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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>High Gothic and Rayonnant Gothic – France (Thirteenth Century)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-High_Gothic_and_Rayonnant_Gothic_–_France_(Thirteenth_Century)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle High Gothic and Rayonnant Gothic – France (Thirteenth Century) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-High_Gothic_and_Rayonnant_Gothic_–_France_(Thirteenth_Century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_regional_Gothic_–_Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_regional_Gothic_–_Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>French regional Gothic – Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_regional_Gothic_–_Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meridional_or_southern_French_Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meridional_or_southern_French_Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Meridional or southern French Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meridional_or_southern_French_Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_–_Decorated_Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_–_Decorated_Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>England – Decorated Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_–_Decorated_Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holy_Roman_Empire_–_Strasbourg,_Cologne,_Prague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holy_Roman_Empire_–_Strasbourg,_Cologne,_Prague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Holy Roman Empire – Strasbourg, Cologne, Prague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holy_Roman_Empire_–_Strasbourg,_Cologne,_Prague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_High_Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_High_Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Italian High Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_High_Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flamboyant_Gothic_–_France_and_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flamboyant_Gothic_–_France_and_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Flamboyant Gothic – France and Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flamboyant_Gothic_–_France_and_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpendicular_Gothic_–_England_(Late_13th–16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpendicular_Gothic_–_England_(Late_13th–16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Perpendicular Gothic – England (Late 13th–16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpendicular_Gothic_–_England_(Late_13th–16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_from_Gothic_to_Renaissance_(16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_Gothic_to_Renaissance_(16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transition from Gothic to Renaissance (16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_Gothic_to_Renaissance_(16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gothic Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_choir_–_a_theater_for_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_choir_–_a_theater_for_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>The choir – a theater for ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_choir_–_a_theater_for_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Stained glass</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stained_glass-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stained glass subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rose_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rose_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Rose windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rose_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portal_and_façade_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portal_and_façade_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Portal and façade sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portal_and_façade_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_and_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Painting and color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bells_and_bell_towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells_and_bell_towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bells and bell towers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells_and_bell_towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest,_largest,_tallest_Gothic_cathedrals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest,_largest,_tallest_Gothic_cathedrals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Oldest, largest, tallest Gothic cathedrals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest,_largest,_tallest_Gothic_cathedrals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Notes and citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.1</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.2</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Gothic cathedrals and churches</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/149px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/224px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/298px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="4519" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg/149px-Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg/224px-Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg/298px-Salisbury_Cathedral_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/149px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/224px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/298px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres2006_076.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres2006_076.jpg/149px-Chartres2006_076.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres2006_076.jpg/224px-Chartres2006_076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres2006_076.jpg/298px-Chartres2006_076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/300px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/450px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/600px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3936" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>: Centre: buttresses of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, façade statuary of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>; Bottom: windows of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, Paris</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">12th–16th centuries</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gothic cathedrals and churches</b> are religious buildings created in Europe between the mid-12th century and the beginning of the 16th century. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a> are notable particularly for their great height and their extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> to fill the interiors with light. They were the tallest and largest buildings of their time and the most prominent examples of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. The appearance of the Gothic cathedral was not only a revolution in architecture; it also introduced new forms in decoration, sculpture, and art. </p><p>Cathedrals were by definition churches where a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> presided. Abbeys were the churches attached to monasteries. Many smaller <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> churches were also built in the Gothic style. The appearance of the great cathedrals in the 12th century was a response to the dramatic increase of population and wealth in some parts of Europe and the need for larger and more imposing buildings. Technical advances, such as innovative uses of the <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">pointed arch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a>, allowed the churches and cathedral to become much taller and stronger with larger windows and more light.<sup id="cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarousseGothique-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gothic style first appeared in France at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint Denis">Abbey of Saint Denis</a>, near Paris, with the rebuilding of the ambulatory and west façade of the abbey church by the Abbot <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a> (1135–40).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Gothic cathedral in France, <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a>, was begun between 1135 and 1140 and consecrated in 1164.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide153_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide153-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style quickly appeared in England, where it was called simply "The French style". The Choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> was destroyed by fire and was rebuilt by a French master builder from Sens, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a>, between 1174 and 1184. Other elements of the style were imported from <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> in Normandy by French Norman architects, who also brought finely-cut stones from Normandy for their construction.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a> was begun in 1163 and consecrated in 1177.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later part of the 12th century and beginning of the 13th century saw a more refined style, <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a>, characterised by <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>. A third period, called <i>Rayonnante</i> in France, was more highly decorated, as characterised by <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte Chapelle">Sainte Chapelle</a> (1241–1248) and <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> in France. The fourth and final period, called <i><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a></i>, appeared in the second half of the 14th century, and took its name from the flamelike motifs of decoration. <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes" title="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes">Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes</a> (1370), with its walls of stained glass, is a good example. </p><p>Renaissance cathedrals and churches gradually replaced Gothic cathedrals, and the original cathedrals, such as Notre Dame, experienced many modifications or fell into ruin (in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, however, the <a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Brabantine Gothic</a> remained until far in the 17th century). However, in the mid-19th century, in large part due to the novel <i>Notre Dame de Paris</i>, better known in English as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, there was a new wave of interest in the Gothic cathedral. Many Gothic cathedrals and churches were restored, with greater or lesser accuracy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> came from the Greek <i>cathedra</i>, or "seat", since it was the official seat of the Bishop, or <i>Eveque</i>, and the principal church of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>. His title came from the Greek term <i>Episkopos</i>, meaning "overseer." As the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, the Bishop was considered the direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> or disciples of Christ, and had three missions: to direct the affairs of the church within the diocese, to administer the sacraments, and teach the Gospel of Christ, as found in the Bible, and confessed by the Church. The Bishop of a cathedral was assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Canons</a>, or <i>Chanoines</i> in French, who formed a council called the Chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20154_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon20154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word church stems from the word <i>chirche</i> from Middle English. People are not sure of where this word came from but scholars think it is derived from the Greek word <i>kuriakon.</i> <i>Kuriakon</i> comes from another word <i>kuriakos</i> which means "of, or belonging to, a lord, master,"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its time, Gothic architecture was called "The French Style." The term "Gothic" was a negative term invented in the late Renaissance by its critics, including the art historian and architect <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>. They considered the style barbaric, the opposite of the new Renaissance style, which they favored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Gothic_–_France_(mid-12th_century)"><span id="Early_Gothic_.E2.80.93_France_.28mid-12th_century.29"></span>Early Gothic – France (mid-12th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Gothic – France (mid-12th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbot_Suger_and_St_Denis_Basilica">Abbot Suger and St Denis Basilica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abbot Suger and St Denis Basilica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gothic style first appeared in France in the mid-12th century in an <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Denis Basilica">St Denis Basilica</a>, built by Abbot <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a> (1081–1151). The old Basilica was the traditional burial place of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Saint Denis</a>, and of the Kings of France, and was also a very popular pilgrimage destination, so much so that pilgrims were sometimes crushed by the crowds. Suger became the abbot of Saint Denis in 1122. He became the friend and confidant of two French Kings <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a>, and he served as regent for Louis VII during the absence of the King for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> (1147–49). </p><p>Suger, with the full support of the King, decided to enlarge the church and reconstruct it on a new model.<sup id="cite_ref-universalis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universalis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first modification was a new west façade, inspired in part by new churches in Normandy, with two towers and three deep portals. Each of the portals had a <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of sculpture, telling a Biblical or inspiring story. The tympana installed by Sugar depicted the Last Judgement over the main door and the martyrdom of Saint Denis over the other door. The tympana over the east portals became a characteristic feature of later Gothic cathedrals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20159_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon20159-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the new façade was complete, Suger turned his attention to the choir and the ambulatory in the west of the church. </p><p>Suger was also a scholar of the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and he believed that light was a way through which the faithful could be elevated from the material to the immaterial and the divine. The ambulatory of the old church was very dark, since Romanesque architecture, with barrel vaults, required thick walls and supporting walls between the small chapels. Suger decided to use a new form of vault, the <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">pointed arches</a>, which was higher and stronger. This allowed him to remove the walls between the chapels, and opened the space for seventy stained glass windows in the choir, filling the church with light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20159_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon20159-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King. The choir and west front of the Abbey of Saint-Denis both became the prototypes for other buildings in the royal domain of northern France and in the Duchy of Normandy. Through the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Angevin dynasty</a>, the new style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, Germany, Spain, northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The combination of innovations made Saint-Denis the first important example of Gothic architecture; The church was heavily modified over the following centuries, but the ambulatory and some other original elements remain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide"The_Basilica,_along_with_its_''chevet'',_constitutes_the_first_masterpiece_of_Gothic_architecture"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide"The_Basilica,_along_with_its_''chevet'',_constitutes_the_first_masterpiece_of_Gothic_architecture"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gothic ambulatory of the Basilica of Saint-Denis (1140–1144)"><img alt="The Gothic ambulatory of the Basilica of Saint-Denis (1140–1144)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG/191px-StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG/287px-StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG/383px-StDenis_Chorumgang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gothic ambulatory of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> (1140–1144) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The west façade of the Basilica of Saint-Denis, after restoration. It originally had two towers.(1140–1144)"><img alt="The west façade of the Basilica of Saint-Denis, after restoration. It originally had two towers.(1140–1144)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/198px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/297px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/396px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west façade of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a>, after restoration. It originally had two towers.(1140–1144)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from the 12th-century Life of Christ window"><img alt="Detail from the 12th-century Life of Christ window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg/377px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg/565px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg/754px-France_Paris_St-Denis_Basilica_Nativity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from the 12th-century Life of Christ window</div> </li> </ul> <p>The new features of Saint-Denis were quickly adapted in the construction of new cathedrals in the Ile-de-France. These included <a href="/wiki/Noyon_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Noyon cathedral">Noyon cathedral</a> (begun 1150), <a href="/wiki/Senlis_Cathedral" title="Senlis Cathedral">Senlis Cathedral</a> begun (1153); <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> (begun 1160); and <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a> (begun 1160). Two were built by Suger's personal friends, the bishops of Noyon and Senlis. The spread of the style was not limited to cathedrals; it also soon appeared in Abbey churches, at St. Leu d'Esserent in <a href="/wiki/Braine,_Aisne" title="Braine, Aisne">Braine</a>, and, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, at St. Remy in <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a> and Notre-Dame in <a href="/wiki/Chalons-sur-Marne" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalons-sur-Marne">Chalons-sur-Marne</a>. It also appeared in simple churches, such as the Gothic church of Saint Quiriace in <a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a> Though each church employed the new style, each had a distinctly different appearance and personality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly1921Chapter_III_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly1921Chapter_III-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Noyon_Cathedral" title="Noyon Cathedral">Noyon Cathedral</a></b> replaced a Romanesque cathedral which burned in 1131. The Bishop of Noyon, Baudouin, used the choir of Saint Denis as his direct model. He used the same masons as Suger, and much of the ornamentation is identical with Saint-Denis. Like many early Gothic churches, the interior has both round and pointed arches, and it has some peculiar Germanic features, such as transepts with rounded ends.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a></b>, begun in 1133, had a special place among cathedrals in France as the primate of Gaul, ranking higher than Paris, a title it held through the 16th century. It attracted important medieval religious figures, including <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Saint Bernard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abelard" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelard">Abelard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, who came there in 1164 to appeal to the Pope for support against <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>. It was begun as a Romanesque cathedral, but as the walls were rising, the design was changed to Gothic and the proposed groin vaults replaced by <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a>. It was completed soon after Saint Denis, and is considered the first Gothic Cathedral in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide153_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide153-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senlis_Cathedral" title="Senlis Cathedral">Senlis Cathedral</a></b> begun in 1152, was another very early Gothic cathedral built on the model of Saint-Denis by Bishop Thibaut, who had been at the deathbed of Suger. One distinctive feature is the sculpture in the central western portal, which depicts the Death of the Virgin Mary and her Assumption on the <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a>, and her Coronation in the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>. This arrangement became a common Gothic feature, found at both the north portal of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and the northwest tower of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>. A major fire in 1504 destroyed the upper vaulting of the original cathedral, and now only the apse, the west façade, and the tower have their original appearance; The exterior is now distinctly flamboyant Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly1921Chapter_III_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly1921Chapter_III-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a></b> was begun in about 1160. Like many early Gothic cathedrals, it retained some romanesque features, including tribunes over the side aisles, use of both round and pointed arches, and a two-story chapel on each arm of the transept. Like most early Gothic churches, it was not exceptionally high, but it was exceptionally long, with eleven bays in the nave, and ten in the choir. Because it was not high, it was possible to build a square tower over the crossing of the transept, in addition to four shorter towers on the corners, each with long lancet openings. One curious feature is the sixteen life-sized sculpted oxen on towers, each under its own canopy, symbolizing the animals which hauled the stones to the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly1921Chapter_III_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly1921Chapter_III-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Noyon_straight.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Noyon Cathedral (begun about 1150)"><img alt="Noyon Cathedral (begun about 1150)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Noyon_straight.JPG/199px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Noyon_straight.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Noyon_straight.JPG/299px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Noyon_straight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Noyon_straight.JPG/399px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Noyon_straight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noyon_Cathedral" title="Noyon Cathedral">Noyon Cathedral</a> (begun about 1150)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Sens Cathedral (1140–1164)"><img alt="Nave of Sens Cathedral (1140–1164)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg/300px-Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg/450px-Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg/600px-Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> (1140–1164)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senlis_Cathedral_Exterior,_Picardy,_France_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senlis Cathedral (1153–91): The original 12th-century tower was crowned with an octagonal tower and spire in the 13th century."><img alt="Senlis Cathedral (1153–91): The original 12th-century tower was crowned with an octagonal tower and spire in the 13th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Senlis_Cathedral_Exterior%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/364px-Senlis_Cathedral_Exterior%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Senlis_Cathedral_Exterior%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/546px-Senlis_Cathedral_Exterior%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Senlis_Cathedral_Exterior%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/728px-Senlis_Cathedral_Exterior%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Senlis_Cathedral" title="Senlis Cathedral">Senlis Cathedral</a> (1153–91): The original 12th-century tower was crowned with an octagonal tower and spire in the 13th century. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laon,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_PM_14294.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of Laon Cathedral (begun 1160)"><img alt="Façade of Laon Cathedral (begun 1160)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Laon%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_PM_14294.jpg/186px-Laon%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_PM_14294.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Laon%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_PM_14294.jpg/280px-Laon%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_PM_14294.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Laon%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_PM_14294.jpg/373px-Laon%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_PM_14294.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a> (begun 1160)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a></b> begun in 1163 by the archbishop <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Sully" title="Maurice de Sully">Maurice de Sully</a>, was the largest and highest of the new French cathedrals. The nave was 122 meters long and the vaulted ceiling was 35 meters high, twelve meters higher than Laon Cathedral. It used the older six-part <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> in the ceiling, but replaced the alternating pillars and columns of earlier cathedrals with a single type of pillar, creating greater harmony. It made innovative use of <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a> to counterbalance the weight of the higher vaults, so the walls could be thinner and have more windows. It had four levels, like the earlier cathedrals, but the old <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> was replaced by small rose windows. Unlike Laon Cathedral, the façade of Notre Dame, with its two towers, expressed a remarkable calm and harmony. Notre-Dame was modified in the later Gothic period, with the addition of the rose windows in the transepts (1250–1260) and double flying buttresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201518–19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201518–19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The façade of Notre-Dame de Paris (begun 1163)"><img alt="The façade of Notre-Dame de Paris (begun 1163)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/222px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/333px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/444px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="4519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The façade of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (begun 1163)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Braun_%26_Cie,_Notre_Dame_de_Paris,_ca._1930-crop,_change_chiaroscuro,_perspective,_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With flèche"><img alt="With flèche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/282px-Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/423px-Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg/565px-Maison_Braun_%26_Cie%2C_Notre_Dame_de_Paris%2C_ca._1930-crop%2C_change_chiaroscuro%2C_perspective%2C_add_color_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8936" data-file-height="9496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(architecture)" title="Flèche (architecture)">flèche</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nave_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_22_June_2014_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Notre-Dame de Paris, 122 meters long"><img alt="Nave of Notre-Dame de Paris, 122 meters long" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nave_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_22_June_2014_002.jpg/200px-Nave_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_22_June_2014_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nave_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_22_June_2014_002.jpg/300px-Nave_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_22_June_2014_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nave_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_22_June_2014_002.jpg/400px-Nave_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_22_June_2014_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of Notre-Dame de Paris, 122 meters long</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Gothic_–_England"><span id="Early_Gothic_.E2.80.93_England"></span>Early Gothic – England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Gothic – England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gothic elements, often called "The French style". soon appeared in English cathedrals and abbeys. While English cathedrals tended to follow the French style, they had a few special characteristics of their own. Unlike French cathedrals, they tended toward great length rather than great height. They also made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Marble" title="Purbeck Marble">Purbeck Marble</a> for columns, floors and wall panels, which added colour and reflection to the interiors. The early English style lasted from the late 12th century to the mid-14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-EBGA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></b> (Early Gothic portion – 1174–85) One of the earliest to use Gothic features in the French way was <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>. Following a fire in 1174 which destroyed much of the choir, a French master builder, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a>, who probably had participated in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a>, was selected to conduct the reconstruction. It was rebuilt between 1174 and 1184. William of Sens himself fell fifty feet from the scaffolding and was seriously injured, and had to return to France, where he died in 1180. It was completed by an English builder, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Englishman" title="William the Englishman">William the Englishman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the choir is not as high as some French cathedrals, it makes up for the difference by its dramatic length. The choir is 180 ft (55 m) long and 71 ft (22 m) high.</li></ul> <p>The nave and much of the rest of the cathedral were rebuilt into the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpendicular style">perpendicular style</a> beginning in the late 14th century. The new transepts and aisles were given the more decorative <a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">Lierne vault</a>, where ribs were connected to each other for decorative rather than structural effect. The crossing tower was begun in 1433, and is 237 ft (72 m) high. Alterations to the Cathedral continued until 1834. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canterbury Cathedral (1174–1834) The exterior was largely rebuilt into the perpendicular style in the 14th and 15th centuries."><img alt="Canterbury Cathedral (1174–1834) The exterior was largely rebuilt into the perpendicular style in the 14th and 15th centuries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg/451px-Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg/676px-Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg/902px-Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (1174–1834) The exterior was largely rebuilt into the perpendicular style in the 14th and 15th centuries. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_(40805457492).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir of Canterbury Cathedral by William of Sens (1174–84). (The lower arcades and stalls are a later addition)"><img alt="Choir of Canterbury Cathedral by William of Sens (1174–84). (The lower arcades and stalls are a later addition)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg/450px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg/675px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg/900px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8687" data-file-height="5791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a> (1174–84). (The lower arcades and stalls are a later addition) </div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> </b> (1192–1400) took on a Gothic form when it was rebuilt after a disastrous earthquake in 1185. The builders made use of the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> in constructing the new nave and choir. Two <a href="/wiki/Rose_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose windows">rose windows</a>, called the Bishops's Eye and the Dean's Eye, were added at about the same time. The original cathedral had two towers on the west façade, and then a central tower was built in the 14th century, topped by a wooden spire, which made it the tallest structure in the world for two hundred years. The other two towers were also given spires and raised in height. The great spire fell during a windstorm and was not replaced.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Cathedral (1192–1225)"><img alt="Lincoln Cathedral (1192–1225)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg/400px-Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg/600px-Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg/800px-Lincoln_Cathedral_viewed_from_Lincoln_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1192–1225)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1,_Lincolnshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The elaborate vaults of the nave were added in the late 12th and 13th century."><img alt="The elaborate vaults of the nave were added in the late 12th and 13th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/368px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/552px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/736px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7097" data-file-height="5787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The elaborate vaults of the nave were added in the late 12th and 13th century.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a></b> was begun in 1220. Its chief patron was <a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">William Longespée</a>, the 3rd Earl of Salisbury, who was recognized as a son by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>. He was sent by the King on missions to France, and was prisoner there for a time, and was familiar with the new French style. The king provided timber for the cathedral from Ireland and from his estates. Longsword was buried in the cathedral in 1226. The body of the cathedral was completed by September 1258.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The west front, cloisters and chapter house were complete by about 1275.</li></ul> <p>The most famous feature of Salisbury Cathedral was added later, between 1300 and 1320, when it was given the tallest spire in England – 123 m (404 ft). The cathedral received another innovation in 1386: the first clock in England that struck the hours.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Salisbury_-_tarda.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The west front of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258). (Spire from 1300 to 1320)"><img alt="The west front of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258). (Spire from 1300 to 1320)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral_de_Salisbury_-_tarda.JPG/451px-Catedral_de_Salisbury_-_tarda.JPG" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral_de_Salisbury_-_tarda.JPG/677px-Catedral_de_Salisbury_-_tarda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral_de_Salisbury_-_tarda.JPG/903px-Catedral_de_Salisbury_-_tarda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west front of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (1220–1258). (Spire from 1300 to 1320)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave,_Wiltshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)"><img alt="Nave of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/248px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/372px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/496px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5255" data-file-height="6361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cistercian_Gothic_(12th_century)"><span id="Cistercian_Gothic_.2812th_century.29"></span>Cistercian Gothic (12th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cistercian Gothic (12th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercian architecture</a></div> <p>Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic. The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Stephen Harding">Saint Stephen Harding</a>, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline. They were known as the "white monks" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the "black monks". They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass. Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities. It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe. The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east. Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">pointed arch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a> appeared on some of the churches.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Citeaux_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Citeaux Abbey">Citeaux Abbey</a></b> (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in the forest south of <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>. Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>, where the monks copied books and religious texts. It is now a <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappist</a> monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-Larousse_Cistercian_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larousse_Cistercian-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Clairvaux_Abbey" title="Clairvaux Abbey">Clairvaux Abbey</a></b> (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bernard_of_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bernard of Clairvaux">Saint Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order. By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard. They were found in nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean. But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Larousse_Cistercian_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larousse_Cistercian-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fontenay_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontenay Abbey">Fontenay Abbey</a></b> in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough. It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks. Much of the original Abbey still stands. It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>. In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style. It was built in 1132 by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bernard_of_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bernard of Clairvaux">Saint Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England. It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These include <b><a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Monastery" title="Alcobaça Monastery">Alcobaça Monastery</a></b> in Portugal, <b><a href="/wiki/Poblet_Abbey" title="Poblet Abbey">Poblet Abbey</a></b> in Spain, and <b><a href="/wiki/Maulbronn_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulbronn Abbey">Maulbronn Abbey</a></b> in Germany. Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the "Paradise", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine <a href="/wiki/Abbeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbeys">abbeys</a>, notably <b><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a></b>. All of England's monasteries, including <b><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></b>, were closed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in 1538, as part of his <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of monasteries">dissolution of monasteries</a>. Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontenay_Abbey_-_Nave_of_the_church,_looking_to_the_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Fontenay Abbey church, with pointed barrel vaults (1147)."><img alt="Nave of Fontenay Abbey church, with pointed barrel vaults (1147)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fontenay_Abbey_-_Nave_of_the_church%2C_looking_to_the_entrance.jpg/225px-Fontenay_Abbey_-_Nave_of_the_church%2C_looking_to_the_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fontenay_Abbey_-_Nave_of_the_church%2C_looking_to_the_entrance.jpg/337px-Fontenay_Abbey_-_Nave_of_the_church%2C_looking_to_the_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fontenay_Abbey_-_Nave_of_the_church%2C_looking_to_the_entrance.jpg/450px-Fontenay_Abbey_-_Nave_of_the_church%2C_looking_to_the_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Fontenay_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontenay Abbey">Fontenay Abbey</a> church, with pointed barrel vaults (1147).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellier_de_Clairvaux_Dijon_interieur_etage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cellar of Clairvaux Abbey, Dijon (12–13th century)"><img alt="Cellar of Clairvaux Abbey, Dijon (12–13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cellier_de_Clairvaux_Dijon_interieur_etage.jpg/400px-Cellier_de_Clairvaux_Dijon_interieur_etage.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cellier_de_Clairvaux_Dijon_interieur_etage.jpg/600px-Cellier_de_Clairvaux_Dijon_interieur_etage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Cellier_de_Clairvaux_Dijon_interieur_etage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cellar of Clairvaux Abbey, Dijon (12–13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_de_C%C3%AEteaux_212.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Library of Citeaux Abbey (13th century)"><img alt="Library of Citeaux Abbey (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abbaye_de_C%C3%AEteaux_212.jpg/400px-Abbaye_de_C%C3%AEteaux_212.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abbaye_de_C%C3%AEteaux_212.jpg/600px-Abbaye_de_C%C3%AEteaux_212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abbaye_de_C%C3%AEteaux_212.jpg/800px-Abbaye_de_C%C3%AEteaux_212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Library of <a href="/wiki/Citeaux_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Citeaux Abbey">Citeaux Abbey</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maulbronn_ParadisInnen.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Paradise" or Narthex of Maulbronn Abbey, Germany (late 13th century)"><img alt="The "Paradise" or Narthex of Maulbronn Abbey, Germany (late 13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maulbronn_ParadisInnen.JPG/400px-Maulbronn_ParadisInnen.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maulbronn_ParadisInnen.JPG/600px-Maulbronn_ParadisInnen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Maulbronn_ParadisInnen.JPG/800px-Maulbronn_ParadisInnen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "Paradise" or Narthex of <a href="/wiki/Maulbronn_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulbronn Abbey">Maulbronn Abbey</a>, Germany (late 13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reial_Monestir_de_Santa_Maria_de_Poblet_(Vimbod%C3%AD_i_Poblet)_-_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloister of Poblet Monastery, Spain (founded 1153)"><img alt="Cloister of Poblet Monastery, Spain (founded 1153)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reial_Monestir_de_Santa_Maria_de_Poblet_%28Vimbod%C3%AD_i_Poblet%29_-_25.jpg/412px-Reial_Monestir_de_Santa_Maria_de_Poblet_%28Vimbod%C3%AD_i_Poblet%29_-_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reial_Monestir_de_Santa_Maria_de_Poblet_%28Vimbod%C3%AD_i_Poblet%29_-_25.jpg/618px-Reial_Monestir_de_Santa_Maria_de_Poblet_%28Vimbod%C3%AD_i_Poblet%29_-_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reial_Monestir_de_Santa_Maria_de_Poblet_%28Vimbod%C3%AD_i_Poblet%29_-_25.jpg/824px-Reial_Monestir_de_Santa_Maria_de_Poblet_%28Vimbod%C3%AD_i_Poblet%29_-_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="2006" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cloister of <a href="/wiki/Poblet_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Poblet Monastery">Poblet Monastery</a>, Spain (founded 1153)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RievaulxAbbey-wyrdlight-24588.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of Rievaulx Abbey (begun 1132)"><img alt="Ruins of Rievaulx Abbey (begun 1132)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RievaulxAbbey-wyrdlight-24588.jpg/450px-RievaulxAbbey-wyrdlight-24588.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RievaulxAbbey-wyrdlight-24588.jpg/675px-RievaulxAbbey-wyrdlight-24588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/RievaulxAbbey-wyrdlight-24588.jpg/900px-RievaulxAbbey-wyrdlight-24588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a> (begun 1132)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 308.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitby_Abbey_060615.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whitby Abbey (1220s)"><img alt="Whitby Abbey (1220s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Whitby_Abbey_060615.jpg/463px-Whitby_Abbey_060615.jpg" decoding="async" width="309" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Whitby_Abbey_060615.jpg/694px-Whitby_Abbey_060615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Whitby_Abbey_060615.jpg/925px-Whitby_Abbey_060615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="1666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a> (1220s)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_Gothic_and_Rayonnant_Gothic_–_France_(Thirteenth_Century)"><span id="High_Gothic_and_Rayonnant_Gothic_.E2.80.93_France_.28Thirteenth_Century.29"></span>High Gothic and Rayonnant Gothic – France (Thirteenth Century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: High Gothic and Rayonnant Gothic – France (Thirteenth Century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayonnant Gothic">Rayonnant Gothic</a></div> <p>In France, the last part of the long reign of King <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Auguste" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe Auguste">Philippe Auguste</a> (1179–1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral. He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe. He was also a great builder, constructing the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a> and the first wall around Paris, and founding the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (1215).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201520_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201520-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Rayonnant_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Rayonnant-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a>. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size. The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls. The great monuments of the style included <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, the modified <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (consecrated 1248).<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Rayonnant_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Rayonnant-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> </b> was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact. It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201520-21_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201520-21-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters). It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels. The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels. Chartres has a number of innovative features. The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three. This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony. Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201520_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201520-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the process of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-icu_light_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icu_light-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chartres Cathedral (1194–1221), showing the flying buttresses."><img alt="Chartres Cathedral (1194–1221), showing the flying buttresses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg/393px-Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg/590px-Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg/786px-Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (1194–1221), showing the flying buttresses. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triforium_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The three levels of the nave of Chartres Cathedral, with larger windows in the clerestory on the top level."><img alt="The three levels of the nave of Chartres Cathedral, with larger windows in the clerestory on the top level." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/400px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/600px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/800px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The three levels of the nave of Chartres Cathedral, with larger windows in the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> on the top level.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_(2012.01)_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South rose window of Chartres Cathedral."><img alt="South rose window of Chartres Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg/200px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg/299px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg/399px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> of Chartres Cathedral.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a></b> during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style. The old sexpartite <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a> vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults. Dramatic new Rayonnant <a href="/wiki/Rose_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose windows">rose windows</a> were added to the north and south transepts. Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to the clerestory. The two towers were completed in 1245.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide303_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide303-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 303.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 301.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_3_June_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame, showing south rose window and extended flying buttresses around the choir (about 1260)"><img alt="Notre-Dame, showing south rose window and extended flying buttresses around the choir (about 1260)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_3_June_2010.jpg/452px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_3_June_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_3_June_2010.jpg/678px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_3_June_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_3_June_2010.jpg/904px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_3_June_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notre-Dame, showing south rose window and extended flying buttresses around the choir (about 1260) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_rose_window_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_Aug_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The north rose window of Notre Dame (about 1260)"><img alt="The north rose window of Notre Dame (about 1260)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_rose_window_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Aug_2010.jpg/230px-North_rose_window_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Aug_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_rose_window_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Aug_2010.jpg/346px-North_rose_window_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Aug_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_rose_window_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Aug_2010.jpg/461px-North_rose_window_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_Aug_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="4650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The north rose window of Notre Dame (about 1260)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> </b> was begun in 1220. Its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded. Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept. Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different. At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above. Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further. The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201528_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201528-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Amiens Cathedral (begun 1220)"><img alt="Amiens Cathedral (begun 1220)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG/195px-0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG/293px-0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG/391px-0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> (begun 1220)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_Cathedral_choir_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir and altar of Amiens Cathedral"><img alt="Choir and altar of Amiens Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amiens_Cathedral_choir_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/300px-Amiens_Cathedral_choir_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amiens_Cathedral_choir_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/450px-Amiens_Cathedral_choir_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amiens_Cathedral_choir_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/600px-Amiens_Cathedral_choir_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="3855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir and altar of Amiens Cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a></b> (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> at his palace on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> in Paris to shelter the relics of the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Christ">Passion of Christ</a>. It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the relics were kept, where the walls are filled with an exceptional array of stained glass windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide297_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide297-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SteChapelle_von_N.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48)"><img alt="Exterior of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SteChapelle_von_N.JPG/266px-SteChapelle_von_N.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SteChapelle_von_N.JPG/399px-SteChapelle_von_N.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SteChapelle_von_N.JPG/532px-SteChapelle_von_N.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper chapel of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48)"><img alt="Upper chapel of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/151px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/227px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/302px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Upper chapel of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (1241–48)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_-_Rosace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rayonnant rose window of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48)"><img alt="The Rayonnant rose window of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Rosace.jpg/387px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Rosace.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Rosace.jpg/581px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Rosace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Rosace.jpg/775px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Rosace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Rayonnant rose window of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (1241–48)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> </b> had the special distinction as the coronation church for the Kings of France. The Romanesque cathedral was destroyed by a fire in 1210. The Archbishop Aubrey de Humbert began a new cathedral in the Gothic style in 1211. The choir was finished in 1241. Work on the façade did not begin until 1251, and was not finished until the 16th century. It was heavily damaged in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, but restored and reconsecrated in 1937. Like Chartres, the elevation has just three levels, giving more space for windows. The traditional tympanum on the façade was replaced by a large rose window, while the sculpture usually on the tympanum was moved to the inside of the façade. Another innovation at the Reims was the placement of each stained glass windows in a large separate <i>chassis</i>, or frame, rather than directly into the wall, which allowed much more complex patterns. Another innovation was the placement of statues of angels sheltered in the pinnacles atop the flying buttresses. In all, Reims has more than 2300 statues in its decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201526_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201526-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of Reims Cathedral (1211 to the 16th century)"><img alt="Façade of Reims Cathedral (1211 to the 16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png/186px-Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png/279px-Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png/372px-Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> (1211 to the 16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims_Cathedrale_Notre_Dame_interior_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Western rose window"><img alt="Western rose window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reims_Cathedrale_Notre_Dame_interior_002.JPG/225px-Reims_Cathedrale_Notre_Dame_interior_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reims_Cathedrale_Notre_Dame_interior_002.JPG/337px-Reims_Cathedrale_Notre_Dame_interior_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Reims_Cathedrale_Notre_Dame_interior_002.JPG/450px-Reims_Cathedrale_Notre_Dame_interior_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western rose window</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> </b> had an unfortunate history. After a fire in 1225 destroyed the old cathedral, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Nanteuil" title="Milo of Nanteuil">Milon de Nanteuil</a> proposed to construct the tallest cathedral of all. The choir, forty meters high, was finished in 1272, but collapsed in 1284. It was rebuilt with reinforced pillar vaults with additional rib in the 14th century. The transept was completed in the 1560s and was capped with a stone and wood spire 150 meters high. Unfortunately, the spire collapsed in 1573, and the cathedral was left unfinished, with only the choir and transept completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201529_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201529-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 259.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 257.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvais_Cathedral_Exterior_1,_Picardy,_France_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The unfinished Beauvais Cathedral (1225–1272)"><img alt="The unfinished Beauvais Cathedral (1225–1272)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Beauvais_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/386px-Beauvais_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Beauvais_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/579px-Beauvais_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Beauvais_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/772px-Beauvais_Cathedral_Exterior_1%2C_Picardy%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6931" data-file-height="5389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The unfinished <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> (1225–1272)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Picardie_Beauvais2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir of Beauvais Cathedral"><img alt="Choir of Beauvais Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Picardie_Beauvais2_tango7174.jpg/164px-Picardie_Beauvais2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Picardie_Beauvais2_tango7174.jpg/246px-Picardie_Beauvais2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Picardie_Beauvais2_tango7174.jpg/328px-Picardie_Beauvais2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir of Beauvais Cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_regional_Gothic_–_Normandy"><span id="French_regional_Gothic_.E2.80.93_Normandy"></span>French regional Gothic – Normandy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French regional Gothic – Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a> was distinct from the French style. In 1204, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> claimed Normandy for France. and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed. The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features. One of these was the Norman <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a>, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome. The <a href="/wiki/Lantern_tower" title="Lantern tower">lantern tower</a> was another popular feature in Norman Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarousseGothique-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lessay_Abbey" title="Lessay Abbey">Lessay Abbey</a></b> (1098) in Normandy, a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>. The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a>, making them among the earliest Gothic vaults in Europe. The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original Romanesque style.<sup id="cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarousseGothique-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisieux_Cathedral" title="Lisieux Cathedral">Lisieux Cathedral</a></b> begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201538_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201538-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Cathedral" title="Bayeux Cathedral">Bayeux Cathedral</a></b> (1060–1070). The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coutances_Cathedral" title="Coutances Cathedral">Coutances Cathedral</a></b> was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220. Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendentive vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201530_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201530-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a></b> (begun 1185). The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a>, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three. The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels. It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201530-31_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201530-31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Evreux_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Evreux Cathedral">Evreux Cathedral</a></b> begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201520-21_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201520-21-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Abbey" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey">Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey</a></b> was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in the 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060–1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135. The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203–1228. The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311. The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in the 19th century, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LessayAbbaye3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lessay Abbey, with its Norman lantern tower and at transept and semicircular chevet at the east end"><img alt="Lessay Abbey, with its Norman lantern tower and at transept and semicircular chevet at the east end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LessayAbbaye3.JPG/400px-LessayAbbaye3.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LessayAbbaye3.JPG/600px-LessayAbbaye3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LessayAbbaye3.JPG/800px-LessayAbbaye3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lessay_Abbey" title="Lessay Abbey">Lessay Abbey</a>, with its Norman lantern tower and at transept and semicircular <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a> at the east end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_choeur_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rib vaults of Lessay Abbey (1098), restored to original form after World War II."><img alt="Rib vaults of Lessay Abbey (1098), restored to original form after World War II." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_choeur_2.JPG/225px-Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_choeur_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_choeur_2.JPG/337px-Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_choeur_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_choeur_2.JPG/450px-Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_choeur_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rib vaults of <a href="/wiki/Lessay_Abbey" title="Lessay Abbey">Lessay Abbey</a> (1098), restored to original form after World War II. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:50200_Coutances,_France_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coutances Cathedral"><img alt="Coutances Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/50200_Coutances%2C_France_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/402px-50200_Coutances%2C_France_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/50200_Coutances%2C_France_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/603px-50200_Coutances%2C_France_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/50200_Coutances%2C_France_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/803px-50200_Coutances%2C_France_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coutances_Cathedral" title="Coutances Cathedral">Coutances Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vo%C3%BBtes_du_choeur_et_tour_lanterne_Notre-Dame_de_Coutances.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaults and lantern tower of Coutances Cathedral in Normandy (1210–1274)"><img alt="Vaults and lantern tower of Coutances Cathedral in Normandy (1210–1274)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Vo%C3%BBtes_du_choeur_et_tour_lanterne_Notre-Dame_de_Coutances.jpg/200px-Vo%C3%BBtes_du_choeur_et_tour_lanterne_Notre-Dame_de_Coutances.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Vo%C3%BBtes_du_choeur_et_tour_lanterne_Notre-Dame_de_Coutances.jpg/300px-Vo%C3%BBtes_du_choeur_et_tour_lanterne_Notre-Dame_de_Coutances.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Vo%C3%BBtes_du_choeur_et_tour_lanterne_Notre-Dame_de_Coutances.jpg/400px-Vo%C3%BBtes_du_choeur_et_tour_lanterne_Notre-Dame_de_Coutances.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vaults and lantern tower of <a href="/wiki/Coutances_Cathedral" title="Coutances Cathedral">Coutances Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> (1210–1274)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisieux,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_PM_30664.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir of Lisieux Cathedral"><img alt="Choir of Lisieux Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lisieux%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_PM_30664.jpg/286px-Lisieux%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_PM_30664.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lisieux%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_PM_30664.jpg/428px-Lisieux%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_PM_30664.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lisieux%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_PM_30664.jpg/571px-Lisieux%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_PM_30664.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir of <a href="/wiki/Lisieux_Cathedral" title="Lisieux Cathedral">Lisieux Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of Lisieux Cathedral, with lantern tower and cheviot"><img alt="Exterior of Lisieux Cathedral, with lantern tower and cheviot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg/400px-Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg/600px-Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg/800px-Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of <a href="/wiki/Lisieux_Cathedral" title="Lisieux Cathedral">Lisieux Cathedral</a>, with lantern tower and cheviot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portail_transept_nord_cath%C3%A9drale_d%27%C3%89vreux.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="North transept portal of Evreux Cathedral, Normandy."><img alt="North transept portal of Evreux Cathedral, Normandy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Portail_transept_nord_cath%C3%A9drale_d%27%C3%89vreux.JPG/225px-Portail_transept_nord_cath%C3%A9drale_d%27%C3%89vreux.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Portail_transept_nord_cath%C3%A9drale_d%27%C3%89vreux.JPG/337px-Portail_transept_nord_cath%C3%A9drale_d%27%C3%89vreux.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Portail_transept_nord_cath%C3%A9drale_d%27%C3%89vreux.JPG/450px-Portail_transept_nord_cath%C3%A9drale_d%27%C3%89vreux.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North transept portal of <a href="/wiki/Evreux_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Evreux Cathedral">Evreux Cathedral</a>, Normandy. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandie_Eure_Evreux2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir of Evreux Cathedral"><img alt="Choir of Evreux Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Normandie_Eure_Evreux2_tango7174.jpg/180px-Normandie_Eure_Evreux2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Normandie_Eure_Evreux2_tango7174.jpg/270px-Normandie_Eure_Evreux2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Normandie_Eure_Evreux2_tango7174.jpg/360px-Normandie_Eure_Evreux2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir of <a href="/wiki/Evreux_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Evreux Cathedral">Evreux Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandie_Eure_Evreux3_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The octagonal central tower of Evreux Cathedral seen from below"><img alt="The octagonal central tower of Evreux Cathedral seen from below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Normandie_Eure_Evreux3_tango7174.jpg/225px-Normandie_Eure_Evreux3_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Normandie_Eure_Evreux3_tango7174.jpg/337px-Normandie_Eure_Evreux3_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Normandie_Eure_Evreux3_tango7174.jpg/450px-Normandie_Eure_Evreux3_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The octagonal central tower of <a href="/wiki/Evreux_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Evreux Cathedral">Evreux Cathedral</a> seen from below</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey was rebuilt from Romanesque to Gothic in the 12th century."><img alt="Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey was rebuilt from Romanesque to Gothic in the 12th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg/424px-FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg/635px-FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg/847px-FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Abbey" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey">Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey</a> was rebuilt from Romanesque to Gothic in the 12th century. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 362px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 360px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandie_Manche_Mont1_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gothic cloister of Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey (12th century)"><img alt="The Gothic cloister of Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey (12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Normandie_Manche_Mont1_tango7174.jpg/540px-Normandie_Manche_Mont1_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Normandie_Manche_Mont1_tango7174.jpg/810px-Normandie_Manche_Mont1_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Normandie_Manche_Mont1_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gothic cloister of <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Abbey" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey">Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey</a> (12th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meridional_or_southern_French_Gothic">Meridional or southern French Gothic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meridional or southern French Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a></b>. In the southwest of France, <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a> (begun 1282) is an example of <a href="/wiki/Southern_French_Gothic" title="Southern French Gothic">Southern French Gothic</a>. It is built entirely of brick, due to the shortage of suitable stone. In place of flying buttresses, it uses semicircular tower-like supports the height of the building. It is austere in form, with no transept, There is a tower, but a minimum of other decoration. It is massive in size, 113 meters long, 35 meters wide and 30 meters high. The interior is filled with carved stalls and works of polychrome sculpture, largely in their original state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201547_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201547-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albi_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of Albi Cathedral (begun 1222)"><img alt="Exterior of Albi Cathedral (begun 1222)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albi_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/450px-Albi_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albi_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/675px-Albi_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albi_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/900px-Albi_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a> (begun 1222)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Albi)_East_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_Apse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of the apse of Albi Cathedral"><img alt="Exterior of the apse of Albi Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%28Albi%29_East_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_Apse.jpg/289px-%28Albi%29_East_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_Apse.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%28Albi%29_East_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_Apse.jpg/434px-%28Albi%29_East_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_Apse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%28Albi%29_East_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_Apse.jpg/578px-%28Albi%29_East_views_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_Apse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4018" data-file-height="4169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of the apse of Albi Cathedral </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albi_Cathedral_Nave_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The colorful interior of Albi Cathedral"><img alt="The colorful interior of Albi Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Albi_Cathedral_Nave_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/326px-Albi_Cathedral_Nave_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Albi_Cathedral_Nave_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/489px-Albi_Cathedral_Nave_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Albi_Cathedral_Nave_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/652px-Albi_Cathedral_Nave_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The colorful interior of <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_–_Decorated_Gothic"><span id="England_.E2.80.93_Decorated_Gothic"></span>England – Decorated Gothic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: England – Decorated Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called <a href="/wiki/Decorated_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated Gothic">Decorated Gothic</a>, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture. It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century. The simple and functional quadrapartite <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> was replaced by more elaborate <a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">lierne</a> vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative.<sup id="cite_ref-EBGA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (after 1245) and in the east end of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul's Cathedral">Saint Paul's Cathedral</a> (1258). Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBGA_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second part of this period in England is often called <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">Perpendicular</a>, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height. </p> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> </b>(1176–1445) has features that illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture. Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works. It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning. Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height. The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgement">Day of Judgement</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. The statues were originally painted in bright colours. In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326. These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above. A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326. Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative <a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">Lierne vault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stellar vault of the Lady Chapel"><img alt="Stellar vault of the Lady Chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg/375px-Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg/563px-Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg/750px-Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stellar vault of the Lady Chapel </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West front of Wells Cathedral, decorated with four hundred statues"><img alt="West front of Wells Cathedral, decorated with four hundred statues" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/349px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/523px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/697px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5867" data-file-height="5050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West front of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>, decorated with four hundred statues</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Arches,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scissor arches, built to reinforce the tower above (1338–48)"><img alt="Scissor arches, built to reinforce the tower above (1338–48)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wells_Cathedral_Arches%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/267px-Wells_Cathedral_Arches%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wells_Cathedral_Arches%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/400px-Wells_Cathedral_Arches%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wells_Cathedral_Arches%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/534px-Wells_Cathedral_Arches%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5402" data-file-height="6073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scissor arches, built to reinforce the tower above (1338–48)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The octagonal Chapter House, with vaults like palm trees"><img alt="The octagonal Chapter House, with vaults like palm trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/345px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/517px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/689px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6892" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The octagonal <a href="/wiki/Chapter_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter House">Chapter House</a>, with vaults like palm trees</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> </b>. The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic. The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the <a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">lierne</a> vaults and especially in the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> of the stained glass windows.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_Choir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_718449.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Angel Choir of Lincoln Cathedral (1256–1280)"><img alt="The Angel Choir of Lincoln Cathedral (1256–1280)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angel_Choir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_718449.jpg/450px-Angel_Choir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_718449.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Angel_Choir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_718449.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Angel Choir of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1256–1280)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vault_of_Angel_Choir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vault of the Angel Choir (1256–1280)"><img alt="Vault of the Angel Choir (1256–1280)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vault_of_Angel_Choir.jpg/225px-Vault_of_Angel_Choir.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vault_of_Angel_Choir.jpg/337px-Vault_of_Angel_Choir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vault_of_Angel_Choir.jpg/450px-Vault_of_Angel_Choir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vault of the Angel Choir (1256–1280)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_stained_glass_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bishop's Eye Window (1256–80), noted for its elaborate tracery"><img alt="Bishop's Eye Window (1256–80), noted for its elaborate tracery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lincoln_Cathedral_stained_glass_02.jpg/225px-Lincoln_Cathedral_stained_glass_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lincoln_Cathedral_stained_glass_02.jpg/337px-Lincoln_Cathedral_stained_glass_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lincoln_Cathedral_stained_glass_02.jpg/450px-Lincoln_Cathedral_stained_glass_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bishop's Eye Window (1256–80), noted for its elaborate tracery</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> </b>was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, then under construction. The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster_Nave_1,_Nth_Yorkshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of York Minster in the perpendicular style (1280–1360)"><img alt="Nave of York Minster in the perpendicular style (1280–1360)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/389px-York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/584px-York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/778px-York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="7714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> in the perpendicular style (1280–1360)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster_(2797690).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South transept and rose window of York Minster"><img alt="South transept and rose window of York Minster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/York_Minster_%282797690%29.jpg/400px-York_Minster_%282797690%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/York_Minster_%282797690%29.jpg/600px-York_Minster_%282797690%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/York_Minster_%282797690%29.jpg/800px-York_Minster_%282797690%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South transept and rose window of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkminster_west_glass_8430.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The great west window of York Minster"><img alt="The great west window of York Minster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yorkminster_west_glass_8430.jpg/200px-Yorkminster_west_glass_8430.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yorkminster_west_glass_8430.jpg/300px-Yorkminster_west_glass_8430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yorkminster_west_glass_8430.jpg/400px-Yorkminster_west_glass_8430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="3920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The great west window of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a> (1112–1400)</b> was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in <a href="/wiki/Decorated_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated Style">Decorated Style</a> beginning in 1258. It was constructed with local stone, including <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Marble" title="Purbeck Marble">Purbeck Marble</a>. Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of Exeter Cathedral"><img alt="Exterior of Exeter Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg/409px-Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg/614px-Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg/818px-Exeter-28Ap11-wyrdlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exeter_Cathedral_Nave,_Exeter,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The nave of Exeter Cathedral"><img alt="The nave of Exeter Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Exeter_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/269px-Exeter_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Exeter_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/403px-Exeter_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Exeter_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/538px-Exeter_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The nave of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Holy_Roman_Empire_–_Strasbourg,_Cologne,_Prague"><span id="The_Holy_Roman_Empire_.E2.80.93_Strasbourg.2C_Cologne.2C_Prague"></span>The Holy Roman Empire – Strasbourg, Cologne, Prague</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Holy Roman Empire – Strasbourg, Cologne, Prague"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a></b> (1176–1459) in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, then separate from France and part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, was begun after a fire destroyed the earlier Romanesque cathedral. The rebuilding began in the original Romanesque style, but when the builders saw the new French style at Chartres, they changed their plans and began anew. The south transept was completed first, then the nave, completed in 1275. They built on top of the original Romanesque foundations, which accounts for the unusually wide spacing of the pillars of the grand arcades. The façade was begun in 1277, using the reddish <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a> mountains. A spire was added to the north tower, completed in 1439. At 142 meters, it is the highest still existing medieval spire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201540–41_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201540–41-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The west front of Strasbourg Cathedral. (1176–1459)"><img alt="The west front of Strasbourg Cathedral. (1176–1459)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/235px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/352px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/469px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6574" data-file-height="8402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west front of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a>. (1176–1459)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispice_cath%C3%A9drale_Strasbourg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the west front of Strasbourg Cathedral"><img alt="Detail of the west front of Strasbourg Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frontispice_cath%C3%A9drale_Strasbourg.JPG/400px-Frontispice_cath%C3%A9drale_Strasbourg.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frontispice_cath%C3%A9drale_Strasbourg.JPG/600px-Frontispice_cath%C3%A9drale_Strasbourg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frontispice_cath%C3%A9drale_Strasbourg.JPG/800px-Frontispice_cath%C3%A9drale_Strasbourg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the west front of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Strasbourg Cathedral"><img alt="Nave of Strasbourg Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg/289px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg/434px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg/578px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="4221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_04a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Windows (1210–1270)"><img alt="Emperor Windows (1210–1270)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_04a.jpg/219px-StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_04a.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_04a.jpg/329px-StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_04a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_04a.jpg/438px-StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_04a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="4071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emperor Windows (1210–1270)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></b> was begun in 1248 as a pilgrimage site whose attraction was a <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> of the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kings">Three Kings</a>. An earlier cathedral on the same site since 1176 had been destroyed by fire in 1248. The choir was completed in 1320 and the cathedral was consecrated in 1322. Work continued until 1560, but then construction ceased, leaving it unfinished until 1842 when work recommenced. It was finally completed in 1880. The structure was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II, but was back in service by 1948 and restoration was complete by 1956. The cathedral is best known for its gigantic size and height; it is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe. The nave and choir are 144.5 m (474 ft) long and 86.25 m (283 ft) high. The two towers are 157 m (515 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-EBCC_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne Cathedral (1248–1560)"><img alt="Cologne Cathedral (1248–1560)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg/190px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg/286px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg/381px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4589" data-file-height="7220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (1248–1560)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The nave, looking east."><img alt="The nave, looking east." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/190px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/285px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/380px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The nave, looking east.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buttresses and pinnacles on the east end"><img alt="Buttresses and pinnacles on the east end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/225px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/337px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/450px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buttresses and pinnacles on the east end</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Cathedral">Prague Cathedral</a></b> or St. Vitus's Cathedral, was originally begun in the French style 1344 by the French master builder Matthieu d'Arras. After his death in 1353, the King of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, Charles IV, selected a young Bohemian builder, <a href="/wiki/Petr_Parler" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Parler">Petr Parler</a>, twenty-three years old, to continue the work. The south tower and spire followed the model of the cathedrals of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. The great originality was in the interior, where Parler made imaginative use of more decorative vaults, in fan shapes, with their ribs rising through space, and decorative bosses hanging down the from the ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-EBWA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBWA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_High_Gothic">Italian High Gothic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italian High Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy resisted the Gothic style, using the Romanesque style longer than in Northern Europe, and unlike Northern Europe, it only rarely imitated the French style. Also, building available building materials were different; Italian cathedrals were usually built of brick, not stone, and marble was abundant. Italian architects did adapt some aspects of the northern style, including the rib vault and columns attached to the walls. Early examples were the <b><a href="/wiki/Pisa_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa Baptistry">Pisa Baptistry</a></b> (1259–60) and the façade of <b> <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a></b> (1265–68).<sup id="cite_ref-EBWA_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBWA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some builders modified some aspects of northern Gothic; <b><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a></b> (1294) used very large arcades to create greater interior space. Notable examples of Italian Rayoannant include the façade of <b><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a> </b>, the façade of <b> <a href="/wiki/Sienna_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sienna Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a> </b>and the bell tower of <b> <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> </b>. begun by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in 1334. <b><a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a></b> was the Italian cathedral most influenced by Northern Europe. However, its distinctive flamboyant exterior, begun in 1386, was not completed until 1805 for the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> as King of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-EBWA_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBWA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Baptistry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pisa Baptistry (1259–60)"><img alt="Pisa Baptistry (1259–60)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pisa_Baptistry.jpg/240px-Pisa_Baptistry.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pisa_Baptistry.jpg/360px-Pisa_Baptistry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pisa_Baptistry.jpg/480px-Pisa_Baptistry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="2517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pisa_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa Baptistry">Pisa Baptistry</a> (1259–60)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:File-_The_facade_of_the_Cathedral_in_Siena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of Siena Cathedral (1265–68)"><img alt="Façade of Siena Cathedral (1265–68)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/File-_The_facade_of_the_Cathedral_in_Siena.jpg/400px-File-_The_facade_of_the_Cathedral_in_Siena.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/File-_The_facade_of_the_Cathedral_in_Siena.jpg/600px-File-_The_facade_of_the_Cathedral_in_Siena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/File-_The_facade_of_the_Cathedral_in_Siena.jpg/800px-File-_The_facade_of_the_Cathedral_in_Siena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a> (1265–68)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Florence Cathedral, with its wide and deep galleries (1294)"><img alt="Nave of Florence Cathedral, with its wide and deep galleries (1294)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg/244px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg/367px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg/489px-Duomo_Firenze_Apr_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>, with its wide and deep galleries (1294)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CampanileGiotto-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campanile, or bell tower of Florence Cathedral, by Giotto (begun 1334)"><img alt="Campanile, or bell tower of Florence Cathedral, by Giotto (begun 1334)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CampanileGiotto-01.jpg/200px-CampanileGiotto-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CampanileGiotto-01.jpg/300px-CampanileGiotto-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CampanileGiotto-01.jpg/400px-CampanileGiotto-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="3327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Campanile, or bell tower of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> (begun 1334)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of Orvieto Cathedral (1290–1591)"><img alt="Façade of Orvieto Cathedral (1290–1591)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG/400px-Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG/600px-Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG/800px-Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a> (1290–1591)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Orvieto Cathedral, with its wide galleries"><img alt="Interior of Orvieto Cathedral, with its wide galleries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg/400px-Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg/600px-Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg/800px-Interno_duomo_Orvieto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a>, with its wide galleries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milan Cathedral (1386–1805)"><img alt="Milan Cathedral (1386–1805)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/399px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/599px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/799px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="3129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> (1386–1805)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flamboyant_Gothic_–_France_and_Spain"><span id="Flamboyant_Gothic_.E2.80.93_France_and_Spain"></span>Flamboyant Gothic – France and Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flamboyant Gothic – France and Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last phase of Gothic was called <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a>, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs. It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-EBF_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBF-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a></b> The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th–16th century).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Maclou" title="Church of Saint-Maclou">Church of Saint-Maclou</a> </b> in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (1500–1514). This church, not far from <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a>, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France.<sup id="cite_ref-EBF_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBF-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Tour_Saint-Jacques" title="Tour Saint-Jacques">Tour Saint-Jacques</a></b>, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style. It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of <a href="/wiki/Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a>, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rouen Cathedral has a Flamboyant central tower (13th–16th century) and right tower (15th century)"><img alt="Rouen Cathedral has a Flamboyant central tower (13th–16th century) and right tower (15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg/187px-Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg/281px-Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg/375px-Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="6328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> has a Flamboyant central tower (13th–16th century) and right tower (15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Rouen_(17101805733).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of west façade of Rouen Cathedral (13th–16th century)"><img alt="Detail of west façade of Rouen Cathedral (13th–16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Rouen_%2817101805733%29.jpg/450px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Rouen_%2817101805733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Rouen_%2817101805733%29.jpg/675px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Rouen_%2817101805733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Rouen_%2817101805733%29.jpg/900px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Rouen_%2817101805733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of west façade of <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> (13th–16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint-Maclou_(France).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint-Maclou, Rouen (1500–1514)"><img alt="Church of Saint-Maclou, Rouen (1500–1514)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Church_of_Saint-Maclou_%28France%29.jpg/199px-Church_of_Saint-Maclou_%28France%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Church_of_Saint-Maclou_%28France%29.jpg/299px-Church_of_Saint-Maclou_%28France%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Church_of_Saint-Maclou_%28France%29.jpg/398px-Church_of_Saint-Maclou_%28France%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Maclou" title="Church of Saint-Maclou">Church of Saint-Maclou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (1500–1514)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Saint-Jacques_BLS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris (16th century)"><img alt="Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tour_Saint-Jacques_BLS.jpg/181px-Tour_Saint-Jacques_BLS.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tour_Saint-Jacques_BLS.jpg/271px-Tour_Saint-Jacques_BLS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tour_Saint-Jacques_BLS.jpg/361px-Tour_Saint-Jacques_BLS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4251" data-file-height="7057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tour_Saint-Jacques" title="Tour Saint-Jacques">Tour Saint-Jacques</a>, Paris (16th century)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a></b>. Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three-story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals. Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls. The new work was not completed until 1567. The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans. The design of golden stairway in the north transept by <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Siloe" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego de Siloe">Diego de Siloe</a> (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux</a>; then in the 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> in Paris by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgos_-_Catedral_118_-_Puerta_de_la_Coroneria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Door of the apostles, Burgos Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="Door of the apostles, Burgos Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Burgos_-_Catedral_118_-_Puerta_de_la_Coroneria.jpg/400px-Burgos_-_Catedral_118_-_Puerta_de_la_Coroneria.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Burgos_-_Catedral_118_-_Puerta_de_la_Coroneria.jpg/600px-Burgos_-_Catedral_118_-_Puerta_de_la_Coroneria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Burgos_-_Catedral_118_-_Puerta_de_la_Coroneria.jpg/800px-Burgos_-_Catedral_118_-_Puerta_de_la_Coroneria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Door of the apostles, <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escaleras_a_la_Catedral_--_2023_--_Burgos,_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n,_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant Gothic towers and façade of Burgos Cathedral (13th–16th century)"><img alt="Flamboyant Gothic towers and façade of Burgos Cathedral (13th–16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Escaleras_a_la_Catedral_--_2023_--_Burgos%2C_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/200px-Escaleras_a_la_Catedral_--_2023_--_Burgos%2C_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Escaleras_a_la_Catedral_--_2023_--_Burgos%2C_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/300px-Escaleras_a_la_Catedral_--_2023_--_Burgos%2C_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Escaleras_a_la_Catedral_--_2023_--_Burgos%2C_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/400px-Escaleras_a_la_Catedral_--_2023_--_Burgos%2C_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n%2C_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3823" data-file-height="5735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flamboyant Gothic towers and façade of <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a> (13th–16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 267.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgos-vierung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Star vault of the Cupola of Burgos Cathedral (15th–16th century)"><img alt="Star vault of the Cupola of Burgos Cathedral (15th–16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Burgos-vierung.jpg/398px-Burgos-vierung.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Burgos-vierung.jpg/596px-Burgos-vierung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Burgos-vierung.jpg/795px-Burgos-vierung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Star vault of the Cupola of <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a> (15th–16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 303.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 301.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escalera_Dorada.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Golden Stairway of the north transept of Burgos Cathedral (1519)"><img alt="The Golden Stairway of the north transept of Burgos Cathedral (1519)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Escalera_Dorada.JPG/452px-Escalera_Dorada.JPG" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Escalera_Dorada.JPG/678px-Escalera_Dorada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Escalera_Dorada.JPG/904px-Escalera_Dorada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Golden Stairway of the north transept of <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a> (1519)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Segovia_Cathedral" title="Segovia Cathedral">Segovia Cathedral</a></b> (1525–1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament. The dome was a 17th-century addition. The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 303.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 301.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Segovia_Capital_-_143_(31267083532).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Segovia Cathedral (1525-1577). The domes are a 17th-century addition, replacing wooden spires."><img alt="Segovia Cathedral (1525-1577). The domes are a 17th-century addition, replacing wooden spires." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Segovia_Capital_-_143_%2831267083532%29.jpg/452px-Segovia_Capital_-_143_%2831267083532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Segovia_Capital_-_143_%2831267083532%29.jpg/678px-Segovia_Capital_-_143_%2831267083532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Segovia_Capital_-_143_%2831267083532%29.jpg/904px-Segovia_Capital_-_143_%2831267083532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Segovia_Cathedral" title="Segovia Cathedral">Segovia Cathedral</a> (1525-1577). The domes are a 17th-century addition, replacing wooden spires. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia,_decoraci%C3%B3n_interior8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Segovia Cathedral"><img alt="Interior of Segovia Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia%2C_decoraci%C3%B3n_interior8.jpg/200px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia%2C_decoraci%C3%B3n_interior8.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia%2C_decoraci%C3%B3n_interior8.jpg/300px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia%2C_decoraci%C3%B3n_interior8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia%2C_decoraci%C3%B3n_interior8.jpg/400px-Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia%2C_decoraci%C3%B3n_interior8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="4176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Segovia Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_interior,_Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloisters of Segovia Cathedral"><img alt="Cloisters of Segovia Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Patio_interior%2C_Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia.jpg/287px-Patio_interior%2C_Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Patio_interior%2C_Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia.jpg/430px-Patio_interior%2C_Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Patio_interior%2C_Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia.jpg/574px-Patio_interior%2C_Catedral_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Segovia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7564" data-file-height="7908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cloisters of Segovia Cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpendicular_Gothic_–_England_(Late_13th–16th_century)"><span id="Perpendicular_Gothic_.E2.80.93_England_.28Late_13th.E2.80.9316th_century.29"></span>Perpendicular Gothic – England (Late 13th–16th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Perpendicular Gothic – England (Late 13th–16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> in England, in the late 13th–16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France. It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery. Windows occupied the major part of the wall space. The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan vault</a>, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative. Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, and the chapel of Henry IV in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> (1089–1499)</b> contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Architecture">Norman Architecture</a>. The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is <a href="/wiki/Decorated_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated Gothic">Decorated Gothic</a>. The south porch uses the Perpendicular style <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan vault</a>, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351–1379. The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i> films.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gloucester Cathedral (1089–1499)"><img alt="Gloucester Cathedral (1089–1499)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG/421px-Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG" decoding="async" width="281" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG/631px-Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG/841px-Gloucester_Cathedral_exterior_2019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="2793" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gloucester Cathedral (1089–1499)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar,_Gloucestershire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gloucester Cathedral choir and high altar (1089–1499)"><img alt="Gloucester Cathedral choir and high altar (1089–1499)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/373px-Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/560px-Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/747px-Gloucester_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> choir and high altar (1089–1499)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 338.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 336.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral, with the oldest surviving English fan vaults."><img alt="The Cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral, with the oldest surviving English fan vaults." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg/505px-The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="337" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg/757px-The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg/1009px-The_Cloisters_at_Gloucester_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6339" data-file-height="3771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral, with the oldest surviving English fan vaults. </div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Kings_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings College Chapel">Kings College Chapel</a></b> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> architecture. It was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>. The windows were added in 1531, and ornate <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a>, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532–36. The immense decorative <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan vaults</a> are a distinctive perpendicular feature. In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_view_of_King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King's College Chapel at Cambridge University"><img alt="King's College Chapel at Cambridge University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rear_view_of_King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge.jpg/388px-Rear_view_of_King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rear_view_of_King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge.jpg/582px-Rear_view_of_King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rear_view_of_King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge.jpg/777px-Rear_view_of_King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windows of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1451) fill almost all the wall space."><img alt="Windows of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1451) fill almost all the wall space." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg/450px-Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg/675px-Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg/900px-Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4897" data-file-height="3267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windows of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a>, Cambridge (1446–1451) fill almost all the wall space. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vaults.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fan vault was used in the nave and choir of King's College Chapel (1446–51)"><img alt="The Fan vault was used in the nave and choir of King's College Chapel (1446–51)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vaults.jpg/225px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vaults.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vaults.jpg/337px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vaults.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vaults.jpg/450px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vaults.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">Fan vault</a> was used in the nave and choir of King's College Chapel (1446–51)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a></b> of <b><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></b>. The chapel was built by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpendicular style">perpendicular style</a>. Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years. Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic_2_(34364485105).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey, built by Henry VII of England"><img alt="The Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey, built by Henry VII of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gothic_2_%2834364485105%29.jpg/366px-Gothic_2_%2834364485105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gothic_2_%2834364485105%29.jpg/549px-Gothic_2_%2834364485105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gothic_2_%2834364485105%29.jpg/731px-Gothic_2_%2834364485105%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3765" data-file-height="3089" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vnytrzhe_Westminsterskeho_abbatstwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceiling of the Henry VII Chapel, with hanging pendant vaults"><img alt="Ceiling of the Henry VII Chapel, with hanging pendant vaults" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vnytrzhe_Westminsterskeho_abbatstwa.jpg/400px-Vnytrzhe_Westminsterskeho_abbatstwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vnytrzhe_Westminsterskeho_abbatstwa.jpg/600px-Vnytrzhe_Westminsterskeho_abbatstwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vnytrzhe_Westminsterskeho_abbatstwa.jpg/801px-Vnytrzhe_Westminsterskeho_abbatstwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a>, with hanging pendant vaults</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Posthumous bust of Henry VII by his tomb in the Henry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey by Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiani (1509)"><img alt="Posthumous bust of Henry VII by his tomb in the Henry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey by Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiani (1509)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/252px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/378px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/503px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="3127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Posthumous bust of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> by his tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> by Italian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torrigiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro Torrigiani">Pietro Torrigiani</a> (1509)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_from_Gothic_to_Renaissance_(16th_century)"><span id="Transition_from_Gothic_to_Renaissance_.2816th_century.29"></span>Transition from Gothic to Renaissance (16th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transition from Gothic to Renaissance (16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, a transition began in Europe from Gothic toward the classicism of the Renaissance. It began in Italy, particularly in Florence, and was based on admiration for ancient Roman models. It led to copying Greek and Roman sculpture, and then classical architectural models, such as the column, round arch and the dome. </p><p>In France, the transition was most evident at the church of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Saint-Eustache, Paris</a></b> in Paris, located next to the city market of <a href="/wiki/Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a>, begun in 1532 by the Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Domenico_da_Cortona" title="Domenico da Cortona">Domenico da Cortona</a>, the favourite of King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, who also designed many of the Renaissance elements of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a>. Because of technical and financial difficulties and the intervening <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>, it was not finished until 1640. It was largely Gothic on the exterior, but the interior was a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance classicism, such as hanging pendants from keystones of the vaults, and orders of classical columns. It received a new classical west front by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a> in 1754. During the French Revolution it was pillaged and turned into the Temple of Agriculture, and suffered a fire in 1844, but was restored.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Renaissance church in Germany, <b><a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg" title="St. Anne's Church, Augsburg">St. Anne's Church</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, also known as the Fugger Chapel (1509–1581), announced the transition with its classical decoration. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> visited the church, and it became a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> church in 1545. In England, the transition took much longer, because of the break between Henry VIII and Rome. English cathedrals and churches remained Gothic throughout most of the 16th century. The English Renaissance emerged from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Gothic">Tudor Gothic</a> with Renaissance decoration, such as the realistic sculpture of Henry VII made for his tomb at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> by the Italian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torrigiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro Torrigiani">Pietro Torrigiani</a> (1509). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.-Eustache.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint-Eustache, Paris (1532–1640)"><img alt="Church of Saint-Eustache, Paris (1532–1640)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St.-Eustache.jpg/412px-St.-Eustache.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St.-Eustache.jpg/618px-St.-Eustache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St.-Eustache.jpg/824px-St.-Eustache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="2211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Saint-Eustache, Paris</a> (1532–1640)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Eustace_Interior,_Paris,_France_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The interior of Saint-Eustance was a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance details. (1532–1640)"><img alt="The interior of Saint-Eustance was a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance details. (1532–1640)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Church_of_St_Eustace_Interior%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/290px-Church_of_St_Eustace_Interior%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Church_of_St_Eustace_Interior%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/435px-Church_of_St_Eustace_Interior%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Church_of_St_Eustace_Interior%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/580px-Church_of_St_Eustace_Interior%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The interior of Saint-Eustance was a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance details. (1532–1640)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1340752_Paris_Ier_eglise_St-Eustache_melange_styles_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The mixture of Gothic and classical columns at Saint-Eustache"><img alt="The mixture of Gothic and classical columns at Saint-Eustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/P1340752_Paris_Ier_eglise_St-Eustache_melange_styles_rwk.jpg/225px-P1340752_Paris_Ier_eglise_St-Eustache_melange_styles_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/P1340752_Paris_Ier_eglise_St-Eustache_melange_styles_rwk.jpg/337px-P1340752_Paris_Ier_eglise_St-Eustache_melange_styles_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/P1340752_Paris_Ier_eglise_St-Eustache_melange_styles_rwk.jpg/450px-P1340752_Paris_Ier_eglise_St-Eustache_melange_styles_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mixture of Gothic and classical columns at Saint-Eustache</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-01-27_Augsburg_064_St._Anna,_Fuggerkapelle_(47101401132).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fugger Chapel of St. Anne's Church in Augsburg was the first Renaissance church in Germany. (1509–1581)"><img alt="The Fugger Chapel of St. Anne's Church in Augsburg was the first Renaissance church in Germany. (1509–1581)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2019-01-27_Augsburg_064_St._Anna%2C_Fuggerkapelle_%2847101401132%29.jpg/200px-2019-01-27_Augsburg_064_St._Anna%2C_Fuggerkapelle_%2847101401132%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2019-01-27_Augsburg_064_St._Anna%2C_Fuggerkapelle_%2847101401132%29.jpg/300px-2019-01-27_Augsburg_064_St._Anna%2C_Fuggerkapelle_%2847101401132%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2019-01-27_Augsburg_064_St._Anna%2C_Fuggerkapelle_%2847101401132%29.jpg/400px-2019-01-27_Augsburg_064_St._Anna%2C_Fuggerkapelle_%2847101401132%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Fugger Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg" title="St. Anne's Church, Augsburg">St. Anne's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> was the first Renaissance church in Germany. (1509–1581)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gothic_Revival">Gothic Revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gothic Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></div> <p>The particular attractions of Gothic cathedrals and churches began to be rediscovered in the early 19th century. One major reason was the enormous success of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1831) by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>. The French writer <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a> was designed by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> to classify and, where possible, restore Gothic cathedrals and churches. He commissioned <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, and began with the restoration of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Abbey</a>. Even larger projects launched for the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>. Some of the restoration was made more on the basis of imagination than historical accuracy; so many cumulative modifications had been made over the centuries, that it was impossible to recreate any church exactly as it was at any one particular time, as Viollet-le-Duc acknowledged. He was criticized in particular for designing a taller and more ornate spire to the Notre Dame Cathedral to replace the original 13th-century spire, which had been removed in 1786. He was also criticized for replacing the sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Gargoyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargoyles">gargoyles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimeras</a> and other mythical creatures, which had been removed in the 18th century, with new versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201518_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201518-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-19th century, several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches were constructed in Europe and beyond. These included the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Clotilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. Clotilde">Basilica of St. Clotilde</a> (1846–57) in Paris, by the architect Leon Vautrin. This church served as a model for the façade of another new church, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_(Guangzhou)" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral (Guangzhou)">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China between 1863 and 1868, financed in part by contributions from French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>. </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic architecture">Neo-Gothic cathedrals</a> were constructed, particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in the United States, taking advantage of the new technologies of iron and steel construction and reinforced concrete. combined with traditional forms. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/National_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a> in Washington, D.C. (begun 1907) and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Cathedral,_San_Francisco" title="Grace Cathedral, San Francisco">Grace Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (1928–1964). Construction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a> in Washington, D.C. in 1907, but was still underway at the beginning of the 21st century. The rose window (1977) was dedicated by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of St. Clotilde, Paris (1846–57)"><img alt="Basilica of St. Clotilde, Paris (1846–57)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG/198px-P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG/298px-P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG/397px-P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Clotilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. Clotilde">Basilica of St. Clotilde</a>, Paris (1846–57)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Shishi_Shengxin_Dajiaotang_-_Neo-Gothic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Guangzhou, China (1863–68)"><img alt="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Guangzhou, China (1863–68)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Guangzhou_Shishi_Shengxin_Dajiaotang_-_Neo-Gothic.jpg/298px-Guangzhou_Shishi_Shengxin_Dajiaotang_-_Neo-Gothic.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Guangzhou_Shishi_Shengxin_Dajiaotang_-_Neo-Gothic.jpg/447px-Guangzhou_Shishi_Shengxin_Dajiaotang_-_Neo-Gothic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Guangzhou_Shishi_Shengxin_Dajiaotang_-_Neo-Gothic.jpg/596px-Guangzhou_Shishi_Shengxin_Dajiaotang_-_Neo-Gothic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="3049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_(Guangzhou)" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral (Guangzhou)">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China (1863–68)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Cathedral_(1p).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grace Cathedral in San Francisco (1928–1964)"><img alt="Grace Cathedral in San Francisco (1928–1964)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Grace_Cathedral_%281p%29.jpg/312px-Grace_Cathedral_%281p%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Grace_Cathedral_%281p%29.jpg/467px-Grace_Cathedral_%281p%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Grace_Cathedral_%281p%29.jpg/623px-Grace_Cathedral_%281p%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Cathedral,_San_Francisco" title="Grace Cathedral, San Francisco">Grace Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (1928–1964)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington National Cathedral (begun 1907)"><img alt="Washington National Cathedral (begun 1907)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg/243px-12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg/364px-12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg/486px-12-07-12-Washington_National_Cathedral-RalfR-N3S_5678-5694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="5069" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Washington <a href="/wiki/National_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a> (begun 1907)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Window_Washington_National_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rose window of National Cathedral (1977)"><img alt="Rose window of National Cathedral (1977)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rose_Window_Washington_National_Cathedral.jpg/200px-Rose_Window_Washington_National_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rose_Window_Washington_National_Cathedral.jpg/300px-Rose_Window_Washington_National_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rose_Window_Washington_National_Cathedral.jpg/400px-Rose_Window_Washington_National_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rose window of National Cathedral (1977)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_choir_–_a_theater_for_ceremony"><span id="The_choir_.E2.80.93_a_theater_for_ceremony"></span>The choir – a theater for ceremony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The choir – a theater for ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Gothic cathedral or church was a house of worship and also a theater for ceremony, with a fixed ritual every day. The most numerous participants in these ceremonies were the <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a>, or members of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">Cathedral chapter</a>. The number of canons in a chapter varied from twelve in a small cathedral to fifty at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> and more than eighty at <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a>. In addition to celebrating <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>, every day, they were expected to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> four times a day, with four additional offices on Sundays. To this very regular schedule were attached numerous additional duties and ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201546_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201546-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these ceremonies took place in the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> (sometimes spelled 'quire') of the cathedral, toward the eastern end, between the nave to the west and the sanctuary to the east. The choir was like a church within the church; it was divided from the rest of the cathedral by an ornamental screen composed of bas-reliefs illustrating stories from the life of Christ. It also featured a richly decorated tribune, used for reading the appropriate texts from the bible. The main <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> was also found within the choir, turned toward the east. The canons were seated in two rows of carved wooden seats, facing each other, at right angles to the seats in the nave. There is just one remaining original medieval rood screen in a Gothic cathedral, at <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a> in the south of France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201546_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201546-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 303.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_Roodscreen_2009-06-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The remaining original Gothic rood screen, in Albi Cathedral"><img alt="The remaining original Gothic rood screen, in Albi Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_Roodscreen_2009-06-25.jpg/455px-Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_Roodscreen_2009-06-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_Roodscreen_2009-06-25.jpg/682px-Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_Roodscreen_2009-06-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_Roodscreen_2009-06-25.jpg/909px-Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_Roodscreen_2009-06-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14652" data-file-height="9675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The remaining original Gothic <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalles_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens_280808_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir stalls in Amiens Cathedral"><img alt="Choir stalls in Amiens Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stalles_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens_280808_06.jpg/222px-Stalles_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens_280808_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stalles_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens_280808_06.jpg/333px-Stalles_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens_280808_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stalles_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens_280808_06.jpg/445px-Stalles_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens_280808_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir stalls in <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chorgest%C3%BChl_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-6226.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir stalls in Cologne Cathedral"><img alt="Choir stalls in Cologne Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chorgest%C3%BChl_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-6226.jpg/450px-Chorgest%C3%BChl_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-6226.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chorgest%C3%BChl_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-6226.jpg/675px-Chorgest%C3%BChl_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-6226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chorgest%C3%BChl_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-6226.jpg/900px-Chorgest%C3%BChl_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-6226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir stalls in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coro_de_la_Catedral_de_Segovia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choir stalls in Segovia Cathedral"><img alt="Choir stalls in Segovia Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coro_de_la_Catedral_de_Segovia.jpg/225px-Coro_de_la_Catedral_de_Segovia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coro_de_la_Catedral_de_Segovia.jpg/337px-Coro_de_la_Catedral_de_Segovia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coro_de_la_Catedral_de_Segovia.jpg/450px-Coro_de_la_Catedral_de_Segovia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Choir stalls in <a href="/wiki/Segovia_Cathedral" title="Segovia Cathedral">Segovia Cathedral</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stained glass windows were a prominent feature of the Gothic church and cathedral from the beginning. Abbot <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a>, who considered that light was a manifestation of the divine, installed colorful windows in the ambulatory of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Denis">Basilica of Saint Denis</a>, and they were featured in all the major cathedrals in France, England and the rest of Europe. In the 13th and 14th century they became larger and larger, until they filled entirely walls. However, they lost some of the original simplicity and richness of color, as the artists competed with painters and fresco artists in making huge windows crowded with naturalistic figures.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_stained_glass_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_stained_glass-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages, glass makers and stained glass artists were separate professions. Glass makers worked near forests, where there was abundant firewood for melting and forming glass, while the artists worked closer to the building sites. In the earlier cathedrals and churches, the range of colors was limited, and the color was added when the glass was manufactured. with the use of metallic oxides; <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> for blue, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> for a ruby red, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> for purple, and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> for yellow. The glass was melted with the colors, blown, shaped into cylinders, rolled flat, and then cut into sheets of about 10–12 inches (25–30 centimetres). The pieces of glass of early windows varied considerably in thickness, which gave more richness and variation than in later windows.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_stained_glass_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_stained_glass-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colored glass was delivered to the workshop of the artist, where the window was made. A large whitewashed table was painted with the full-size drawing of the window, with colors indicated. the artisans used a hot iron to crack off pieces of colored glass to fit the pattern, "grazed" or smoothed the edges, then fit them into long strips of lead. The strips of lead with glass were then assembled and soldered together. Details such as faces, ornament and inscriptions were painted on the glass in vitreous enamel, then heated to fuse the enamel with the glass. The window was then waterproofed with putty along the lead strips, and then, since the lead was flexible, cited into a larger iron frame.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_stained_glass_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_stained_glass-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As windows continued to grow in size, they needed further support against the wind, This was provided by <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mullions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullions">mullions</a>, thin stone ribs into which the sections of the windows were fit. As the windows grew larger, the tracery became more and more intricate, taking on Rayonnant and flamboyant designs. In this way the architecture and windows gradually became blended together and inseparable. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ between figures representing church and the synagogue, Basilica of Saint-Denis (12th century)"><img alt="Christ between figures representing church and the synagogue, Basilica of Saint-Denis (12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_05.jpg/300px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_05.jpg/450px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_05.jpg/600px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christ between figures representing church and the synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> (12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Vie_de_Charlemagne.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Life of Charlemagne, Bay 7 of Chartres Cathedral (1225)"><img alt="Detail of Life of Charlemagne, Bay 7 of Chartres Cathedral (1225)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chartres_-_Vie_de_Charlemagne.JPG/254px-Chartres_-_Vie_de_Charlemagne.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chartres_-_Vie_de_Charlemagne.JPG/380px-Chartres_-_Vie_de_Charlemagne.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chartres_-_Vie_de_Charlemagne.JPG/507px-Chartres_-_Vie_de_Charlemagne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="2938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of Life of Charlemagne, Bay 7 of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (1225)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_Window_sII_2b_(12089788646).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Barnabas, detail of window of Lincoln Cathedral (1201–1235)"><img alt="Saint Barnabas, detail of window of Lincoln Cathedral (1201–1235)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lincoln_Cathedral_Window_sII_2b_%2812089788646%29.jpg/282px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Window_sII_2b_%2812089788646%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lincoln_Cathedral_Window_sII_2b_%2812089788646%29.jpg/423px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Window_sII_2b_%2812089788646%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lincoln_Cathedral_Window_sII_2b_%2812089788646%29.jpg/564px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Window_sII_2b_%2812089788646%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Barnabas, detail of window of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1201–1235)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of baptism scene of stained glass from Sainte-Chapelle now in Cluny Museum (1238–48)"><img alt="Detail of baptism scene of stained glass from Sainte-Chapelle now in Cluny Museum (1238–48)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/322px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/483px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/644px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of baptism scene of stained glass from <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> now in <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluny Museum">Cluny Museum</a> (1238–48)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rose_windows">Rose windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rose windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circular windows, called oculi, had existed in Roman times, and simple version had been used in Romanesque churches. One early example is <a href="/wiki/Pomposa_Abbey" title="Pomposa Abbey">Pomposa Abbey</a> in Pomposa, Italy, from the 10th century. Gothic windows had a more important position, over the portal on the west end, and surpassed the earlier windows in size and complexity. The <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint Denis">Abbey of Saint Denis</a> had a small <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> on the west façade, above the three deep bays of the portals, an arrangement followed by subsequent cathedrals in France. In the 12th century, large rose windows were also added to the north and south transepts. The transept roses at Notre Dame date to 1250 (north) and 1260 (south). Besides Notre Dame, other notable Rayonnant windows were constructed at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>. These featured additional subdividing bars, arches and circles. From France, the rose window spread to Spain (<a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a>), England (<a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>) and Italy (<a href="/wiki/Carrara_Cathedral" title="Carrara Cathedral">Carrara Cathedral</a>). The later Flamboyant rose windows became much more free in their designs, with sinuous, double-curved bars. Examples are found at <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> (early 16th century).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims_ND5_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reims Cathedral, Rayonnant north transept rose window (1211–1345)"><img alt="Reims Cathedral, Rayonnant north transept rose window (1211–1345)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reims_ND5_tango7174.jpg/286px-Reims_ND5_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reims_ND5_tango7174.jpg/429px-Reims_ND5_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Reims_ND5_tango7174.jpg/571px-Reims_ND5_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, Rayonnant north transept rose window (1211–1345)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre Dame de Paris, Rayonnant north transept window (about 1250)"><img alt="Notre Dame de Paris, Rayonnant north transept window (about 1250)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg/300px-Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg/450px-Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg/600px-Gothic-Rayonnant_Rose-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="3574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>, Rayonnant north transept window (about 1250)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Window_of_Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes,_Interior_View_140308_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant rose window of Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (original glass smashed during the French Revolution) (1379–1480)"><img alt="Flamboyant rose window of Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (original glass smashed during the French Revolution) (1379–1480)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rose_Window_of_Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes%2C_Interior_View_140308_1.jpg/426px-Rose_Window_of_Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes%2C_Interior_View_140308_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rose_Window_of_Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes%2C_Interior_View_140308_1.jpg/639px-Rose_Window_of_Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes%2C_Interior_View_140308_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rose_Window_of_Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes%2C_Interior_View_140308_1.jpg/852px-Rose_Window_of_Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes%2C_Interior_View_140308_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6889" data-file-height="4851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flamboyant rose window of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes" title="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes">Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes</a> (original glass smashed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>) (1379–1480)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvais_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_Nord-Rosette_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant north transept rose of Beauvais Cathedral (16th c.)"><img alt="Flamboyant north transept rose of Beauvais Cathedral (16th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beauvais_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_Nord-Rosette_2.jpg/278px-Beauvais_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_Nord-Rosette_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beauvais_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_Nord-Rosette_2.jpg/417px-Beauvais_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_Nord-Rosette_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beauvais_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_Nord-Rosette_2.jpg/556px-Beauvais_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_Nord-Rosette_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="3394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Flamboyant north transept rose of <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> (16th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portal_and_façade_sculpture"><span id="Portal_and_fa.C3.A7ade_sculpture"></span>Portal and façade sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portal and façade sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By long Christian tradition, the altar of cathedrals was at the east end, facing the sunrise, while the main entrance was on the west. Following the Romanesque tradition, the west façade of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Denis">Basilica of Saint Denis</a>, built 1137–40, set the style for French Gothic cathedrals; three bays and three doors, each with. carved stone <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of sculpture within the arch over the lintel above the door. The voussoirs, the wedge-shaped alongside the arches, were also filled with figures. Unfortunately, one original doorway was destroyed, and the sculptures on the remaining two are mostly 19th-century re-creations.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_western_sculpture_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_western_sculpture-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three portals of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>, altogether forty meters wide, are among the finest examples of High Gothic The sculptural decoration of the central door is devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a>, on the left to <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, for whom the cathedral is named, and on the right to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>. The Voussures are crowded with small sculptures of angels and saints. In addition, there are ranks of sculpture representing the occupations of the months, and the virtues and the vices, and above the portals are additional galleries representing the Kings of France and scenes of the life of the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarousseGothique-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, the façade sculpture became more natural and expressive, as in the famous smiling angel on the north portal of the west façade of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>. The drapery of the figures and the sculpted plants and flowers were carved with realism and attention to detail. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 337.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 335.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P3050226_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Portail_central_reduct.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tympanum of the central portal of the Basilica of Saint Denis (1137–1140)"><img alt="Tympanum of the central portal of the Basilica of Saint Denis (1137–1140)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P3050226_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Portail_central_reduct.JPG/503px-P3050226_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Portail_central_reduct.JPG" decoding="async" width="336" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P3050226_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Portail_central_reduct.JPG/754px-P3050226_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Portail_central_reduct.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P3050226_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Portail_central_reduct.JPG/1005px-P3050226_Basilique_Saint-Denis_Portail_central_reduct.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tympanum of the central portal of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Denis">Basilica of Saint Denis</a> (1137–1140)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portail_du_Jugement_Dernier_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(31177993925).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of sculpture in the central portal of Notre Dame de Paris (13th century)"><img alt="Detail of sculpture in the central portal of Notre Dame de Paris (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portail_du_Jugement_Dernier_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%2831177993925%29.jpg/389px-Portail_du_Jugement_Dernier_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%2831177993925%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portail_du_Jugement_Dernier_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%2831177993925%29.jpg/584px-Portail_du_Jugement_Dernier_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%2831177993925%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portail_du_Jugement_Dernier_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%2831177993925%29.jpg/778px-Portail_du_Jugement_Dernier_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_%2831177993925%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of sculpture in the central portal of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims,_Kathedrale,_Westportal,_Engel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The High Gothic - Smiling Angel, north portal of west façade of Reims Cathedral, by the St. Joseph Master. (1240)"><img alt="The High Gothic - Smiling Angel, north portal of west façade of Reims Cathedral, by the St. Joseph Master. (1240)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reims%2C_Kathedrale%2C_Westportal%2C_Engel.jpg/179px-Reims%2C_Kathedrale%2C_Westportal%2C_Engel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reims%2C_Kathedrale%2C_Westportal%2C_Engel.jpg/268px-Reims%2C_Kathedrale%2C_Westportal%2C_Engel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reims%2C_Kathedrale%2C_Westportal%2C_Engel.jpg/357px-Reims%2C_Kathedrale%2C_Westportal%2C_Engel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2746" data-file-height="4607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The High Gothic - Smiling Angel, north portal of west façade of Reims Cathedral, by the St. Joseph Master. (1240)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In England, the sculpture was not confined to the portals, but was placed all across the façade, as on the gable of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>. Realistic sculpture also appeared in the 13th century on the west front of Strasbourg, begun in 1272, and in the German states, such as at <a href="/wiki/Naumburg_Cathedral" title="Naumburg Cathedral">Naumburg Cathedral</a> (now a Protestant church) (1250). These were in a delicate style called <i>Muldenstil</i>. </p><p>In Italy, the finest period for Cathedral sculpture was between 1250 and 1350, in the work of <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa Baptistry">Pisa Baptistry</a> (1259–60), and <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a> (1265–68), and in the work of his son, Giovanni Pisano, on the façade of Siena Cathedral. <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea</a> Pisano (not related to Nicola and Giovanni) was celebrated for his bronze doors of the Baptistery of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>. The work of the Pisanos carried Italian sculpture from the Gothic age to the Roman models of the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_western_sculpture_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_western_sculpture-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The gable of Wells Cathedral, with Christ the Judge (modern replacement) above the twelve apostles and the nine archangels. (14th century)"><img alt="The gable of Wells Cathedral, with Christ the Judge (modern replacement) above the twelve apostles and the nine archangels. (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wells_cathedral_26.JPG/345px-Wells_cathedral_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wells_cathedral_26.JPG/518px-Wells_cathedral_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wells_cathedral_26.JPG/691px-Wells_cathedral_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The gable of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>, with Christ the Judge (modern replacement) above the twelve <a href="/wiki/Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles">apostles</a> and the nine <a href="/wiki/Archangels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangels">archangels</a>. (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StrasbourgCath_PortailStLaurent_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture over portal of Strasbourg Cathedral (15th–16th centuries)"><img alt="Sculpture over portal of Strasbourg Cathedral (15th–16th centuries)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/StrasbourgCath_PortailStLaurent_01.JPG/400px-StrasbourgCath_PortailStLaurent_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/StrasbourgCath_PortailStLaurent_01.JPG/600px-StrasbourgCath_PortailStLaurent_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/StrasbourgCath_PortailStLaurent_01.JPG/800px-StrasbourgCath_PortailStLaurent_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture over portal of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> (15th–16th centuries)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_and_color">Painting and color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Painting and color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, many of the Gothic cathedrals and churches were brightly painted, both inside and out. Traces of the paint have been found on the walls and sculpture. A few cathedrals, like <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a> in the south of France, still have some of their original color, and others, notably <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a> in Paris, have been restoring or recreating the earlier designs, or, in the case of Chartres, cleaning the walls and painting them white. This practice has been criticized by some, who prefer the walls covered with centuries of soot.<sup id="cite_ref-icu_light_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icu_light-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nave_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_2014-02-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Albi Cathedral"><img alt="Nave of Albi Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nave_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_2014-02-22.jpg/450px-Nave_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_2014-02-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nave_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_2014-02-22.jpg/675px-Nave_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_2014-02-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nave_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_2014-02-22.jpg/900px-Nave_of_the_Ste_C%C3%A9cile_Cathedral_-_2014-02-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5117" data-file-height="3411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_(75),_abbaye_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s,_bas-c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord,_vue_vers_l%27est_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbey of Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés with colored decoration (since 2012)"><img alt="Abbey of Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés with colored decoration (since 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paris_%2875%29%2C_abbaye_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_bas-c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord%2C_vue_vers_l%27est_6.jpg/200px-Paris_%2875%29%2C_abbaye_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_bas-c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord%2C_vue_vers_l%27est_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paris_%2875%29%2C_abbaye_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_bas-c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord%2C_vue_vers_l%27est_6.jpg/300px-Paris_%2875%29%2C_abbaye_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_bas-c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord%2C_vue_vers_l%27est_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paris_%2875%29%2C_abbaye_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_bas-c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord%2C_vue_vers_l%27est_6.jpg/400px-Paris_%2875%29%2C_abbaye_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_bas-c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord%2C_vue_vers_l%27est_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a> with colored decoration (since 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s,_2012_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbey of Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés with colored decoration (since 2012)"><img alt="Abbey of Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés with colored decoration (since 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_2012_%282%29.JPG/201px-Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_2012_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_2012_%282%29.JPG/301px-Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_2012_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_2012_%282%29.JPG/401px-Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C_2012_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a> with colored decoration (since 2012)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bells_and_bell_towers">Bells and bell towers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bells and bell towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Church_bells" class="mw-redirect" title="Church bells">Church bells</a> were introduced into Christian religious ceremonies by <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola" title="Paulinus of Nola">Paulinus of Nola</a> in 400 AD, and were formally approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Pope Sabinian</a> in 604 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_J._Smith_1997_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_J._Smith_1997-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Romanesque cathedrals and churches, the bells were often placed in a <a href="/wiki/Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a>, a tower separate from the cathedral itself, as in the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>. The Pisa Tower was begun in 1173, but, because of its problems with sinking and tilting, was not finished until 1372, with the <a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">belfry</a> in Gothic style. It had seven bells, one for each note on the scale. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> was particularly known for its bells.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were rung to call members of the parish to church services, to mark the hours and the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> ceremony, and for special occasions, such as important funerals and weddings, or to celebrate special events, such as the military victories or the end of wars, or whenever the royal family attended mass at the cathedral. Notre Dame has ten bells, eight in the south tower and two, the largest, in the north tower. The principal bell, or bourdon, called Emmanuel, was installed in the north tower in the 15th century and is still in place. It rings the note F-sharp. It originally required the strength of eleven men, pulling on ropes from a chamber below, to ring that single bell. The clapper of the bell alone weighs one hundred ten kilos. The four other early bells were melted down during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The bells could be swung to make them rhyme, called tolling, or struck, called chiming. The ringing was so loud that the bell-ringers were deafened for several hours afterwards. The manual bell-pullers were replaced by foot pedals in the 19th century, and by an electric system in the 20th century that strikes the bells without swinging them.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> in England has had its bells since the <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> era. <a href="/wiki/King_Cnut" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cnut">King Cnut</a> is known to have donated two bells to the Old Minster church there in 1035. In 1632 there were seven bells in place. Today there are sixteen, the oldest dating to 1621. Besides the daily services, funerals and other and special events, they traditionally were rung to announce the executions, a practice which continued until the death penalty was abolished in England 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Leaning Tower of Pisa, with its romanesque tower and Gothic belfry"><img alt="The Leaning Tower of Pisa, with its romanesque tower and Gothic belfry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/197px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/295px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/394px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>, with its romanesque tower and Gothic <a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">belfry</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nine newly-cast bells of Notre-Dame-de-Paris on display in the nave in 2013."><img alt="Nine newly-cast bells of Notre-Dame-de-Paris on display in the nave in 2013." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg/450px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg/675px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg/900px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_-_Les_nouvelles_cloches_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="3130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nine newly-cast bells of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame-de-Paris">Notre-Dame-de-Paris</a> on display in the nave in 2013.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oldest,_largest,_tallest_Gothic_cathedrals"><span id="Oldest.2C_largest.2C_tallest_Gothic_cathedrals"></span>Oldest, largest, tallest Gothic cathedrals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Oldest, largest, tallest Gothic cathedrals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Oldest</b>. The first Gothic church structure was the ambulatory and choir of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Denis">Basilica of Saint Denis</a> in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a>, begun in 1130, was the first complete Gothic cathedral in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Largest</b>. <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a> has more than 500,000 cubic meters of interior space,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> has 440,000 cubic meters of interior space, making them the largest cathedrals by interior space in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, 144 m (472 ft) long, and 86.25 m (283 ft) high, with 407,000 cubic meters of interior space, ranks as the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe.</li> <li><b>Tallest spires</b>. <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> has the tallest Gothic spires in Europe, 157.4 m (516 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-EBCC_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBCC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Highest nave</b>. The <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> choir is 48 m (157 ft) high, though only one portion was completed. It is slightly higher than the nave of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_a_Gothic_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Building a Gothic cathedral">Building a Gothic cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_upon_Gothic_architecture" title="Influences upon Gothic architecture">Influences upon Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_citations">Notes and citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes and citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LarousseGothique-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LarousseGothique_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/gothique/55987">"gothique"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+Larousse+en+ligne&rft.atitle=gothique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.fr%2Fencyclopedie%2Fdivers%2Fgothique%2F55987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenaultLazé2006">Renault & Lazé 2006</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide153-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide153_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide153_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuide">Guide</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Guillaume_de_Sens/180004">"Guillaume de Sens"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+Larousse+en+ligne&rft.atitle=Le+Mont-Saint-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.fr%2Fencyclopedie%2Fville%2FLe_Mont-Saint-Michel_50116%2F133946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201547-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201547_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMignon2015">Mignon 2015</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301172522/https://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/">Archived</a> 2020-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wells Cathedral official site – History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201540–41-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201540–41_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMignon2015">Mignon 2015</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBCC-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBCC_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBCC_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125993">Cologne Cathedral</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBWA-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBWA_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBWA_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBWA_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32952">Western architecture – High Gothic</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBF-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBF_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBF_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209352">Flamboyant style</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00086479">Tour Saint-Jacques</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=316">World Heritage Site profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725174301/https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=316">Archived</a> 2020-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>|Burgos Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage Site profile</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452489">Perpendicular style</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928101150/https://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/">"Gloucester Cathedral | Cathedral History"</a>. <i>www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/">the original</a> on 2021-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk&rft.atitle=Gloucester+Cathedral+%7C+Cathedral+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gloucestercathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory-heritage%2Fcathedral-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumoulin, Aline and others, <i>Eglises de Paris – Les Essentiels de Patrimoine</i> (2010) pp. 18–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201518-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201518_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMignon2015">Mignon 2015</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201546-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201546_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201546_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMignon2015">Mignon 2015</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb_stained_glass-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_stained_glass_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_stained_glass_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_stained_glass_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/562530">stained glass</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509828">Rose window</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb_western_sculpture-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_western_sculpture_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_western_sculpture_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530221">Western sculpture</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roger_J._Smith_1997-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roger_J._Smith_1997_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Roger J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207150201/http://www.awakentoprayer.org/church_bells.htm">"Church Bells"</a>. Sacred Heart Catholic Church and St. Yves Mission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awakentoprayer.org/church_bells.htm">the original</a> on 2021-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-12</span></span>. <q>Bells came into use in our churches as early as the year 400, and their introduction is ascribed to Paulinus, bishop of Nola, a town of Campania, in Italy. Their use spread rapidly, as in those unsettled times the church-bell was useful not only for summoning the faithful to religious services, but also for giving an alarm when danger threatened. Their use was sanctioned in 604 by Pope Sabinian, and a ceremony for blessing them was established a little later. Very large bells, for church towers, were probably not in common use until the eleventh century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Bells&rft.pub=Sacred+Heart+Catholic+Church+and+St.+Yves+Mission&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awakentoprayer.org%2Fchurch_bells.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tritagnac, André and Coloni, Marie-Jeanne, <i>Decouvrir Notre-Dame de Paris</i>, Les Éditions de Cerf, Paris (1984), (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7">2-204-02087-7</a>) pp. 249–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titagnac and Coloni (1984), pp. 249–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Website of Winchester Cathedral, bells, (Winchester-Cathedral.org.uk)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuide-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuide_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuide">Guide</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catedraldesevilla.es/la-catedral/patrimonio-de-la-humanidad/">"Patrimonio de La Humanidad"</a>. <i>Catedral de Sevilla</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catedral+de+Sevilla&rft.atitle=Patrimonio+de+La+Humanidad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catedraldesevilla.es%2Fla-catedral%2Fpatrimonio-de-la-humanidad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/57747">Beauvais</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Martindale, Andrew, <i>Gothic Art</i>, (1967), Thames and Hudson (in English and French); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87811-058-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-87811-058-7">2-87811-058-7ad</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly1921" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, Elizabeth Boyle (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41687"><i>How France Built Her Cathedrals – A study in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</i></a>. Harper and Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+France+Built+Her+Cathedrals+%E2%80%93+A+study+in+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Boyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F41687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, A. Freeman, <i>English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages – an Elementary Handbook</i> (1922), T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., London (1922) (Full text available on <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_French">In French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ducher, Robert, <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i>, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (in French); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1">2-08-011539-1</a></li> <li>Martindale, Andrew, <i>Gothic Art</i>, (1967), Thames and Hudson (in English and French); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87811-058-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-87811-058-7">2-87811-058-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignon2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mignon, Olivier (2015). <i>Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques</i> (in French). Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5"><bdi>978-2-7373-6535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+des+Cath%C3%A9drales+Gothiques&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7373-6535-5&rft.aulast=Mignon&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignon2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mignon, Olivier (2017). <i>Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes, Églises, Cathédrales et Châteaux</i> (in French). Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-27373-7611-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-27373-7611-5"><bdi>978-27373-7611-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+du+Patrimoine+Fran%C3%A7aise+-+Abbayes%2C+%C3%89glises%2C+Cath%C3%A9drales+et+Ch%C3%A2teaux&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-27373-7611-5&rft.aulast=Mignon&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenaultLazé2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2006). <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i> (in French). Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-782877-474658" title="Special:BookSources/9-782877-474658"><bdi>9-782877-474658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Styles+de+l%27architecture+et+du+mobilier&rft.pub=Gisserot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-782877-474658&rft.aulast=Renault&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.au=Laz%C3%A9%2C+Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rivière, Rémi; Lavoye, Agnès (2007). <i>La Tour Jean sans Peur</i>, Association des Amis de la tour Jean sans Peur. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-95164-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-95164-940-8">978-2-95164-940-8</a></li> <li>Texier, Simon, (2012), <i>Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours</i>, Parigramme, Paris (in French), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8">978-2-84096-667-8</a></li> <li>Tritagnac, André and Coloni, Marie-Jeanne, <i>Decouvrir Notre-Dame de Paris</i>, Les Éditions de Cerf, Paris (1984), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7">2-204-02087-7</a></li> <li>Wenzler, Claude (2018), <i>Cathédrales Cothiques – un Défi Médiéval</i>, Éditions Ouest-France, Rennes (in French) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-7712-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-7712-9">978-2-7373-7712-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuide" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Le Guide du Patrimoine en France</i> (in French). Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85822-760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85822-760-0"><bdi>978-2-85822-760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Guide+du+Patrimoine+en+France&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Patrimoine%2C+Centre+des+Monuments+Nationaux&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-85822-760-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+cathedrals+and+churches" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Gothic_architecture" title="Template:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gothic_architecture" title="Template talk:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gothic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country<br />or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Gothic" title="Belarusian Gothic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_French_Gothic" title="Southern French Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_Lithuania" title="Gothic architecture in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland" title="Gothic architecture in modern Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Gothic" title="Levantine Gothic">Levante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Gothic" title="Valencian Gothic">Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Brick_Gothic_buildings" title="List of Brick Gothic buildings">List of Brick Gothic buildings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(architectural_style)" title="Isabelline (architectural style)">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_cathedrals_in_Europe" title="List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Gothic secular and domestic architecture">Gothic secular and domestic architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gothic Revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissenting_Gothic" title="Dissenting Gothic">Dissenting Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Canada" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Poland" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_a_Gothic_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Building a Gothic cathedral">Building a Gothic cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass" title="Medieval stained glass">Medieval stained glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="English Gothic stained glass windows">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass_in_Sweden" title="Medieval stained glass in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture" title="Category:Gothic architecture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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