Ras 2, 'C-K-RAS, K-Ras, Kirsten RAt Sarcoma virus, Kirsten Rat Sarcoma virus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/190070">190070</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:96680">96680</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=37990">37990</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=KRAS">KRAS</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000133703">KRAS - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chromosome 12 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 50.277373336431px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for KRAS"><img alt="Genomic location for KRAS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 56.3px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for KRAS"><img alt="Genomic location for KRAS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">12p12.1</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">25,205,246 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">25,250,936 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 6 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 6 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 6 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 6 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 6 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 279.78102186472px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for KRAS"><img alt="Genomic location for KRAS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 285.8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for KRAS"><img alt="Genomic location for KRAS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">6 G3|6 77.37 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">145,162,425 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">145,195,965 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000133703">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">trigeminal ganglion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">pylorus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">nipple</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">oral cavity</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">mucosa of sigmoid colon</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">mucosa of pharynx</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cardia</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">jejunal mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tail of epididymis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">endothelial cell</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000030265">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">Paneth cell</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left colon</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">medullary collecting duct</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">conjunctival fornix</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">hair follicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">ureter</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cumulus cell</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left lung lobe</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">medial ganglionic eminence</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000133703">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_KRAS_204010_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PBB_GE_KRAS_204010_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_KRAS_204010_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PBB_GE_KRAS_204010_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_KRAS_204010_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PBB_GE_KRAS_204010_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_KRAS_204010_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_KRAS_214352_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PBB_GE_KRAS_214352_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_KRAS_214352_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PBB_GE_KRAS_214352_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_KRAS_214352_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PBB_GE_KRAS_214352_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_KRAS_214352_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_KRAS_204009_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PBB_GE_KRAS_204009_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_KRAS_204009_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PBB_GE_KRAS_204009_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_KRAS_204009_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PBB_GE_KRAS_204009_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_KRAS_204009_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/3845/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000166">nucleotide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030275">LRR domain binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019003">GDP binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044877">protein-containing complex binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005525">GTP binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019002">GMP binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003924">GTPase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042802">identical protein binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829">cytosol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005925">focal adhesion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031234">extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005739">mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045121">membrane raft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008542">visual learning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043524">negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051385">response to mineralocorticoid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001934">positive regulation of protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048169">regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031647">regulation of protein stability</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007173">epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043406">positive regulation of MAP kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019221">cytokine-mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045596">negative regulation of cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002223">stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051384">response to glucocorticoid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000165">MAPK cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007411">axon guidance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038095">Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051000">positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0021897">forebrain astrocyte development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038002">endocrine signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051092">positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048873">homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051146">striated muscle cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007265">Ras protein signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060441">epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032228">regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030036">actin cytoskeleton organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050900">leukocyte migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035022">positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010628">positive regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284">positive regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038128">ERBB2 signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001889">liver development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000774">positive regulation of cellular senescence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007565">female pregnancy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035900">response to isolation stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3845&rn=1">3845</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=16653&rn=1">16653</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000133703;db=core">ENSG00000133703</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000030265;db=core">ENSMUSG00000030265</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01116">P01116</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P32883">P32883</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_004985">NM_004985</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_033360">NM_033360</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001369786">NM_001369786</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001369787">NM_001369787</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_021284">NM_021284</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_004976">NP_004976</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_203524">NP_203524</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001356715">NP_001356715</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001356716">NP_001356716</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_004976.2">NP_004976.2</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_067259">NP_067259</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001390169">NP_001390169</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001390170">NP_001390170</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001390171">NP_001390171</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001390172">NP_001390172</a><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001390173">NP_001390173</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001390174">NP_001390174</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001390175">NP_001390175</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr12:25205246-25250936">Chr 12: 25.21 – 25.25 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr6:145162425-145195965">Chr 6: 145.16 – 145.2 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20969980" class="extiw" title="d:Q20969980">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18251906" class="extiw" title="d:Q18251906">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>KRAS</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Werner_H._Kirsten" title="Werner H. Kirsten">Kirsten</a> rat <a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">sarcoma</a> virus) is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called <b>K-Ras</b>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/RAS/MAPK_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="RAS/MAPK pathway">RAS/MAPK pathway</a>. The protein relays signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. These signals instruct the cell to grow and divide (<a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferate</a>) or to mature and take on specialized functions (<a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiate</a>). It is called <i>KRAS</i> because it was first identified as a viral <a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">oncogene</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Werner_H._Kirsten" title="Werner H. Kirsten"><b>K</b>irsten</a> <b>RA</b>t <b>S</b>arcoma virus.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oncogene identified was derived from a cellular genome, so <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=KRAS">KRAS</a></i>, when found in a cellular genome, is called a <a href="/wiki/Proto-oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-oncogene">proto-oncogene</a>. </p><p>The K-Ras protein is a <a href="/wiki/GTPase" title="GTPase">GTPase</a>, a class of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> which convert the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">guanosine triphosphate (GTP)</a> into <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">guanosine diphosphate (GDP)</a>. In this way the K-Ras protein acts like a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_switch" title="Molecular switch">switch</a> that is turned on and off by the GTP and GDP molecules. To transmit signals, it must be turned on by attaching (binding) to a molecule of GTP. The K-Ras protein is turned off (inactivated) when it converts the GTP to GDP. When the protein is bound to GDP, it does not relay signals to the nucleus. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gene_product" title="Gene product">gene product</a> of <i>KRAS</i>, the K-Ras protein, was first found as a p21 GTPase.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16269215_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16269215-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other members of the <a href="/wiki/Ras_subfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras subfamily">ras subfamily</a> of GTPases, the K-Ras protein is an early player in many <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> pathways. K-Ras is usually tethered to <a href="/wiki/Cell_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell membranes">cell membranes</a> because of the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> group on its <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminus</a>. There are two protein products of the <i>KRAS</i> gene in mammalian cells that result from the use of alternative <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exon</a> 4 (exon 4A and 4B respectively): K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B. These proteins have different structures in their C-terminal region and use different mechanisms to localize to cellular membranes, including the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">plasma membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11030147_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11030147-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>KRAS</i> acts as a molecular on/off switch, using <a href="/wiki/Protein_dynamics" title="Protein dynamics">protein dynamics</a>. Once it is <a href="/wiki/Allosterically" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosterically">allosterically</a> activated, it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a>, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a> receptors like <a href="/wiki/C-Raf" title="C-Raf">c-Raf</a> and <a href="/wiki/PI_3-kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="PI 3-kinase">PI 3-kinase</a>. KRAS <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">upregulates</a> the <a href="/wiki/GLUT1" title="GLUT1">GLUT1</a> glucose transporter, thereby contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology)" title="Warburg effect (oncology)">Warburg effect</a> in cancer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19661383_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19661383-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KRAS binds to <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a> in its active state. It also possesses an intrinsic enzymatic activity which cleaves the terminal phosphate of the nucleotide, converting it to <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">GDP</a>. Upon conversion of GTP to GDP, KRAS is deactivated. The rate of conversion is usually slow, but can be increased dramatically by an accessory protein of the <a href="/wiki/GTPase-activating_protein" title="GTPase-activating protein">GTPase-activating protein</a> (GAP) class, for example <a href="/wiki/RasGAP" class="mw-redirect" title="RasGAP">RasGAP</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In turn, KRAS can bind to proteins of the <a href="/wiki/Guanine_Nucleotide_Exchange_Factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor">Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor</a> (GEF) class (such as <a href="/wiki/SOS1" title="SOS1">SOS1</a>), which forces the release of bound nucleotide (GDP). Subsequently, KRAS binds GTP present in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> and the GEF is released from ras-GTP. </p><p>Other members of the Ras family include: <a href="/wiki/HRAS" title="HRAS">HRAS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma_RAS_viral_oncogene_homolog" title="Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog">NRAS</a>. These proteins all are regulated in the same manner and appear to differ in their sites of action within the cell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance_when_mutated">Clinical significance when mutated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clinical significance when mutated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Proto-oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-oncogene">proto-oncogene</a> is a Kirsten ras <a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">oncogene</a> homolog from the mammalian Ras gene family. A single amino acid substitution, and in particular a single nucleotide substitution, is responsible for an activating mutation. The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including <a href="/wiki/Lung_adenocarcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung adenocarcinoma">lung adenocarcinoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mucinous adenoma, <a href="/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma" title="Ductal carcinoma">ductal carcinoma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a> KRAS mutations have been found to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16474405_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16474405-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cardio-facio-cutaneous_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome">cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16474404_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16474404-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">Somatic</a> <i>KRAS</i> mutations are found at high rates in <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemias</a>, colorectal cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16533793_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16533793-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorectal_cancer">Colorectal cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colorectal cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impact of KRAS mutations is heavily dependent on the order of mutations. Primary <i>KRAS</i> mutations generally lead to a self-limiting hyperplastic or borderline lesion, but if they occur after a previous <a href="/wiki/APC_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="APC mutation">APC mutation</a> it often progresses to cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15286780_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15286780-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KRAS mutations are more commonly observed in cecal cancers than colorectal cancers located in any other places from ascending colon to rectum.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2006, KRAS mutation was predictive of a very poor response to <a href="/wiki/Panitumumab" title="Panitumumab">panitumumab</a> (Vectibix) and <a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">cetuximab</a> (Erbitux) therapy in colorectal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16618717_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16618717-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2008, the most reliable way to predict whether a colorectal cancer patient will respond to one of the <a href="/wiki/EGFR_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="EGFR inhibitor">EGFR-inhibiting drugs</a> was to test for certain “activating” mutations in the gene that encodes KRAS, which occurs in 30%–50% of colorectal cancers. Studies show patients whose tumors express the mutated version of the <i>KRAS</i> gene will not respond to cetuximab or panitumumab.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2009, although presence of the wild-type (or normal) <i>KRAS</i> gene does not guarantee that these drugs will work, a number of large studies<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19114683_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19114683-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19339720_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19339720-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had shown that cetuximab had efficacy in mCRC patients with KRAS wild-type tumors. In the Phase III CRYSTAL study, published in 2009, patients with the wild-type <i>KRAS</i> gene treated with Erbitux plus chemotherapy showed a response rate of up to 59% compared to those treated with chemotherapy alone. Patients with the <i>KRAS</i> wild-type gene also showed a 32% decreased risk of disease progression compared to patients receiving chemotherapy alone.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19339720_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19339720-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, it was known that emergence of KRAS mutations was a frequent driver of acquired resistance to <a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">cetuximab</a> anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancers. The emergence of KRAS mutant clones can be detected non-invasively<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (December 2015)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> months before radiographic progression. It suggests to perform an early initiation of a <a href="/wiki/MEK_inhibitor" title="MEK inhibitor">MEK inhibitor</a> as a rational strategy for delaying or reversing drug resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22722830_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22722830-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="KRAS_amplification"><i>KRAS</i> amplification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: KRAS amplification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>KRAS</i> gene can also be <a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">amplified</a> in colorectal cancer and tumors harboring this genetic lesion are not responsive to <a href="/wiki/EGFR_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="EGFR inhibitors">EGFR inhibitors</a>. Although KRAS amplification is infrequent in colorectal cancer, as of 2013 it was hypothesized to be responsible for precluding response to anti-<a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGFR</a> treatment in some patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23404247_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23404247-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015 amplification of wild-type Kras has also been observed in ovarian,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gastric, uterine, and lung cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lung_cancer">Lung cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lung cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether a patient is positive or negative for a mutation in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">epidermal growth factor receptor</a> (EGFR) will predict how patients will respond to certain EGFR antagonists such as <a href="/wiki/Erlotinib" title="Erlotinib">erlotinib</a> (Tarceva) or <a href="/wiki/Gefitinib" title="Gefitinib">gefitinib</a> (Iressa). Patients who harbor an EGFR mutation have a 60% response rate to erlotinib. However, the mutation of KRAS and EGFR are generally mutually exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20108024_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20108024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19349489_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19349489-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15696205_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15696205-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lung cancer patients who are positive for KRAS mutation (and the EGFR status would be wild type) have a low response rate to erlotinib or gefitinib estimated at 5% or less.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20108024_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20108024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different types of data including mutation status and gene expression did not have a significant prognostic power.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2017_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2017-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No correlation to survival was observed in 72% of all studies with KRAS sequencing performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2017_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2017-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, KRAS mutations can not only affect the gene itself and the expression of the corresponding protein, but can also influence the expression of other downstream genes involved in crucial pathways regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The different expression of these genes in <i>KRAS</i>-mutant tumors might have a more prominent role in affecting patient's clinical outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2017_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2017-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 paper published in <i><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_(journal)" title="Cancer Research (journal)">Cancer Research</a></i> concluded that the in vivo administration of the compound oncrasin-1 "suppressed the growth of K-ras mutant human lung tumor <a href="/wiki/Xenotransplantation" title="Xenotransplantation">xenografts</a> by >70% and prolonged the survival of nude mice bearing these tumors, without causing detectable toxicity", and that the "results indicate that oncrasin-1 or its active analogues could be a novel class of anticancer agents which effectively kill K-Ras mutant cancer cells."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18794128_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18794128-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pancreatic_cancer">Pancreatic cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pancreatic cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 90% of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_ductal_adenocarcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma">pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas</a> (PDACs) have a KRAS mutation.<sup id="cite_ref-Leroux_2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leroux_2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_2023_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_2023-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenzwieg_2021_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenzwieg_2021-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is one approved drug, <a href="/wiki/Sotorasib" title="Sotorasib">sotorasib</a>, that targets the KRAS G12C mutation, but only ~1% of PDACs have this mutation.<sup id="cite_ref-Leroux_2021_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leroux_2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another KRAS inhibitor, <a href="/wiki/MRTX1133" title="MRTX1133">MRTX1133</a> targets G12D mutation which is present in over 40% of PDACs<sup id="cite_ref-pmid37831007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37831007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bannoura_2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bannoura_2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is currently in clinical trials to treat solid tumors including pancreatic adenocarcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="KRAS_testing"><i>KRAS</i> testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: KRAS testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) updated the labels of two anti-<a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGFR</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> drugs indicated for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, <a href="/wiki/Panitumumab" title="Panitumumab">panitumumab</a> (Vectibix) and <a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">cetuximab</a> (Erbitux), to include information about <i>KRAS</i> mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the FDA cleared a genetic test by <a href="/wiki/QIAGEN" class="mw-redirect" title="QIAGEN">QIAGEN</a> named therascreen <i>KRAS</i> test, designed to detect the presence of seven mutations in the <i>KRAS</i> gene in colorectal cancer cells. This test aids physicians in identifying patients with metastatic colorectal cancer for treatment with Erbitux. The presence of KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer tissue indicates that the patient may not benefit from treatment with Erbitux. If the test result indicates that the KRAS mutations are absent in the colorectal cancer cells, then the patient may be considered for treatment with Erbitux.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_therapeutic_target">As a therapeutic target</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As a therapeutic target"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2014, driver mutations in KRAS were known to underlie the pathogenesis of up to 20% of human cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox_2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence KRAS is an attractive drug target, but as of 2018 lack of obvious binding sites had hindered pharmaceutical development.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2018_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2018-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One potential drug interaction site is where GTP/GDP binds, but due to the extraordinarily high affinity of GTP/GDP for this site, it appeared unlikely as of 2018 that drug-like <a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">small molecule</a> inhibitors could compete with GTP/GDP binding. Other than where GTP/GDP binds, there are no obvious high affinity binding sites for small molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Holderfield_2018_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holderfield_2018-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G12C_mutation">G12C mutation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: G12C mutation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KRAS_protein_G12C_mutant_with_GDP_and_sotorasib_6OIM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KRAS_protein_G12C_mutant_with_GDP_and_sotorasib_6OIM.png/220px-KRAS_protein_G12C_mutant_with_GDP_and_sotorasib_6OIM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KRAS_protein_G12C_mutant_with_GDP_and_sotorasib_6OIM.png/330px-KRAS_protein_G12C_mutant_with_GDP_and_sotorasib_6OIM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KRAS_protein_G12C_mutant_with_GDP_and_sotorasib_6OIM.png/440px-KRAS_protein_G12C_mutant_with_GDP_and_sotorasib_6OIM.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molecular_model" title="Molecular model">Surface model</a> of a KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> protein, showing a GDP molecule (orange) in its high-affinity binding site and the <a href="/wiki/Targeted_covalent_inhibitors" title="Targeted covalent inhibitors">covalent inhibitor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sotorasib" title="Sotorasib">sotorasib</a> (aqua) occupying an adjacent "cryptic" binding pocket. Sotorasib forms an irreversible bond with a <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> residue and disrupts function of the mutated protein. From <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6OIM">6OIM</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canon_2019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canon_2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lanman_2020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanman_2020-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One fairly frequent driver mutation is KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> which is adjacent a shallow binding site. As of 2019, this allowed the development of <a href="/wiki/Electrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophilic">electrophilic</a> KRAS inhibitors that can form irreversible <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophilic">nucleophilic</a> sulfur atom of Cys-12 and hence selectively target KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> and leave wild-type KRAS untouched.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30705085_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30705085-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the U.S. FDA approved one KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> mutant <a href="/wiki/Targeted_covalent_inhibitors" title="Targeted covalent inhibitors">covalent inhibitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotorasib" title="Sotorasib">sotorasib</a> (AMG 510, <a href="/wiki/Amgen" title="Amgen">Amgen</a>) for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Non-small_cell_lung_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small cell lung cancer">non-small cell lung cancer</a> (NSCLC), the first KRAS inhibitor to reach the market and enter clinical use.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_PR_20210528_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20210528-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second is <a href="/wiki/Adagrasib" title="Adagrasib">adagrasib</a> (MRTX-849, <a href="/wiki/Mirati_Therapeutics" title="Mirati Therapeutics">Mirati Therapeutics</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while JNJ-74699157 (also known as ARS-3248, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wellspring_Biosciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wellspring Biosciences (page does not exist)">Wellspring Biosciences</a>/<a href="/wiki/Janssen_Biotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Janssen Biotech">Janssen</a>) has received an <a href="/wiki/Investigational_new_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigational new drug">investigational new drug</a> (IND) approval to start clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullard_2019_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullard_2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Antisense_therapy" title="Antisense therapy">antisense oligonucleotide</a> (ASO) targeting KRAS, AZD4785 (<a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionis_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionis Therapeutics (page does not exist)">Ionis Therapeutics</a>), completed a phase I study<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 2019 was discontinued from further development because of insufficient <a href="/wiki/Gene_knockdown" title="Gene knockdown">knockdown</a> of the target.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A phase Ia/Ib dose escalation trial of the oral selective <i>KRAS</i> G12C inhibitor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divarasib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divarasib (page does not exist)">divarasib</a> was published in 2023, where the drug was tested in non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and other solid tumors with <i>KRAS</i> G12C mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continues in phase I and II studies for several cancer types as of August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G12D_mutation">G12D mutation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: G12D mutation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common <i>KRAS</i> mutation is G12D which is estimated to be present in up to 37% pancreatic cancers and over 12% of colorectal cancers. Normally amino acid position 12 of the KRAS protein is occupied by glycine but in G12D it is occupied by aspartic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, there are no commercial drug candidates targeting the <i>KRAS</i> G12D mutation in the clinical phase of development. </p><p>A novel inhibitor finding strategy for mutated G12D KRAS molecules was described in.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KRAS mutations in the 12th residue position inhibit the bound of the regulatory GAP molecule to the mutated KRAS, causing uncontrolled cell growth. The novel strategy proposes finding small glue molecules, which attach the mutated KRAS to the GAP, prohibiting uncontrolled cell growth and restoring the normal function. For this goal a theoretical KRAS-GAP conformation was designed with a several Å gap between the molecules, and a high-throughput in silico docking was performed for finding gluing agents. As a proof of concept, two novel molecules were described with satisfying biological activity. </p><p>As of 2021, there were a number of drug candidates in <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclinical stage">preclinical stages</a> of development targeting the KRAS G12D mutation. <a href="/wiki/Mirati_Therapeutics" title="Mirati Therapeutics">Mirati therapeutics</a> has stated it was seeking <a href="/wiki/Investigational_new_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigational new drug">investigational new drug</a> (IND) approval in H1:2021 to start clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022 Revolution Medicines was exploring a small molecule therapy and reported anti-tumor activity in KRAS-G12D mutant tumor models.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the first clinical trial of a gene therapy targeting KRAS G12D was recruiting patients, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, a case report was published about a 71-year-old woman with metastatic pancreatic cancer after extensive treatment (<a href="/wiki/Whipple_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipple Surgery">Whipple Surgery</a>, radiation and multiple agent chemotherapy) who received a single infusion of her blood with <a href="/wiki/CAR_T_cell" title="CAR T cell">engineered T cells</a> with 2 genes encoding T cell receptors, directed to both the G12D mutation and an HLA allele (<a href="/wiki/HLA-C" title="HLA-C">HLA-C</a>*08:02). Her tumor regressed persistently. But another similarly treated patient died from the cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-nejm_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KRAS has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-protein interaction">interact</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Raf" title="C-Raf">C-Raf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10783161_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10783161-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10882715_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10882715-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIK3CG" title="PIK3CG">PIK3CG</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10542052_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10542052-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RALGDS" title="RALGDS">RALGDS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10783161_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10783161-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7809086_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7809086-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RASSF2" title="RASSF2">RASSF2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12732644_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12732644-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">Calmodulin</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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id="cite_note-pmid10882715-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10882715_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiyonoKatoKataokaKaziro2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kiyono M, Kato J, Kataoka T, Kaziro Y, Satoh T (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M001378200">"Stimulation of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange activity of Ras-GRF1/CDC25(Mm) upon tyrosine phosphorylation by the Cdc42-regulated kinase ACK1"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>275</b> (38): 29788–29793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M001378200">10.1074/jbc.M001378200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10882715">10882715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stimulation+of+Ras+guanine+nucleotide+exchange+activity+of+Ras-GRF1%2FCDC25%28Mm%29+upon+tyrosine+phosphorylation+by+the+Cdc42-regulated+kinase+ACK1&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=29788-29793&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M001378200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10882715&rft.aulast=Kiyono&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kato%2C+J&rft.au=Kataoka%2C+T&rft.au=Kaziro%2C+Y&rft.au=Satoh%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M001378200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10542052-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10542052_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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(November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00815.x">"Farnesylation of Ras is important for the interaction with phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma"</a>. <i>European Journal of Biochemistry</i>. <b>266</b> (1): 70–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00815.x">10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00815.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10542052">10542052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Farnesylation+of+Ras+is+important+for+the+interaction+with+phosphoinositide+3-kinase+gamma&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-82&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00815.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10542052&rft.aulast=Rubio&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Wittig%2C+U&rft.au=Meyer%2C+C&rft.au=Heinze%2C+R&rft.au=Kadereit%2C+D&rft.au=Waldmann%2C+H&rft.au=Downward%2C+J&rft.au=Wetzker%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1432-1327.1999.00815.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7809086-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7809086_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaargarenBischoff1994" class="citation journal cs1">Spaargaren M, Bischoff JR (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45488">"Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras, K-ras, and Rap"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>91</b> (26): 12609–12613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...9112609S">1994PNAS...9112609S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.26.12609">10.1073/pnas.91.26.12609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45488">45488</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7809086">7809086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+guanine+nucleotide+dissociation+stimulator+for+Ral+as+a+putative+effector+molecule+of+R-ras%2C+H-ras%2C+K-ras%2C+and+Rap&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=12609-12613&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC45488%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7809086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.91.26.12609&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PNAS...9112609S&rft.aulast=Spaargaren&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bischoff%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC45488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12732644-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12732644_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosEllisElamUlku2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vos MD, Ellis CA, Elam C, Ulku AS, Taylor BJ, Clark GJ (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M300554200">"RASSF2 is a novel K-Ras-specific effector and potential tumor suppressor"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>278</b> (30): 28045–28051. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M300554200">10.1074/jbc.M300554200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12732644">12732644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=RASSF2+is+a+novel+K-Ras-specific+effector+and+potential+tumor+suppressor&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=28045-28051&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M300554200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12732644&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Ellis%2C+CA&rft.au=Elam%2C+C&rft.au=Ulku%2C+AS&rft.au=Taylor%2C+BJ&rft.au=Clark%2C+GJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M300554200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalongaLópez-AlcaláBoschChiloeches2001" class="citation journal cs1">Villalonga P, López-Alcalá C, Bosch M, Chiloeches A, Rocamora N, Gil J, et al. (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99908">"Calmodulin binds to K-Ras, but not to H- or N-Ras, and modulates its downstream signaling"</a>. <i>Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. <b>21</b> (21): 7345–7354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.21.21.7345-7354.2001">10.1128/MCB.21.21.7345-7354.2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99908">99908</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11585916">11585916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology&rft.atitle=Calmodulin+binds+to+K-Ras%2C+but+not+to+H-+or+N-Ras%2C+and+modulates+its+downstream+signaling&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=7345-7354&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99908%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11585916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMCB.21.21.7345-7354.2001&rft.aulast=Villalonga&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Alcal%C3%A1%2C+C&rft.au=Bosch%2C+M&rft.au=Chiloeches%2C+A&rft.au=Rocamora%2C+N&rft.au=Gil%2C+J&rft.au=Marais%2C+R&rft.au=Marshall%2C+CJ&rft.au=Bachs%2C+O&rft.au=Agell%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnYamamotoAlmogueraWinter1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn S, Yamamoto F, Almoguera C, Winter E, Forrester K, Jordano J, et al. (1987). "The c-K-ras gene and human cancer (review)". <i>Anticancer Research</i>. <b>7</b> (4A): 639–652. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3310850">3310850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anticancer+Research&rft.atitle=The+c-K-ras+gene+and+human+cancer+%28review%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4A&rft.pages=639-652&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3310850&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+F&rft.au=Almoguera%2C+C&rft.au=Winter%2C+E&rft.au=Forrester%2C+K&rft.au=Jordano%2C+J&rft.au=Perucho%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamamotoNakanoNevillePerucho1985" class="citation journal cs1">Yamamoto F, Nakano H, Neville C, Perucho M (1985). "Structure and mechanisms of activation of c-K-ras oncogenes in human lung cancer". <i>Progress in Medical Virology</i>. <b>32</b>: 101–114. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3895297">3895297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Medical+Virology&rft.atitle=Structure+and+mechanisms+of+activation+of+c-K-ras+oncogenes+in+human+lung+cancer&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=101-114&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3895297&rft.aulast=Yamamoto&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Nakano%2C+H&rft.au=Neville%2C+C&rft.au=Perucho%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortaAyudeAlguacilJariod2003" class="citation journal cs1">Porta M, Ayude D, Alguacil J, Jariod M (February 2003). 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"KRAS mutation testing in colorectal cancer as an example of the pathologist's role in personalized targeted therapy: a practical approach". <i>Polish Journal of Pathology</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 145–164. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.1286">1305.1286</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5114%2FPJP.2012.31499">10.5114/PJP.2012.31499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23161231">23161231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17666526">17666526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Journal+of+Pathology&rft.atitle=KRAS+mutation+testing+in+colorectal+cancer+as+an+example+of+the+pathologist%27s+role+in+personalized+targeted+therapy%3A+a+practical+approach&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=145-164&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1305.1286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17666526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23161231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5114%2FPJP.2012.31499&rft.aulast=Domaga%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Hybiak%2C+J&rft.au=Sul%C5%BCyc-Bielicka%2C+V&rft.au=Cybulski%2C+C&rft.au=Ry%C5%9B%2C+J&rft.au=Domaga%C5%82a%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKRAS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KRAS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.horizondiscovery.com/kras-gene-specific-multiplex-reference-standard-hd748">KRAS Reference Standards</a> - Learn more about KRAS Reference Controls</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1186/">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=noonan">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Noonan syndrome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=KRAS2+protein%2C+human">KRAS2+protein,+human</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P01116">P01116</a></i> (Human GTPase KRas) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PDB_121p_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_121p_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PDB_121p_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_121p_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PDB_121p_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_121p_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>121p</b>: STRUKTUR UND GUANOSINTRIPHOSPHAT-HYDROLYSEMECHANISMUS DES C-TERMINAL VERKUERZTEN MENSCHLICHEN KREBSPROTEINS P21-H-RAS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1aa9_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1aa9: HUMAN C-HA-RAS(1-171)(DOT)GDP, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE"><img alt="1aa9: HUMAN C-HA-RAS(1-171)(DOT)GDP, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PDB_1aa9_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1aa9_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PDB_1aa9_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1aa9_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PDB_1aa9_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1aa9_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1aa9</b>: HUMAN C-HA-RAS(1-171)(DOT)GDP, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1agp_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1agp: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF A TRANSFORMING AND A NONTRANSFORMING GLY-12 MUTANT OF P21-H-RAS"><img alt="1agp: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF A TRANSFORMING AND A NONTRANSFORMING GLY-12 MUTANT OF P21-H-RAS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PDB_1agp_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1agp_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PDB_1agp_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1agp_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PDB_1agp_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1agp_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1agp</b>: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF A TRANSFORMING AND A NONTRANSFORMING GLY-12 MUTANT OF P21-H-RAS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1bkd_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1bkd: COMPLEX OF HUMAN H-RAS WITH HUMAN SOS-1"><img alt="1bkd: COMPLEX OF HUMAN H-RAS WITH HUMAN SOS-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PDB_1bkd_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1bkd_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PDB_1bkd_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1bkd_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PDB_1bkd_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1bkd_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1bkd</b>: COMPLEX OF HUMAN H-RAS WITH HUMAN SOS-1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1clu_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1clu: H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH DIAMINOBENZOPHENONE-BETA,GAMMA-IMIDO-GTP"><img alt="1clu: H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH DIAMINOBENZOPHENONE-BETA,GAMMA-IMIDO-GTP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDB_1clu_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1clu_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDB_1clu_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1clu_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDB_1clu_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1clu_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1clu</b>: H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH DIAMINOBENZOPHENONE-BETA,GAMMA-IMIDO-GTP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1crp_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1crp: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY"><img alt="1crp: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PDB_1crp_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1crp_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PDB_1crp_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1crp_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PDB_1crp_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1crp_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1crp</b>: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1crq_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1crq: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY"><img alt="1crq: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PDB_1crq_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1crq_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PDB_1crq_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1crq_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PDB_1crq_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1crq_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1crq</b>: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1crr_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1crr: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY"><img alt="1crr: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PDB_1crr_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1crr_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PDB_1crr_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1crr_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PDB_1crr_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1crr_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1crr</b>: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RAS P21. GDP DETERMINED BY HETERONUCLEAR THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1ctq_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1ctq: STRUCTURE OF P21RAS IN COMPLEX WITH GPPNHP AT 100 K"><img alt="1ctq: STRUCTURE OF P21RAS IN COMPLEX WITH GPPNHP AT 100 K" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1ctq_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1ctq_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1ctq_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1ctq_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PDB_1ctq_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1ctq_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1ctq</b>: STRUCTURE OF P21RAS IN COMPLEX WITH GPPNHP AT 100 K</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1gnp_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1gnp: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP"><img alt="1gnp: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1gnp_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1gnp_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1gnp_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1gnp_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1gnp_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1gnp_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1gnp</b>: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1gnq_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1gnq: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP"><img alt="1gnq: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PDB_1gnq_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1gnq_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PDB_1gnq_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1gnq_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PDB_1gnq_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1gnq_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1gnq</b>: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1gnr_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1gnr: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP"><img alt="1gnr: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDB_1gnr_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1gnr_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDB_1gnr_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1gnr_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDB_1gnr_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1gnr_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1gnr</b>: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF THE ONCOGENE PRODUCT P21H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH CAGED GTP AND MANT DGPPNHP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1he8_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1he8: RAS G12V - PI 3-KINASE GAMMA COMPLEX"><img alt="1he8: RAS G12V - PI 3-KINASE GAMMA COMPLEX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PDB_1he8_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1he8_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PDB_1he8_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1he8_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PDB_1he8_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1he8_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1he8</b>: RAS G12V - PI 3-KINASE GAMMA COMPLEX</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1iaq_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1iaq: C-H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT WITH THR 35 REPLACED BY SER (T35S) COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[B,G-IMIDO] TRIPHOSPHATE"><img alt="1iaq: C-H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT WITH THR 35 REPLACED BY SER (T35S) COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[B,G-IMIDO] TRIPHOSPHATE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PDB_1iaq_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1iaq_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PDB_1iaq_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1iaq_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PDB_1iaq_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1iaq_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1iaq</b>: C-H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT WITH THR 35 REPLACED BY SER (T35S) COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[B,G-IMIDO] TRIPHOSPHATE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1ioz_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1ioz: Crystal Structure of the C-HA-RAS Protein Prepared by the Cell-Free Synthesis"><img alt="1ioz: Crystal Structure of the C-HA-RAS Protein Prepared by the Cell-Free Synthesis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PDB_1ioz_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1ioz_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PDB_1ioz_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1ioz_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PDB_1ioz_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1ioz_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1ioz</b>: Crystal Structure of the C-HA-RAS Protein Prepared by the Cell-Free Synthesis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1jah_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1jah: H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT G12P, COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[BETA,GAMMA-METHYLENE] TRIPHOSPHATE AND MAGNESIUM"><img alt="1jah: H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT G12P, COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[BETA,GAMMA-METHYLENE] TRIPHOSPHATE AND MAGNESIUM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PDB_1jah_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1jah_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PDB_1jah_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1jah_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PDB_1jah_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1jah_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1jah</b>: H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT G12P, COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[BETA,GAMMA-METHYLENE] TRIPHOSPHATE AND MAGNESIUM</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1jai_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1jai: H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT G12P, COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[BETA,GAMMA-METHYLENE] TRIPHOSPHATE AND MANGANESE"><img alt="1jai: H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT G12P, COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[BETA,GAMMA-METHYLENE] TRIPHOSPHATE AND MANGANESE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PDB_1jai_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1jai_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PDB_1jai_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1jai_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PDB_1jai_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1jai_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1jai</b>: H-RAS P21 PROTEIN MUTANT G12P, COMPLEXED WITH GUANOSINE-5'-[BETA,GAMMA-METHYLENE] TRIPHOSPHATE AND MANGANESE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1k8r_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1k8r: Crystal structure of Ras-Bry2RBD complex"><img alt="1k8r: Crystal structure of Ras-Bry2RBD complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PDB_1k8r_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1k8r_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PDB_1k8r_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1k8r_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PDB_1k8r_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1k8r_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1k8r</b>: Crystal structure of Ras-Bry2RBD complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1lf0_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1lf0: Crystal Structure of RasA59G in the GTP-bound form"><img alt="1lf0: Crystal Structure of RasA59G in the GTP-bound form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PDB_1lf0_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1lf0_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PDB_1lf0_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1lf0_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PDB_1lf0_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1lf0_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1lf0</b>: Crystal Structure of RasA59G in the GTP-bound form</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1lf5_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1lf5: Crystal Structure of RasA59G in the GDP-bound Form"><img alt="1lf5: Crystal Structure of RasA59G in the GDP-bound Form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PDB_1lf5_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1lf5_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PDB_1lf5_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1lf5_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PDB_1lf5_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1lf5_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1lf5</b>: Crystal Structure of RasA59G in the GDP-bound Form</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1lfd_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1lfd: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ACTIVE RAS PROTEIN COMPLEXED WITH THE RAS-INTERACTING DOMAIN OF RALGDS"><img alt="1lfd: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ACTIVE RAS PROTEIN COMPLEXED WITH THE RAS-INTERACTING DOMAIN OF RALGDS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1lfd_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1lfd_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1lfd_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1lfd_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1lfd_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1lfd_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1lfd</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ACTIVE RAS PROTEIN COMPLEXED WITH THE RAS-INTERACTING DOMAIN OF RALGDS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1nvu_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1nvu: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS"><img alt="1nvu: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PDB_1nvu_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1nvu_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PDB_1nvu_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1nvu_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PDB_1nvu_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1nvu_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1nvu</b>: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1nvv_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1nvv: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS"><img alt="1nvv: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PDB_1nvv_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1nvv_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PDB_1nvv_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1nvv_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PDB_1nvv_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1nvv_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1nvv</b>: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1nvw_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1nvw: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS"><img alt="1nvw: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PDB_1nvw_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1nvw_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PDB_1nvw_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1nvw_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PDB_1nvw_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1nvw_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1nvw</b>: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1nvx_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1nvx: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS"><img alt="1nvx: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PDB_1nvx_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1nvx_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PDB_1nvx_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1nvx_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PDB_1nvx_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1nvx_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1nvx</b>: Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1p2s_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1p2s: H-Ras 166 in 50% 2,2,2 triflouroethanol"><img alt="1p2s: H-Ras 166 in 50% 2,2,2 triflouroethanol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PDB_1p2s_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1p2s_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PDB_1p2s_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1p2s_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PDB_1p2s_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1p2s_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1p2s</b>: H-Ras 166 in 50% 2,2,2 triflouroethanol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1p2t_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1p2t: H-Ras 166 in Aqueous mother liquor, RT"><img alt="1p2t: H-Ras 166 in Aqueous mother liquor, RT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PDB_1p2t_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1p2t_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PDB_1p2t_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1p2t_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PDB_1p2t_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1p2t_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1p2t</b>: H-Ras 166 in Aqueous mother liquor, RT</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1p2u_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1p2u: H-Ras in 50% isopropanol"><img alt="1p2u: H-Ras in 50% isopropanol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PDB_1p2u_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1p2u_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PDB_1p2u_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1p2u_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PDB_1p2u_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1p2u_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1p2u</b>: H-Ras in 50% isopropanol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1p2v_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1p2v: H-RAS 166 in 60 % 1,6 hexanediol"><img alt="1p2v: H-RAS 166 in 60 % 1,6 hexanediol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PDB_1p2v_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1p2v_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PDB_1p2v_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1p2v_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PDB_1p2v_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1p2v_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1p2v</b>: H-RAS 166 in 60 % 1,6 hexanediol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1plj_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1plj: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS"><img alt="1plj: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PDB_1plj_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1plj_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PDB_1plj_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1plj_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PDB_1plj_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1plj_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1plj</b>: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1plk_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1plk: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS"><img alt="1plk: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PDB_1plk_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1plk_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PDB_1plk_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1plk_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PDB_1plk_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1plk_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1plk</b>: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1pll_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1pll: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS"><img alt="1pll: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PDB_1pll_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1pll_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PDB_1pll_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1pll_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PDB_1pll_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1pll_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1pll</b>: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON P21H-RAS USING SYNCHROTRON LAUE METHOD: IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTAL QUALITY AND MONITORING OF THE GTPASE REACTION AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1q21_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1q21: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AT 2.2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS OF NORMAL RAS PROTEIN AND AN ONCOGENIC MUTANT COMPLEXED WITH GSP"><img alt="1q21: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AT 2.2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS OF NORMAL RAS PROTEIN AND AN ONCOGENIC MUTANT COMPLEXED WITH GSP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PDB_1q21_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1q21_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PDB_1q21_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1q21_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PDB_1q21_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1q21_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1q21</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AT 2.2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS OF NORMAL RAS PROTEIN AND AN ONCOGENIC MUTANT COMPLEXED WITH GSP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1qra_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1qra: STRUCTURE OF P21RAS IN COMPLEX WITH GTP AT 100 K"><img alt="1qra: STRUCTURE OF P21RAS IN COMPLEX WITH GTP AT 100 K" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PDB_1qra_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1qra_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PDB_1qra_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1qra_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PDB_1qra_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1qra_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1qra</b>: STRUCTURE OF P21RAS IN COMPLEX WITH GTP AT 100 K</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1rvd_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1rvd: H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH DIAMINOBENZOPHENONE-BETA,GAMMA-IMIDO-GTP"><img alt="1rvd: H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH DIAMINOBENZOPHENONE-BETA,GAMMA-IMIDO-GTP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PDB_1rvd_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1rvd_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PDB_1rvd_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1rvd_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PDB_1rvd_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1rvd_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1rvd</b>: H-RAS COMPLEXED WITH DIAMINOBENZOPHENONE-BETA,GAMMA-IMIDO-GTP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1wq1_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1wq1: RAS-RASGAP COMPLEX"><img alt="1wq1: RAS-RASGAP COMPLEX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PDB_1wq1_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1wq1_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PDB_1wq1_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1wq1_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PDB_1wq1_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1wq1_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1wq1</b>: RAS-RASGAP COMPLEX</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1xcm_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1xcm: Crystal structure of the GppNHp-bound H-Ras G60A mutant"><img alt="1xcm: Crystal structure of the GppNHp-bound H-Ras G60A mutant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PDB_1xcm_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1xcm_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PDB_1xcm_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1xcm_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PDB_1xcm_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1xcm_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1xcm</b>: Crystal structure of the GppNHp-bound H-Ras G60A mutant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1xd2_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1xd2: Crystal Structure of a ternary Ras:SOS:Ras*GDP complex"><img alt="1xd2: Crystal Structure of a ternary Ras:SOS:Ras*GDP complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PDB_1xd2_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1xd2_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PDB_1xd2_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1xd2_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PDB_1xd2_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1xd2_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1xd2</b>: Crystal Structure of a ternary Ras:SOS:Ras*GDP complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1xj0_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1xj0: Crystal Structure of the GDP-bound form of the RasG60A mutant"><img alt="1xj0: Crystal Structure of the GDP-bound form of the RasG60A mutant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PDB_1xj0_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1xj0_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PDB_1xj0_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1xj0_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PDB_1xj0_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1xj0_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1xj0</b>: Crystal Structure of the GDP-bound form of the RasG60A mutant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1zvq_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1zvq: Structure of the Q61G mutant of Ras in the GDP-bound form"><img alt="1zvq: Structure of the Q61G mutant of Ras in the GDP-bound form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PDB_1zvq_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1zvq_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PDB_1zvq_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1zvq_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PDB_1zvq_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1zvq_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1zvq</b>: Structure of the Q61G mutant of Ras in the GDP-bound form</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1zw6_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1zw6: Crystal Structure of the GTP-bound form of RasQ61G"><img alt="1zw6: Crystal Structure of the GTP-bound form of RasQ61G" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PDB_1zw6_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1zw6_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PDB_1zw6_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1zw6_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PDB_1zw6_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1zw6_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1zw6</b>: Crystal Structure of the GTP-bound form of RasQ61G</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_221p_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="221p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES"><img alt="221p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PDB_221p_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_221p_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PDB_221p_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_221p_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PDB_221p_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_221p_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>221p</b>: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2c5l_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2c5l: STRUCTURE OF PLC EPSILON RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN WITH HRAS"><img alt="2c5l: STRUCTURE OF PLC EPSILON RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN WITH HRAS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDB_2c5l_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_2c5l_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDB_2c5l_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_2c5l_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDB_2c5l_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_2c5l_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2c5l</b>: STRUCTURE OF PLC EPSILON RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN WITH HRAS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2ce2_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2ce2: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP"><img alt="2ce2: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PDB_2ce2_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2ce2_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PDB_2ce2_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2ce2_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PDB_2ce2_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2ce2_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2ce2</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2cl0_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2cl0: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GPPNHP"><img alt="2cl0: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GPPNHP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PDB_2cl0_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2cl0_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PDB_2cl0_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2cl0_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PDB_2cl0_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2cl0_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2cl0</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GPPNHP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2cl6_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2cl6: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH S-CAGED GTP"><img alt="2cl6: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH S-CAGED GTP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PDB_2cl6_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2cl6_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PDB_2cl6_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2cl6_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PDB_2cl6_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2cl6_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2cl6</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH S-CAGED GTP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2cl7_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2cl7: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GTP"><img alt="2cl7: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GTP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PDB_2cl7_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2cl7_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PDB_2cl7_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2cl7_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PDB_2cl7_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2cl7_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2cl7</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GTP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2clc_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2clc: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GTP (2)"><img alt="2clc: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GTP (2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PDB_2clc_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2clc_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PDB_2clc_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2clc_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PDB_2clc_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2clc_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2clc</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GTP (2)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2cld_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2cld: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP (2)"><img alt="2cld: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP (2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PDB_2cld_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2cld_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PDB_2cld_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2cld_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PDB_2cld_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2cld_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2cld</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF A FLUORESCENT FORM OF H-RAS P21 IN COMPLEX WITH GDP (2)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2evw_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2evw: Crystal structure analysis of a fluorescent form of H-Ras p21 in complex with R-caged GTP"><img alt="2evw: Crystal structure analysis of a fluorescent form of H-Ras p21 in complex with R-caged GTP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PDB_2evw_EBI.png/180px-PDB_2evw_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PDB_2evw_EBI.png/270px-PDB_2evw_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PDB_2evw_EBI.png/360px-PDB_2evw_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2evw</b>: Crystal structure analysis of a fluorescent form of H-Ras p21 in complex with R-caged GTP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2q21_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2q21: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AT 2.2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS OF NORMAL RAS PROTEIN AND AN ONCOGENIC MUTANT COMPLEXED WITH GSP"><img alt="2q21: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AT 2.2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS OF NORMAL RAS PROTEIN AND AN ONCOGENIC MUTANT COMPLEXED WITH GSP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PDB_2q21_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_2q21_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PDB_2q21_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_2q21_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PDB_2q21_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_2q21_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2q21</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AT 2.2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS OF NORMAL RAS PROTEIN AND AN ONCOGENIC MUTANT COMPLEXED WITH GSP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_421p_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="421p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES"><img alt="421p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PDB_421p_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_421p_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PDB_421p_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_421p_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PDB_421p_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_421p_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>421p</b>: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_521p_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="521p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES"><img alt="521p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PDB_521p_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_521p_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PDB_521p_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_521p_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PDB_521p_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_521p_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>521p</b>: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_5p21_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5p21: REFINED CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TRIPHOSPHATE CONFORMATION OF H-RAS P21 AT 1.35 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF GTP HYDROLYSIS"><img alt="5p21: REFINED CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TRIPHOSPHATE CONFORMATION OF H-RAS P21 AT 1.35 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF GTP HYDROLYSIS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PDB_5p21_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_5p21_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PDB_5p21_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_5p21_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PDB_5p21_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_5p21_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>5p21</b>: REFINED CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TRIPHOSPHATE CONFORMATION OF H-RAS P21 AT 1.35 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF GTP HYDROLYSIS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_621p_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="621p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES"><img alt="621p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PDB_621p_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_621p_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PDB_621p_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_621p_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PDB_621p_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_621p_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>621p</b>: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_6q21_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6q21: MOLECULAR SWITCH FOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE AND INACTIVE FORMS OF PROTOONCOGENIC RAS PROTEINS"><img alt="6q21: MOLECULAR SWITCH FOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE AND INACTIVE FORMS OF PROTOONCOGENIC RAS PROTEINS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PDB_6q21_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_6q21_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PDB_6q21_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_6q21_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PDB_6q21_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_6q21_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>6q21</b>: MOLECULAR SWITCH FOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE AND INACTIVE FORMS OF PROTOONCOGENIC RAS PROTEINS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_721p_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="721p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES"><img alt="721p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PDB_721p_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_721p_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PDB_721p_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_721p_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PDB_721p_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_721p_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>721p</b>: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF H-RAS P21 MUTANTS: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THEIR INABILITY TO FUNCTION AS SIGNAL SWITCH MOLECULES</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_821p_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="821p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF A TRANSFORMING AND A NONTRANSFORMING GLYCINE-12 MUTANT OF P21H-RAS"><img alt="821p: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF A TRANSFORMING AND A NONTRANSFORMING GLYCINE-12 MUTANT OF P21H-RAS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PDB_821p_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_821p_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PDB_821p_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_821p_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PDB_821p_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_821p_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>821p</b>: THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF A TRANSFORMING AND A NONTRANSFORMING GLYCINE-12 MUTANT OF P21H-RAS</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrolases:_acid_anhydride_hydrolases_(EC_3.6)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acid_anhydride_hydrolases" title="Template:Acid anhydride hydrolases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acid_anhydride_hydrolases" title="Template talk:Acid anhydride hydrolases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acid_anhydride_hydrolases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acid anhydride hydrolases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrolases:_acid_anhydride_hydrolases_(EC_3.6)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acid_anhydride_hydrolases" title="Acid anhydride hydrolases">acid anhydride hydrolases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 3.6)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#3.6.1" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.6.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphatase" title="Pyrophosphatase">Pyrophosphatase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_pyrophosphatase" title="Inorganic pyrophosphatase">Inorganic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphatase" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamine pyrophosphatase">Thiamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apyrase" title="Apyrase">Apyrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine-triphosphatase" title="Thiamine-triphosphatase">Thiamine-triphosphatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#3.6.2" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.6.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenylylsulfatase" title="Adenylylsulfatase">Adenylylsulfatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoadenylylsulfatase" title="Phosphoadenylylsulfatase">Phosphoadenylylsulfatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#3.6.3" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.6.3</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#3.6.4" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">4</a>: <a href="/wiki/ATPase" title="ATPase">ATPase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3.6.3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu++ (3.6.3.4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP7A" title="ATP7A">Menkes/ATP7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_disease_protein" title="Wilson disease protein">Wilson/ATP7B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_ATPase" title="Calcium ATPase">Ca+</a> (3.6.3.8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SERCA" title="SERCA">SERCA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP2A1" title="ATP2A1">ATP2A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP2A2" title="ATP2A2">ATP2A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP2A3" title="ATP2A3">ATP2A3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane_Ca2%2B_ATPase" title="Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase">Plasma membrane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP2B1" title="ATP2B1">ATP2B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP2B2" title="ATP2B2">ATP2B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP2B3" title="ATP2B3">ATP2B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP2B4" title="ATP2B4">ATP2B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretory_Pathway_Ca%C2%B2%E2%81%BA_ATPase" title="Secretory Pathway Ca²⁺ ATPase">SPCA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP2C1" title="ATP2C1">ATP2C1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATP2C2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATP2C2 (page does not exist)">ATP2C2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na+/K+</a> (3.6.3.9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATPase,_Na%2B/K%2B_transporting,_alpha_1" title="ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 1">ATP1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP1A2" title="ATP1A2">ATP1A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP1A3" title="ATP1A3">ATP1A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP1A4" title="ATP1A4">ATP1A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP1B1" title="ATP1B1">ATP1B1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATP1B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATP1B2 (page does not exist)">ATP1B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP1B3" title="ATP1B3">ATP1B3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATP1B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATP1B4 (page does not exist)">ATP1B4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_potassium_ATPase" title="Hydrogen potassium ATPase">H+/K+</a> (3.6.3.10)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATP4A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATP4A (page does not exist)">ATP4A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/P-type_ATPase" title="P-type ATPase">P-type ATPase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP8B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP8B1">ATP8B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP10A" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP10A">ATP10A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP11B" title="ATP11B">ATP11B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP12A" title="ATP12A">ATP12A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP13A2" title="ATP13A2">ATP13A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP13A3" title="ATP13A3">ATP13A3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3.6.4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">Dynein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">Kinesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">Myosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanin" title="Katanin">Katanin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)#3.6.5" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">3.6.5</a>: <a href="/wiki/GTPase" title="GTPase">GTPase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3.6.5.1: <a href="/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein" title="Heterotrimeric G protein">Heterotrimeric G protein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>αs</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">G<sub>olf</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>αi</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNAI1" title="GNAI1">GNAI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAI2" title="GNAI2">GNAI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAI3" title="GNAI3">GNAI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transducin" title="Transducin">Transducin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNAT1" title="GNAT1">GNAT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAT2" title="GNAT2">GNAT2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustducin" title="Gustducin">Gustducin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNAT3" title="GNAT3">GNAT3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gq_alpha_subunit" title="Gq alpha subunit">G<sub>αq/11</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNAQ" title="GNAQ">GNAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNA11" title="GNA11">GNA11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G12/G13_alpha_subunits" title="G12/G13 alpha subunits">G<sub>α12/13</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNA12" title="GNA12">GNA12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNA13" title="GNA13">GNA13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3.6.5.2: <a href="/wiki/Small_GTPase" title="Small GTPase">Small GTPase</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ras_superfamily" title="Ras superfamily">Ras superfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rho_family_of_GTPases" title="Rho family of GTPases">Rho family of GTPases</a>: <i>Cdc42</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC42" title="CDC42">CDC42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC10_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="TC10 protein">TC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCL_(GTPase)" title="TCL (GTPase)">TCL</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>RhoUV</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrch1" title="Wrch1">RhoU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chp_(GTPase)" title="Chp (GTPase)">RhoV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rac_(GTPase)" title="Rac (GTPase)">Rac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAC1" title="RAC1">Rac1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAC2" title="RAC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rac3" class="mw-redirect" title="Rac3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhoG" title="RhoG">RhoG</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>RhoBTB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RHOBTB1" title="RHOBTB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHOBTB2" title="RHOBTB2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhoH" title="RhoH">RhoH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_family_of_GTPases" title="Rho family of GTPases">Rho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RHOA" class="mw-redirect" title="RHOA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHOB" title="RHOB">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhoC" title="RhoC">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rnd_(GTPase)" title="Rnd (GTPase)">Rnd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rnd1" title="Rnd1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rnd2" title="Rnd2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rnd3" title="Rnd3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>RhoDF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rif_(GTPase)" title="Rif (GTPase)">RhoF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhoD" title="RhoD">RhoD</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>other: <a href="/wiki/Ras_subfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras subfamily">Ras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HRAS" title="HRAS">HRAS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma_RAS_viral_oncogene_homolog" title="Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog">NRAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_(G-protein)" title="Rab (G-protein)">Rab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAB23" title="RAB23">RAB23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAB27" title="RAB27">RAB27</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor" title="ADP ribosylation factor">Arf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARF6" title="ARF6">ARF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR1B" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR1B">SAR1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL13B" title="ARL13B">ARL13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL6" title="ARL6">ARL6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ran (gene)">Ran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHEB" title="RHEB">Rheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_GTP-binding_protein" title="Rap GTP-binding protein">Rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRAD_(gene)" title="RRAD (gene)">RGK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3.6.5.3: <a href="/wiki/Protein-synthesizing_GTPase" title="Protein-synthesizing GTPase">Protein-synthesizing GTPase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic_elongation_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic elongation factors">Prokaryotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic_initiation_factor-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic initiation factor-2">IF-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF-Tu" title="EF-Tu">EF-Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF-G" title="EF-G">EF-G</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_elongation_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic elongation factors">Eukaryotic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3.6.5.5-6: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_motor" title="Molecular motor">Polymerization motors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamin_superfamily" title="Dynamin superfamily">dynamin superfamily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamin" title="Dynamin">Dynamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanylate-binding_protein" title="Guanylate-binding protein">Guanylate-binding protein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitofusin-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitofusin-1 (page does not exist)">Mitofusin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX1" title="MX1">MX1</a> and <a href="/wiki/MX2" title="MX2">MX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamin-like_120_kDa_protein" title="Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein">OPA1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubulin" title="Tubulin">Tubulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRAS&oldid=1252894369">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRAS&oldid=1252894369</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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