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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early English Gothic (late 12th–late 13th centuries) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_English_Gothic_(late_12th–late_13th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorated_Gothic_(late_13th–late_14th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<li id="toc-Examples_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpendicular_Gothic_(late_13th_to_mid-16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpendicular_Gothic_(late_13th_to_mid-16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Perpendicular Gothic (late 13th to mid-16th century)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perpendicular_Gothic_(late_13th_to_mid-16th_century)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perpendicular Gothic (late 13th to mid-16th century) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perpendicular_Gothic_(late_13th_to_mid-16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roofs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roofs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roofs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roofs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>University Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_Revival_(19th_and_20th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_Revival_(19th_and_20th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gothic Revival (19th and 20th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_Revival_(19th_and_20th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة قوطية إنجليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة قوطية إنجليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Англійская готыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англійская готыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotick%C3%A1_architektura_v_Anglii" title="Gotická architektura v Anglii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gotická architektura v Anglii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_g%C3%B3tica_inglesa" title="Arquitectura gótica inglesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura gótica inglesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_gothique_anglaise" title="Architecture gothique anglaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture gothique anglaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelske_gotyk" title="Ingelske gotyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ingelske gotyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotico_inglese" title="Gotico inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gotico inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות גותית אנגלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות גותית אנגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelse_gotiek" title="Engelse gotiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engelse gotiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_gotycka_w_Anglii" title="Architektura gotycka w Anglii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura gotycka w Anglii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_g%C3%B3tica_na_Inglaterra" title="Arquitetura gótica na Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura gótica na Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Английская готика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Английская готика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="English Gothic architecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%C5%A1ka_gotska_arhitektura" title="Angleška gotska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Angleška gotska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="สถาปัตยกรรมกอทิกแบบอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมกอทิกแบบอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Англійська готика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англійська готика" 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vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">English Gothic architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_Presbytery,_Lincolnshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lincoln_Cathedral_Presbytery%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/250px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Presbytery%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lincoln_Cathedral_Presbytery%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/375px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Presbytery%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lincoln_Cathedral_Presbytery%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/500px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Presbytery%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6233" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg/250px-Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg/375px-Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg/500px-Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg/250px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg/375px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg/500px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a><br />Centre: <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a><br />Bottom: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1175–1640</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>English Gothic</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> that flourished from the late 12th until the mid-17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style was most prominently used in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">cathedrals and churches</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> architecture's defining features are <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointed arch (architecture)">pointed arches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a>, and extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>. Combined, these features allowed the creation of buildings of unprecedented height and grandeur, filled with light from large stained glass windows. Important examples include <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>. The Gothic style endured in England much longer than in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. </p><p>The Gothic style was introduced from France, where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Denis">Abbey of Saint-Denis</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, completed in 1144.<sup id="cite_ref-HF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England were <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> (often known in England as <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a>). The first cathedral in England to be both planned and built entirely in the Gothic style was <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>, begun in 1175.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other features were imported from the <a href="/wiki/Ile-de-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile-de-France">Ile-de-France</a>, where the first French Gothic cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a>, had been built (1135–64).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a fire destroyed the choir of Canterbury Cathedral in 1174, the French architect <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a> rebuilt the choir in the new Gothic style between 1175 and 1180. The transition can also be seen at <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, a Norman building which was remodelled with the earliest <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> known. Besides cathedrals, monasteries, and <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a>, the style was used for many secular buildings, including university buildings, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">great houses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">almshouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guildhall" title="Guildhall">guildhalls</a>. </p><p>Stylistic periodisations of the English Gothic style are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Early English (architecture)">Early English</a> or <i>First Pointed</i> (late 12th–late 13th centuries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorated_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated Gothic">Decorated Gothic</a> or <i>Second Pointed</i> (late 13th–late 14th centuries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> or <i>Third Pointed</i> (14th–17th centuries)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The architect and art historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rickman" title="Thomas Rickman">Thomas Rickman</a>'s <i>Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England</i>, first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rickman identified the period of architecture as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1066–87</span>) to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1154–89</span>) as <i>Norman</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard the Lionheart">Richard the Lionheart</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1189–99</span>) to <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1272–1307</span>) as <i>Early English</i></li> <li>reigns of <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1307–27</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1327–77</span>) as <i>Decorated</i></li> <li>from <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1377–99</span>) to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1509–47</span>) as <i>Perpendicular</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From the 15th century, under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>, the prevailing Gothic style is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor architecture</a>. This style is ultimately succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1558–1603</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:04_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rickman excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Architect and art historian <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sharpe" title="Edmund Sharpe">Edmund Sharpe</a>, in <i>The Seven Periods of English Architecture</i> (1851), identified a pre-Gothic <i>Transitional Period</i> (1145–90), following the <i>Norman</i> period, in which pointed arches and round arches were employed together.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focusing on the windows, Sharpe dubbed Rickman's Gothic styles as follows: </p> <ul><li>Rickman's first Gothic style as the <i>Lancet Period</i> (1190–1245)</li> <li>Rickman's second Gothic style divided into the <i>Geometrical</i> period (1245–1315) and then the <i>Curvilinear</i> period (1315–1360)</li> <li>Rickman's third style as the <i>Rectilinear</i> period (1360–1550).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Early English and Decorated styles, this third style, employed over three centuries was unique to England</li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a>, the stylistic language of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Classical_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical orders">classical orders</a> and the Renaissance architecture of southern Europe began to supplant Gothic architecture in Continental Europe, but the British Isles continued to favour Gothic building styles, with traditional Perpendicular Gothic building projects undertaken into the 17th century in England and both Elizabethan and <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean architecture</a> incorporating Gothic features, particularly for churches.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical-inspired architecture predominated after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> The rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> was so extensive that the numbers of workers employed broke the monopoly of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">livery company</a> of stonemasons and the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of Masons</a> and the role of master-mason was displaced by that of the early modern architect.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Wren_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Wren churches">Wren churches</a> mostly dispensed with the Gothic idiom in favour of classical work.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside London however, new ecclesiastical buildings and repairs to older churches were still carried out in Gothic style, particularly near the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">ancient university</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/University_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="University colleges">university colleges</a> were important patrons of 17th-century Gothic construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 18th century, architects occasionally worked in Gothic style, but the living tradition of Gothic workmanship had faded and their designs rarely resembled medieval Gothic buildings. Only when the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries began, was the architectural language of medieval Gothic relearned through the scholarly efforts of early 19th-century art historians like Rickman and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bloxam" title="Matthew Bloxam">Matthew Bloxam</a>, whose <i>Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture</i> first appeared in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside the new Gothic building work of the 19th century, many of England's existing Gothic buildings were extensively repaired, restored, remodelled, and rebuilt by architects seeking to improve the buildings according to the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> aesthetic of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> and to replace many of the medieval features lost in the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> phases of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>. In the process of this <a href="/wiki/Victorian_restoration" title="Victorian restoration">Victorian "restoration"</a>, much of the original Gothic architecture of the Middle Ages was lost or altered beyond recognition. However, medieval works left unfinished were often completed or restored to their "original" designs. According to <a href="/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl" title="James Stevens Curl">James Stevens Curl</a>, the revival of Gothic architecture was "arguably, the most influential artistic phenomenon ever to spring from England".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The various English Gothic styles are seen at their most fully developed in cathedrals, monasteries, and collegiate churches. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>, English cathedrals–having building dates that typically range over 400 years–show great stylistic diversity. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Early_English_Gothic"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_English_Gothic_(late_12th–late_13th_centuries)"><span id="Early_English_Gothic_.28late_12th.E2.80.93late_13th_centuries.29"></span>Early English Gothic (late 12th–late 13th centuries)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early English Gothic (late 12th–late 13th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SalisburyCathedral-wyrdlight-EastExt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258) (tower and spire later)"><img alt="Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258) (tower and spire later)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/SalisburyCathedral-wyrdlight-EastExt.jpg/218px-SalisburyCathedral-wyrdlight-EastExt.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/SalisburyCathedral-wyrdlight-EastExt.jpg/327px-SalisburyCathedral-wyrdlight-EastExt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/SalisburyCathedral-wyrdlight-EastExt.jpg/436px-SalisburyCathedral-wyrdlight-EastExt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (1220–1258) (tower and spire later)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1023581-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury Cathedral choir"><img alt="Salisbury Cathedral choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1023581-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_%2812%29.jpg/164px-1023581-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1023581-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_%2812%29.jpg/246px-1023581-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/1023581-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_%2812%29.jpg/328px-1023581-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Church_1,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple Church choir"><img alt="Temple Church choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Temple_Church_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/160px-Temple_Church_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Temple_Church_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/239px-Temple_Church_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Temple_Church_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/319px-Temple_Church_1%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5320" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwell_Minster_Choir_and_High_Altar,_Nottinghamshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southwell Minster choir"><img alt="Southwell Minster choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Southwell_Minster_Choir_and_High_Altar%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/126px-Southwell_Minster_Choir_and_High_Altar%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Southwell_Minster_Choir_and_High_Altar%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/189px-Southwell_Minster_Choir_and_High_Altar%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Southwell_Minster_Choir_and_High_Altar%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/251px-Southwell_Minster_Choir_and_High_Altar%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4891" data-file-height="7000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Southwell_Minster" title="Southwell Minster">Southwell Minster</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Worcester_Cathedral_West_Window,_Worcestershire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Worcester Cathedral nave"><img alt="Worcester Cathedral nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Worcester_Cathedral_West_Window%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/192px-Worcester_Cathedral_West_Window%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Worcester_Cathedral_West_Window%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/288px-Worcester_Cathedral_West_Window%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Worcester_Cathedral_West_Window%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/384px-Worcester_Cathedral_West_Window%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a> nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beverley_minster_018.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Beverley Minster transept"><img alt="Beverley Minster transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Beverley_minster_018.JPG/135px-Beverley_minster_018.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Beverley_minster_018.JPG/202px-Beverley_minster_018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Beverley_minster_018.JPG/270px-Beverley_minster_018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Minster" title="Beverley Minster">Beverley Minster</a> transept</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SW_York_Minster_061215_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="York Minster south transept"><img alt="York Minster south transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SW_York_Minster_061215_%28cropped%29.JPG/137px-SW_York_Minster_061215_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SW_York_Minster_061215_%28cropped%29.JPG/206px-SW_York_Minster_061215_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SW_York_Minster_061215_%28cropped%29.JPG/275px-SW_York_Minster_061215_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> south transept</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereford_cathedral_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hereford Cathedral (1079–1250) lady chapel"><img alt="Hereford Cathedral (1079–1250) lady chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hereford_cathedral_002.JPG/240px-Hereford_cathedral_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hereford_cathedral_002.JPG/360px-Hereford_cathedral_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hereford_cathedral_002.JPG/480px-Hereford_cathedral_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford Cathedral</a> (1079–1250) lady chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterborough_Cathedral_Exterior_1,_Cambridgeshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peterborough Cathedral west front"><img alt="Peterborough Cathedral west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peterborough_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/207px-Peterborough_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peterborough_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/310px-Peterborough_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peterborough_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/413px-Peterborough_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5944" data-file-height="5177" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral west front"><img alt="Wells Cathedral west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/209px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/314px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/418px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5867" data-file-height="5050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_17_(9320456934).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral nave"><img alt="Wells Cathedral nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wells_Cathedral_17_%289320456934%29.jpg/266px-Wells_Cathedral_17_%289320456934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wells_Cathedral_17_%289320456934%29.jpg/400px-Wells_Cathedral_17_%289320456934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wells_Cathedral_17_%289320456934%29.jpg/533px-Wells_Cathedral_17_%289320456934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3834" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1,_Lincolnshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Cathedral nave"><img alt="Lincoln Cathedral nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/221px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/331px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/442px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7097" data-file-height="5787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Worcester_Cathedral_choir,_Worcestershire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Worcester Cathedral choir"><img alt="Worcester Cathedral choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Worcester_Cathedral_choir%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/229px-Worcester_Cathedral_choir%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Worcester_Cathedral_choir%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/343px-Worcester_Cathedral_choir%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Worcester_Cathedral_choir%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/457px-Worcester_Cathedral_choir%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_bay_of_the_Lady_Chapel_(c.1220-30s),_Winchester_Cathedral,_Winchester,_Hampshire,_England_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winchester Cathedral lady chapel"><img alt="Winchester Cathedral lady chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_first_bay_of_the_Lady_Chapel_%28c.1220-30s%29%2C_Winchester_Cathedral%2C_Winchester%2C_Hampshire%2C_England_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg/233px-The_first_bay_of_the_Lady_Chapel_%28c.1220-30s%29%2C_Winchester_Cathedral%2C_Winchester%2C_Hampshire%2C_England_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_first_bay_of_the_Lady_Chapel_%28c.1220-30s%29%2C_Winchester_Cathedral%2C_Winchester%2C_Hampshire%2C_England_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg/349px-The_first_bay_of_the_Lady_Chapel_%28c.1220-30s%29%2C_Winchester_Cathedral%2C_Winchester%2C_Hampshire%2C_England_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_first_bay_of_the_Lady_Chapel_%28c.1220-30s%29%2C_Winchester_Cathedral%2C_Winchester%2C_Hampshire%2C_England_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg/465px-The_first_bay_of_the_Lady_Chapel_%28c.1220-30s%29%2C_Winchester_Cathedral%2C_Winchester%2C_Hampshire%2C_England_-_Flickr_-_Spencer_Means.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> lady chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountains_Abbey_-_North_Yorkshire,_England_-_DSC00601.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancet window, Fountains Abbey"><img alt="Lancet window, Fountains Abbey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fountains_Abbey_-_North_Yorkshire%2C_England_-_DSC00601.jpg/120px-Fountains_Abbey_-_North_Yorkshire%2C_England_-_DSC00601.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fountains_Abbey_-_North_Yorkshire%2C_England_-_DSC00601.jpg/180px-Fountains_Abbey_-_North_Yorkshire%2C_England_-_DSC00601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fountains_Abbey_-_North_Yorkshire%2C_England_-_DSC00601.jpg/240px-Fountains_Abbey_-_North_Yorkshire%2C_England_-_DSC00601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">Lancet window</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whitby Abbey choir"><img alt="Whitby Abbey choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg/261px-Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg/391px-Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg/521px-Whitby_Abbey_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rievaulx_Abbey_(206163907).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rievaulx Abbey choir"><img alt="Rievaulx Abbey choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rievaulx_Abbey_%28206163907%29.jpeg/270px-Rievaulx_Abbey_%28206163907%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rievaulx_Abbey_%28206163907%29.jpeg/405px-Rievaulx_Abbey_%28206163907%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rievaulx_Abbey_%28206163907%29.jpeg/540px-Rievaulx_Abbey_%28206163907%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanercost_Priory,_West_Front,_Cumbria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lanercost Priory west front"><img alt="Lanercost Priory west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lanercost_Priory%2C_West_Front%2C_Cumbria.JPG/241px-Lanercost_Priory%2C_West_Front%2C_Cumbria.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lanercost_Priory%2C_West_Front%2C_Cumbria.JPG/361px-Lanercost_Priory%2C_West_Front%2C_Cumbria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lanercost_Priory%2C_West_Front%2C_Cumbria.JPG/481px-Lanercost_Priory%2C_West_Front%2C_Cumbria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lanercost_Priory" title="Lanercost Priory">Lanercost Priory</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_Cathedral_-_England_P1200693_(13335758425).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Durham Cathedral east transept"><img alt="Durham Cathedral east transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Durham_Cathedral_-_England_P1200693_%2813335758425%29.jpg/240px-Durham_Cathedral_-_England_P1200693_%2813335758425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Durham_Cathedral_-_England_P1200693_%2813335758425%29.jpg/360px-Durham_Cathedral_-_England_P1200693_%2813335758425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Durham_Cathedral_-_England_P1200693_%2813335758425%29.jpg/480px-Durham_Cathedral_-_England_P1200693_%2813335758425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> east transept </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gloucester Cathedral's entrance and tower"><img alt="Gloucester Cathedral's entrance and tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG/253px-Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG/379px-Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG/505px-Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="2793" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>'s entrance and tower</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Early English Gothic</b> predominated from the late 12th century until midway to late in the 13th century,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911EEP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911EEP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It succeeded <a href="/wiki/Norman_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Architecture">Norman Architecture</a>, which had introduced early great cathedrals, built of stone instead of timber, and saw the construction of remarkable abbeys throughout England. The Normans had introduced the three classical orders of architecture, and created massive walls for their buildings, with thin pilaster-like buttresses. The transition from Norman to Gothic lasted from about 1145 until 1190. In the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">King Stephen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a>, the style changed from the more massive severe Norman style to the more delicate and refined Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192235–45_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192235–45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early English was particularly influenced by what was called in English "The French style".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The style was imported from <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> in Normandy by French Norman architects, who also imported cut stones from Normandy for their construction. It was also influenced by the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Ile-de-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile-de-France">Ile-de-France</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> had been constructed, the first Gothic cathedral in France. The chancel of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, one of the first Early English structures in England, was rebuilt in the new style by a French architect, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Early English style particularly featured more strongly-constructed walls with stone vaulted roofs, to resist fire. The weight of these vaults was carried downwards and outwards by arched ribs. This feature, the early <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a>, was used at <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, the first time it was used this way in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Durham_World_Heritage_Site_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durham_World_Heritage_Site-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important innovation introduced in this early period was the <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttress</a>, a stone column outside the structure that reinforced the walls against the weight pressing outward and downward from the vaults. This evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a>, which carried the thrust from the wall of the nave over the roof of the aisle. The buttress was given further support by a heavy stone pinnacle. Buttresses were an early feature of the chapter house of <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192235–45_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192235–45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early English is typified by <a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet windows</a>, tall narrow lights topped by a pointed arch. They were grouped together side by side under a single arch and decorated with mullions in tracery patterns, such as <i>cusps</i>, or spear-points. Lancet windows were combined similarly pointed arches and the ribs of the vaults overhead, giving a harmonious and unified style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir of Canterbury Cathedral rebuilt by William of Sens and William the Englishman (1174–1184)"><img alt="Choir of Canterbury Cathedral rebuilt by William of Sens and William the Englishman (1174–1184)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_01.JPG/225px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_01.JPG/337px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_01.JPG/450px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Englishman" title="William the Englishman">William the Englishman</a> (1174–1184)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The three levels of the nave (1192–1230) of Wells Cathedral, the first in England to use pointed arches exclusively in the ceiling vaults, the windows of the clerestory and arcades of the triforium, and the arcades on the ground floor"><img alt="The three levels of the nave (1192–1230) of Wells Cathedral, the first in England to use pointed arches exclusively in the ceiling vaults, the windows of the clerestory and arcades of the triforium, and the arcades on the ground floor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/400px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/600px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/800px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The three levels of the nave (1192–1230) of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>, the first in England to use <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointed arch (architecture)">pointed arches</a> exclusively in the ceiling vaults, the windows of the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> and arcades of the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>, and the arcades on the ground floor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral,_Dean%27s_Eye_window_(N.31)_(21975539699).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dean's Eye Window, a rare English rose window, at Lincoln Cathedral (1220–1235)"><img alt="The Dean's Eye Window, a rare English rose window, at Lincoln Cathedral (1220–1235)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Dean%27s_Eye_window_%28N.31%29_%2821975539699%29.jpg/300px-Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Dean%27s_Eye_window_%28N.31%29_%2821975539699%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Dean%27s_Eye_window_%28N.31%29_%2821975539699%29.jpg/450px-Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Dean%27s_Eye_window_%28N.31%29_%2821975539699%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Dean%27s_Eye_window_%28N.31%29_%2821975539699%29.jpg/600px-Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Dean%27s_Eye_window_%28N.31%29_%2821975539699%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="3252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dean's Eye Window, a rare English <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1220–1235)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_Detail_Bosses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early four-part rib vaults at Salisbury Cathedral, with a simple carved stone boss at the meeting point of the ribs (1220–1258)"><img alt="Early four-part rib vaults at Salisbury Cathedral, with a simple carved stone boss at the meeting point of the ribs (1220–1258)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Salisbury_Cathedral_Detail_Bosses.jpg/227px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Detail_Bosses.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Salisbury_Cathedral_Detail_Bosses.jpg/341px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Detail_Bosses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Salisbury_Cathedral_Detail_Bosses.jpg/455px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Detail_Bosses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early four-part <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a> at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>, with a simple carved stone <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">boss</a> at the meeting point of the ribs (1220–1258)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Salisbury,_Salisbury,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-12,_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancet windows in the north transept of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)"><img alt="Lancet windows in the north transept of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG/164px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG/246px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG/329px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="5153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lancet windows in the north transept of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (1220–1258) </div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>The <b>vertical plan</b> of early Gothic cathedrals had three levels, each of about equal height; the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, with arched windows which admitted light on top, under the roof vaults; the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> a wider covered arcade, in the middle; and, on the ground floor, on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, wide arcades of columns and pillars, which supported the weight of the ceiling vaults through the ribs</li> <li>The most distinctive element of this period was the <b><a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointed arch (architecture)">pointed arch</a></b>, (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Lancet_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancet arch">lancet arch</a>, which was the key feature of the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a>, The original purpose of rib vault was to allow a heavier stone ceiling, to replace the wooden roofs of the earlier Norman churches, which frequently caught fire. They also had the benefit of allowing the construction of higher and thinner walls. They appeared first in an early form in <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durham_World_Heritage_Site_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durham_World_Heritage_Site-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, pointed arches were used not only for rib vaults, but also for all of the arcades and for <a href="/wiki/Lancet_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancet windows">lancet windows</a>, giving the nave its unified appearance. The first structure in England to be built entirely with the pointed arch was <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> (1175–1260), but they were soon used in all cathedrals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017295_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017295-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Early English <b><a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a></b> were usually quadripartite, each having four compartments divided by ribs, with each covering one bay of the ceiling. The horizontal ridge ribs intersected the summits of the cross ribs and diagonal ribs, and carried the weight outwards and downwards to pillars or columns of the triforium and arcades, and, in later cathedrals, outside the walls to the buttresses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet window</a></b>, narrow and tall with a point at the top, became a common feature of English architecture. For this reason, Early English Gothic is sometimes known as the Lancet style. The Lancet openings of windows and decorative arcading are often grouped in twos or threes. This characteristic is seen throughout <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>, where groups of two lancet windows line the nave and groups of three line the clerestory. At <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> the north transept has a cluster of five lancet windows known as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Sisters_window" title="Five Sisters window">Five Sisters window</a>; each is 50 feet tall and still retains its original glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> windows began to be widely used in the windows of the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> and especially west façade. Many were elaborately decorated with <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a>; that is, thin <a href="/wiki/Mullions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullions">mullions</a> or ribs of stone which divided the windows into elaborate geometric patterns, as at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1220)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">Rose Windows</a></b> were relatively rare in England, but <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> has two notable examples from this period. The oldest is the Dean's Window in the north transept, which dates to 1220–1235. It is an example of an Early English plate-tracery rose window. The geometric design, with concentric tiers of circular window lights, predates the geometric tracery of the later decorated style of Gothic architecture. The principal theme of the window is the second coming of Christ and the last judgement. Some scenes are associated with death and resurrection, such as the funeral of Saint Hugh, the founder of the cathedral, and the death of the Virgin<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Square east end</b>. The typical arrangement for an English Gothic east end is square, and may be an unbroken cliff-like design as at York, Lincoln, Ripon, Ely and Carlisle or may have a projecting lady chapel of which there is a great diversity as at Salisbury, Lichfield, Hereford, Exeter and Chichester</li> <li><b>Sculptural decoration</b>. Unlike the more sombre and heavy Norman churches, the Gothic churches began to have elaborate sculptural decoration. The arches of the arcades and triforium were sometimes decorated with dog tooth patterns, cusps, carved circles, and with <a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">trefoils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoils</a>, as well as floral and vegetal designs. Simple floral motifs also often appeared on the capitals, the <a href="/wiki/Spandrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Spandrels">spandrels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roof_boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Roof boss">roof boss</a> that joined the ribs of the vaults<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911EEP_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911EEP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>clustered column</b>. Instead of being massive, solid pillars, early Gothic columns were often composed of clusters of slender, detached shafts, which descended the vaults above. These were often made of dark, polished <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Marble" title="Purbeck Marble">Purbeck "marble"</a>, surrounding a central pillar, or <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">pier</a>, to which they are attached by circular moulded shaft-rings. One characteristic of Early Gothic in England is the great depth given to the hollows of the <a href="/wiki/Moulding_(decorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulding (decorative)">mouldings</a> with alternating fillets and rolls, and by the decoration of the hollows with the dog-tooth <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornament (architecture)">ornament</a> and by the circular <a href="/wiki/Abacus_(architecture)" title="Abacus (architecture)">abacus</a> or tops of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> of the columns<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911EEP_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911EEP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the east end of <b><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></b> (1174–84) rebuilt by French masons following a fire</li> <li>transept, nave and west front of <b><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a></b> (1176–1260; western towers added in the Perpendicular period, 1365–1435)</li> <li>clerestory and vaults of <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a> (1187–99)</li> <li>retro-choir at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> (1189–93; not including the lady chapel)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a></b> and chapter house (1192–1255; not including the "Angel Choir", south transept, towers, and cloisters)</li> <li>east end and transept of <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester Cathedral</a> (1200–27)</li> <li>west front of <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a> (1200–22)</li> <li>the east end of <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a> (1202–18)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford Cathedral</a>; the lady chapel (1217–25) and upper part of the choir (1235–40)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a></b> (1220–1266; not including decorated central tower, 1334–80 and Perpendicular crossing arches, 1388–95)</li> <li>great transept of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> (1226–55)</li> <li>east end of <a href="/wiki/Southwell_Minster" title="Southwell Minster">Southwell Minster</a> (1234–50)</li> <li>east end of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> (1234–54)</li> <li>presbytery of <a href="/wiki/St._Albans_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Albans Cathedral">St. Albans Cathedral</a> (1235–50)</li> <li>the chapter house at <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a> (1239–49)</li> <li>Chapel of Nine Altars at <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> (1242–80)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester Cathedral</a>; the chapter house (1249–65) and lady chapel (1265–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Decorated_Gothic"></span><span class="anchor" id="Geometric_Decorated"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorated_Gothic_(late_13th–late_14th_centuries)"><span id="Decorated_Gothic_.28late_13th.E2.80.93late_14th_centuries.29"></span>Decorated Gothic (late 13th–late 14th centuries)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decorated Gothic (late 13th–late 14th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second style of English Gothic architecture is generally termed <b>Decorated Gothic</b>, because the amount of ornament and decoration increased dramatically. It corresponded roughly with the <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> period in France, which influenced it. It was a period of growing prosperity in England, and this was expressed in the decoration of Gothic buildings. Almost every feature of the interiors and facades was decorated. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center" style="max-width: 995px;center"> <li class="gallerycaption"><i>Geometric Decorated</i></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_transept_window_of_Westminster_Abbey_2006-05-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westminster Abbey north transept rose window"><img alt="Westminster Abbey north transept rose window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_transept_window_of_Westminster_Abbey_2006-05-08.jpg/153px-North_transept_window_of_Westminster_Abbey_2006-05-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_transept_window_of_Westminster_Abbey_2006-05-08.jpg/230px-North_transept_window_of_Westminster_Abbey_2006-05-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_transept_window_of_Westminster_Abbey_2006-05-08.jpg/306px-North_transept_window_of_Westminster_Abbey_2006-05-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> north transept rose window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westminster Abbey chapter house"><img alt="Westminster Abbey chapter house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_04.jpg/180px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_04.jpg/270px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_04.jpg/360px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> chapter house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_Chapter_House_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The vault of the chapter house at Salisbury Cathedral (1275–85)"><img alt="The vault of the chapter house at Salisbury Cathedral (1275–85)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Salisbury_Cathedral_Chapter_House_roof.jpg/181px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Chapter_House_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Salisbury_Cathedral_Chapter_House_roof.jpg/272px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Chapter_House_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Salisbury_Cathedral_Chapter_House_roof.jpg/362px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Chapter_House_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4327" data-file-height="2867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The vault of the chapter house at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (1275–85)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_(St._Mary)_(14651659629).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury Cathedral chapter house and cloisters"><img alt="Salisbury Cathedral chapter house and cloisters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Salisbury_Cathedral_%28St._Mary%29_%2814651659629%29.jpg/181px-Salisbury_Cathedral_%28St._Mary%29_%2814651659629%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Salisbury_Cathedral_%28St._Mary%29_%2814651659629%29.jpg/271px-Salisbury_Cathedral_%28St._Mary%29_%2814651659629%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Salisbury_Cathedral_%28St._Mary%29_%2814651659629%29.jpg/361px-Salisbury_Cathedral_%28St._Mary%29_%2814651659629%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> chapter house and cloisters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral chapter house"><img alt="Wells Cathedral chapter house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/138px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/207px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/276px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6892" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> chapter house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster_Chapter_House,_Nth_Yorkshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="York Minster chapter house"><img alt="York Minster chapter house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/172px-York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/259px-York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/345px-York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> chapter house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_chapel,_Chichester_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichester Cathedral Lady chapel"><img alt="Chichester Cathedral Lady chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lady_chapel%2C_Chichester_Cathedral.jpg/190px-Lady_chapel%2C_Chichester_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lady_chapel%2C_Chichester_Cathedral.jpg/285px-Lady_chapel%2C_Chichester_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lady_chapel%2C_Chichester_Cathedral.jpg/380px-Lady_chapel%2C_Chichester_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3603" data-file-height="1962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a> Lady chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Choir_(42768529955).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral choir"><img alt="Wells Cathedral choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Wells_Cathedral_Choir_%2842768529955%29.jpg/180px-Wells_Cathedral_Choir_%2842768529955%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Wells_Cathedral_Choir_%2842768529955%29.jpg/270px-Wells_Cathedral_Choir_%2842768529955%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Wells_Cathedral_Choir_%2842768529955%29.jpg/360px-Wells_Cathedral_Choir_%2842768529955%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8686" data-file-height="5790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exeter_Cathedral_Quire,_Exeter,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exeter Cathedral choir"><img alt="Exeter Cathedral choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Exeter_Cathedral_Quire%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/171px-Exeter_Cathedral_Quire%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Exeter_Cathedral_Quire%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/257px-Exeter_Cathedral_Quire%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Exeter_Cathedral_Quire%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/343px-Exeter_Cathedral_Quire%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5022" data-file-height="3519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster_Nave_1,_Nth_Yorkshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="York Minster nave"><img alt="York Minster nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/156px-York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/233px-York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/311px-York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="7714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merton_College_Chapel_Interior_1,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merton College Chapel"><img alt="Merton College Chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Merton_College_Chapel_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/139px-Merton_College_Chapel_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Merton_College_Chapel_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/208px-Merton_College_Chapel_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Merton_College_Chapel_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/277px-Merton_College_Chapel_Interior_1%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6966" data-file-height="6030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Merton_College_Chapel" title="Merton College Chapel">Merton College Chapel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_cathedral_(25443844272).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripon Cathedral east end"><img alt="Ripon Cathedral east end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ripon_cathedral_%2825443844272%29.jpg/190px-Ripon_cathedral_%2825443844272%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ripon_cathedral_%2825443844272%29.jpg/285px-Ripon_cathedral_%2825443844272%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ripon_cathedral_%2825443844272%29.jpg/380px-Ripon_cathedral_%2825443844272%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon Cathedral</a> east end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gisborough_priory_snow_landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gisborough Priory, North Riding of Yorkshire"><img alt="Gisborough Priory, North Riding of Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gisborough_priory_snow_landscape.jpg/181px-Gisborough_priory_snow_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gisborough_priory_snow_landscape.jpg/271px-Gisborough_priory_snow_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gisborough_priory_snow_landscape.jpg/362px-Gisborough_priory_snow_landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gisborough_Priory" title="Gisborough Priory">Gisborough Priory</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York_(13442479703).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mary's Abbey, York, nave"><img alt="St Mary's Abbey, York, nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Mary%27s_Abbey%2C_York_%2813442479703%29.jpg/181px-St_Mary%27s_Abbey%2C_York_%2813442479703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Mary%27s_Abbey%2C_York_%2813442479703%29.jpg/271px-St_Mary%27s_Abbey%2C_York_%2813442479703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Mary%27s_Abbey%2C_York_%2813442479703%29.jpg/362px-St_Mary%27s_Abbey%2C_York_%2813442479703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York" title="St Mary's Abbey, York">St Mary's Abbey, York</a>, nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newstead_Abbey_Church_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, west front"><img alt="Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Newstead_Abbey_Church_03.jpg/160px-Newstead_Abbey_Church_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Newstead_Abbey_Church_03.jpg/240px-Newstead_Abbey_Church_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Newstead_Abbey_Church_03.jpg/320px-Newstead_Abbey_Church_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Newstead_Abbey" title="Newstead Abbey">Newstead Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, west front</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center" style="max-width: 995px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwell_Chapter_House1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southwell Minster, Nottinghamshire, chapter house"><img alt="Southwell Minster, Nottinghamshire, chapter house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Southwell_Chapter_House1.jpg/150px-Southwell_Chapter_House1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Southwell_Chapter_House1.jpg/225px-Southwell_Chapter_House1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Southwell_Chapter_House1.jpg/300px-Southwell_Chapter_House1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Southwell_Minster" title="Southwell Minster">Southwell Minster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, chapter house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_antiquities_(1814)_(14769063331).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hereford Cathedral north transept"><img alt="Hereford Cathedral north transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cathedral_antiquities_%281814%29_%2814769063331%29.jpg/139px-Cathedral_antiquities_%281814%29_%2814769063331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cathedral_antiquities_%281814%29_%2814769063331%29.jpg/209px-Cathedral_antiquities_%281814%29_%2814769063331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cathedral_antiquities_%281814%29_%2814769063331%29.jpg/279px-Cathedral_antiquities_%281814%29_%2814769063331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford Cathedral</a> north transept</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_across_nave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Howden Minster, East Yorkshire, nave"><img alt="Howden Minster, East Yorkshire, nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Looking_across_nave.jpg/150px-Looking_across_nave.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Looking_across_nave.jpg/225px-Looking_across_nave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Looking_across_nave.jpg/300px-Looking_across_nave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Howden_Minster" title="Howden Minster">Howden Minster</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Yorkshire</a>, nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howden_Minster_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1266857.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Howden Minster south transept"><img alt="Howden Minster south transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Howden_Minster_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1266857.jpg/153px-Howden_Minster_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1266857.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Howden_Minster_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1266857.jpg/230px-Howden_Minster_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1266857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Howden_Minster_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1266857.jpg/306px-Howden_Minster_tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1266857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Howden_Minster" title="Howden Minster">Howden Minster</a> south transept</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Abbey1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Augustine's Abbey, Kent, gatehouse"><img alt="St Augustine's Abbey, Kent, gatehouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augustine_Abbey1.jpg/133px-Augustine_Abbey1.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augustine_Abbey1.jpg/199px-Augustine_Abbey1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augustine_Abbey1.jpg/266px-Augustine_Abbey1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, gatehouse</div> </li> </ul> <p>Historians sometimes subdivide this style into two periods, based on the predominant motifs of the designs. The first, the <b>Geometric</b> style, lasted from about 1245 or 50 until 1315 or 1360, where ornament tended to be based on straight lines, cubes and circles, followed by the <b>Curvilinear</b> style (from about 1290 or 1315 until 1350 or 1360) which used gracefully curving lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192245–47_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192245–47-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1014px;"> <li class="gallerycaption"><i>Curvilinear Decorated</i></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hull_Minster_south_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hull Minster chancel"><img alt="Hull Minster chancel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hull_Minster_south_view.jpg/160px-Hull_Minster_south_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hull_Minster_south_view.jpg/240px-Hull_Minster_south_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hull_Minster_south_view.jpg/320px-Hull_Minster_south_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hull_Minster" title="Hull Minster">Hull Minster</a> chancel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Marys,_Nantwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mary's Church, Nantwich, east end"><img alt="St Mary's Church, Nantwich, east end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Marys%2C_Nantwich.jpg/160px-St_Marys%2C_Nantwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Marys%2C_Nantwich.jpg/240px-St_Marys%2C_Nantwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Marys%2C_Nantwich.jpg/320px-St_Marys%2C_Nantwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Nantwich" title="St Mary's Church, Nantwich">St Mary's Church, Nantwich</a>, east end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Andrew%27s_church,_Heckington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Andrew's Church, Heckington, nave"><img alt="St Andrew's Church, Heckington, nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/St.Andrew%27s_church%2C_Heckington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183007.jpg/160px-St.Andrew%27s_church%2C_Heckington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183007.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/St.Andrew%27s_church%2C_Heckington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183007.jpg/240px-St.Andrew%27s_church%2C_Heckington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/St.Andrew%27s_church%2C_Heckington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183007.jpg/320px-St.Andrew%27s_church%2C_Heckington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Andrew's Church, <a href="/wiki/Heckington" title="Heckington">Heckington</a>, nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel,_Cambridgeshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ely Cathedral Lady chapel (1321–1351)"><img alt="Ely Cathedral Lady chapel (1321–1351)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/160px-Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/320px-Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7904" data-file-height="6268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> Lady chapel (1321–1351)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichfield_Cathedral_Choir_2,_Staffordshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lichfield Cathedral choir"><img alt="Lichfield Cathedral choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lichfield_Cathedral_Choir_2%2C_Staffordshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/160px-Lichfield_Cathedral_Choir_2%2C_Staffordshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lichfield_Cathedral_Choir_2%2C_Staffordshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-Lichfield_Cathedral_Choir_2%2C_Staffordshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lichfield_Cathedral_Choir_2%2C_Staffordshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/320px-Lichfield_Cathedral_Choir_2%2C_Staffordshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7323" data-file-height="4393" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Botolph%27s_nave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_992285.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Botolph's Church, Boston, nave"><img alt="St Botolph's Church, Boston, nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/St.Botolph%27s_nave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_992285.jpg/160px-St.Botolph%27s_nave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_992285.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/St.Botolph%27s_nave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_992285.jpg/240px-St.Botolph%27s_nave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_992285.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/St.Botolph%27s_nave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_992285.jpg/320px-St.Botolph%27s_nave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_992285.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Church,_Boston" title="St Botolph's Church, Boston">St Botolph's Church, Boston</a>, nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_Cathedral_Choir,_Cambridgeshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ely Cathedral choir"><img alt="Ely Cathedral choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ely_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/160px-Ely_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ely_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-Ely_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ely_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/320px-Ely_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="9432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1,_Cambridgeshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ely Cathedral crossing and lantern"><img alt="Ely Cathedral crossing and lantern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/134px-Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/201px-Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/267px-Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5051" data-file-height="6418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> crossing and lantern</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral Lady chapel"><img alt="Wells Cathedral Lady chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/160px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/320px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> Lady chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlisle_Cathedral_Choir,_Cumbria,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carlisle Cathedral choir"><img alt="Carlisle Cathedral choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carlisle_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/126px-Carlisle_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carlisle_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/189px-Carlisle_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carlisle_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/252px-Carlisle_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4451" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral" title="Carlisle Cathedral">Carlisle Cathedral</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_School_buildings_including_Prior_Crauden%27s_Chapel_(1324-5).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Prior Crauden's Chapel, Ely"><img alt="Prior Crauden's Chapel, Ely" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ely_School_buildings_including_Prior_Crauden%27s_Chapel_%281324-5%29.JPG/160px-Ely_School_buildings_including_Prior_Crauden%27s_Chapel_%281324-5%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ely_School_buildings_including_Prior_Crauden%27s_Chapel_%281324-5%29.JPG/240px-Ely_School_buildings_including_Prior_Crauden%27s_Chapel_%281324-5%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ely_School_buildings_including_Prior_Crauden%27s_Chapel_%281324-5%29.JPG/320px-Ely_School_buildings_including_Prior_Crauden%27s_Chapel_%281324-5%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prior Crauden's Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WTC_badgersruleok_a18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Grammar School, Coventry, east end"><img alt="Old Grammar School, Coventry, east end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/WTC_badgersruleok_a18.jpg/160px-WTC_badgersruleok_a18.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/WTC_badgersruleok_a18.jpg/240px-WTC_badgersruleok_a18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/WTC_badgersruleok_a18.jpg/320px-WTC_badgersruleok_a18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_Grammar_School,_Coventry" title="Old Grammar School, Coventry">Old Grammar School, Coventry</a>, east end</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1014px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolton_Abbey_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bolton Abbey choir"><img alt="Bolton Abbey choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bolton_Abbey_7.jpg/160px-Bolton_Abbey_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bolton_Abbey_7.jpg/240px-Bolton_Abbey_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bolton_Abbey_7.jpg/320px-Bolton_Abbey_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Abbey" title="Bolton Abbey">Bolton Abbey</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walsingham_Priory_ruins_-_2016-05-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walsingham Priory"><img alt="Walsingham Priory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Walsingham_Priory_ruins_-_2016-05-25.jpg/119px-Walsingham_Priory_ruins_-_2016-05-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Walsingham_Priory_ruins_-_2016-05-25.jpg/179px-Walsingham_Priory_ruins_-_2016-05-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Walsingham_Priory_ruins_-_2016-05-25.jpg/238px-Walsingham_Priory_ruins_-_2016-05-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4725" data-file-height="7128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walsingham_Priory" title="Walsingham Priory">Walsingham Priory</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_Cathedral_-_interior,_view_of_south_transept_window_with_glass_by_Heaton_Butler_and_Bayne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chester Cathedral south transept window"><img alt="Chester Cathedral south transept window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chester_Cathedral_-_interior%2C_view_of_south_transept_window_with_glass_by_Heaton_Butler_and_Bayne.jpg/120px-Chester_Cathedral_-_interior%2C_view_of_south_transept_window_with_glass_by_Heaton_Butler_and_Bayne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chester_Cathedral_-_interior%2C_view_of_south_transept_window_with_glass_by_Heaton_Butler_and_Bayne.jpg/180px-Chester_Cathedral_-_interior%2C_view_of_south_transept_window_with_glass_by_Heaton_Butler_and_Bayne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chester_Cathedral_-_interior%2C_view_of_south_transept_window_with_glass_by_Heaton_Butler_and_Bayne.jpg/240px-Chester_Cathedral_-_interior%2C_view_of_south_transept_window_with_glass_by_Heaton_Butler_and_Bayne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3620" data-file-height="5430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester Cathedral</a> south transept window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selby_Abbey_Interior_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Selby Abbey choir"><img alt="Selby Abbey choir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Selby_Abbey_Interior_10.jpg/135px-Selby_Abbey_Interior_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Selby_Abbey_Interior_10.jpg/202px-Selby_Abbey_Interior_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Selby_Abbey_Interior_10.jpg/270px-Selby_Abbey_Interior_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Selby_Abbey" title="Selby Abbey">Selby Abbey</a> choir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_window,_St_Mary_Magdalene_church,_Newark_(20507030626).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent, south aisle west window"><img alt="Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent, south aisle west window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stained_glass_window%2C_St_Mary_Magdalene_church%2C_Newark_%2820507030626%29.jpg/87px-Stained_glass_window%2C_St_Mary_Magdalene_church%2C_Newark_%2820507030626%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stained_glass_window%2C_St_Mary_Magdalene_church%2C_Newark_%2820507030626%29.jpg/131px-Stained_glass_window%2C_St_Mary_Magdalene_church%2C_Newark_%2820507030626%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stained_glass_window%2C_St_Mary_Magdalene_church%2C_Newark_%2820507030626%29.jpg/175px-Stained_glass_window%2C_St_Mary_Magdalene_church%2C_Newark_%2820507030626%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="3380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalene,_Newark-on-Trent" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent">Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent</a>, south aisle west window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbeygate_Bury_St_Edmunds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bury St Edmunds Abbey gateway"><img alt="Bury St Edmunds Abbey gateway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Abbeygate_Bury_St_Edmunds.jpg/135px-Abbeygate_Bury_St_Edmunds.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Abbeygate_Bury_St_Edmunds.jpg/202px-Abbeygate_Bury_St_Edmunds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Abbeygate_Bury_St_Edmunds.jpg/270px-Abbeygate_Bury_St_Edmunds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_Abbey" title="Bury St Edmunds Abbey">Bury St Edmunds Abbey</a> gateway</div> </li> </ul> <p>Additions in the Decorated style were often added to earlier cathedrals. One striking example is found at <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a>; the architect <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witney" title="Thomas Witney">Thomas Witney</a> built the central tower from 1315 to 1322 in Decorated style. Soon afterwards another architect, William Joy, added curving arches to strengthen the structure, and made further extensions to join the Lady Chapel to the Choir. In 1329–45, he created an extraordinary double arch in the decorated style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_2">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">Lierne vaulting</a></b>. <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vaulting</a> became much more elaborate in this period. The <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> of earlier Early Gothic usually had just four compartments, with a minimum number of ribs which were all connected to the columns below, and all played a role in distributing the weight and outwards and downwards. In the Decorated architecture period, additional ribs were added to the vaulted ceilings which were purely decorative. They created very elaborate star patterns and other geometric designs. <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> have notable lierne vaults from this period<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttress</a> became more common in this period, as at <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a>. These were stone columns outside the walls which supports them, allowing thinner and high walls between the buttresses, and larger windows. The buttresses were often topped by ornamental stone pinnacles to give them greater weight. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">Fan vaulting</a>.</b> An even more elaborate form, appeared late in the Decorative. Unlike the lierne vault, the fan vault had no functional ribs; the visible "ribs" are mouldings on the masonry imitating ribs. The structure is composed of slabs of stone joined into half-cones, whose vertices are the springers of the vault. The earliest example, from 1373, is found in the cloisters of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>. It made a notable backdrop in some of the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i> films<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></b>. Decorated architecture is particularly characterised by the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> within the stained glass windows. The elaborate windows are subdivided by closely spaced parallel <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullions</a> (vertical bars of stone), usually up to the level at which the arched top of the window begins. The mullions then branch out and cross, intersecting to fill the top part of the window with a mesh of elaborate patterns called <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a>, typically including <a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">trefoils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoils</a>. The style was <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometrical</a> at first and <a href="/wiki/Curvilinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Curvilinear">curvilinear</a>, or curving and serpentine, in the later period, This curvilinear element was introduced in the first quarter of the 14th century and lasted about fifty years<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911DP_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911DP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable example of the curvilinear style is the East window of <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral" title="Carlisle Cathedral">Carlisle Cathedral</a>, (about 1350). Another notable example of decorated curvilinear is the west window of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> (1338–39)<sup id="cite_ref-FiveSisters_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FiveSisters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sculpture</b> also became more ornate and decorative. The <a href="/wiki/Ball_flower" title="Ball flower">ball flower</a> and a four-leaved flower motif took the place of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Dog-tooth" title="Dog-tooth">dog-tooth</a>. The foliage in the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> was less conventional than in Early English and more flowing, Another decorative feature of the period was <a href="/wiki/Diapering" title="Diapering">diapering</a>, or creating multi-colour geometric patterns on walls or panels made with different colours of stone or brick<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911DP_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911DP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_porch_Lichfield_by_Francis_Frith.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated ornament on the west porch of Lichfield Cathedral (1195–1340)"><img alt="Decorated ornament on the west porch of Lichfield Cathedral (1195–1340)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/West_porch_Lichfield_by_Francis_Frith.jpeg/131px-West_porch_Lichfield_by_Francis_Frith.jpeg" decoding="async" width="131" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/West_porch_Lichfield_by_Francis_Frith.jpeg/196px-West_porch_Lichfield_by_Francis_Frith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/West_porch_Lichfield_by_Francis_Frith.jpeg/262px-West_porch_Lichfield_by_Francis_Frith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated ornament on the west porch of <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a> (1195–1340)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exeter_cathedral_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tracery, diapering and sculptural decoration on Exeter Cathedral (1258–1400)"><img alt="Tracery, diapering and sculptural decoration on Exeter Cathedral (1258–1400)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Exeter_cathedral_002.jpg/180px-Exeter_cathedral_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Exeter_cathedral_002.jpg/270px-Exeter_cathedral_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Exeter_cathedral_002.jpg/360px-Exeter_cathedral_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diapering" title="Diapering">diapering</a> and sculptural decoration on <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a> (1258–1400)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapter_House,_Lichfield_Cathedral_(exterior_5).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Early buttresses, topped by pinnacles, at Lichfield Cathedral (1195–1340)"><img alt="Early buttresses, topped by pinnacles, at Lichfield Cathedral (1195–1340)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chapter_House%2C_Lichfield_Cathedral_%28exterior_5%29.JPG/127px-Chapter_House%2C_Lichfield_Cathedral_%28exterior_5%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chapter_House%2C_Lichfield_Cathedral_%28exterior_5%29.JPG/190px-Chapter_House%2C_Lichfield_Cathedral_%28exterior_5%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chapter_House%2C_Lichfield_Cathedral_%28exterior_5%29.JPG/254px-Chapter_House%2C_Lichfield_Cathedral_%28exterior_5%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early buttresses, topped by pinnacles, at <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a> (1195–1340)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:26-Ely-005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinnacles on the roof of Ely Cathedral (1321–1351)"><img alt="Pinnacles on the roof of Ely Cathedral (1321–1351)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/26-Ely-005.jpg/127px-26-Ely-005.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/26-Ely-005.jpg/191px-26-Ely-005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/26-Ely-005.jpg/255px-26-Ely-005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pinnacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnacles">Pinnacles</a> on the roof of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> (1321–1351)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlisle_Cathedral_Tracery,_Cumbria,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East window of Carlisle Cathedral, with curvilinear tracery (about 1350)"><img alt="East window of Carlisle Cathedral, with curvilinear tracery (about 1350)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carlisle_Cathedral_Tracery%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/120px-Carlisle_Cathedral_Tracery%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carlisle_Cathedral_Tracery%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/180px-Carlisle_Cathedral_Tracery%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carlisle_Cathedral_Tracery%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/241px-Carlisle_Cathedral_Tracery%2C_Cumbria%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East window of <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral" title="Carlisle Cathedral">Carlisle Cathedral</a>, with curvilinear tracery (about 1350)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exeter_cathedral_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral boss joining the ribs of the vaults of Exeter Cathedral (1258–1400)"><img alt="Floral boss joining the ribs of the vaults of Exeter Cathedral (1258–1400)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Exeter_cathedral_010.jpg/180px-Exeter_cathedral_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Exeter_cathedral_010.jpg/270px-Exeter_cathedral_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Exeter_cathedral_010.jpg/360px-Exeter_cathedral_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floral <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">boss</a> joining the ribs of the vaults of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a> (1258–1400)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_Cathedral_south_choir_aisle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="transverse arches in the aisle of Bristol Cathedral (1298–1340)"><img alt="transverse arches in the aisle of Bristol Cathedral (1298–1340)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bristol_Cathedral_south_choir_aisle.jpg/127px-Bristol_Cathedral_south_choir_aisle.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bristol_Cathedral_south_choir_aisle.jpg/191px-Bristol_Cathedral_south_choir_aisle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bristol_Cathedral_south_choir_aisle.jpg/255px-Bristol_Cathedral_south_choir_aisle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse arch">transverse arches</a> in the aisle of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol Cathedral</a> (1298–1340)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1,_Cambridgeshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The octagon and lantern, Ely Cathedral, rebuilt following the collapse of the central tower in 1321"><img alt="The octagon and lantern, Ely Cathedral, rebuilt following the collapse of the central tower in 1321" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/134px-Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/201px-Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/267px-Ely_Cathedral_Octagon_Lantern_1%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5051" data-file-height="6418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The octagon and lantern, <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a>, rebuilt following the collapse of the central tower in 1321</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster_West_Window,_Nth_Yorkshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The great west window of York Minster (1338–39), featuring a motif known as the Heart of Yorkshire"><img alt="The great west window of York Minster (1338–39), featuring a motif known as the Heart of Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/York_Minster_West_Window%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/105px-York_Minster_West_Window%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/York_Minster_West_Window%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/158px-York_Minster_West_Window%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/York_Minster_West_Window%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/211px-York_Minster_West_Window%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3607" data-file-height="5811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The great west window of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> (1338–39), featuring a motif known as the Heart of Yorkshire</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_2">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></b> (transitional; 1245–72, east end, transept & chapter house; 1376–1400, nave)</li> <li>choir of <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral" title="Carlisle Cathedral">Carlisle Cathedral</a> (1245–1398; the outer walls are Early English and predate a fire in 1292)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford Cathedral</a>; north transept (transitional; 1245–68) and central tower (1300–10)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>; the Angel Choir and east end (1256–80), cloisters (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1295</span>), central tower (1307–11), and upper part of the south transept, including the Bishop's Eye window (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1320</span>–30)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a>; the nave and west front (1265–93), central tower (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>) and Lady Chapel (1320–36)</li> <li>Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk (1270–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Wulfram%27s_Church,_Grantham" title="St Wulfram's Church, Grantham">St Wulfram's Church, Grantham</a> (1280–1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a> chapel, Oxford (1289–96; tower and ante-chapel added 1424–50)</li> <li>at <b><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></b>; the chapter house (1260–96), nave and west front, including the Heart of Yorkshire window (1291–1375)</li> <li>at <b><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a></b>; the chapter house (1275–1310), east end (1310–19, Lady chapel; 1329–45, choir and retro-choir), central tower (1315–22) and <a href="/wiki/Strainer_arch" title="Strainer arch">strainer arches</a> (1415–23)</li> <li>the chapter house at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (1275–85)</li> <li>east end of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol Cathedral</a> (1298–1340)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Southwell_Minster" title="Southwell Minster">Southwell Minster</a>; the chapter house (1293–1300), and pulpitum (1320–35)</li> <li>the Lady chapel at <a href="/wiki/St._Albans_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Albans Cathedral">St. Albans Cathedral</a> (1308–26)</li> <li>the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Alnwick_Castle" title="Alnwick Castle">Alnwick Castle</a> (1309–50)</li> <li>the nave and west front at <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a> (1317–95)</li> <li>at <b><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a></b>; the Lady chapel (1321–49; east window, 1371–74) and the octagon, lantern and west bays of nave (1322–62)</li> <li>the nave and west front at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a> (1328–42; Image Screen added 1346–75)</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Perpendicular_Gothic"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpendicular_Gothic_(late_13th_to_mid-16th_century)"><span id="Perpendicular_Gothic_.28late_13th_to_mid-16th_century.29"></span>Perpendicular Gothic (late 13th to mid-16th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perpendicular Gothic (late 13th to mid-16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winchester Cathedral west front"><img alt="Winchester Cathedral west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg/270px-WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg/406px-WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg/541px-WinchesterCathedral-west-wyrdlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Georges_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (1475–)"><img alt="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (1475–)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Georges_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle_%282%29.jpg/279px-St._Georges_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Georges_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle_%282%29.jpg/418px-St._Georges_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/St._Georges_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle_%282%29.jpg/557px-St._Georges_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5473" data-file-height="3537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a> (1475–)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherborne_abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sherborne Abbey, Dorset"><img alt="Sherborne Abbey, Dorset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sherborne_abbey.jpg/271px-Sherborne_abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sherborne_abbey.jpg/406px-Sherborne_abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sherborne_abbey.jpg/542px-Sherborne_abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sherborne_Abbey" title="Sherborne Abbey">Sherborne Abbey</a>, Dorset</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eton College Chapel"><img alt="Eton College Chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg/270px-MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg/405px-MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg/540px-MK17792_Eton_College_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="1693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eton_College_Chapel" title="Eton College Chapel">Eton College Chapel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_(5133296937).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–), with Perpendicular tracery and blind panels"><img alt="Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–), with Perpendicular tracery and blind panels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_%285133296937%29.jpg/275px-Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_%285133296937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_%285133296937%29.jpg/412px-Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_%285133296937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_%285133296937%29.jpg/549px-Henry_VII_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_%285133296937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (1503–), with Perpendicular tracery and blind panels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_College,_Oxford_(3915150445).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New College Chapel, Oxford"><img alt="New College Chapel, Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_College%2C_Oxford_%283915150445%29.jpg/240px-New_College%2C_Oxford_%283915150445%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_College%2C_Oxford_%283915150445%29.jpg/360px-New_College%2C_Oxford_%283915150445%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_College%2C_Oxford_%283915150445%29.jpg/480px-New_College%2C_Oxford_%283915150445%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_College_Chapel,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="New College Chapel, Oxford">New College Chapel, Oxford</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints,_Edington_(14642630549).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edington Priory, Wiltshire, west front: Decorated and Perpendicular"><img alt="Edington Priory, Wiltshire, west front: Decorated and Perpendicular" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary%2C_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints%2C_Edington_%2814642630549%29.jpg/271px-Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary%2C_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints%2C_Edington_%2814642630549%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary%2C_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints%2C_Edington_%2814642630549%29.jpg/406px-Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary%2C_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints%2C_Edington_%2814642630549%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary%2C_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints%2C_Edington_%2814642630549%29.jpg/541px-Collegiate_Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary%2C_St._Katherine_%26_All_Saints%2C_Edington_%2814642630549%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edington_Priory" title="Edington Priory">Edington Priory</a>, Wiltshire, west front: Decorated and Perpendicular</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warwick,_St_Mary%27s_church,_Beauchamp_chapel_(36583800662).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beauchamp Chapel, Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick"><img alt="Beauchamp Chapel, Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Warwick%2C_St_Mary%27s_church%2C_Beauchamp_chapel_%2836583800662%29.jpg/270px-Warwick%2C_St_Mary%27s_church%2C_Beauchamp_chapel_%2836583800662%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Warwick%2C_St_Mary%27s_church%2C_Beauchamp_chapel_%2836583800662%29.jpg/405px-Warwick%2C_St_Mary%27s_church%2C_Beauchamp_chapel_%2836583800662%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Warwick%2C_St_Mary%27s_church%2C_Beauchamp_chapel_%2836583800662%29.jpg/540px-Warwick%2C_St_Mary%27s_church%2C_Beauchamp_chapel_%2836583800662%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beauchamp Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary,_Warwick" title="Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick">Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester Cathedral chancel"><img alt="Manchester Cathedral chancel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg/270px-Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg/405px-Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg/540px-Manchester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8677" data-file-height="5782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a> chancel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of Christ Church, Oxford"><img alt="Hall of Christ Church, Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/271px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/406px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/541px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HullMinster43.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hull Minster nave"><img alt="Hull Minster nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HullMinster43.jpg/270px-HullMinster43.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HullMinster43.jpg/405px-HullMinster43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HullMinster43.jpg/540px-HullMinster43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hull_Minster" title="Hull Minster">Hull Minster</a> nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Giles_church,_Wrexham.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Giles' Church, Wrexham"><img alt="St Giles' Church, Wrexham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St._Giles_church%2C_Wrexham.jpg/240px-St._Giles_church%2C_Wrexham.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St._Giles_church%2C_Wrexham.jpg/360px-St._Giles_church%2C_Wrexham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St._Giles_church%2C_Wrexham.jpg/480px-St._Giles_church%2C_Wrexham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Wrexham" title="St Giles' Church, Wrexham">St Giles' Church, Wrexham</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merton College Chapel tower"><img alt="Merton College Chapel tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg/240px-Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg/360px-Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg/480px-Merton_College_Chapel_from_just_north_of_the_Meadow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Merton_College_Chapel" title="Merton College Chapel">Merton College Chapel</a> tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gloucester Cathedral, choir and chancel"><img alt="Gloucester Cathedral, choir and chancel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg/120px-Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg/180px-Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg/240px-Gloucester_Cathedral_Choir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5784" data-file-height="8681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>, choir and chancel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bath Abbey chancel"><img alt="Bath Abbey chancel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/117px-Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/175px-Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/234px-Bath_Abbey_Eastern_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="6972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a> chancel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster,_York_(13451378175).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="York Minster chancel, looking west"><img alt="York Minster chancel, looking west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg/119px-York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg/179px-York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg/239px-York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="4156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> chancel, looking west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1,_Kent,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canterbury Cathedral nave"><img alt="Canterbury Cathedral nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/189px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/284px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/379px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5329" data-file-height="5066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> nave</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2,_Hampshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winchester Cathedral nave"><img alt="Winchester Cathedral nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2%2C_Hampshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/279px-Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2%2C_Hampshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2%2C_Hampshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/418px-Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2%2C_Hampshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2%2C_Hampshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/557px-Winchester_Cathedral_Nave_2%2C_Hampshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6436" data-file-height="6236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–) painted by Canaletto"><img alt="The Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–) painted by Canaletto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG/230px-Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG/344px-Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG/459px-Canaletto_-_The_Interior_of_Henry_VII%27s_Chapel_in_Westminster_Abbey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (1503–) painted by <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magdalen Tower, Oxford"><img alt="Magdalen Tower, Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg/202px-Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg/304px-Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg/405px-Magdalen_College_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Tower" title="Magdalen Tower">Magdalen Tower</a>, Oxford</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster_(8406).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="York Minster crossing tower"><img alt="York Minster crossing tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/York_Minster_%288406%29.jpg/179px-York_Minster_%288406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/York_Minster_%288406%29.jpg/269px-York_Minster_%288406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/York_Minster_%288406%29.jpg/358px-York_Minster_%288406%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> crossing tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mary Magdalene, Taunton"><img alt="St Mary Magdalene, Taunton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg/202px-St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg/304px-St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg/405px-St_Mary_Magdalene_Taunton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene,_Taunton" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary Magdalene, Taunton">St Mary Magdalene, Taunton</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evesham Abbey bell tower"><img alt="Evesham Abbey bell tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg/140px-Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg/210px-Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg/280px-Evesham_Abbey_Bell_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="2323" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Evesham_Abbey" title="Evesham Abbey">Evesham Abbey</a> bell tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BridlingtonPriory.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bridlington Priory west front"><img alt="Bridlington Priory west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BridlingtonPriory.JPG/202px-BridlingtonPriory.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BridlingtonPriory.JPG/304px-BridlingtonPriory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BridlingtonPriory.JPG/405px-BridlingtonPriory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bridlington_Priory" title="Bridlington Priory">Bridlington Priory</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gloucester Cathedral east end (1331–1350), with a four-centred arch window"><img alt="Gloucester Cathedral east end (1331–1350), with a four-centred arch window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg/193px-Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg/289px-Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg/386px-Gloucester_Cathedral_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="3588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> east end (1331–1350), with a four-centred arch window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Canterbury Cathedral crossing tower and transepts"><img alt="Canterbury Cathedral crossing tower and transepts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG/221px-Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG/332px-Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG/443px-Canterbury_Cathedral_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> crossing tower and transepts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossing_Tower,_Wells_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral crossing tower"><img alt="Wells Cathedral crossing tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Crossing_Tower%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg/170px-Crossing_Tower%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Crossing_Tower%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg/256px-Crossing_Tower%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Crossing_Tower%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg/341px-Crossing_Tower%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="3499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> crossing tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beverley_Minster_(49792708446).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beverley Minster west front"><img alt="Beverley Minster west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Beverley_Minster_%2849792708446%29.jpg/180px-Beverley_Minster_%2849792708446%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Beverley_Minster_%2849792708446%29.jpg/270px-Beverley_Minster_%2849792708446%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Beverley_Minster_%2849792708446%29.jpg/360px-Beverley_Minster_%2849792708446%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="8688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Minster" title="Beverley Minster">Beverley Minster</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Cathedral_(geograph_3639003).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwich Cathedral spire and west window"><img alt="Norwich Cathedral spire and west window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Norwich_Cathedral_%28geograph_3639003%29.jpg/202px-Norwich_Cathedral_%28geograph_3639003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Norwich_Cathedral_%28geograph_3639003%29.jpg/304px-Norwich_Cathedral_%28geograph_3639003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Norwich_Cathedral_%28geograph_3639003%29.jpg/405px-Norwich_Cathedral_%28geograph_3639003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a> spire and west window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_(16074455605).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chichester Cathedral spire     "><img alt="Chichester Cathedral spire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chichester_Cathedral_%2816074455605%29.jpg/180px-Chichester_Cathedral_%2816074455605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chichester_Cathedral_%2816074455605%29.jpg/270px-Chichester_Cathedral_%2816074455605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chichester_Cathedral_%2816074455605%29.jpg/360px-Chichester_Cathedral_%2816074455605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="3927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a> spire     </div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> (or simply Perpendicular) is the third and final style of medieval Gothic architecture in England. It is characterised by an emphasis on vertical lines, and is sometimes called rectilinear.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frankl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Perpendicular style began to emerge in about 1330. The earliest example is the <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>, built by the royal architect <a href="/wiki/William_de_Ramsey" title="William de Ramsey">William de Ramsey</a> in 1332.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early style was also practised by another royal architect, <a href="/wiki/John_Sponlee" title="John Sponlee">John Sponlee</a>, and fully developed in the works of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yevele" title="Henry Yevele">Henry Yevele</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wynford" title="William Wynford">William Wynford</a>. </p><p>Walls were built much higher than in earlier periods, and stained glass windows became very large, so that the space around them was reduced to simple piers. Horizontal transoms sometimes had to be introduced to strengthen the vertical <a href="/wiki/Mullions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullions">mullions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many churches were built with magnificent towers including <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Church,_Boston" title="St Botolph's Church, Boston">St Botolph's Church, Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Wrexham" title="St Giles' Church, Wrexham">St Giles' Church, Wrexham</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene,_Taunton" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary Magdalene, Taunton">St Mary Magdalene, Taunton</a>. Another outstanding example of Perpendicular is <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey1978_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey1978-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interiors of Perpendicular churches were filled with lavish ornamental woodwork, including <a href="/wiki/Misericords" class="mw-redirect" title="Misericords">misericords</a> (choir stalls with lifting seats), under which were grotesque carvings; stylized "poppy heads", or carved figures in foliage on the ends of benches; and elaborate multicoloured decoration, usually in floral patterns, on panels or cornices called <a href="/wiki/Brattishing" title="Brattishing">brattishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sinuous lines of the tracery in the Decorated style were replaced by more geometric forms and <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911PP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style was also affected by the tragic history of the period, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, which killed an estimated third of England's population in 18 months between June 1348 and December 1349 and returned in 1361–62 to kill another fifth. This had a great effect on the arts and culture, which took a more sober direction.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perpendicular Gothic was the longest of the English Gothic periods; it continued for a century after the style had nearly disappeared from France and the rest of the European continent, where the Renaissance had already begun. Gradually, near the end of the period, Renaissance forms began to appear in the English Gothic. A <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a>, a Renaissance ornament, was installed in the chapel of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a>, Cambridge. During the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Period">Elizabethan Period</a> (1558–1603), the classical details, including the five orders of classical architecture, were gradually introduced. Carved ornament with Italian Renaissance motifs began to be used in decoration, including on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The pointed arch gradually gave way to the Roman rounded arch, brick began to replace masonry, the roof construction was concealed, and the Gothic finally gave way to an imitation of Roman and Greek styles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_3">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center" style="center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar,_Gloucestershire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The choir of Gloucester Cathedral conveys an impression of a "cage" of stone and glass. Window tracery and wall decoration form integrated grids"><img alt="The choir of Gloucester Cathedral conveys an impression of a "cage" of stone and glass. Window tracery and wall decoration form integrated grids" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/162px-Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/243px-Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/324px-Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The choir of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> conveys an impression of a "cage" of stone and glass. Window tracery and wall decoration form integrated grids</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gloucester Cathedral cloisters (1370–1412)"><img alt="Gloucester Cathedral cloisters (1370–1412)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg/219px-The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg/328px-The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg/437px-The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6339" data-file-height="3771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> cloisters (1370–1412)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Worcester_Cathedral_Cloister,_Worcestershire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Worcester Cathedral cloister: mullions are reinforced with horizontal transoms (1404–1432)"><img alt="Worcester Cathedral cloister: mullions are reinforced with horizontal transoms (1404–1432)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Worcester_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/156px-Worcester_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Worcester_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/234px-Worcester_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Worcester_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/312px-Worcester_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Worcestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a> cloister: mullions are reinforced with horizontal transoms (1404–1432)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Gate,_Trinity_College,_Cambridge_(inside).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gate of Trinity Great Court, Cambridge, with a Tudor arch"><img alt="Gate of Trinity Great Court, Cambridge, with a Tudor arch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Great_Gate%2C_Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge_%28inside%29.jpg/173px-Great_Gate%2C_Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge_%28inside%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Great_Gate%2C_Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge_%28inside%29.jpg/260px-Great_Gate%2C_Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge_%28inside%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Great_Gate%2C_Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge_%28inside%29.jpg/347px-Great_Gate%2C_Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge_%28inside%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gate of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Great_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Great Court">Trinity Great Court</a>, Cambridge, with a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor arch">Tudor arch</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_abbey_colonne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (completed 1519)"><img alt="Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (completed 1519)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Westminster_abbey_colonne.jpg/135px-Westminster_abbey_colonne.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Westminster_abbey_colonne.jpg/202px-Westminster_abbey_colonne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Westminster_abbey_colonne.jpg/270px-Westminster_abbey_colonne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (completed 1519)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_College_Chapel_2018_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515)"><img alt="King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kings_College_Chapel_2018_002.jpg/114px-Kings_College_Chapel_2018_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kings_College_Chapel_2018_002.jpg/171px-Kings_College_Chapel_2018_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kings_College_Chapel_2018_002.jpg/228px-Kings_College_Chapel_2018_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="3345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a>, Cambridge (1446–1515)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Oxford-6166605366.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fan vaulting outside the great hall of Christ Church, Oxford (c. 1640)"><img alt="Fan vaulting outside the great hall of Christ Church, Oxford (c. 1640)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christ_Church_Oxford-6166605366.jpg/250px-Christ_Church_Oxford-6166605366.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christ_Church_Oxford-6166605366.jpg/375px-Christ_Church_Oxford-6166605366.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christ_Church_Oxford-6166605366.jpg/500px-Christ_Church_Oxford-6166605366.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fan vaulting outside the great hall of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1640</span>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Towers</b> were an important feature of the perpendicular style, though fewer <b>spires</b> were built than in earlier periods. Important towers were built at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a>, and on many smaller churches. Decorative <a href="/wiki/Battlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Battlements">Battlements</a> were a popular decoration of towers in smaller churches</li> <li><b>Windows</b> became very large, sometimes of immense size, with slimmer stone <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullions</a> than in earlier periods, allowing greater scope for <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> craftsmen. The mullions of the windows are carried vertically up into the <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a> moulding of the windows, and the upper portion is subdivided by additional mullions (supermullions) and <a href="/wiki/Transom_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transom (architectural)">transoms</a>, forming rectangular compartments, known as panel tracery. The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Arch">Tudor Arch</a> window was a particular feature of English Gothic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">Buttresses</a></b> and wall surfaces were divided into vertical panels<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911PP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Doorways</b> were frequently enclosed within a square head over the arch mouldings, the <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a> being filled with <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoils</a> or tracery.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911PP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pointed arches were still used throughout the period, but <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogee</a> and four-centred <a href="/wiki/Tudor_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor arch">Tudor arches</a> were also introduced</li> <li>Inside the church the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> disappeared, or its place was filled with panelling, and greater importance was given to the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows, which often were the finest features in the churches of this period. The mouldings were flatter than those of the earlier periods, and one of the chief characteristics is the introduction of large elliptical hollows<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911PP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Flint architecture</b>. In areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a> using <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> architecture, elaborate <a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">flushwork</a> decoration in flint and <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> was used, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Wool_church" title="Wool church">wool churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_3">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>at <b><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a></b>; the choir and transepts (1330–74, remodel of Norman work), cloisters (1370–1412), west front, western nave vaults, and south porch (1421–37), tower (1450–67) and Lady chapel (1457–83)</li> <li>at <b><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></b>; the east end (1340–1408), central tower (1420–72), Kings Screen (1420–22) and west towers (1433–72)</li> <li>at <b><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a></b>; the west front (1346–66), and nave (1399–1419, remodel of Norman work)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a>; the clerestory of the presbytery (1362–69; transitional in style), and vaults (1446–72, nave; 1472–99, presbytery; 1501–36, transepts)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a>, the central tower (1374) and cloisters (1375–1438)</li> <li>at <b><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></b>; the nave, west front and cloisters (1379–1414), chapter house (1400–12), transepts (1404–14, south; 1470–82, north), pulpitum (1410–39), southwest tower (1423–34; northwest tower added 1834–41), and central tower (1493–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a> (1380–1400; including chapel, hall, Great Quad, cloisters and bell-tower)</li> <li>the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, Hants. (1387–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a> (1422)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity_School,_Oxford" title="Divinity School, Oxford">Divinity School, Oxford</a> (1427–83)</li> <li>Front Quad and chapel of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College, Oxford</a> (1438–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_College_Chapel,_Eton" class="mw-redirect" title="Eton College Chapel, Eton">Eton College Chapel, Eton</a> (1441–82)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a></b> (1446–1515)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Old Court, hall and chapel of <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge" title="Queens' College, Cambridge">Queens' College, Cambridge</a> (1448–49)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a></b> (1474–90, including old library, chapel, cloisters, and founder's tower; <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Tower" title="Magdalen Tower">Magdalen Tower</a>, Oxford, built 1492–1509)</li> <li>Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity, <a href="/wiki/Tattershall" title="Tattershall">Tattershall</a>, Lincolnshire (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490 – 1500</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>choir of <a href="/wiki/Sherborne_Abbey" title="Sherborne Abbey">Sherborne Abbey</a> (1475 – c. 1580)</li> <li>presbytery and lady chapel at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> (1493–1500)</li> <li>at <a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester Cathedral</a>; the south transept, western front, central tower and cloisters (1493–1530)</li> <li>the retro-choir at <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a> (1496–1508)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a> (1501–39)</li> <li>Towers of <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Wrexham" title="St Giles' Church, Wrexham">St Giles' Church, Wrexham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene,_Taunton" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary Magdalene, Taunton">St Mary Magdalene, Taunton</a> (1503–1508)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Lady_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VII Lady Chapel">Henry VII Lady Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (1503–09; heavily restored in the 1860s)</li> <li>*First Court, <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a> (1505–11; including chapel and hall)</li> <li>First Quad (1511–20, including hall) & Second Quad (1598–1602), <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, Cambridge">St. John's College, Cambridge</a></li> <li>Front Quad, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford" title="Corpus Christi College, Oxford">Corpus Christi College, Oxford</a> (1515–et seq.; including hall & chapel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Quad" title="Tom Quad">Tom Quad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a> (1525–29, including great hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Great_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Great Court">Great Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (1599–1608; including hall and chapel)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roofs">Roofs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roofs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trad-queen-post.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A queen-post truss"><img alt="A queen-post truss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trad-queen-post.png/460px-Trad-queen-post.png" decoding="async" width="307" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Trad-queen-post.png 1.5x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A queen-post truss</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hammerbeam timber roof of Westminster Hall (1395)"><img alt="Hammerbeam timber roof of Westminster Hall (1395)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/221px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/331px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/441px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">Hammerbeam timber roof</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> (1395)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of a hammerbeam timber roof"><img alt="Section of a hammerbeam timber roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png/222px-Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png/333px-Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of a hammerbeam timber roof</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Katharine_Cree_Church_Interior_2,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaults of St Katharine Cree, London"><img alt="Vaults of St Katharine Cree, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/St_Katharine_Cree_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/314px-St_Katharine_Cree_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/St_Katharine_Cree_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/472px-St_Katharine_Cree_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/St_Katharine_Cree_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/629px-St_Katharine_Cree_Church_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5725" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vaults of <a href="/wiki/St_Katharine_Cree" title="St Katharine Cree">St Katharine Cree</a>, London</div> </li> </ul> <p>The pitched Gothic <b>timber roof</b> was a distinctive feature of the style, both in religious and domestic architecture. It had to be able to resist rain, snow and high winds of the English climate, and to preserve the integrity of the structure. A pitched roof was a common feature of all the Gothic periods. During the Norman period, the roofs normally were pitched forty-five degrees, with the apex forming a right angle, which harmonised with the rounded arches of the gables. With the arrival of the pointed <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a>, the roofs became steeper, up to sixty degrees. In the late perpendicular period, the angle declined to twenty degrees or even less. The roofs were usually made of boards overlaid with tiles or sheet-lead, which was commonly used on low-pitched roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simpler Gothic roofs were supported by long <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafters</a> of light wood, resting on wooden <a href="/wiki/Trusses" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusses">trusses</a> set into the walls. The rafters were supported by more solid beams, called <i>purlins</i>, which were carried at their ends by the roof <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a>. The <i>tie-beam</i> is the chief beam of the truss. Later, the roof was supported by structures called a King-point-truss and Queen-post truss, where the principal rafters are connected with the tie beam by the head of the truss. The King-Point truss has a vertical beam with connects the centre of the rafter to the ridge of the roof, supported by diagonal struts, while a Queen-Post truss has a wooden collar below the pointed arch which united the posts and was supported by struts and cross-braces. A Queen-Post truss could span a width of forty feet. Both of these forms created greater stability, but the full weight of the roof still came down directly onto the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gothic architects did not like the roof truss systems, because the numerous horizontal beams crossing the nave obstructed the view of the soaring height. They came up with an ingenious solution, the <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">Hammerbeam roof</a>. In this system, the point of the roof is supported by the collar and trusses, but from the collar curved beams reach well downward on the walls, and carry the weight downward and outwards, to the walls and buttresses, without obstructing the view. The oldest existing roof of this kind is found in <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a>. The most famous example of the <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">Hammerbeam roof</a> is the roof of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> (1395), the largest timber roof of its time, built for royal ceremonies such as the banquets following the coronation of the King. Other notable wooden roofs included those of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crosby_Hall,_London" title="Crosby Hall, London">Crosby Hall, London</a>. A similar system, with arched trusses, was used in the roof of Wrexham Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_Gothic">University Gothic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: University Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merton_College,_Oxford_(Mob_Quad).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mob Quad, Merton College, Oxford (1288–1378)"><img alt="Mob Quad, Merton College, Oxford (1288–1378)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg/240px-Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg/360px-Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg/480px-Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mob_Quad" title="Mob Quad">Mob Quad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a> (1288–1378)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balliol_front_quad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balliol College, Oxford front quad (1431)"><img alt="Balliol College, Oxford front quad (1431)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balliol_front_quad.jpg/270px-Balliol_front_quad.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balliol_front_quad.jpg/405px-Balliol_front_quad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balliol_front_quad.jpg/540px-Balliol_front_quad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> front quad (1431)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tudor arch window at King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1531)"><img alt="Tudor arch window at King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1531)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge.JPG/240px-Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge.JPG/360px-Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge.JPG/480px-Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Tudor arch</a> window at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a> (1446–1531)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oriel_College_First_Quad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East range of First Quad, Oriel College, Oxford (1637–1642)"><img alt="East range of First Quad, Oriel College, Oxford (1637–1642)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oriel_College_First_Quad.jpg/271px-Oriel_College_First_Quad.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oriel_College_First_Quad.jpg/406px-Oriel_College_First_Quad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oriel_College_First_Quad.jpg/542px-Oriel_College_First_Quad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East range of First Quad, <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a> (1637–1642)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John%27s_College_Second_Court,_Cambridge,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Court, St John's College, Cambridge"><img alt="Second Court, St John's College, Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_John%27s_College_Second_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/171px-St_John%27s_College_Second_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_John%27s_College_Second_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/257px-St_John%27s_College_Second_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_John%27s_College_Second_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/343px-St_John%27s_College_Second_Court%2C_Cambridge%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4759" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Second Court, <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a> </div> </li> </ul> <p>The Gothic style was adopted in the late 13th to 15th centuries in early English university buildings, due in part to the close connection between the universities and the church. The oldest existing example of University Gothic in England is probably the <a href="/wiki/Mob_Quad" title="Mob Quad">Mob Quad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>, constructed between 1288 and 1378.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> has examples of Gothic work in the north and west ranges of the front quadrangle, dated to 1431; notably in the medieval hall on the west side, (now the "new library") and the "old library" on the first floor, north side. The architecture at Balliol was often derived from castle architecture, with battlements, rather than from church models. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a> also used another distinctive Perpendicular Gothic feature, the <a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">four-centred arch</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Gothic_Revival"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gothic_Revival_(19th_and_20th_centuries)"><span id="Gothic_Revival_.2819th_and_20th_centuries.29"></span>Gothic Revival (19th and 20th centuries)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gothic Revival (19th and 20th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wills_building_from_Cabot_Tower_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol (1915—1925)"><img alt="Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol (1915—1925)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wills_building_from_Cabot_Tower_2.JPG/270px-Wills_building_from_Cabot_Tower_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wills_building_from_Cabot_Tower_2.JPG/405px-Wills_building_from_Cabot_Tower_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wills_building_from_Cabot_Tower_2.JPG/540px-Wills_building_from_Cabot_Tower_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wills_Memorial_Building" title="Wills Memorial Building">Wills Memorial Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> (1915—1925)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of Westminster, rebuilt by Barry and Pugin 1840–1876"><img alt="Palace of Westminster, rebuilt by Barry and Pugin 1840–1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Westminster_palace.jpg/240px-Westminster_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Westminster_palace.jpg/360px-Westminster_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Westminster_palace.jpg/480px-Westminster_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Barry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Pugin</a> 1840–1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney (1868—1928)"><img alt="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney (1868—1928)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg/240px-StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg/360px-StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg/480px-StMarysSydneyCathedral1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a> (1868—1928)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester Town Hall, (1868–1877)"><img alt="Manchester Town Hall, (1868–1877)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/247px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/370px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/493px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a>, (1868–1877)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_Bridge_from_Shad_Thames.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tower Bridge, London, (1886–1894)"><img alt="Tower Bridge, London, (1886–1894)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tower_Bridge_from_Shad_Thames.jpg/361px-Tower_Bridge_from_Shad_Thames.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tower_Bridge_from_Shad_Thames.jpg/541px-Tower_Bridge_from_Shad_Thames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tower_Bridge_from_Shad_Thames.jpg/721px-Tower_Bridge_from_Shad_Thames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15287" data-file-height="7643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge, London</a>, (1886–1894)</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Perpendicular style was less often used in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> than the Decorated style, but major examples include the rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> (i.e. the Houses of Parliament), <a href="/wiki/Bristol_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol University">Bristol University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wills_Memorial_Building" title="Wills Memorial Building">Wills Memorial Building</a> (1915–25), and <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_a_Gothic_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Building a Gothic cathedral">Building a Gothic cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_architecture_of_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral architecture of Western Europe">Cathedral architecture of Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="English Gothic stained glass windows">English Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bible</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurlWilson2015" class="citation cs2">Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. 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(2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsburyarchitecturelibrary.com/dictionary-article?docid=b-9781350122741&tocid=b-9781350122741-gloss-0001815">"Perpendicular Gothic"</a>, <i>Sir Banister Fletcher Glossary</i>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350122741.1001816">10.5040/9781350122741.1001816</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12274-1"><bdi>978-1-350-12274-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>, <q>English idiom from about 1330 to 1640, characterised by large windows, regularity of ornate detailing, and grids of panelling that extend over walls, windows and vaults.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sir+Banister+Fletcher+Glossary&rft.atitle=Perpendicular+Gothic&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781350122741.1001816&rft.isbn=978-1-350-12274-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsburyarchitecturelibrary.com%2Fdictionary-article%3Fdocid%3Db-9781350122741%26tocid%3Db-9781350122741-gloss-0001815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HF_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonourFleming2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Honour, Hugh</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fleming_(art_historian)" title="John Fleming (art historian)">Fleming, John</a> (2009). <i>A World History of Art</i> (7th ed.). London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856695848" title="Special:BookSources/9781856695848"><bdi>9781856695848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pages=376&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781856695848&rft.aulast=Honour&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Fleming%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">Harvey, John Hooper</a> (1987) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16801898"><i>English Mediaeval Architects: A Biographical Dictionary Down to 1550: including master masons, carpenters, carvers, building contractors and others responsible for design</i></a>. 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Gloucester: Sutton. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-452-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-452-7"><bdi>0-86299-452-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16801898">16801898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Mediaeval+Architects%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+Down+to+1550%3A+including+master+masons%2C+carpenters%2C+carvers%2C+building+contractors+and+others+responsible+for+design&rft.place=Gloucester&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16801898&rft.isbn=0-86299-452-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John+Hooper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F16801898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignon2015" class="citation book cs1">Mignon, Olivier (2015). <i>Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques</i>. pp. 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+des+Cath%C3%A9drales+Gothiques&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mignon&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurr2010" class="citation cs2">Schurr, Marc Carel (2010), Bork, Robert E. 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Once First Pointed evolved with Geometrical tracery, it became known as Middle Pointed. Second-Pointed work of C14 saw an ever-increasing invention in bar-tracery of the Curvilinear, Flowing, and Reticulated types, ... culminating in the Flamboyant style (from c.1375) of the Continent. Second Pointed was relatively short-lived in England, and was superseded by Perp[endicular] (or Third Pointed) from c.1332, although the two styles overlapped for some time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Landscape+Architecture&rft.atitle=Gothic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967498-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001%2Facref-9780199674985-e-2072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickman1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rickman" title="Thomas Rickman">Rickman, Thomas</a> (1848) [1812]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JO3AAAAIAAJ"><i>An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation</i></a> (5th ed.). London: J. H. Parker. pp. lxiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Attempt+to+Discriminate+the+Styles+of+Architecture+in+England%3A+From+the+Conquest+to+the+Reformation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=lxiii&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=J.+H.+Parker&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Rickman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JO3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:04_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurlWilson2015" class="citation cs2">Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-4821">"Tudor"</a>, <i>A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture</i> (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967498-5"><bdi>978-0-19-967498-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Landscape+Architecture&rft.atitle=Tudor&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967498-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199674985.001.0001%2Facref-9780199674985-e-4821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe1871" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Edmund (1871) [1851]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sgnAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated</i></a>. London: E. & F. N. Spon. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Periods+of+English+Architecture+Defined+and+Illustrated&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=E.+%26+F.+N.+Spon&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_sgnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurl2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl" title="James Stevens Curl">Curl, James Stevens</a> (2016) [2013]. "Architecture, Gothic Revival". In Hughes, William; Punter, David; Smith, Andrew (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSywCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Gothic, 2 Volume Set</i></a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 40–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06460-2"><bdi>978-1-119-06460-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture%2C+Gothic+Revival&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Gothic%2C+2+Volume+Set&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=40-45&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06460-2&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSywCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxam2015" class="citation book cs1">Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche (2015) [1829]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSgfrgEACAAJ"><i>The Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture: With an Explanation of Technical Terms, and a Centenary of Ancient Terms</i></a> (definitive 1882 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-08270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-08270-9"><bdi>978-1-108-08270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Gothic+Ecclesiastical+Architecture%3A+With+an+Explanation+of+Technical+Terms%2C+and+a+Centenary+of+Ancient+Terms&rft.edition=definitive+1882&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-108-08270-9&rft.aulast=Bloxam&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Holbeche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSgfrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the originator of the term in 1817, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rickman" title="Thomas Rickman">Thomas Rickman</a>, the period ran from 1189 to 1307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911EEP-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911EEP_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911EEP_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911EEP_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiers1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phen%C3%A9_Spiers" title="Richard Phené Spiers">Spiers, Richard Phené</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Early_English_Period" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Early English Period">Early English Period</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 798.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+English+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=798&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Spiers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Phen%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources use the dates 1189 to 1272. <a href="#CITEREFSmith1922">Smith 1922</a>, pp. 35–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192235–45-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192235–45_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192235–45_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1922">Smith 1922</a>, pp. 35–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopaedia Britannica on-line edition, <i>William of Sens</i> (retrieved April 19, 2020)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durham_World_Heritage_Site-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durham_World_Heritage_Site_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durham_World_Heritage_Site_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/architecture/cathedral/architectural-importance">"Durham World Heritage Site"</a>. UN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803095035/https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/architecture/cathedral/architectural-importance">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Durham+World+Heritage+Site&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.durhamworldheritagesite.com%2Farchitecture%2Fcathedral%2Farchitectural-importance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017295-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017295_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBechmann2017">Bechmann 2017</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192271–73_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1922">Smith 1922</a>, pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lincolncathedral.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>Lincoln Cathedral</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lincoln+Cathedral&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flincolncathedral.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192245–47-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192245–47_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1922">Smith 1922</a>, pp. 45–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1987">Harvey 1987</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911DP-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911DP_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911DP_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiers1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phen%C3%A9_Spiers" title="Richard Phené Spiers">Spiers, Richard Phené</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Decorated_Period" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Decorated Period">Decorated Period</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decorated+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=915&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Spiers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Phen%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FiveSisters-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FiveSisters_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015030/https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/fact-sheet-the-principal-windows.pdf">"Work Minster Fact Sheets: The Five Sisters Window"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/fact-sheet-the-principal-windows.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+Minster+Fact+Sheets%3A+The+Five+Sisters+Window&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyorkminster.org%2Fgeisha%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Ffact-sheet-the-principal-windows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe1871" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Edmund (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenperiodseng00shargoog"><i>The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated</i></a>. E. and F. N. Spon; [etc ., etc.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Periods+of+English+Architecture+Defined+and+Illustrated&rft.pub=E.+and+F.+N.+Spon%3B+%5Betc+.%2C+etc.%5D&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenperiodseng00shargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankl-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frankl_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl2000" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Paul (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothicarchitectu0000fran"><i>Gothic Architecture</i></a></span>. Yale: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothicarchitectu0000fran/page/193">193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Architecture&rft.place=Yale&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothicarchitectu0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">Harvey</a> (1978) puts the earliest example of a fully formed Perpendicular style at the <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>, in 1332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192253–62_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1922">Smith 1922</a>, pp. 53–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvey1978-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvey1978_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1978" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, John (1978). <i>The Perpendicular Style</i>. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perpendicular+Style&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911PP-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911PP_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiers1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phen%C3%A9_Spiers" title="Richard Phené Spiers">Spiers, Richard Phené</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Perpendicular_Period" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perpendicular Period">Perpendicular Period</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perpendicular+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=179-180&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Spiers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Phen%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This figure has recently been disputed and is now thought to be closer to 20%. Philip Daileader, The Late Middle Ages, audio/video course produced by The Teaching Company, (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59803-345-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59803-345-8">978-1-59803-345-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etoncollege.com/OurHistory.aspx">"Our History | Eton College"</a>. <i>www.etoncollege.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etoncollege.com&rft.atitle=Our+History+%26%23124%3B+Eton+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etoncollege.com%2FOurHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130024710/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/">"Chapel | King's College, Cambridge"</a>. 30 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/">the original</a> on 30 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapel+%26%23124%3B+King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kings.cam.ac.uk%2Fchapel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415064111/http://www.httf.org/">"TATTERSHALL - The Collegiate Holy Trinity Church, Tattershall, Lincolnshire - HTTF Trust"</a>. 15 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.httf.org/">the original</a> on 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TATTERSHALL+-+The+Collegiate+Holy+Trinity+Church%2C+Tattershall%2C+Lincolnshire+-+HTTF+Trust&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.httf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith192263–71_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1922">Smith 1922</a>, pp. 63–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinHighfield1997">Martin & Highfield 1997</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechmann2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bechmann, Roland (2017). <i>Les Racines des Cathédrals</i> (in French). Paris: Payot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90651-7"><bdi>978-2-228-90651-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Racines+des+Cath%C3%A9drals&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-228-90651-7&rft.aulast=Bechmann&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ducher, Robert, <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i>, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (in French); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1">2-08-011539-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">Harvey, John</a> (1961). <i>English Cathedrals</i>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2437034">2437034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2437034&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1922" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A. Freeman (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58736"><i>English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages - an Elementary Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin" title="T. Fisher Unwin">T. Fisher Unwin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Church+Architecture+of+the+Middle+Ages+-+an+Elementary+Handbook&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+Freeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F58736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinHighfield1997" class="citation book cs1">Martin, G. H.; Highfield, J. R. L. (1997). <i>A history of Merton College, Oxford</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920183-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920183-8"><bdi>0-19-920183-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Merton+College%2C+Oxford&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-920183-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Highfield%2C+J.+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Gothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/decorated.htm">Britain Express: Decorated Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/perpendicular.htm">Britain Express – Architectural Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/early-english.htm">Britain Express – Architectural Guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gothic_architecture" title="Template talk:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gothic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country<br />or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Gothic" title="Belarusian Gothic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Czechia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_French_Gothic" title="Southern French Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_Lithuania" title="Gothic architecture in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland" title="Gothic architecture in modern Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Gothic" title="Levantine Gothic">Levante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Gothic" title="Valencian Gothic">Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Brick_Gothic_buildings" title="List of Brick Gothic buildings">List of Brick Gothic buildings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(architectural_style)" title="Isabelline (architectural style)">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_cathedrals_in_Europe" title="List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Gothic secular and domestic architecture">Gothic secular and domestic architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gothic Revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissenting_Gothic" title="Dissenting Gothic">Dissenting Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Canada" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Poland" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_a_Gothic_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Building a Gothic cathedral">Building a Gothic cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass" title="Medieval stained glass">Medieval stained glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="English Gothic stained glass windows">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass_in_Sweden" title="Medieval stained glass in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture" title="Category:Gothic architecture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gothic architecture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikivoyage page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Gothic architecture">Voyage</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_England" title="Template:Architecture of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_England" title="Template talk:Architecture of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxo-Norman#Architecture" title="Saxo-Norman">Saxo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_style" title="Restoration style">Carolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry Hill Gothic">Strawberry Hill Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westminster Hall"><img alt="Westminster Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/70px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/105px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/140px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_England" title="Category:Buildings and structures in England">Buildings and<br />structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_England" title="List of monastic houses in England">Abbeys and priories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_cathedrals_in_Great_Britain" title="List of former cathedrals in Great Britain">Former cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-tower_church" title="Round-tower church">Round-tower churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_villas_in_England" title="List of Roman villas in England">Roman villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_houses_in_the_United_Kingdom#England" title="List of country houses in the United Kingdom">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_house" title="Hall house">Hall houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Renaissance_theatres" title="List of English Renaissance theatres">Renaissance theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_England" title="Listed buildings in England">Listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_church_monuments" title="English church monuments">Church monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Trust_properties_in_England" title="List of National Trust properties in England">National Trust properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_England" title="List of windmills in England">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu temples in England">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_England" title="List of stadiums in England">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_England" title="List of lighthouses in England">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_London" title="Architecture of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Birmingham" title="Architecture of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Liverpool" title="Architecture of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bath" title="Buildings and architecture of Bath">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bristol" title="Buildings and architecture of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Brighton_and_Hove" title="Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">Hammerbeam roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">Fan vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastle_house" title="Bastle house">Bastle house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">Country house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">Oast house</a> <a href="/wiki/Cowl_(oast)" title="Cowl (oast)">(cowl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_hall_house" title="Wealden hall house">Wealden hall house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_longhouse" title="Dartmoor longhouse">Dartmoor longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_towers" title="Somerset towers">Somerset towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_stone" title="Bath stone">Bath stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck framing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_England" title="Category:Architecture in England">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750752#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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