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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seat_of_the_bishop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Seat of the bishop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seat_of_the_bishop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_the_cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_the_cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Building the cathedral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_the_cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudors_and_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudors_and_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Tudors and Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tudors_and_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1660–1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1660–1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1660–1800 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1660–1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_era_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_era_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Victorian era to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_era_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dates,_styles_and_architects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates,_styles_and_architects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dates, styles and architects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates,_styles_and_architects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Elevation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Exterior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 West front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iconography_of_the_west_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_of_the_west_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1.1 Iconography of the west front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography_of_the_west_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossing_tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Crossing tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_porch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_porch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 North porch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_porch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloisters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloisters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Cloisters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloisters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Interior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choir,_transept_and_nave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choir,_transept_and_nave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Choir, transept and nave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choir,_transept_and_nave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lady_Chapel_and_retrochoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lady_Chapel_and_retrochoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Lady Chapel and retrochoir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lady_Chapel_and_retrochoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Chapter house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_treasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_treasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Art and treasures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_and_treasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Art and treasures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Art_and_treasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Stained glass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carvings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carvings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Carvings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carvings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misericords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misericords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Misericords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misericords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fittings_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fittings_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Fittings and monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fittings_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Clock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organ_and_organists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ_and_organists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Organ and organists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ_and_organists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cathedral_choir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cathedral_choir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cathedral choir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cathedral_choir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber_Choir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber_Choir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Chamber Choir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber_Choir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wells_Cathedral_Oratorio_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wells_Cathedral_Oratorio_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Wells Cathedral Oratorio Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wells_Cathedral_Oratorio_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bells </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Library </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Library-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Library subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Original records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precincts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precincts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Precincts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precincts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In the arts and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wells Cathedral</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="كاتدرائية ولز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية ولز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="ওয়েলস ক্যাথিড্রাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েলস ক্যাথিড্রাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Уелска катедрала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уелска катедрала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz-veur_Wells" title="Iliz-veur Wells – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz-veur Wells" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Wells" title="Catedral de Wells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catedral de Wells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellsk%C3%A1_katedr%C3%A1la" title="Wellská katedrála – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wellská katedrála" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedrale_von_Wells" title="Kathedrale von Wells – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kathedrale von Wells" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Wells" title="Catedral de Wells – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedral de Wells" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo_de_Wells" title="Katedralo de Wells – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katedralo de Wells" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellseko_katedrala" title="Wellseko katedrala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wellseko katedrala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="کلیسای جامع ولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای جامع ولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Andr%C3%A9_de_Wells" title="Cathédrale Saint-André de Wells – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cathédrale Saint-André de Wells" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedraal_fan_Wells" title="Katedraal fan Wells – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katedraal fan Wells" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeaglais_Wells" title="Ardeaglais Wells – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardeaglais Wells" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_Wells" title="Katedral Wells – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katedral Wells" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_di_Wells" title="Cattedrale di Wells – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattedrale di Wells" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="קתדרלת ולס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלת ולס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_cathedralis_Wellensis" title="Ecclesia cathedralis Wellensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia cathedralis Wellensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velso_katedra" title="Velso katedra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Velso katedra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellsi_katedr%C3%A1lis" title="Wellsi katedrális – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wellsi katedrális" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Велшка катедрала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велшка катедрала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedraal_van_Wells" title="Kathedraal van Wells – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kathedraal van Wells" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellskatedralen" title="Wellskatedralen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wellskatedralen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra_w_Wells" title="Katedra w Wells – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katedra w Wells" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Wells" title="Catedral de Wells – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catedral de Wells" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Уэлский собор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уэлский собор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wells Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellsk%C3%A1_katedr%C3%A1la" title="Wellská katedrála – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wellská katedrála" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellska_stolnica" title="Wellska stolnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wellska stolnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellsin_tuomiokirkko" title="Wellsin tuomiokirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wellsin tuomiokirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Cathedral&params=51.2104_N_2.6437_W_region:GB-SOM_type:landmark">51°12′37″N 2°38′37″W / 51.2104°N 2.6437°W / 51.2104; -2.6437</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anglican cathedral in Somerset, England</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Somerset, England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Wells Cathedral</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold">Cathedral Church of St Andrew</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/250px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/375px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/500px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5867" data-file-height="5050" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">West front of Wells Cathedral</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_ff77e87256b8f66a646d08df7a1271bf0e7a0f8b"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Wells_Cathedral&revid=1255167309&groups=_ff77e87256b8f66a646d08df7a1271bf0e7a0f8b" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Wells_Cathedral&revid=1255167309&groups=_ff77e87256b8f66a646d08df7a1271bf0e7a0f8b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wells_Cathedral&params=51.2104_N_2.6437_W_region:GB-SOM_type:landmark">51°12′37″N 2°38′37″W / 51.2104°N 2.6437°W / 51.2104; -2.6437</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells, Somerset</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category">England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous denomination</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wellscathedral.org.uk">wellscathedral.org.uk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches" title="Dedication of churches">Dedication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23 October 1239</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Heritage designation</th><td class="infobox-data category">Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1953<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Gothic (<a href="/wiki/Early_English_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early English Gothic">Early English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decorated_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated Gothic">Decorated</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years built</th><td class="infobox-data">1176 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">126.5 m (415 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Dimensions-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">20 m (66 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Dimensions-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width across transepts</th><td class="infobox-data">47 m (154 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Dimensions-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">Nave</a> height</th><td class="infobox-data">20.5 m (67 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Dimensions-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tower height</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>38 m (125 ft) (western)<a href="#cite_note-Dimensions-3">[3]</a></li> <li>55 m (180 ft) (crossing)<a href="#cite_note-Dimensions-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bells</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Diocese of Bath and Wells">Bath and Wells</a> (since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 909)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beasley_(bishop)" title="Michael Beasley (bishop)">Michael Beasley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Toby Wright</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">Precentor</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Mary Bide (Acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Megan Daffern</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Gell" title="Anne Gell">Anne Gell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Wells" title="Archdeacon of Wells">Wells</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Laity</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">Organist(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Alexander Hamilton (Acting)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wells Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">St Andrew</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells, Somerset</a>, England. It is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Bishop of Bath and Wells">bishop of Bath and Wells</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Diocese of Bath and Wells">diocese of Bath and Wells</a>. There are daily Church of England services in the building, and in 2023 it was reported to receive over 300,000 visitors per year.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The cathedral is a <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed building">Grade I listed building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> The cathedral precincts contain the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Wells" title="Bishop's Palace, Wells">Bishop's Palace</a> and several buildings linked to its medieval chapter of <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">secular canons</a>, including the fifteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Vicars%27_Close,_Wells" title="Vicars' Close, Wells">Vicars' Close</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> The earliest record of a church on the present site is a charter of 766.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> A bishopric was established in 909, however in 1090 the cathedral of the diocese was moved to <a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a> and remained there until Wells became co-cathedral in 1218.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> The remains of the tenth-century cathedral lie to the south of the present building, beneath the cloister. The present cathedral has a <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> plan with a <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> attached to the north and a <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> to the south, and is largely the result of two building campaigns which took place between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1260 and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1285 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1345. The western half of the cathedral, including the nave and western <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a>, belongs primarily to the first building phase and is constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Early_English_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Early English (architecture)">Early English</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. The east end, including the <a href="/wiki/Lady_chapel" title="Lady chapel">lady chapel</a>, eastern transepts, chapter house, and central tower, belongs to the second phase and uses the <a href="/wiki/Decorated_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated (architecture)">Decorated</a> Gothic style; it also retains much medieval <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967274-8">[8]</a> Two towers were added to the west front between 1385 and 1410 in the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> style, and the cloisters were remodelled in the same style between 1420 and 1508. The cathedral was restored over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> Wells has been called "unquestionably one of the most beautiful" and "most poetic" of English cathedrals.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967274-8">[8]</a> The architectural historian <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">John Harvey</a> sees it as Europe's first truly Gothic structure, breaking from the last constraints of the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198719-10">[10]</a> The west front, which contains 300 sculpted figures,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967274-8">[8]</a> has been described by Harvey as the "supreme triumph of the combined plastic arts in England",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey196163-11">[11]</a> however the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> described it as "spare", with "harsh uprights and horizontals [...] like steel scaffolding".<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> The earliest remains of a building on the site are of a late-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>, identified during excavations in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-pastscape-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins1992118–119-13">[13]</a> An abbey church was built in Wells in 705 by <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a>, first bishop of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne" title="Bishop of Sherborne">Diocese of Sherborne</a> during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine of Wessex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britania-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalden194727-15">[15]</a> It was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">St Andrew</a> and stood at the site of the cathedral's <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a>, where some excavated remains can be seen. The <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">font</a> in the cathedral's south <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> is from this church and is the oldest part of the present building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepin2004141-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 766 <a href="/wiki/Cynewulf_of_Wessex" title="Cynewulf of Wessex">Cynewulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">King of Wessex</a>, signed a charter endowing the church with eleven <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a> of land.<a href="#cite_note-Hides-19">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-LapidgeBlair2013-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In 909 the seat of the diocese was moved from Sherborne to Wells.<a href="#cite_note-pastscape-12">[12]</a> The first bishop of Wells was <a href="/wiki/Athelm" title="Athelm">Athelm</a> (909), who crowned <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">King Æthelstan</a>. Athelm and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a> both became <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britania-14">[14]</a> During this period a choir of boys was established to sing the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral_School" title="Wells Cathedral School">Wells Cathedral School</a>, which was established to educate these choirboys, dates its foundation to this point.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> There is, however, some controversy over this. Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Tours" title="John of Tours">John de Villula</a> moved the seat of the bishop from Wells to Bath in 1090.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatton-BrownCrook200274–76-23">[22]</a> The church at Wells, no longer a cathedral, had a college of <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatton-BrownCrook200274–76-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seat_of_the_bishop">Seat of the bishop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seat of the bishop">edit</a>]</div> The cathedral is thought to have been conceived and commenced in about 1175 by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin" title="Reginald Fitz Jocelin">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a>, who died in 1191.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198757-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowicke1961251-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200513-26">[25]</a> Although it is clear from its size that from the outset, the church was planned to be the cathedral of the diocese,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatton-BrownCrook200274–76-23">[22]</a> the seat of the bishop moved between Wells and the abbeys of <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath</a>, before settling at Wells. In 1197 Reginald's successor, <a href="/wiki/Savaric_FitzGeldewin" title="Savaric FitzGeldewin">Savaric FitzGeldewin</a>, with the approval of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a>, officially moved his seat to Glastonbury Abbey. The title of Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury was used until the Glastonbury claim was abandoned in 1219.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke1976184–185-27">[26]</a> Savaric's successor, <a href="/wiki/Jocelin_of_Wells" title="Jocelin of Wells">Jocelin of Wells</a>, again moved the bishop's seat to Bath Abbey, with the title Bishop of Bath. Jocelin was a brother of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Wells" title="Hugh of Wells">Hugh (II) of Lincoln</a><a href="#cite_note-BHOBath-28">[27]</a> and was present at the signing of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>. Jocelin continued the building campaign begun by Reginald and was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Wells" title="Bishop's Palace, Wells">Bishop's Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choristers</a>' school, a <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a>, a hospital for travellers and a chapel. He also had a manor house built at <a href="/wiki/Wookey" title="Wookey">Wookey</a>, near Wells.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-29">[28]</a> Jocelin saw the church dedicated in 1239 but, despite much lobbying of the Pope by Jocelin's representatives in Rome, he did not live to see cathedral status granted. The delay may have been a result of inaction by <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_Verraccio" title="Pandulf Verraccio">Pandulf Verraccio</a>, a Roman ecclesiastical politician, papal legate to England and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich" title="Bishop of Norwich">Bishop of Norwich</a>, who was asked by the Pope to investigate the situation but did not respond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester198715-30">[29]</a> Jocelin died at Wells on 19 November 1242 and was buried in the choir of the cathedral;<a href="#cite_note-BHOBath-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNB-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryde1986228-31">[30]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Monumental_brass" title="Monumental brass">memorial brass</a> on his tomb is one of the earliest brasses in England.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-29">[28]</a> Following his death the monks of Bath unsuccessfully attempted to regain authority over Wells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1916161-32">[31]</a> In 1245 the ongoing dispute over the title of the bishop was resolved by a ruling of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a>, who established the title as the "Bishop of Bath and Wells", which it has remained until this day, with Wells as the principal seat of the bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning200141-33">[32]</a> Since the 11th century the church has had a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">chapter</a> of secular clergy, like the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York</a>. The chapter was endowed with 22 <a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">prebends</a> (lands from which finance was drawn) and a provost to manage them. On acquiring cathedral status, in common with other such cathedrals, it had four chief clergy, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">dean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">precentor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">chancellor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">sacristan</a>, who were responsible for the spiritual and material care of the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-CofEmedia-34">[33]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:687px;max-width:687px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Wells Cathedral and its environs</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_from_Milton_Lodge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_447898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wells_Cathedral_from_Milton_Lodge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_447898.jpg/220px-Wells_Cathedral_from_Milton_Lodge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_447898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wells_Cathedral_from_Milton_Lodge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_447898.jpg/330px-Wells_Cathedral_from_Milton_Lodge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_447898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wells_Cathedral_from_Milton_Lodge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_447898.jpg/440px-Wells_Cathedral_from_Milton_Lodge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_447898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wells Cathedral in the Somerset countryside</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop%27s_Palace_at_Wells_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bishop%27s_Palace_at_Wells_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32792.jpg/215px-Bishop%27s_Palace_at_Wells_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32792.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bishop%27s_Palace_at_Wells_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32792.jpg/323px-Bishop%27s_Palace_at_Wells_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bishop%27s_Palace_at_Wells_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32792.jpg/430px-Bishop%27s_Palace_at_Wells_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Bishop's Palace built by Ralph of Shrewsbury</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Wells-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aerial_view_of_Wells-crop.jpg/240px-Aerial_view_of_Wells-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aerial_view_of_Wells-crop.jpg/360px-Aerial_view_of_Wells-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Aerial_view_of_Wells-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="275" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aerial view of the cathedral and the <a href="/wiki/Vicars%27_Close,_Wells" title="Vicars' Close, Wells">Vicars' Close</a> (lower left of picture)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_the_cathedral">Building the cathedral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Building the cathedral">edit</a>]</div> The building programme, begun by Reginald Fitz Jocelin, bishop in the 12th century, continued under Jocelin of Wells, who was a canon from 1200, then bishop from 1206. Adam Locke was master mason from about 1192 until 1230.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> It was designed in the new style with pointed arches, later known as <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, which was introduced at about the same time at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198757–58-36">[35]</a> Work was halted between 1209 and 1213 when <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> and Jocelin was in exile,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid196340–41-37">[36]</a> but the main parts of the church were complete by the time of the dedication by Jocelin in 1239.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatton-BrownCrook200274–76-23">[22]</a> By the time the cathedral, including the <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a>, was finished in 1306,<a href="#cite_note-sacred-38">[37]</a> it was already too small for the developing liturgy, and unable to accommodate increasingly grand processions of clergy. <a href="/wiki/John_Droxford" title="John Droxford">John Droxford</a> initiated another phase of building under master mason Thomas of Whitney,<a href="#cite_note-sacred-38">[37]</a> during which the central tower was heightened and an eight-sided <a href="/wiki/Lady_chapel" title="Lady chapel">Lady chapel</a> was added at the east end by 1326.<a href="#cite_note-isleofavalon-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Shrewsbury" title="Ralph of Shrewsbury">Ralph of Shrewsbury</a> followed, continuing the eastward extension of the choir and <a href="/wiki/Retrochoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrochoir">retrochoir</a> beyond. He oversaw the building of <a href="/wiki/Vicars%27_Close,_Wells" title="Vicars' Close, Wells">Vicars' Close</a> and the Vicars' Hall, to give the men who were employed to sing in the choir a secure place to live and dine, away from the town and its temptations.<a href="#cite_note-localhist-40">[39]</a> He had an uneasy relationship with the citizens of Wells, partly because of his imposition of taxes,<a href="#cite_note-localhist-40">[39]</a> and he surrounded his palace with <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">crenellated</a> walls, a moat and a drawbridge.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Harewell" title="John Harewell">John Harewell</a> raised money for the completion of the west front by <a href="/wiki/William_Wynford" title="William Wynford">William Wynford</a>, who was appointed as master mason in 1365. One of the foremost master masons of his time, Wynford worked for the king at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987352-43">[42]</a> At Wells, he designed the western towers of which north-west was not built until the following century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1926257-44">[43]</a> In the 14th century, the central <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a> were found to be sinking under the weight of the crossing tower which had been damaged by an earthquake in the previous century.<a href="#cite_note-cathbrit-45">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strainer_arch" title="Strainer arch">Strainer arches</a>, sometimes described as scissor arches, were inserted by master mason <a href="/wiki/William_Joy" title="William Joy">William Joy</a> to brace and stabilise the piers as a unit.<a href="#cite_note-cathbrit-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tudors_and_Civil_War">Tudors and Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tudors and Civil War">edit</a>]</div> By the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> the cathedral was complete, appearing much as it does today (though the fittings have changed). From 1508 to 1546, the eminent Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a> was active as the chapter's representative in London. He donated a set of hangings for the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> of the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay19528–20-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> While Wells survived the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> better than the cathedrals of monastic foundation, the abolition of chantries in 1547 resulted in a reduction in its income. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> brasses were sold, and a <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Between 1551 and 1568, in two periods as dean, <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Herb_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb garden">herb garden</a>, which was recreated between 2003 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> gave the chapter and the Vicars Choral a new charter in 1591, creating a new governing body, consisting of a dean and eight residentiary canons with control over the church estates and authority over its affairs, but no longer entitled to elect the dean (that entitlement thenceforward belonged ultimately to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>).<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The stability brought by the new charter ended with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a> and the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. Local fighting damaged the cathedral's stonework, furniture and windows. The dean, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh_(priest)" title="Walter Raleigh (priest)">Walter Raleigh</a>, a nephew of the explorer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, was placed under house arrest after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Bridgwater" title="Bridgwater">Bridgwater</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> in 1645, first in the rectory at <a href="/wiki/Chedzoy" title="Chedzoy">Chedzoy</a> and then in the deanery at Wells.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> His jailor, the shoe maker and city constable, David Barrett, caught him writing a letter to his wife. When he refused to surrender it, Barrett ran him through with a sword and he died six weeks later, on 10 October 1646.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-parod-54">[53]</a> He was buried in an unmarked grave in the choir before the dean's stall.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> no dean was appointed and the cathedral fell into disrepair. The bishop went into retirement and some of the clerics were reduced to performing menial tasks.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1660–1800">1660–1800</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1660–1800">edit</a>]</div> In 1661, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">restored to the throne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Creighton" title="Robert Creighton">Robert Creighton</a>, the king's chaplain in exile, was appointed dean and was bishop for two years before his death in 1672.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmberg199655-57">[56]</a> His brass <a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">lectern</a>, given in thanksgiving, can be seen in the cathedral. He donated the nave's great west window at a cost of £140. Following Creighton's appointment as bishop, the post of dean went to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bathurst" title="Ralph Bathurst">Ralph Bathurst</a>, who had been chaplain to the king, president of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford" title="Trinity College, Oxford">Trinity College, Oxford</a> and fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2005161-58">[57]</a> During Bathurst's long tenure the cathedral was restored, but in the <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a> of 1685, Puritan soldiers damaged the west front, tore lead from the roof to make bullets, broke the windows, smashed the organ and furnishings, and for a time stabled their horses in the nave.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Restoration began again under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ken" title="Thomas Ken">Thomas Ken</a> who was appointed by the Crown in 1685 and served until 1691. He was one of seven bishops imprisoned for refusing to sign <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a>", which would have enabled Catholics to resume positions of political power, but popular support led to their acquittal. Ken refused to take the oath of allegiance to <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> because James II had not abdicated and with others, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjurors</a>, was put out of office.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kidder" title="Richard Kidder">Richard Kidder</a>, was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1703" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Storm of 1703">Great Storm of 1703</a> when two chimney stacks on the palace fell on him and his wife, while they were asleep in bed.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:939px;max-width:939px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptismal_Font,_Wells_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_630565_adjusted.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Baptismal_Font%2C_Wells_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_630565_adjusted.JPG/220px-Baptismal_Font%2C_Wells_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_630565_adjusted.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Baptismal_Font%2C_Wells_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_630565_adjusted.JPG/330px-Baptismal_Font%2C_Wells_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_630565_adjusted.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Baptismal_Font%2C_Wells_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_630565_adjusted.JPG/440px-Baptismal_Font%2C_Wells_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_630565_adjusted.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="475" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The baptismal font from the Saxon church of <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a> (c. 705) predates the cathedral by more than 400 years.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_west_door_height.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wells_cathedral_west_door_height.JPG/217px-Wells_cathedral_west_door_height.JPG" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wells_cathedral_west_door_height.JPG/326px-Wells_cathedral_west_door_height.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wells_cathedral_west_door_height.JPG/434px-Wells_cathedral_west_door_height.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 13th-century west front was vandalised during the Monmouth Rebellion, destroying many of the carved figures and leaving others, like those of the Coronation of the Virgin, headless.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:245px;max-width:245px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells-Cathedral_9759_choir_stalls_straight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wells-Cathedral_9759_choir_stalls_straight.jpg/243px-Wells-Cathedral_9759_choir_stalls_straight.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wells-Cathedral_9759_choir_stalls_straight.jpg/365px-Wells-Cathedral_9759_choir_stalls_straight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wells-Cathedral_9759_choir_stalls_straight.jpg/486px-Wells-Cathedral_9759_choir_stalls_straight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The choir stalls have 19th-century stone canopies and modern embroideries commemorating bishops. The 19th century saw the restoration of the building and its fittings.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:245px;max-width:245px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop%27s_Palace,_Wells._Sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells._Sculpture.jpg/243px-Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells._Sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells._Sculpture.jpg/365px-Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells._Sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells._Sculpture.jpg/486px-Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells._Sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 1999 sculpture, The Weight of our Sins, by <a href="/wiki/Josefina_de_Vasconcellos" title="Josefina de Vasconcellos">Josefina de Vasconcellos</a> in the grounds of the Bishop's Palace</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_era_to_present">Victorian era to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Victorian era to present">edit</a>]</div> By the middle of the 19th century, a major <a href="/wiki/Victorian_restoration" title="Victorian restoration">restoration programme</a> was needed. Under <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Goodenough" title="Edmund Goodenough">Dean Goodenough</a>, the monuments were moved to the cloisters and the remaining medieval paint and <a href="/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewash</a> removed in an operation known as "the great scrape".<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Salvin" title="Anthony Salvin">Anthony Salvin</a> took charge of the extensive restoration of the choir. Wooden galleries installed in the 16th century were removed and the stalls were given stone canopies and placed further back within the line of the arcade. The medieval stone <a href="/wiki/Pulpitum" title="Pulpitum">pulpitum</a> screen was extended in the centre to support a new organ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester1987126–127-64">[63]</a> In 1933 the Friends of Wells Cathedral were formed to support the cathedral's chapter in the maintenance of the fabric, life and work of the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The late 20th century saw an extensive restoration programme, particularly of the west front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatton1999218–230-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-westfrontrestore-67">[66]</a> The stained glass is currently under restoration, with a programme underway to conserve the large 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Jesse Tree</a> window at the eastern terminal of the choir.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-vidimus-69">[68]</a> In January 2014, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bath_film_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath film festival">Bath film festival</a>, the cathedral hosted a special screening of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (film)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a>. This provoked some controversy, but the church defended its decision to allow the screening.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In 2021, a contemporary sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gormley" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Gormley">Anthony Gormley</a> was unveiled on a temporary plinth outside the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ministry">Ministry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ministry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bishops_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bishops_Palace.jpg/170px-Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bishops_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bishops_Palace.jpg/255px-Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bishops_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bishops_Palace.jpg/340px-Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bishops_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>From the <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">reflecting pool</a> in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Wells" title="Bishop's Palace, Wells">Bishop's Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Since the 13th century, Wells Cathedral has been the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Bishop of Bath and Wells">Bishop of Bath and Wells</a>. Its governing body, the <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">chapter</a>, is made up of five clerical canons (the dean, the precentor, the canon chancellor, the canon treasurer, and the archdeacon of Wells) and four lay members: the administrator (chief executive), Keeper of the Fabric, Overseer of the Estate and the chairman of the cathedral shop and catering boards.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter-73">[72]</a> The current bishop of Bath and Wells is <a href="/wiki/Michael_Beasley_(bishop)" title="Michael Beasley (bishop)">Michael Beesley</a>, who was installed in a service in the cathedral on 19 November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Wells" title="Dean of Wells">dean of Wells</a> is Toby Wright, who was installed on 16 June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Staff include the organist and master of choristers, head Verger archivist, librarian and the staff of the shop, café and restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The chapter is advised by specialists such as architects, archaeologists and financial analysts.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter-73">[72]</a> More than a thousand services are held every year. There are daily services of <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a>, Holy Communion and Choral Evensong,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> as well as major celebrations of Christian festivals such as Christmas, Easter, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint's Day">saints' days</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The cathedral is also used for the baptisms, weddings and funerals of those with close connections to it.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In July 2009 the cathedral undertook the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Patch" title="Harry Patch">Harry Patch</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> veteran of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, who died at the age of 111.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Three Sunday services are led by the resident choir in school terms and choral services are sung on weekdays. The cathedral hosts visiting choirs and does outreach work with local schools as part of its Chorister Outreach Project.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> It is also a venue for musical events such as an annual concert by the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Chamber_Choir" title="Somerset Chamber Choir">Somerset Chamber Choir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Each year about 150,000 people attend services and another 300,000 visit as tourists.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> General admission tickets can be purchased via the Welcome Desk. There is no charge for people who wish to come into the Cathedral to pray, attend a service, or light a candle.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates,_styles_and_architects">Dates, styles and architects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dates, styles and architects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WellsCathPlan_numbered.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/WellsCathPlan_numbered.JPG/470px-WellsCathPlan_numbered.JPG" decoding="async" width="470" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/WellsCathPlan_numbered.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Wells Cathedral:<a href="#cite_note-86">[b]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><div class="image-key"><ol><li>West front</li><li>Nave</li><li>Central tower</li><li>Choir</li><li>Retrochoir</li><li>Lady Chapel</li><li>Aisle</li><li>Transept</li><li>East transept</li><li>North porch</li><li>Chapter house</li><li>Cloister</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> Construction of the cathedral began in about 1175, to the design of an unknown master-mason. Wells is the first cathedral in England to be built, from its foundation, in Gothic style. According to art historian <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">John Harvey</a>, it is the first truly Gothic cathedral in the world, its architects having entirely dispensed with all features that bound the contemporary east end of Canterbury Cathedral and the earlier buildings of France, such as the east end of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Abbey of Saint Denis</a>, to the Romanesque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198719-10">[10]</a> Unlike these churches, Wells has clustered piers rather than columns and has a gallery of identical pointed arches rather than the typically Romanesque form of paired openings. The style, with its simple <a href="/wiki/Lancet_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancet arch">lancet arches</a> without tracery and convoluted mouldings, is known as <a href="/wiki/Early_English_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early English Gothic">Early English Gothic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1961189–190-87">[85]</a> From about 1192 to 1230, Adam Lock, the earliest master-mason at Wells for whom a name is known, continued the transept and nave in the same manner as his predecessor. Lock was also the builder of the north porch, to his own design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> The Early English west front was commenced around 1230 by Thomas Norreys, with building and sculpture continuing for thirty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> Its south-west tower was begun 100 years later and constructed between 1365 and 1395, and the north-west tower between 1425 and 1435,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> both in the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> style to the design of William Wynford,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> who also filled many of the cathedral's early English <a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet windows</a> with delicate <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1926257-44">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a> and chapter house were built by unknown architects between 1275 and 1310, the undercroft in the Early English and the chapter house in the Geometric style of <a href="/wiki/Decorated_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated Gothic">Decorated Gothic</a> architecture. In about 1310 work commenced on the Lady Chapel, to the design of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witney" title="Thomas Witney">Thomas Witney</a>, who also built the central tower from 1315 to 1322 in the Decorated Gothic style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> The tower was later braced internally with arches by William Joy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> Concurrent with this work, in 1329–45 Joy made alterations and extensions to the choir, joining it to the Lady Chapel with the retrochoir, the latter in the <a href="/wiki/Flowing_Decorated" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowing Decorated">Flowing Decorated</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> Later changes include the Perpendicular vault of the tower and construction of Sugar's Chapel, 1475–1490 by <a href="/wiki/William_Smyth_(architect)" title="William Smyth (architect)">William Smyth</a>. Also, Gothic Revival renovations were made to the choir and pulpitum by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ferrey" title="Benjamin Ferrey">Benjamin Ferrey</a> and Anthony Salvin, 1842–1857.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan">Plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plan">edit</a>]</div> Wells has a total length of 415 feet (126 m). Like Canterbury, Lincoln and <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury</a> cathedrals, it has the distinctly English arrangement of two transepts, with the body of the church divided into distinct parts: nave, choir, and retrochoir, beyond which extends the Lady Chapel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984173–174-89">[87]</a> The façade is wide, with its towers extending beyond the transepts on either side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> There is a large projecting porch on the north side of the nave forming an entry into the cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> To the north-east is the large octagonal chapter house, entered from the north choir aisle by a passage and staircase. To the south of the nave is a large cloister, unusual in that the northern range, that adjacent the cathedral, was never built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967136-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Elevation">edit</a>]</div> In section, the cathedral has the usual arrangement of a large church: a central nave with an aisle on each side, separated by two arcades. The elevation is in three stages, <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> gallery and <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> The nave is 67 feet (20 m) in height, very low compared to the Gothic cathedrals of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196774–79-92">[90]</a> It has a markedly horizontal emphasis, caused by the triforium having a unique form, a series of identical narrow openings, lacking the usual definition of the bays. The triforium is separated from the arcade by a single horizontal <a href="/wiki/String_course" class="mw-redirect" title="String course">string course</a> that runs unbroken the length of the nave. There are no vertical lines linking the three stages, as the shafts supporting the vault rise above the triforium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:589px;max-width:589px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_east_end_over_the_wall_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wells_Cathedral_east_end_over_the_wall_3.jpg/242px-Wells_Cathedral_east_end_over_the_wall_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wells_Cathedral_east_end_over_the_wall_3.jpg/363px-Wells_Cathedral_east_end_over_the_wall_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wells_Cathedral_east_end_over_the_wall_3.jpg/484px-Wells_Cathedral_east_end_over_the_wall_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1849" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The cathedral from the south east. To the right of the central tower is the choir with the Lady Chapel projecting beyond it, and the chapter house, extreme right.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Central_Tower_Oct_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wells_Cathedral_Central_Tower_Oct_2021.jpg/115px-Wells_Cathedral_Central_Tower_Oct_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wells_Cathedral_Central_Tower_Oct_2021.jpg/173px-Wells_Cathedral_Central_Tower_Oct_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wells_Cathedral_Central_Tower_Oct_2021.jpg/230px-Wells_Cathedral_Central_Tower_Oct_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4805" data-file-height="6842" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The central tower, nave and south transept seen from the cloister <a href="/wiki/Garth_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garth (architecture)">garth</a>. The nave rises above the pitched roof of the aisle. The buttresses are of low profile.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/220px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/330px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/440px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The internal elevation of the nave is in three levels: arcade, triforium gallery and clerestory. The triforium has a unique form with the arches not grouped into bays.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior">Exterior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exterior">edit</a>]</div> The exterior of Wells Cathedral presents a relatively tidy and harmonious appearance since the greater part of the building was executed in a single style, <a href="/wiki/Early_English_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early English Gothic">Early English Gothic</a>. This is uncommon among English cathedrals where the exterior usually exhibits a plethora of styles.<a href="#cite_note-reeve-93">[91]</a> At Wells, later changes in the Perpendicular style were universally applied, such as filling the Early English lancet windows with simple tracery, the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a> that encircles the roof, and the addition of <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a> framing each <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable</a>, similar to those around the chapter house and on the west front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> At the eastern end there is a proliferation of tracery with repeated motifs in the Reticulated style, a stage between Geometric and Flowing Decorated tracery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–158-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_front">West front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: West front">edit</a>]</div> The west front is 100 feet (30 m) high and 147 feet (45 m) wide,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester1987183-95">[93]</a> and built of <a href="/wiki/Inferior_Oolite" title="Inferior Oolite">Inferior Oolite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a> period, which came from the <a href="/wiki/Doulting_Stone_Quarry" title="Doulting Stone Quarry">Doulting Stone Quarry</a>, about 8 miles (13 km) to the east.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_historian" title="Architectural historian">architectural historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Clifton-Taylor" title="Alec Clifton-Taylor">Alec Clifton-Taylor</a>, it is "one of the great sights of England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196778-97">[95]</a> West fronts in general take three distinct forms: those that follow the elevation of the nave and aisles, those that have paired towers at the end of each aisle, framing the nave, and those that screen the form of the building. The west front at Wells has the paired-tower form, unusual in that the towers do not indicate the location of the aisles, but extend well beyond them, screening the dimensions and profile of the building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> The west front rises in three distinct stages, each clearly defined by a horizontal course. This horizontal emphasis is counteracted by six strongly projecting buttresses defining the cross-sectional divisions of nave, aisles and towers, and are highly decorated, each having canopied niches containing the largest statues on the façade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196778-97">[95]</a> At the lowest level of the façade is a plain base, contrasting with and stabilising the ornate arcades that rise above it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196778-97">[95]</a> The base is penetrated by three doors, which are in stark contrast to the often imposing portals of French Gothic cathedrals. The outer two are of domestic proportion and the central door is ornamented only by a central post, <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoil</a> and the fine mouldings of the arch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> Above the basement rise two storeys, ornamented with quatrefoils and niches originally holding about four hundred statues, with three hundred surviving until the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> Since then, some have been restored or replaced, including the ruined figure of Christ in the gable.<a href="#cite_note-Caroe-98">[96]</a> The third stages of the flanking towers were both built in the Perpendicular style of the late 14th century, to the design of William Wynford; that on the north-west was not begun until about 1425.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> The design maintains the general proportions, and continues the strong projection of the buttresses. The finished product has been criticised for its lack of pinnacles, and it is probable that the towers were intended to carry spires which were never built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> Despite its lack of spires or pinnacles, the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher_(junior)" title="Banister Fletcher (junior)">Banister Fletcher</a> describes it as "the highest development in English Gothic of this type of façade."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1961421-99">[97]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:674px;max-width:674px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_28_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wells_cathedral_28_crop.JPG/232px-Wells_cathedral_28_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wells_cathedral_28_crop.JPG/348px-Wells_cathedral_28_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wells_cathedral_28_crop.JPG/464px-Wells_cathedral_28_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 13th-century west front by Thomas Norreys. As a synthesis of form, architectural decoration and figurative sculpture it is considered to be unsurpassed in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196778-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey196163-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1961421-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wells_cathedral_26.JPG/200px-Wells_cathedral_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wells_cathedral_26.JPG/300px-Wells_cathedral_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wells_cathedral_26.JPG/400px-Wells_cathedral_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Christ the Judge, (late 20th-century) occupies the gable. Beneath are twelve apostles and nine archangels.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wells_cathedral_16.JPG/230px-Wells_cathedral_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wells_cathedral_16.JPG/345px-Wells_cathedral_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wells_cathedral_16.JPG/460px-Wells_cathedral_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The strongly projecting buttresses have niches for statues.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iconography_of_the_west_front">Iconography of the west front</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iconography of the west front">edit</a>]</div> The sculptures on the west front at Wells include standing figures, seated figures, half-length angels and narratives in high relief. Many of the figures are life-sized or larger. Together they constitute the finest display of medieval carving in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> The figures and many of the architectural details were painted in bright colours, and the colouring scheme has been deduced from flakes of paint still adhering to some surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> The sculptures occupy nine architectural zones stretching horizontally across the entire west front and around the sides and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Return_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Return (architecture)">returns</a> of the towers which extend beyond the aisles. The strongly projecting buttresses have tiers of niches which contain many of the largest figures. Other large figures, including that of Christ, occupy the gable. A single figure stands in one of two later niches high on the northern tower. In 1851 the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell" title="Charles Robert Cockerell">Charles Robert Cockerell</a> published his analysis of the iconography, numbering the nine sculptural divisions from the lowest to the highest. He defined the theme as "a calendar for unlearned men" illustrating the doctrines and history of the Christian faith, its introduction to Britain and its protection by princes and bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185126-100">[98]</a> He likens the arrangement and iconography to the <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185134-101">[99]</a> According to Cockerell, the side of the façade that is to the south of the central door is the more sacred and the scheme is divided accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185127-102">[100]</a> The lowest range of niches each contained a standing figure, of which all but four figures on the west front, two on each side, have been destroyed. More have survived on the northern and eastern sides of the north tower. Cockerell speculates that those to the south of the portal represented prophets and patriarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> while those to the north represented early missionaries to Britain, of which <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Birinus" class="mw-redirect" title="St Birinus">St Birinus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a> are identifiable by their <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">attributes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185127–28-103">[101]</a> In the second zone, above each pair of standing figures, is a quatrefoil containing a half-length angel in relief, some of which have survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185152-104">[102]</a> Between the gables of the niches are quatrefoils that contain a series of narratives from the Bible, with the Old Testament stories to the south, above the prophets and patriarchs, and those from the New Testament to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185153-105">[103]</a> A horizontal course runs around the west front dividing the architectural storeys at this point. Above the course, zones four and five, as identified by Cockerell, contain figures which represent the Christian Church in Britain, with the spiritual lords such as bishops, abbots, abbesses and saintly founders of monasteries on the south, while kings, queens and princes occupy the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185130-106">[104]</a> Many of the figures survive and many have been identified in the light of their various attributes. There is a hierarchy of size, with the more significant figures larger and enthroned in their niches rather than standing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185175-107">[105]</a> Immediately beneath the upper course are a series of small niches containing dynamic sculptures of the dead coming forth from their tombs on the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgement">Day of Judgement</a>. Although naked, some of the dead are defined as royalty by their crowns and others as bishops by their <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitres</a>. Some emerge from their graves with joy and hope, and others with despair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185131-108">[106]</a> The niches in the lowest zone of the gable contain nine angels, of which Cockerell identifies Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185132-109">[107]</a> In the next zone are the taller figures of the twelve apostles, some, such as John, Andrew and Bartholomew, clearly identifiable by the attributes that they carry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185133-110">[108]</a> The uppermost niches of the gable contained the figure of Christ the Judge at the centre, with the Virgin Mary on his right and John the Baptist on his left. The figures all suffered from <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185133-110">[108]</a> A new statue of Jesus was carved for the central niche, but the two side niches now contain <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a>. Christ and the Virgin Mary are also represented by now headless figures in a <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a> in a niche above the central portal. A damaged figure of the Virgin and Christ Child occupies a quatrefoil in the <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrel</a> of the door.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockerell185129–30-111">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:651px;max-width:651px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_interior_104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wells_cathedral_interior_104.jpg/255px-Wells_cathedral_interior_104.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wells_cathedral_interior_104.jpg/383px-Wells_cathedral_interior_104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wells_cathedral_interior_104.jpg/510px-Wells_cathedral_interior_104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In the lowest range, many statues are lost but this group of saints remains at the back of the north tower.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_west_main_door.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wells_cathedral_west_main_door.jpg/136px-Wells_cathedral_west_main_door.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wells_cathedral_west_main_door.jpg/204px-Wells_cathedral_west_main_door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wells_cathedral_west_main_door.jpg/272px-Wells_cathedral_west_main_door.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">There is a sculpture of the Virgin and Christ Child above the west door.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_05_west_front_levels_4%265_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wells_cathedral_05_west_front_levels_4%265_crop.JPG/248px-Wells_cathedral_05_west_front_levels_4%265_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="248" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wells_cathedral_05_west_front_levels_4%265_crop.JPG/372px-Wells_cathedral_05_west_front_levels_4%265_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wells_cathedral_05_west_front_levels_4%265_crop.JPG/496px-Wells_cathedral_05_west_front_levels_4%265_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2012" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A gallery of royalty fills the niches of the north west buttresses, with clerics on the south west.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crossing_tower">Crossing tower</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Crossing tower">edit</a>]</div> The central tower appears to date from the early 13th century. It was substantially reconstructed in the early 14th century during the remodelling of the east end, necessitating the internal bracing of the piers a decade or so later. In the 14th century the tower was given a timber and lead spire which burnt down in 1439. The exterior was then reworked in the Perpendicular style and given the present parapet and pinnacles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatton-BrownCrook200274–76-23">[22]</a> Alec Clifton-Taylor describes it as "outstanding even in Somerset, a county famed for the splendour of its church towers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967274-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_porch">North porch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North porch">edit</a>]</div> The north porch is described by art historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> as "sumptuously decorated", and intended as the main entrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> Externally it is simple and rectangular with plain side walls. The entrance is a steeply arched portal framed by rich mouldings of eight shafts with stiff-leaf capitals each encircled by an <a href="/wiki/Annulet_(architecture)" title="Annulet (architecture)">annular</a> moulding at middle height. Those on the left are figurative, containing images representing the martyrdom of St <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> The walls are lined with deep niches framed by narrow shafts with capitals and annulets like those of the portal. The path to the north porch is lined by four sculptures in Purbeck stone, each by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Spencer_Watson" title="Mary Spencer Watson">Mary Spencer Watson</a>, representing the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMorley-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cloisters">Cloisters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cloisters">edit</a>]</div> The cloisters were built in the late 13th century and largely rebuilt from 1430 to 1508<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatton-BrownCrook200274–76-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> and have wide openings divided by <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transom_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transom (architectural)">transoms</a>, and tracery in the Perpendicular Gothic style. The vault has <a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">lierne</a> ribs that form octagons at the centre of each compartment, the joints of each rib having decorative <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">bosses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967226-113">[111]</a> The eastern range is of two storeys, of which the upper is the library built in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatton-BrownCrook200274–76-23">[22]</a> Because Wells Cathedral was secular rather than monastic, cloisters were not a practical necessity. They were omitted from several other secular cathedrals but were built here and at Chichester. Explanations for their construction at these two secular cathedrals range from the processional to the aesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967136-91">[89]</a> As at Chichester, there is no northern range to the cloisters. In monastic cloisters it was the north range, benefiting most from winter sunlight, that was often used as a <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley196267–68-114">[112]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:811px;max-width:811px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_04_lighter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wells_Cathedral_04_lighter.JPG/215px-Wells_Cathedral_04_lighter.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wells_Cathedral_04_lighter.JPG/323px-Wells_Cathedral_04_lighter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wells_Cathedral_04_lighter.JPG/430px-Wells_Cathedral_04_lighter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4184" data-file-height="3138" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The north transept with its Medieval clock face, the north porch and north-west tower</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_north_doorway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_cathedral_north_doorway.JPG/215px-Wells_cathedral_north_doorway.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_cathedral_north_doorway.JPG/323px-Wells_cathedral_north_doorway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_cathedral_north_doorway.JPG/430px-Wells_cathedral_north_doorway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The portal of the north porch has complex mouldings with sprouting foliage in the rebates.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Cloister,_Somerset,_UK_-_DIliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wells_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_DIliff.jpg/135px-Wells_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_DIliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wells_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_DIliff.jpg/203px-Wells_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_DIliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wells_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_DIliff.jpg/270px-Wells_Cathedral_Cloister%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_DIliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="4862" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">View along the cloister showing the lierne vault</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_cloister_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wells_Cathedral_cloister_crop.JPG/230px-Wells_Cathedral_cloister_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wells_Cathedral_cloister_crop.JPG/345px-Wells_Cathedral_cloister_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wells_Cathedral_cloister_crop.JPG/460px-Wells_Cathedral_cloister_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1044" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The cloisters, built in several stages, have Perpendicular tracery.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restoration">Restoration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Restoration">edit</a>]</div> In 1969, when a large chunk of stone fell from a statue near the main door, it became apparent that there was an urgent need for restoration of the west front.<a href="#cite_note-westfrontrestore-67">[66]</a> Detailed studies of the stonework and of conservation practices were undertaken under the cathedral architect, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Caroe" title="Alban Caroe">Alban D. R. Caroe</a> and a restoration committee formed.<a href="#cite_note-Caroe-98">[96]</a> The methods selected were those devised by Eve and Robert Baker. W. A. (Bert) Wheeler, clerk of works to the cathedral 1935–1978, had previously experimented with washing and surface treatment of architectural carvings on the building and his techniques were among those tried on the statues.<a href="#cite_note-Caroe-98">[96]</a> The conservation was carried out between 1974 and 1986, wherever possible using non-invasive procedures such as washing with water and a solution of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, filling gaps and damaged surfaces with soft mortar to prevent the ingress of water and stabilising statues that were fracturing through corrosion of metal dowels. The surfaces were finished by painting with a thin coat of mortar and <a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">silane</a> to resist further erosion and attack by pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-westfrontrestore-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caroe-98">[96]</a> The restoration of the façade revealed much paint adhering to the statues and their niches, indicating that it had once been brightly coloured.<a href="#cite_note-westfrontrestore-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Interior">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Choir,_transept_and_nave">Choir, transept and nave</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Choir, transept and nave">edit</a>]</div> The particular character of this Early English interior is dependent on the proportions of the simple lancet arches. It is also dependent on the refinement of the architectural details, in particular the mouldings. The arcade, which takes the same form in the nave, choir and transepts, is distinguished by the richness of both mouldings and carvings. Each pier of the arcade has a surface enrichment of 24 slender shafts in eight groups of three, rising beyond the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> to form the deeply undulating mouldings of the arches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196774–79-92">[90]</a> The capitals themselves are remarkable for the vitality of the stylised foliage, in a style known as "stiff-leaf". The liveliness contrasts with the formality of the moulded shafts and the smooth unbroken areas of <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> masonry in the spandrels. Each capital is different, and some contain small figures illustrating narratives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196774–79-92">[90]</a> The vault of the nave rises steeply in a simple quadripartite form, in harmony with the nave arcade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> The eastern end of the choir was extended and the whole upper part elaborated in the second quarter of the 14th century by William Joy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> The vault has a multiplicity of ribs in a net-like form, which is very different from that of the nave, and is perhaps a recreation in stone of a local type of compartmented wooden roof of which examples remain from the 15th century, including those at <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Cuthbert,_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Cuthbert, Wells">St Cuthbert's Church</a>, Wells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984193-115">[113]</a> The vaults of the aisles of the choir also have a unique pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1958278–310-90">[88]</a> Until the early 14th century, the interior of the cathedral was in a unified style, but it was to undergo two significant changes, to the tower and to the eastern end. Between 1315 and 1322 the central tower was heightened and topped by a spire, which caused the piers that supported it to show signs of stress. In 1338 the mason William Joy employed an unorthodox solution by inserting low arches topped by inverted arches of similar dimensions, forming scissors-like structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESAHC082008199–205-116">[114]</a> These arches brace the piers of the crossing on three sides, while the easternmost side is braced by a choir screen.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The bracing arches are known as "St Andrew's Cross arches", in a reference to the patron saint of the cathedral. They have been described by Wim Swaan – rightly or wrongly – as "brutally massive" and intrusive in an otherwise restrained interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984188–196-6">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:965px;max-width:965px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Nave_Photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wells_Cathedral_Nave_Photograph.jpg/280px-Wells_Cathedral_Nave_Photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wells_Cathedral_Nave_Photograph.jpg/420px-Wells_Cathedral_Nave_Photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wells_Cathedral_Nave_Photograph.jpg/560px-Wells_Cathedral_Nave_Photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="5792" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The horizontal line of the nave is emphasised by the unbroken galleries.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Wells_-_Volta_nau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catedral_de_Wells_-_Volta_nau.JPG/262px-Catedral_de_Wells_-_Volta_nau.JPG" decoding="async" width="262" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catedral_de_Wells_-_Volta_nau.JPG/393px-Catedral_de_Wells_-_Volta_nau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catedral_de_Wells_-_Volta_nau.JPG/524px-Catedral_de_Wells_-_Volta_nau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1709" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The quadripartite vault of the nave was decorated in the 19th century.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_JBU01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wells_JBU01.jpg/132px-Wells_JBU01.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wells_JBU01.jpg/198px-Wells_JBU01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wells_JBU01.jpg/264px-Wells_JBU01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2844" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The St Andrew's Cross arches seen from the transept</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_choir_vault_Oct_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wells_Cathedral_choir_vault_Oct_2021.jpg/275px-Wells_Cathedral_choir_vault_Oct_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wells_Cathedral_choir_vault_Oct_2021.jpg/413px-Wells_Cathedral_choir_vault_Oct_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wells_Cathedral_choir_vault_Oct_2021.jpg/550px-Wells_Cathedral_choir_vault_Oct_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The vault of the choir has a unique form perhaps patterned on wooden roofs.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lady_Chapel_and_retrochoir">Lady Chapel and retrochoir</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lady Chapel and retrochoir">edit</a>]</div> Wells Cathedral has a square east end to the choir, as is usual, and like several other cathedrals including Salisbury and <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield</a>, has a lower Lady Chapel projecting at the eastern end, begun by Thomas Witney in about 1310, possibly before the chapter house was completed. The <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Chapel">Lady Chapel</a> seems to have begun as a free-standing structure in the form of an elongated octagon, but the plan changed and it was linked to the eastern end by extension of the choir and construction of a second transept or retrochoir east of the choir, probably by William Joy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967158–164-118">[116]</a> The Lady Chapel has a vault of complex and somewhat irregular pattern, as the chapel is not symmetrical about both axes. The main ribs are intersected by additional non-supporting, <a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">lierne ribs</a>, which in this case form a star-shaped pattern at the apex of the vault. It is one of the earliest lierne vaults in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967158–164-118">[116]</a> There are five large windows, of which four are filled with fragments of medieval glass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967158–164-118">[116]</a> The tracery of the windows is in the style known as Reticulated Gothic, having a pattern of a single repeated shape, in this case a trefoil, giving a "reticulate" or net-like appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967158–164-118">[116]</a> The retrochoir extends across the east end of the choir and into the east transepts. At its centre the vault is supported by a remarkable structure of angled piers. Two of these are placed as to complete the octagonal shape of the Lady Chapel, a solution described by Francis Bond as "an intuition of Genius".<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The piers have attached shafts of marble, and, with the vaults that they support, create a vista of great complexity from every angle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967158–164-118">[116]</a> The windows of the retrochoir are in the Reticulated style like those of the Lady Chapel, but are fully Flowing Decorated in that the tracery mouldings form <a href="/wiki/Ogive_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogive (architecture)">ogival</a> curves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967158–164-118">[116]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:844px;max-width:844px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Eastern end of the cathedral, 1310–45</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/185px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/278px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/370px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5359" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Lady Chapel was probably designed by Thomas Witney, (1310–19). The windows have tracery of a regular net-like pattern and contain ancient stained glass.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg/198px-Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg/297px-Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg/396px-Wells_cathedral_interior_102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The stellar vault of the Lady Chapel has lierne ribs making a star within a star.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_interior_101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wells_cathedral_interior_101.jpg/208px-Wells_cathedral_interior_101.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wells_cathedral_interior_101.jpg/312px-Wells_cathedral_interior_101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wells_cathedral_interior_101.jpg/416px-Wells_cathedral_interior_101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="613" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The view through William Joy's retrochoir into the Lady Chapel has been described as "one of the most subtle and entrancing architectural prospects in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967158–164-118">[116]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral,_Somerset_(2265307440).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wells_Cathedral%2C_Somerset_%282265307440%29.jpg/237px-Wells_Cathedral%2C_Somerset_%282265307440%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wells_Cathedral%2C_Somerset_%282265307440%29.jpg/356px-Wells_Cathedral%2C_Somerset_%282265307440%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wells_Cathedral%2C_Somerset_%282265307440%29.jpg/474px-Wells_Cathedral%2C_Somerset_%282265307440%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The eastern bays of the choir (1329–45) showing the reticular vault and the gallery of saints beneath the east window<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984193-115">[113]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_house">Chapter house</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chapter house">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_chapter_house_brighter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wells_cathedral_chapter_house_brighter.JPG/210px-Wells_cathedral_chapter_house_brighter.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wells_cathedral_chapter_house_brighter.JPG/315px-Wells_cathedral_chapter_house_brighter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wells_cathedral_chapter_house_brighter.JPG/420px-Wells_cathedral_chapter_house_brighter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc96IQmEOIY">Wells Cathedral</a>, 7:54, 15 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><a href="#cite_note-smarth-120">[118]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> was begun in the late 13th century and built in two stages, completed about 1310. It is a two-storeyed structure with the main chamber raised on an <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a>. It is entered from a staircase which divides and turns, one branch leading through the upper storey of <a href="/wiki/Chain_Gate,_Wells" title="Chain Gate, Wells">Chain Gate</a> to Vicars' Close. The <a href="/wiki/Geometric_Decorated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric Decorated">Decorated</a> interior is described by Alec Clifton-Taylor as "architecturally the most beautiful in England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–158-94">[92]</a> It is octagonal, with its ribbed vault supported on a central column. The column is surrounded by shafts of <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Marble" title="Purbeck Marble">Purbeck Marble</a>, rising to a single continuous rippling foliate capital of stylised oak leaves and acorns, quite different in character from the Early English stiff-leaf foliage. Above the moulding spring 32 ribs of strong profile, giving an effect generally likened to "a great palm tree".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–158-94">[92]</a> The windows are large with Geometric Decorated tracery that is beginning to show an elongation of form, and <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogees</a> in the lesser lights that are characteristic of Flowing Decorated tracery. The tracery lights still contain ancient glass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–158-94">[92]</a> Beneath the windows are 51 stalls, the canopies of which are enlivened by carvings including many heads carved in a light-hearted manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–158-94">[92]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:682px;max-width:682px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chain_gate_Wells_shadows_brighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chain_gate_Wells_shadows_brighter.jpg/275px-Chain_gate_Wells_shadows_brighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chain_gate_Wells_shadows_brighter.jpg/413px-Chain_gate_Wells_shadows_brighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chain_gate_Wells_shadows_brighter.jpg/550px-Chain_gate_Wells_shadows_brighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A staircase leads from the cathedral (right) to the chapter house and the Chain Gate which gives access to Vicars' Close.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Stairs_to_Chapter_House,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wells_Cathedral_Stairs_to_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/160px-Wells_Cathedral_Stairs_to_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wells_Cathedral_Stairs_to_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-Wells_Cathedral_Stairs_to_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wells_Cathedral_Stairs_to_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/320px-Wells_Cathedral_Stairs_to_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="3802" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The stairs to the chapter house and Vicars' Close</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/235px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/353px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/470px-Wells_Cathedral_Chapter_House%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6892" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The chapter house is off the staircase to the right. Its central column and vault are often likened to a palm tree. The walls of the chapter house have fifty-one niches for seating.</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_treasures">Art and treasures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art and treasures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Stained glass">edit</a>]</div> Wells Cathedral contains one of the most substantial collections of medieval <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> in England,<a href="#cite_note-ayers-121">[119]</a> despite damage by Parliamentary troops in 1642 and 1643.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The oldest surviving glass dates from the late 13th century and is in two windows on the west side of the chapter-house staircase. Two windows in the south choir aisle are from 1310 to 1320.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> The Lady Chapel has five windows, of which four date from 1325 to 1330 and include images of a local saint, Dunstan.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ayers-121">[119]</a> The east window was restored to a semblance of its original appearance by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willement" title="Thomas Willement">Thomas Willement</a> in 1845. The other windows have complete canopies, but the pictorial sections are fragmented.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> The east window of the choir is a broad, seven-light window dating from 1340 to 1345. It depicts the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a> (the genealogy of Christ) and demonstrates the use of <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver staining</a>, a new technique that allowed the artist to paint details on the glass in yellow, as well as black.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The combination of yellow and green glass and the application of the bright yellow stain gives the window its popular name, the "Golden Window".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984193-115">[113]</a> It is flanked by two windows each side in the clerestory, with large figures of saints, also dated to 1340–45.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In 2010 a major conservation programme was undertaken on the Jesse Tree window.<a href="#cite_note-vidimus-69">[68]</a> The panels in the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">St Katherine</a> are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Nijmegen" title="Arnold of Nijmegen">Arnold of Nijmegen</a> and date from about 1520.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> They were acquired from the destroyed church of Saint-Jean, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ayers-121">[119]</a> with the last panel having been purchased in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> The large triple lancet to the nave west end was glazed at the expense of Dean Creighton at a cost of £140 in 1664. It was repaired in 1813, and the central light was largely replaced to a design by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Keightley_Nicholson" title="Archibald Keightley Nicholson">Archibald Keightley Nicholson</a> between 1925 and 1931. The main north and south transept end windows by <a href="/wiki/James_Powell_and_Sons" title="James Powell and Sons">James Powell and Sons</a> were erected in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:733px;max-width:733px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel_Stained_Glass,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/280px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/420px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/560px-Wells_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel_Stained_Glass%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5448" data-file-height="3171" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The five windows of the Lady Chapel contain medieval <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, mostly fragmentary, except for the central window.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells06,Cathedral_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wells06%2CCathedral_detail.JPG/221px-Wells06%2CCathedral_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="221" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wells06%2CCathedral_detail.JPG/332px-Wells06%2CCathedral_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wells06%2CCathedral_detail.JPG/442px-Wells06%2CCathedral_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="1085" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">This early 14th-century eastern window was heavily restored in the 19th century.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_HDR_photo_(2264401553)_Golden_window_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Wells_Cathedral_HDR_photo_%282264401553%29_Golden_window_crop.jpg/220px-Wells_Cathedral_HDR_photo_%282264401553%29_Golden_window_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Wells_Cathedral_HDR_photo_%282264401553%29_Golden_window_crop.jpg/330px-Wells_Cathedral_HDR_photo_%282264401553%29_Golden_window_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Wells_Cathedral_HDR_photo_%282264401553%29_Golden_window_crop.jpg/440px-Wells_Cathedral_HDR_photo_%282264401553%29_Golden_window_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1829" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Golden Window at the east end of the choir depicting the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carvings">Carvings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Carvings">edit</a>]</div> The greater part of the stone carving of Wells Cathedral comprises foliate capitals in the stiff-leaf style. They are found ornamenting the piers of the nave, choir and transepts. Stiff-leaf foliage is highly abstract. Though possibly influenced by carvings of <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leaves or <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">vine</a> leaves, it cannot be easily identified with any particular plant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196777–79-125">[123]</a> Here the carving of the foliage is varied and vigorous, the springing leaves and deep undercuts casting shadows that contrast with the surface of the piers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196777–79-125">[123]</a> In the transepts and towards the crossing in the nave the capitals have many small figurative carvings among the leaves. These include a man with toothache and a series of four scenes depicting the "<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Wages of Sin</a>" in a narrative of fruit stealers who creep into an orchard and are then beaten by the farmer. Another well-known carving is in the north transept aisle: a foliate <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbel</a>, on which climbs a lizard, sometimes identified as a <a href="/wiki/Salamander_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamander (legendary creature)">salamander</a>, a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaan1984193-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196777–79-125">[123]</a> Carvings in the Decorated Gothic style may be found in the eastern end of the buildings, where there are many carved bosses. In the chapter house, the carvings of the 51 stalls include numerous small heads of great variety, many of them smiling or laughing. A well-known figure is the corbel of the dragon-slaying monk in the chapter house stair. The large continuous capital that encircles the central pillar of the chapter house is markedly different in style to the stiff-leaf of the Early English period. In contrast to the bold projections and undercutting of the earlier work, it has a rippling form and is clearly identifiable as grapevine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–157-126">[124]</a> The 15th-century cloisters have many small bosses ornamenting the vault. Two in the west cloister, near the gift shop and café, have been called <a href="/wiki/Sheela_na_gig" title="Sheela na gig">sheela na gigs</a>, i. e. female figures displaying their genitals and variously judged to depict the sin of <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a> or stem from ancient fertility cults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren200558-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECave1948214-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:738px;max-width:738px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral,_Chantry_in_Nave_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wells_Cathedral%2C_Chantry_in_Nave_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg/136px-Wells_Cathedral%2C_Chantry_in_Nave_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wells_Cathedral%2C_Chantry_in_Nave_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg/204px-Wells_Cathedral%2C_Chantry_in_Nave_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wells_Cathedral%2C_Chantry_in_Nave_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg/272px-Wells_Cathedral%2C_Chantry_in_Nave_by_Francis_Bedford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="4614" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A chantry in the nave (photo <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bedford_(photographer)" title="Francis Bedford (photographer)">Francis Bedford</a>, 19th century)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellsgrotesque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wellsgrotesque.jpg/220px-Wellsgrotesque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wellsgrotesque.jpg/330px-Wellsgrotesque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wellsgrotesque.jpg/440px-Wellsgrotesque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1154" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> in the narrative of the Fruit Stealers shows a farmer hitting a thief with a garden fork. (Albumen print, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1876–95)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Lizard_Corbel_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wells_Cathedral_Lizard_Corbel_crop.JPG/116px-Wells_Cathedral_Lizard_Corbel_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="116" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wells_Cathedral_Lizard_Corbel_crop.JPG/174px-Wells_Cathedral_Lizard_Corbel_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wells_Cathedral_Lizard_Corbel_crop.JPG/232px-Wells_Cathedral_Lizard_Corbel_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="2718" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The salamander represents Eternal Life.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stiff_leaf_foliage_Wells_Cathedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stiff_leaf_foliage_Wells_Cathedral.JPG/250px-Stiff_leaf_foliage_Wells_Cathedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stiff_leaf_foliage_Wells_Cathedral.JPG/375px-Stiff_leaf_foliage_Wells_Cathedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stiff_leaf_foliage_Wells_Cathedral.JPG/500px-Stiff_leaf_foliage_Wells_Cathedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The stiff leaf foliage of the capitals is renowned.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misericords">Misericords</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Misericords">edit</a>]</div> Wells Cathedral has one of the finest sets of <a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">misericords</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-EWebb-131">[129]</a> Its clergy has a long tradition of singing or reciting from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a> each day, along with the customary daily reading of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Holy Office</a>. In medieval times the clergy assembled in the church eight times daily for the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a>. As the greater part of the services was recited while standing, many monastic or collegiate churches fitted stalls whose seats tipped up to provide a ledge for the monk or cleric to lean against. These were "misericords" because their installation was an act of mercy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> Misericords typically have a carved figurative bracket beneath the ledge framed by two floral motifs known, in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic</a> manner, as "supporters".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> The misericords date from 1330 to 1340.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> They may have been carved under the direction of Master Carpenter John Strode, although his name is not recorded before 1341. He was assisted by Bartholomew Quarter, who is documented from 1343.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> They originally numbered 90, of which 65 have survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemnantAnderson1969142–144-132">[130]</a> Sixty-one are installed in the choir, three are displayed in the cathedral, and one is held by the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> New stalls were ordered when the eastern end of the choir was extended in the early 14th century. The canons complained that they had borne the cost of the rebuilding and ordered the prebendary clerics to pay for their own stalls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> When the newly refurbished choir opened in 1339 many misericords were left unfinished, including one-fifth of the surviving 65. Many of the clerics had not paid, having been called to contribute a total sum of £200. The misericords survived better than the other sections of the stalls, which during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> had their canopies chopped off and galleries inserted above them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> One misericord, showing a boy pulling a thorn from his foot, dates from the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-EWebb-131">[129]</a> In 1848 came a complete rearrangement of the choir furniture, and 61 of the misericords were reused in the restructured stalls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> The subject matter of the carvings of the central brackets as misericords varies, but many themes recur in different churches. Typically the themes are less unified or directly related to the Bible and Christian theology than small sculptures seen elsewhere within churches, such as bosses. This applies at Wells, where none of the misericord carvings is directly based on a Bible story.<a href="#cite_note-EWebb-131">[129]</a> The subjects, chosen either by the woodcarver, or perhaps by the one paying for the stall, have no overriding theme. The sole unifying elements are the <a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">roundels</a> on each side of the pictorial subject, which all show elaborately carved foliage, in most cases formal and stylised in the later Decorated manner, but with several examples of naturalistic foliage, including roses and <a href="/wiki/Convolvulus" title="Convolvulus">bindweed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-EWebb-131">[129]</a> Many of the subjects carry traditional interpretations. The image of the "<a href="/wiki/Pelican_in_her_Piety" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelican in her Piety">Pelican in her Piety</a>" (believed to feed her young on her own blood) is a recognised symbol for Christ's love for the Church. A cat playing with a mouse may represent the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> snaring a human soul.<a href="#cite_note-EWebb-131">[129]</a> Other subjects illustrate popular fables or sayings such as "When the fox preaches, look to your geese".<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Many depict animals, some of which may symbolise a human vice or virtue, or an aspect of faith.<a href="#cite_note-EWebb-131">[129]</a> Twenty-seven of the carvings depict animals: rabbits, dogs, a puppy biting a cat, a ewe feeding a lamb, monkeys, lions, bats, and the Early Christian motif of two doves drinking from a <a href="/wiki/Ewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewer">ewer</a>. Eighteen have mythological subjects, including mermaids, dragons and <a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">wyverns</a>. Five are clearly narrative, such as the Fox and the Geese, and the story of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> being raised to Heaven by <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a>. There are three heads: a bishop in a mitre, an angel, and a woman wearing a veil over hair arranged in coils over each ear. Eleven carvings show human figures, among which are several of remarkable design, conceived by the artist specifically for their purpose of supporting a shelf. One figure lies beneath the seat, supporting the shelf with a cheek, a hand and a foot. Another sits in a contorted manner supporting the weight on his elbow, while a further figure squats with his knees wide apart and a strained look on his face.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">[128]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:896px;max-width:896px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">Misericords</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_5.JPG/220px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_5.JPG/330px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_5.JPG/440px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of several <a href="/wiki/Misericords" class="mw-redirect" title="Misericords">misericords</a> showing heads</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_13.JPG/220px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_13.JPG/330px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_13.JPG/440px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A pair of <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a> in a pine tree</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_16.JPG/220px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_16.JPG/330px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_16.JPG/440px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A couple sharing a jug of wine</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_19.JPG/220px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_19.JPG/330px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_19.JPG/440px-Misericords_at_Wells_Cathedral_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of several misericords showing contorted figures</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fittings_and_monuments">Fittings and monuments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fittings and monuments">edit</a>]</div> Some of the cathedral's fittings and monuments are hundreds of years old. The round font in the south transept is from the former <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Saxon</a> cathedral and has an arcade of round-headed arches, on a round <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a>. The font cover was made in 1635 and is decorated with the heads of <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putti</a>. The Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">St Martin</a> is a memorial to every Somerset man who fell in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198520-134">[132]</a> The bishop's throne dates from 1340, and has a panelled, canted front and stone doorway, and a deep nodding cusped ogee canopy above it, with three-stepped <a href="/wiki/Niche_(architecture)" title="Niche (architecture)">statue niches</a> and pinnacles. The throne was restored by Anthony Salvin around 1850.<a href="#cite_note-ehlisting-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> lectern in the Lady Chapel dates from 1661 and has a moulded stand and foliate crest.<a href="#cite_note-reeve-93">[91]</a> In the north transept chapel is a 17th-century oak screen with columns, formerly used in cow stalls, with artisan <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> capitals and cornice, set forward over the chest tomb of <a href="/wiki/John_Godelee" title="John Godelee">John Godelee</a>. There is a bound oak chest from the 14th century, which was used to store the chapter seal and key documents. Opposite the throne is a 19th-century octagonal pulpit on a coved base with panelled sides, and steps up from the north aisle. The monuments and tombs include <a href="/wiki/Gisa_(bishop_of_Wells)" title="Gisa (bishop of Wells)">Gisa</a>, bishop; † 1088; <a href="/wiki/William_of_Bitton" title="William of Bitton">William of Bitton</a>, bishop; † 1274; <a href="/wiki/William_of_March" title="William of March">William of March</a>, bishop; † 1302; John Droxford; † 1329; John Godelee; † 1333; John Middleton, died †1350; Ralph of Shrewsbury, died †; John Harewell, bishop; † 1386; William Bykonyll; † <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1448; John Bernard; † 1459; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beckington" title="Thomas Beckington">Thomas Beckington</a>; † died 1464; <a href="/wiki/John_Gunthorpe" title="John Gunthorpe">John Gunthorpe</a>; † 1498; <a href="/wiki/John_Still" title="John Still">John Still</a>; † 1607; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Creighton" title="Robert Creighton">Robert Creighton</a>; † 1672; Richard Kidder, bishop; † 1703; <a href="/wiki/George_Hooper_(bishop)" title="George Hooper (bishop)">George Hooper</a>, bishop; † 1727 and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Hervey" title="Lord Arthur Hervey">Arthur Harvey</a>, bishop; † 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalden194752–54-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clock">Clock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Clock">edit</a>]</div> In the north transept is <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral_clock" title="Wells Cathedral clock">Wells Cathedral clock</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical clock</a> from about 1325 believed to be by Peter Lightfoot, a monk of Glastonbury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2008183-136">[134]</a> Its mechanism, dated between 1386 and 1392, was replaced in the 19th century and the original moved to the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a> in London, where it still operates. It is the second oldest surviving clock in England after the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_clock" title="Salisbury Cathedral clock">Salisbury Cathedral clock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The clock has its original medieval face. Apart from the time on a 24-hour dial, it shows the motion of the Sun and Moon, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">phases of the Moon</a>, and the time since the last new Moon. The astronomical dial presents a <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a> or pre-<a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican</a> view, with the Sun and Moon revolving round a central fixed Earth, like that of the clock at <a href="/wiki/Ottery_St_Mary" title="Ottery St Mary">Ottery St Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isleofavalon-39">[38]</a> The quarters are chimed by a <a href="/wiki/Jacquemart_(bellstriker)" title="Jacquemart (bellstriker)">quarter jack</a>: a small <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automaton</a> known as Jack Blandifers, who hits two bells with hammers and two with his heels.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> At the striking of the clock, <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> knights appear above the clock face.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> On the outer wall of the transept, opposite Vicars' Hall, is a second clock face of the same clock, placed there just over seventy years after the interior clock and driven by the same mechanism. The second clock face has two quarter jacks (which strike on the quarter-hour) in the form of knights in armour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford200723-140">[138]</a> In 2010 the official clock-winder retired and was replaced by an electric mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:726px;max-width:726px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Organ,_Somerset,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wells_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/160px-Wells_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wells_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-Wells_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wells_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/320px-Wells_Cathedral_Organ%2C_Somerset%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4338" data-file-height="4592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The organ, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_%26_Harrison" title="Harrison & Harrison">Harrison & Harrison</a> (1909–10)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar,_top_of_the_nave,_Wells_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Altar%2C_top_of_the_nave%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg/210px-Altar%2C_top_of_the_nave%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Altar%2C_top_of_the_nave%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg/315px-Altar%2C_top_of_the_nave%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Altar%2C_top_of_the_nave%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg/420px-Altar%2C_top_of_the_nave%2C_Wells_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The altar and modern furnishings in the nave</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_interior_103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wells_cathedral_interior_103.jpg/205px-Wells_cathedral_interior_103.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wells_cathedral_interior_103.jpg/308px-Wells_cathedral_interior_103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wells_cathedral_interior_103.jpg/410px-Wells_cathedral_interior_103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="616" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The internal dial of the <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral_clock" title="Wells Cathedral clock">astronomical clock</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_north_clock_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wells_cathedral_north_clock_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Wells_cathedral_north_clock_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wells_cathedral_north_clock_%28cropped%29.jpg/203px-Wells_cathedral_north_clock_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wells_cathedral_north_clock_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Wells_cathedral_north_clock_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1318" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The outer dial and quarter-jacks on the north transept</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_at_English_cathedrals" title="List of musicians at English cathedrals">List of musicians at English cathedrals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organ_and_organists">Organ and organists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Organ and organists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_Choir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wells_Cathedral_Choir.JPG/220px-Wells_Cathedral_Choir.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wells_Cathedral_Choir.JPG/330px-Wells_Cathedral_Choir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wells_Cathedral_Choir.JPG/440px-Wells_Cathedral_Choir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The choir and organ in 2013</figcaption></figure> The first record of an organ at this church dates from 1310. A smaller organ, probably for the Lady Chapel, was installed in 1415. In 1620 an organ built by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dallam" title="Thomas Dallam">Thomas Dallam</a> was installed at a cost of £398 1s 5d. The 1620 organ was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">parliamentary soldiers</a> in 1643. An organ built in 1662 was enlarged in 1786 and again in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-npor-142">[140]</a> In 1909–1910 an organ was built by <a href="/wiki/Harrison_%26_Harrison" title="Harrison & Harrison">Harrison & Harrison</a> of Durham, with the best parts of the old organ retained. It has been serviced by the same company ever since.<a href="#cite_note-npor-142">[140]</a> Since November 1996 the cathedral has also had a portable <a href="/wiki/Chamber_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber organ">chamber organ</a>, by the Scottish makers, Lammermuir. It is used regularly to accompany performances of <a href="/wiki/Tudor_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor music">Tudor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The first recorded <a href="/wiki/List_of_organists_and_assistant_organists_of_Wells_Cathedral" title="List of organists and assistant organists of Wells Cathedral">organist of Wells</a> was Walter Bagele (or Vageler) in 1416.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The post of organist or assistant organist has been held by more than 60 people since. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lyons_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lyons (musician)">Peter Stanley Lyons</a> was Master of Choristers at Wells Cathedral, and Director of Music at <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral_School" title="Wells Cathedral School">Wells Cathedral School</a> in 1954–1960.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> The choral conductor <a href="/wiki/James_William_Webb-Jones" title="James William Webb-Jones">James William Webb-Jones</a>, father of Lyons's wife Bridget (whom he married in the cathedral), was Headmaster of Wells Cathedral School in 1955–1960.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-Jones_WhosWho-147">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Archer" title="Malcolm Archer">Malcolm Archer</a> was the appointed <a href="/wiki/Organist_and_Master_of_the_Choristers" class="mw-redirect" title="Organist and Master of the Choristers">Organist and Master of the Choristers</a> from 1996 to 2004. Matthew Owens was the appointed organist from 2005 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cathedral_choir">Cathedral choir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cathedral choir">edit</a>]</div> There has been a choir of boy choristers at Wells since 909. Currently there are 18 boy choristers and a similar number of girl choristers, aged from eight to fourteen.<a href="#cite_note-choir-150">[148]</a> The Vicars Choral was formed in the 12th century and the sung liturgy provided by a traditional cathedral choir of men and boys until the formation of an additional choir of girls in 1994. The boys and girls sing alternately with the Vicars Choral and are educated at Wells Cathedral School.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The Vicars Choral currently number twelve men, of whom three are choral scholars. Since 1348 the College of Vicars had its own accommodation in a quadrangle converted in the early 15th century to form Vicars' Close. The Vicars Choral generally perform with the choristers, except on Wednesdays, when they sing alone, allowing them to present a different repertoire, in particular <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">plainsong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In December 2010 Wells Cathedral Choir was rated by <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a> magazine as "the highest ranking choir with children in the world".<a href="#cite_note-choir-150">[148]</a> It continues to provide music for the liturgy at Sunday and weekday services. The choir has made many recordings and toured frequently, including performances in Beijing and Hong Kong in 2012. Its repertoire ranges from the choral music of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> to recently commissioned works.<a href="#cite_note-choir-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamber_Choir">Chamber Choir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chamber Choir">edit</a>]</div> The Wells Cathedral Chamber Choir is a mixed adult choir of 25 members, formed in 1986 to sing at the midnight service on Christmas Eve, and invited to sing at several other special services.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> It now sings for about 30 services a year, when the Cathedral Choir is in recess or on tour, and spends one week a year singing as the "choir in residence" at another cathedral. Although primarily liturgical, the choir's repertoire includes other forms of music, as well as performances at engagements such as weddings and funerals.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wells_Cathedral_Oratorio_Society">Wells Cathedral Oratorio Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Wells Cathedral Oratorio Society">edit</a>]</div> The cathedral is home to Wells Cathedral Oratorio Society (WCOS), founded in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> With around 160 voices, the society gives three concerts a year under the direction of Matthew Owens, Organist and Master of the Choristers at the cathedral. Concerts are normally in early November, December (an annual performance of <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Handel's Messiah</a>) and late March. It performs with a number of specialist orchestras including: Music for Awhile, Chameleon Arts and La Folia.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bells">Bells</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bells">edit</a>]</div> The bells at Wells Cathedral are the heaviest ring of ten bells in the world,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> the tenor bell (the 10th and largest), known as Harewell, weighing 56.25 <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">long hundredweight</a> (2,858 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester198721-160">[158]</a> They are hung for full-circle ringing in the English style of <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a>. These bells are now hung in the south-west tower, although some were originally hung in the central tower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester198752-161">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Date </th> <th rowspan="2">Maker </th> <th colspan="3">Mass </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long measure</a> </th> <th>lb </th> <th>kg </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st</td> <td></td> <td>1891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Mears & Stainbank</a> </td> <td align="right">7 long cwt 3 qr 12 lb </td> <td align="right">880 </td> <td align="right">399 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd</td> <td></td> <td>1891</td> <td>Mears & Stainbank </td> <td align="right">9 long cwt 0 qr  2 lb </td> <td align="right">1,010 </td> <td align="right">458 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd</td> <td></td> <td>1757</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Abel Rudhall</a> </td> <td align="right">10 long cwt 0 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">1,120 </td> <td align="right">508 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th</td> <td></td> <td>1757</td> <td>Abel Rudhall </td> <td align="right">10 long cwt 3 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">1,204 </td> <td align="right">546 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th</td> <td></td> <td>1757</td> <td>Abel Rudhall </td> <td align="right">12 long cwt 2 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">1,400 </td> <td align="right">635 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th</td> <td></td> <td>1964</td> <td>Mears & Stainbank </td> <td align="right">15 long cwt 1 qr 14 lb </td> <td align="right">1,722 </td> <td align="right">781 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th</td> <td></td> <td>1757</td> <td>Abel Rudhall </td> <td align="right">20 long cwt 0 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">2,240 </td> <td align="right">1,016 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th</td> <td></td> <td>1757</td> <td>Abel Rudhall </td> <td align="right">23 long cwt 0 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">2,576 </td> <td align="right">1,168 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th</td> <td></td> <td>1877</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">John Taylor & Co</a> </td> <td align="right">32 long cwt 0 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">3,584 </td> <td align="right">1,626 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th</td> <td>Harewell</td> <td>1877</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td> <td align="right">56 long cwt 1 qr 14 lb<a href="#cite_note-keltek-162">[160]</a> </td> <td align="right">6,314 </td> <td align="right">2,864 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Library">Library</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Library">edit</a>]</div> The library above the eastern cloister was built between 1430 and 1508.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1987163-35">[34]</a> Its collection is in three parts: early documents housed in the <a href="/wiki/Muniment" title="Muniment">Muniment</a> Room; the collection predating 1800 housed in the <a href="/wiki/Chained_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Chained Library">Chained Library</a>; and the post-1800 collection housed in the Reading Room.<a href="#cite_note-library-163">[161]</a> The chapter's earlier collection was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, so that the present library consists chiefly of early printed books, rather than medieval manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-library-163">[161]</a> The earlier books in the Chained Library number 2,800 volumes and give an indication of the variety of interests of the members of the cathedral chapter from the Reformation until 1800. The focus of the collection is predominantly theology, but there are volumes on science, medicine, exploration, and languages. Books of particular interest include <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a> printed in 1472, an <a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Atlas of the World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>, printed in 1606, and a set of the works by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> that once belonged to <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-library-163">[161]</a> The library is open to the public at appointed times in the summer and presents a small exhibition of documents and books.<a href="#cite_note-library-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_records">Original records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Original records">edit</a>]</div> Three early registers of the Dean and Chapter edited by W. H. B. Bird for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Historical_Manuscripts" title="Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts">Historical Manuscripts Commissioners</a> – Liber Albus I (White Book; R I), Liber Albus II (R III) and Liber Ruber (Red Book; R II, section i) – were published in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> They contain with some repetition, a <a href="/wiki/Cartulary" title="Cartulary">cartulary</a> of possessions of the cathedral, with grants of land back to the 8th century, well before hereditary surnames developed in England, and acts of the Dean and Chapter and surveys of their estates, mostly in Somerset.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">archivist</a> is Dr Anne Crawford, formerly of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> and widow of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historian">medieval historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Charles Ross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayFleming20031-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precincts">Precincts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Precincts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:922px;max-width:922px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_-_Pennyless_Porch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wells_-_Pennyless_Porch.JPG/240px-Wells_-_Pennyless_Porch.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wells_-_Pennyless_Porch.JPG/360px-Wells_-_Pennyless_Porch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wells_-_Pennyless_Porch.JPG/480px-Wells_-_Pennyless_Porch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">From the Market Place, Penniless Porch (left) leads to Cathedral Green, and <a href="/wiki/The_Bishop%27s_Eye,_Wells" title="The Bishop's Eye, Wells">The Bishop's Eye</a> (right) to the Bishop's Palace.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_and_Bishop%27s_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1671700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wells_Cathedral_and_Bishop%27s_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1671700.jpg/213px-Wells_Cathedral_and_Bishop%27s_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1671700.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wells_Cathedral_and_Bishop%27s_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1671700.jpg/320px-Wells_Cathedral_and_Bishop%27s_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1671700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wells_Cathedral_and_Bishop%27s_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1671700.jpg/426px-Wells_Cathedral_and_Bishop%27s_Palace_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1671700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The cathedral seen beyond the wall and moat of the Bishop's Palace</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bisops_Palace_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bisops_Palace_4.jpg/240px-Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bisops_Palace_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bisops_Palace_4.jpg/360px-Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bisops_Palace_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bisops_Palace_4.jpg/480px-Wells_Cathedral_in_the_reflecting_pool_in_the_grounds_of_the_Bisops_Palace_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">To the south and east of the cathedral is the Bishop's Garden and reflecting pool.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicars_Close_Wells_Somerset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vicars_Close_Wells_Somerset.jpg/213px-Vicars_Close_Wells_Somerset.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vicars_Close_Wells_Somerset.jpg/320px-Vicars_Close_Wells_Somerset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vicars_Close_Wells_Somerset.jpg/426px-Vicars_Close_Wells_Somerset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vicars' Close extends to the north of the cathedral</div></div></div></div></div> Adjacent to the cathedral is a large lawned area, Cathedral Green, with three ancient gateways: <a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_Gatehouse,_Wells" title="Brown's Gatehouse, Wells">Brown's Gatehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penniless_Porch,_Wells" title="Penniless Porch, Wells">Penniless Porch</a> and Chain Gate. On the green is the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Deanery,_Wells" title="The Old Deanery, Wells">Old Deanery</a>, largely rebuilt in the late 15th century by Dean Gunthorpe and remodelled by Dean Bathurst in the late 17th century. No longer the dean's residence, it is used as diocesan offices.<a href="#cite_note-IoE-168">[166]</a> To the south of the cathedral is the moated Bishop's Palace, begun about 1210 by Jocelin of Wells but dating mostly from the 1230s. In the 15th century Thomas Beckington added a north wing, now the bishop's residence.<a href="#cite_note-ioe-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> It was restored and extended by Benjamin Ferrey between 1846 and 1854.<a href="#cite_note-ioe-169">[167]</a> To the north of the cathedral and connected to it by the Chain Gate is Vicars' Close, a street planned in the 14th century and claimed to be the oldest purely residential street in Europe, with all but one of its original buildings intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198520-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198529-171">[169]</a> Buildings in the close include the Vicars Hall and gateway at the south end, and the Vicars Chapel and Library at the north end.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wells_St_Andrew" title="Wells St Andrew">Liberty of St Andrew</a> was the historic <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(division)" title="Liberty (division)">liberty</a> and parish<a href="#cite_note-vision-174">[172]</a> that encompassed the cathedral and surrounding lands closely associated with it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts_and_popular_culture">In the arts and popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In the arts and popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Front_of_Wells_Cathedral_c.1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/West_Front_of_Wells_Cathedral_c.1795.jpg/280px-West_Front_of_Wells_Cathedral_c.1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/West_Front_of_Wells_Cathedral_c.1795.jpg/420px-West_Front_of_Wells_Cathedral_c.1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/West_Front_of_Wells_Cathedral_c.1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>West front as painted by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> around 1795, watercolour on paper</figcaption></figure> The English painter <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> visited Wells in 1795, making sketches of the precinct and a watercolour of the west front, now in the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate</a> gallery.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Other artists whose paintings of the cathedral are in national collections are <a href="/wiki/Albert_Goodwin_(artist)" title="Albert Goodwin (artist)">Albert Goodwin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Syer" title="John Syer">John Syer</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Howard_(artist)" title="Ken Howard (artist)">Ken Howard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The cathedral served to inspire <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>'s 1989 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_the_Earth" title="The Pillars of the Earth">The Pillars of the Earth</a> and with a modified central tower, featured as the fictional Kingsbridge Cathedral at the end of the 2010 television adaptation of that novel.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The interior of the cathedral was used for a 2007 <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> episode, "<a href="/wiki/The_Lazarus_Experiment" title="The Lazarus Experiment">The Lazarus Experiment</a>", while the exterior shots were filmed at <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> An account of the damage to the cathedral during the <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a> is included in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s 1889 historical novel <a href="/wiki/Micah_Clarke" title="Micah Clarke">Micah Clarke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The cathedral provided settings for scenes for the 2019–2020 television series <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Princess" title="The Spanish Princess">The Spanish Princess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="English Gothic stained glass windows">English Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hides-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Hides_19-0">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hide of land</a> was a unit of land sufficient to support a family. Considered as a fiscal unit, the use of the hide in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> shows that it was variable from county to county, but generally about 120 "acres" (not 120 acres each of 4840 square yards, but 120 times what a team of eight oxen could plough in a single day).<a href="#cite_note-Hide-18">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Adapted from a plan by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Dehio" title="Georg Dehio">Georg Dehio</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ehlisting-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehlisting_1-13">n</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1382901" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1382901?section=official-list-entry">"Cathedral Church of St Andrew, Chapter House and Cloisters (1382901)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Cathedral+Church+of+St+Andrew%2C+Chapter+House+and+Cloisters+%281382901%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1382901%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410122449/http://www.wellssomerset.com/view-item.php?itemid=1132">"Wells Cathedral – Wells, Somerset"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellssomerset.com/view-item.php?itemid=1132">the original</a> on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+Wells%2C+Somerset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellssomerset.com%2Fview-item.php%3Fitemid%3D1132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimensions-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimensions_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimensions_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimensions_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimensions_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimensions_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimensions_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Dates-Dimensions.doc">"Dates and Dimensions"</a> (Word). 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Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organists&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fworship-and-music%2Fmusic%2Forganists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/archives/38177091">"New Constitution and Statutes for Wells Cathedral"</a>. Wells Cathedral. 30 November 2023. 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Retrieved 2 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Destruction+and+Disaster&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2Fdestruction-and-disaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmberg199655-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmberg199655_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmberg1996">Lehmberg 1996</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2005161-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2005161_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2005">Hopkins 2005</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Monmouthreb.htm">"The Monmouth rebellion and the bloody assize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset County Council">Somerset County Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829142340/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Monmouthreb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monmouth+rebellion+and+the+bloody+assize&rft.pub=Somerset+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somerset.gov.uk%2Farchives%2FASH%2FMonmouthreb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOllard1912" class="citation book cs1">Ollard, S.L. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/nonjurors/ollard_crosse1912.html">"The Nonjurors"</a>. In Ollard, S.L.; Crosse, Gordon (eds.). A Dictionary of English Church History. Mowbray and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nonjurors&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Church+History&rft.pub=Mowbray+and+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Ollard&rft.aufirst=S.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fnonjurors%2Follard_crosse1912.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/richard-kidder-16331703-bishop-of-bath-and-wells-16911703-39388">"Richard Kidder (1633–1703), Bishop of Bath and Wells (1691–1703)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314045600/http://artuk.org/discover/artworks/richard-kidder-16331703-bishop-of-bath-and-wells-16911703-39388">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Kidder+%281633%E2%80%931703%29%2C+Bishop+of+Bath+and+Wells+%281691%E2%80%931703%29&rft.pub=Art+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartuk.org%2Fdiscover%2Fartworks%2Frichard-kidder-16331703-bishop-of-bath-and-wells-16911703-39388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassan1829" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hyde_Cassan" title="Stephen Hyde Cassan">Cassan, Stephen Hyde</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OJgAAAAAcAAJ">Lives of the Bishops of Bath</a>. C and J Rivington. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OJgAAAAAcAAJ/page/n662">163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Bishops+of+Bath&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=C+and+J+Rivington&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Cassan&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Hyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_OJgAAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/timeline/249-2/">"Victorian Restorations"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806060101/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/timeline/249-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Restorations&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2F249-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester1987126–127-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColchester1987126–127_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColchester1987">Colchester 1987</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wellsfriends.org/Pages/2/About-Us.html">Friends of Wells Cathedral</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325041011/http://wellsfriends.org/Pages/2/About-Us.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> About us </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatton1999218–230-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatton1999218–230_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatton1999">Hatton 1999</a>, pp. 218–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-westfrontrestore-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westfrontrestore_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westfrontrestore_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westfrontrestore_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westfrontrestore_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/heritage-conservation/the-west-front-restoration/">"The West Front Restoration"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122202448/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/heritage-conservation/the-west-front-restoration/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+West+Front+Restoration&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fheritage-conservation%2Fthe-west-front-restoration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/heritage-conservation/the-jesse-window-project/">"The Jesse Window Project – An Update (November 2012)"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121041916/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/heritage-conservation/the-jesse-window-project/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jesse+Window+Project+%E2%80%93+An+Update+%28November+2012%29&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fheritage-conservation%2Fthe-jesse-window-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vidimus-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vidimus_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vidimus_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001240/http://vidimus.org/issues/issue-43/news/">"Conservation of 'Tree of Jesse' Window at Wells Cathedral"</a>. Vidimus (43). September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vidimus.org/issues/issue-43/news/">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vidimus&rft.atitle=Conservation+of+%27Tree+of+Jesse%27+Window+at+Wells+Cathedral&rft.issue=43&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvidimus.org%2Fissues%2Fissue-43%2Fnews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Michael Trimmer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantoday.com/article/wells.cathedral.defends.decision.to.screen.the.last.temptation.of.christ/35330.htm">"Wells Cathedral defends decision to screen 'The Last Temptation of Christ'"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Today" title="Christian Today">Christian Today</a>, 10 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611025750/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35588484.html">"Cathedral Supports Showing of Last Temptation of Christ"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wells_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells Journal">Wells Journal</a>, 16 January 2014. via <a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-58341947">"Anthony Gormley art unveiled outside Wells Cathedral"</a>. BBC News. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Anthony+Gormley+art+unveiled+outside+Wells+Cathedral&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-58341947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/whos-who-contact/the-cathedral-chapter/">"The Cathedral Chapter"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113210026/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/whos-who-contact/the-cathedral-chapter/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cathedral+Chapter&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fwhos-who-contact%2Fthe-cathedral-chapter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bathandwells.org.uk/michael-beasley.php">"Michael Beasley: Bishop of Bath and Wells"</a>. Diocese of Bath & Wells. Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diocese+of+Bath+%26+Wells&rft.atitle=Michael+Beasley%3A+Bishop+of+Bath+and+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bathandwells.org.uk%2Fmichael-beasley.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/archives/77655799">"Toby Wright installed as Dean of Wells"</a>. Wells Cathedral. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.atitle=Toby+Wright+installed+as+Dean+of+Wells&rft.date=2024-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Farchives%2F77655799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/whos-who-contact/heads-of-departments/">"Heads of Departments"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113211140/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/whos-who-contact/heads-of-departments/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heads+of+Departments&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fwhos-who-contact%2Fheads-of-departments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113211325/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/worship/general-services-calendar/">"General Services & Calendar"</a>. Wells Cathedral. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/worship/general-services-calendar/">the original</a> on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Services+%26+Calendar&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fworship%2Fgeneral-services-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/worship/">"Worship"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110175010/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/worship/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worship&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fworship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113210132/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/worship/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/">"Baptisms, Weddings and Funerals"</a>. Wells Cathedral. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/worship/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/">the original</a> on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptisms%2C+Weddings+and+Funerals&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fworship%2Fbaptisms-weddings-and-funerals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8186578.stm">"Last Post salute for WWI veteran"</a>. BBC. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Last+Post+salute+for+WWI+veteran&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8186578.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113210029/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/music-outreach/">"Music Outreach"</a>. Wells Cathedral. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/music-outreach/">the original</a> on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+Outreach&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Fmusic-outreach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somersetchamberchoir.performers.co.uk/past_concerts.html">"Somerset Chamber Choir past concerts"</a>. Somerset Chamber Choir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065830/http://www.somersetchamberchoir.performers.co.uk/past_concerts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somerset+Chamber+Choir+past+concerts&rft.pub=Somerset+Chamber+Choir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somersetchamberchoir.performers.co.uk%2Fpast_concerts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Archivist-Application-Pack-v2.pdf">"Background Information to the Post of Archivist"</a> (PDF). Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113211805/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Archivist-Application-Pack-v2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Information+to+the+Post+of+Archivist&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FArchivist-Application-Pack-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Signed-Final-2015-Wells-Cathedral-Report-and-Accounts-for-Web.pdf">"Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Financial Year Ended 31 December 2015"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Smarthistory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.org%2Fwells-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayers-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayers_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayers_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayers_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023114444/http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/review/_pdfs/09/07-ayers.pdf">"The Medieval Stained Glass of Wells Cathedral"</a> (PDF). British Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/review/_pdfs/09/07-ayers.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Stained+Glass+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Fpubs%2Freview%2F_pdfs%2F09%2F07-ayers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/20308">"Cathedral Church of St Andrew, Chapter House and Cloisters, Cathedral Green (east side), Wells"</a>. Somerset Historic Environment Record. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset County Council">Somerset County Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003095737/http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/20308">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somerset+Historic+Environment+Record&rft.atitle=Cathedral+Church+of+St+Andrew%2C+Chapter+House+and+Cloisters%2C+Cathedral+Green+%28east+side%29%2C+Wells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somersetheritage.org.uk%2Frecord%2F20308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810060121/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/historical-highlights/the-jesse-window/">"The Jesse Window"</a>. Wells Cathedral. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/historical-highlights/the-jesse-window/">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jesse+Window&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistorical-highlights%2Fthe-jesse-window%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Wells/table.htm">"Wells Cathedral"</a>. The Medieval Stained Glass Photographic Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227201156/http://www.therosewindow.com/pilot/Wells/table.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=The+Medieval+Stained+Glass+Photographic+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therosewindow.com%2Fpilot%2FWells%2Ftable.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196777–79-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196777–79_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196777–79_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor196777–79_125-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFClifton-Taylor1967">Clifton-Taylor 1967</a>, pp. 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–157-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifton-Taylor1967156–157_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClifton-Taylor1967">Clifton-Taylor 1967</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren200558-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren200558_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren2005">Warren 2005</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECave1948214-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECave1948214_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCave1948">Cave 1948</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheelanagig.org/sheelawells.htm">"The Wells Sheela Na Gigs"</a>. The Sheela Na Gig project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827204955/http://www.sheelanagig.org/SheelaWells.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wells+Sheela+Na+Gigs&rft.pub=The+Sheela+Na+Gig+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheelanagig.org%2Fsheelawells.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19751–2,_25_130-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1975">Smith 1975</a>, pp. 1–2, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-EWebb-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWebb_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWebb_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWebb_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWebb_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWebb_131-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWebb_131-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/drericwebb/docs/wells/wells-key-ill.htm">"The Misericords of Wells Cathedral"</a>. Eric Webb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018232431/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/drericwebb/docs/wells/wells-key-ill.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Misericords+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Eric+Webb&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyweb.tiscali.co.uk%2Fdrericwebb%2Fdocs%2Fwells%2Fwells-key-ill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemnantAnderson1969142–144-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemnantAnderson1969142–144_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemnantAnderson1969">Remnant & Anderson 1969</a>, pp. 142–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/archives/blog/?p=634">"When the fox preaches ..."</a> College of St George Archives. Dean & Canons of Windsor. 29 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220102255/http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/archives/blog/?p=634">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+St+George+Archives&rft.atitle=When+the+fox+preaches+...&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stgeorges-windsor.org%2Farchives%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198520-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198520_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198520_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeete-Hodge1985">Leete-Hodge 1985</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalden194752–54-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalden194752–54_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalden1947">Malden 1947</a>, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2008183-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox2008183_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox2008">Cox 2008</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co1347/wells-cathedral-clock-clock">"Wells Cathedral clock, c. 1392"</a>. Science Museum. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral+clock%2C+c.+1392&rft.pub=Science+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fco1347%2Fwells-cathedral-clock-clock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horologica.co.uk/horology/Wells.html">"World's oldest clock? Doubtful"</a>. Horologica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811191654/http://horologica.co.uk/horology/Wells.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+oldest+clock%3F+Doubtful&rft.pub=Horologica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horologica.co.uk%2Fhorology%2FWells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331043623/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/historical-highlights/the-clock/">"The Clock"</a>. Wells Cathedral. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/historical-highlights/the-clock/">the original</a> on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Clock&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistorical-highlights%2Fthe-clock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford200723-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedford200723_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBedford2007">Bedford 2007</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2010" class="citation news cs1">Hough, Andrew (20 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/7953673/Worlds-oldest-mechanical-clock-to-be-wound-by-hand-for-last-time.html">"World's oldest mechanical clock 'to be wound by hand for last time'"</a>. Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823020044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/7953673/Worlds-oldest-mechanical-clock-to-be-wound-by-hand-for-last-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+mechanical+clock+%27to+be+wound+by+hand+for+last+time%27&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fculturenews%2F7953673%2FWorlds-oldest-mechanical-clock-to-be-wound-by-hand-for-last-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npor-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npor_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npor_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npor.org.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=N06889">"Somerset, Wells Cathedral of St. Andrew, Dean & Chapter of Wells N0 6890"</a>. National Pipe Organ Register (NPOR). Retrieved 11 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somerset%2C+Wells+Cathedral+of+St.+Andrew%2C+Dean+%26+Chapter+of+Wells+N0+6890&rft.pub=National+Pipe+Organ+Register+%28NPOR%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npor.org.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2FRsearch.cgi%3FFn%3DRsearch%26rec_index%3DN06889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/organs-and-organists">"The Organs"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210051436/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/organs-and-organists/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.atitle=The+Organs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Forgans-and-organists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organ-biography.info/index.php?id=Bagele_Walter_15">"Walter Bagele"</a>. Biographical Dictionary of the Organ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917071206/http://www.organ-biography.info/index.php?id=Bagele_Walter_15">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Bagele&rft.pub=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Organ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.organ-biography.info%2Findex.php%3Fid%3DBagele_Walter_15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Entry in Register of Twentieth Century Johnians, Volume I, 1900–1949. St John's College, Cambridge. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Obituary of P. S. Lyons, Rutland and Stamford Mercury, Friday, 20 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb-Jones_WhosWho-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Webb-Jones_WhosWho_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U49421?rskey=nXcB43&result=1">"WEBB-JONES, James William (1904–1965)"</a>. Who's Who, Oxford Index. Oxford University Press. December 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U49421">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U49421</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813025431/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U49421?rskey=nXcB43&result=1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WEBB-JONES%2C+James+William+%281904%E2%80%931965%29&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who%2C+Oxford+Index&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U49421&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordindex.oup.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U49421%3Frskey%3DnXcB43%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcos.org.uk/about-us/matthew-owens">"Matthew Owens"</a>. Wells Cathedral Oratorio Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223002011/http://wcos.org.uk/about-us/matthew-owens">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+Owens&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral+Oratorio+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcos.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fmatthew-owens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/">"Music"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109035707/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-choir-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choir_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-choir_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-choir_150-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/music-and-the-choir/">"Wells Cathedral Choir"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118181115/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/music-and-the-choir/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral+Choir&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Fmusic-and-the-choir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/choristers/">"Choristers"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122184222/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/choristers/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choristers&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Fchoristers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/the-vicars-choral/">"The Vicars Choral"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122183954/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/the-vicars-choral/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vicars+Choral&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Fthe-vicars-choral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/wells-cathedral-voluntary-choir/">"Wells Cathedral Voluntary Choir"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110002808/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/wells-cathedral-voluntary-choir/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral+Voluntary+Choir&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Fwells-cathedral-voluntary-choir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/wells-cathedral-voluntary-choir/">"The Wells Cathedral Voluntary Choir"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122184246/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/wells-cathedral-voluntary-choir/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wells+Cathedral+Voluntary+Choir&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Fwells-cathedral-voluntary-choir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/wcos/">"Music in Wells Cathedral"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117070711/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/music-the-choir/wcos/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+in+Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fmusic-the-choir%2Fwcos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcos.org.uk/">"Wells Cathedral Oratorio Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113163725/http://wcos.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral+Oratorio+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcos.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chameleon-arts-orchestra.co.uk">"Chameleon Arts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113163034/http://www.chameleon-arts-orchestra.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chameleon+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chameleon-arts-orchestra.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artistsinternational.com/LaFoliaOrchestra.html">"La Folia Orchestra"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315163304/http://www.artistsinternational.com/LaFoliaOrchestra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Folia+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artistsinternational.com%2FLaFoliaOrchestra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/how-you-can-help/volunteering-at-wells/">"Volunteer"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102065421/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/how-you-can-help/volunteering-at-wells/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volunteer&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhow-you-can-help%2Fvolunteering-at-wells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester198721-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColchester198721_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColchester1987">Colchester 1987</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester198752-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColchester198752_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColchester1987">Colchester 1987</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-keltek-162"><a href="#cite_ref-keltek_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221211806/http://www.keltektrust.org.uk/downloads/Great_bells_of_GB.xls">"Great bells of GB"</a>. The Keltek Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keltektrust.org.uk/downloads/Great_bells_of_GB.xls">the original</a> (Excel) on 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+bells+of+GB&rft.pub=The+Keltek+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keltektrust.org.uk%2Fdownloads%2FGreat_bells_of_GB.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-library-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-library_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-library_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-library_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-library_163-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/library-archives/">"Library & Archives"</a>. Wells Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040400/http://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/history/library-archives/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+%26+Archives&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellscathedral.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Flibrary-archives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdBaigent1925" class="citation book cs1">Bird, W. H. B.; Baigent, F. J. (1925). The Black Book of Winchester. Winchester: Warren & Son Limited. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Winchester&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Winchester%3A+Warren+%26+Son+Limited&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=W.+H.+B.&rft.au=Baigent%2C+F.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoriginalrecord.com/database/search/decade/100">"Liber Albus I (White Book; R I), Liber Albus II (R III), and Liber Ruber (Red Book; R II, section i) indexed by surname"</a>. Theoriginalrecord.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703214512/http://www.theoriginalrecord.com/database/search/decade/100">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liber+Albus+I+%28White+Book%3B+R+I%29%2C+Liber+Albus+II+%28R+III%29%2C+and+Liber+Ruber+%28Red+Book%3B+R+II%2C+section+i%29+indexed+by+surname&rft.pub=Theoriginalrecord.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoriginalrecord.com%2Fdatabase%2Fsearch%2Fdecade%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/author/anne-crawford/">"Anne Crawford: Bloomsbury Publishing (UK)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anne+Crawford%3A+Bloomsbury+Publishing+%28UK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fauthor%2Fanne-crawford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayFleming20031-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayFleming20031_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDockrayFleming2003">Dockray & Fleming 2003</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-IoE-168"><a href="#cite_ref-IoE_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1382906" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1382906?section=official-list-entry">"The Old Deanery, Wells (1382906)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=The+Old+Deanery%2C+Wells+%281382906%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1382906%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioe-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioe_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioe_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1382873" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1382873?section=official-list-entry">"The Bishop's Palace and Bishop's House (1382873)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=The+Bishop%27s+Palace+and+Bishop%27s+House+%281382873%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1382873%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picturesofengland.com/England/Somerset/Wells/Bishop's_Palace,_Wells">"Pictures of Bishop's Palace, Wells"</a>. Pictures of England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403181439/http://www.picturesofengland.com/England/Somerset/Wells/Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pictures+of+England&rft.atitle=Pictures+of+Bishop%27s+Palace%2C+Wells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.picturesofengland.com%2FEngland%2FSomerset%2FWells%2FBishop%27s_Palace%2C_Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198529-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeete-Hodge198529_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeete-Hodge1985">Leete-Hodge 1985</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1383201" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1383201?section=official-list-entry">"The Vicars' Chapel (1383201)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=The+Vicars%27+Chapel+%281383201%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1383201%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1383202" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1383202?section=official-list-entry">"The Vicars' Hall including number 28, Vicars' Close (1383202)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=The+Vicars%27+Hall+including+number+28%2C+Vicars%27+Close+%281383202%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1383202%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vision-174"><a href="#cite_ref-vision_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10445541/relationships">Vision of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012128/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10445541/relationships">Archived</a> 6 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wells St Andrew CP/ParLib </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner, J. M. W.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-west-front-of-wells-cathedral-tw0782">"West Front of Wells Cathedral c. 1795"</a>. Tate Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113014900/http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-west-front-of-wells-cathedral-tw0782">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Front+of+Wells+Cathedral+c.+1795&rft.pub=Tate+Gallery&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fartworks%2Fturner-west-front-of-wells-cathedral-tw0782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bridgemanart.com/de/asset/17117/Goodwin-Albert-1845-1932/Wells-Cathedral">"Wells Cathedral"</a>. Bridgeman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113190847/http://www.bridgemanart.com/de/asset/17117/Goodwin-Albert-1845-1932/Wells-Cathedral">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Bridgeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bridgemanart.com%2Fde%2Fasset%2F17117%2FGoodwin-Albert-1845-1932%2FWells-Cathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/wells-cathedral-somerset-62060">"Wells Cathedral, Somerset"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051407/http://artuk.org/discover/artworks/wells-cathedral-somerset-62060">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+UK&rft.atitle=Wells+Cathedral%2C+Somerset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartuk.org%2Fdiscover%2Fartworks%2Fwells-cathedral-somerset-62060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/west-front-of-wells-cathedral-41320">"West Front of Wells Cathedral"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051410/http://artuk.org/discover/artworks/west-front-of-wells-cathedral-41320">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+UK&rft.atitle=West+Front+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartuk.org%2Fdiscover%2Fartworks%2Fwest-front-of-wells-cathedral-41320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ken-follett.com/bibliography/the_pillars_of_the_earth/kingsbridge.html">"Kingsbridge: Real or fictional?"</a>. Ken Follett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202172317/http://ken-follett.com/bibliography/the_pillars_of_the_earth/kingsbridge.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingsbridge%3A+Real+or+fictional%3F&rft.pub=Ken+Follett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fken-follett.com%2Fbibliography%2Fthe_pillars_of_the_earth%2Fkingsbridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/wellscathedral">"Wells Cathedral"</a>. Dr Who Locations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022446/http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/wellscathedral">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Dr+Who+Locations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorwholocations.net%2Flocations%2Fwellscathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/somerset/content/articles/2007/05/02/doctor_who_feature.shtml">"Art, Films and Television"</a>. Somerset. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810074913/http://www.bbc.co.uk/somerset/content/articles/2007/05/02/doctor_who_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somerset&rft.atitle=Art%2C+Films+and+Television&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsomerset%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F05%2F02%2Fdoctor_who_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConan_Doyle1889" class="citation book cs1">Conan Doyle, Arthur (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/micahclarke00doylgoog/page/n348">"Chapter 28, "Of the Fight in Wells Cathedral""</a>. Micah Clarke (1894 ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 324–334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+28%2C+%22Of+the+Fight+in+Wells+Cathedral%22&rft.btitle=Micah+Clarke&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=324-334&rft.edition=1894&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Conan+Doyle&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicahclarke00doylgoog%2Fpage%2Fn348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloy2018" class="citation web cs1">Malloy, Tomas (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/somerset-news/film-crews-invade-wells-city-1570602">"Photos show film crews invading Somerset town for new movie"</a>. Somerset Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626213052/https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/somerset-news/film-crews-invade-wells-city-1570602">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somerset+Live&rft.atitle=Photos+show+film+crews+invading+Somerset+town+for+new+movie&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.aulast=Malloy&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.somersetlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsomerset-news%2Ffilm-crews-invade-wells-city-1570602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: General bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkins1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_and_Lesley_Adkins" title="Roy and Lesley Adkins">Adkins, Lesley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_and_Lesley_Adkins" title="Roy and Lesley Adkins">Adkins, Roy</a> (1992). A Field Guide to Somerset Archaeology. Dovecote Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946159-94-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946159-94-9"><bdi>978-0-946159-94-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Somerset+Archaeology&rft.pub=Dovecote+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-946159-94-9&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford2007" class="citation book cs1">Bedford, Ronald (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVGe6OAP7IMC&q=Wells+Cathedral+quarter+jacks+knights+in+armour&pg=PA23">Early Modern English Lives: Autobiography and Self-representation 1500–1660</a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5295-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-5295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+English+Lives%3A+Autobiography+and+Self-representation+1500%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5295-3&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVGe6OAP7IMC%26q%3DWells%2BCathedral%2Bquarter%2Bjacks%2Bknights%2Bin%2Barmour%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_N._L._Brooke" title="Christopher N. L. Brooke">Brooke, C. N. L.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtA8AAAAIAAJ&q=Bishop+of+Bath+and+Glastonbury+1219&pg=PA184">Church and Government in the Middle Ages</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21172-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21172-7"><bdi>978-0-521-21172-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+Government+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21172-7&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=C.+N.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtA8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBishop%2Bof%2BBath%2Band%2BGlastonbury%2B1219%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave1948" class="citation book cs1">Cave, Charles J. P. (1948). Roof Bosses in Medieval Churches: An Aspect of Gothic Sculpture. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/716449181">716449181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roof+Bosses+in+Medieval+Churches%3A+An+Aspect+of+Gothic+Sculpture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F716449181&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1896" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Alfred Alexander (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monographoncathe00clarrich">Monograph on the cathedral church of Wells</a>. Wells: Arthur G. Young; London: W. H. Smith & Sons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324210245/https://archive.org/details/monographoncathe00clarrich">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monograph+on+the+cathedral+church+of+Wells&rft.pub=Wells%3A+Arthur+G.+Young%3B+London%3A+W.+H.+Smith+%26+Sons&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonographoncathe00clarrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton-Taylor1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Clifton-Taylor" title="Alec Clifton-Taylor">Clifton-Taylor, Alec</a> (1967). The Cathedrals of England. 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Parker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+the+West+Front+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=J.+H.+Parker&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Cockerell&rft.aufirst=Charles+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ficonographyofwes00cock%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColchester1987" class="citation book cs1">Colchester, L. S. (1987). Wells Cathedral. Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440015-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440015-8"><bdi>978-0-04-440015-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-04-440015-8&rft.aulast=Colchester&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2008" class="citation book cs1">Cox, J. Charles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E14ADXwreOEC&q=Peter+Lightfoot+clock+wells&pg=PA183">English Church Fittings, Furniture and Accessories</a>. Jeremy Mills. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905217-93-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905217-93-9"><bdi>978-1-905217-93-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Church+Fittings%2C+Furniture+and+Accessories&rft.pub=Jeremy+Mills&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905217-93-9&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=J.+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE14ADXwreOEC%26q%3DPeter%2BLightfoot%2Bclock%2Bwells%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Herbert_Crossley" title="Frederick Herbert Crossley">Crossley, Frederick Herbert</a> (1962). The English Abbey. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2038195">2038195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Abbey&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2038195&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSAHC082008" class="citation conference cs1">De Blasi, G. (2–4 July 2008). D'Ayala, Dina; Fodde, Enrico (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVnRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205">Wells Cathedral: The crossing and central tower</a>. 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Bath: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2822-9"><bdi>978-1-4398-2822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral%3A+The+crossing+and+central+tower&rft.place=Bath&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008-07-02%2F2008-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-2822-9&rft.aulast=De+Blasi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVnRBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockrayFleming2003" class="citation book cs1">Dockray, K.; Fleming, P. (2003). 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Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-025-2"><bdi>978-1-84383-025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authority+and+Subversion%3A+A+Conference+on+Fifteenth-century+England+Held+at+the+University+of+the+West+of+England%2C+St.+Matthias+Campus%2C+Bristol%2C+6%E2%80%938+September+2001&rft.btitle=Authority+and+Subversion&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.series=The+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-025-2&rft.aulast=Dockray&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2001" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Robert (2001). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11785-2"><bdi>978-0-415-11785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Resource+Management+in+Contemporary+Society%3A+Perspectives+on+Managing+and+Presenting+the+Past&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11785-2&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRqYWcgtgZsC%26q%3DWells%2BCathedral%2Bwest%2Bfront%2Brestoration%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Hay" title="Denys Hay">Hay, Denys</a> (1952). 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Raphael Tuck & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3138221">3138221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Raphael+Tuck+%26+Sons&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3138221&rft.aulast=Malden&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Melvyn (2005). "The Meaning of Wells Cathedral". In Dunning, Robert (ed.). Wells Cathedral. Scala Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-370-9"><bdi>978-1-85759-370-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Scala+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85759-370-9&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepin2004" class="citation book cs1">Pepin, David (2004). Discovering Cathedrals. Shire Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0597-7"><bdi>978-0-7478-0597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0597-7&rft.aulast=Pepin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (1958). North Somerset and Bristol. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868291293">868291293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Somerset+and+Bristol&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868291293&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowicke1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._M._Powicke" title="F. M. Powicke">Powicke, Maurice</a> (1961). Handbook of British Chronology. Royal Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901050-17-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901050-17-5"><bdi>978-0-901050-17-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-901050-17-5&rft.aulast=Powicke&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1963" class="citation book cs1">Reid, R. D. (1963). Wells Cathedral. Friends of Wells Cathedral. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902321-11-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902321-11-3"><bdi>978-0-902321-11-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Friends+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-902321-11-3&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnantAnderson1969" class="citation book cs1">Remnant, George L.; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(art_historian)" title="Mary Anderson (art historian)">Anderson, Mary Désirée</a> (1969). A Catalogue of Misericords in Great Britain. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-817164-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-817164-5"><bdi>978-0-19-817164-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+Misericords+in+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-817164-5&rft.aulast=Remnant&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Mary+D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1916" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, William J. (1916). West Country Churches. Vol. 4. Bristol Times and Mirror. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7393657">7393657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Country+Churches&rft.pub=Bristol+Times+and+Mirror&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7393657&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John Colin Dinsdale (1975). Picture Book of Misericords of Wells Cathedral. Friends of Wells Cathedral. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902321-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902321-15-1"><bdi>978-0-902321-15-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picture+Book+of+Misericords+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Friends+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-902321-15-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+Colin+Dinsdale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaan1984" class="citation book cs1">Swaan, Wim (1984). The Gothic Cathedral. Omega. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907853-48-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907853-48-0"><bdi>978-0-907853-48-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+Cathedral&rft.pub=Omega&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-907853-48-0&rft.aulast=Swaan&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatton-BrownCrook2002" class="citation book cs1">Tatton-Brown, Tim; Crook, John (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84330-120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84330-120-2"><bdi>978-1-84330-120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Cathedral&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84330-120-2&rft.aulast=Tatton-Brown&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Crook%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1926" class="citation book cs1">Wade, G. W.; Wade, J. H. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somerset12287gut">Somerset</a>. Methuen & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500472869">500472869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somerset&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500472869&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft.au=Wade%2C+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomerset12287gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2005" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Derrick (2005). Curious Somerset. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4057-3"><bdi>978-0-7509-4057-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curious+Somerset&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-4057-3&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Tim (2004). The Medieval Stained Glass of Wells Cathedral. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726263-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726263-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726263-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Stained+Glass+of+Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726263-4&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Colchester, L. S.; Quilter, David Tudway; Quilter, Alan (1985). A History of Wells Cathedral School. Wells Cathedral School. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70336406">70336406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wells+Cathedral+School&rft.pub=Wells+Cathedral+School&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70336406&rft.aulast=Colchester&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft.au=Quilter%2C+David+Tudway&rft.au=Quilter%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Malone, Von Carolyn Marino (2004). Façade as Spectacle: Ritual and Ideology at Wells Cathedral. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13840-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13840-7"><bdi>978-90-04-13840-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fa%C3%A7ade+as+Spectacle%3A+Ritual+and+Ideology+at+Wells+Cathedral&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13840-7&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Von+Carolyn+Marino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWells+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template:Cathedrals of the Church of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template talk:Cathedrals of the Church of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cathedrals of the Church of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_England" title="List of cathedrals in England">Cathedrals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Province of Canterbury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral" title="Chelmsford Cathedral">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Cathedral" title="Derby Cathedral">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Gibraltar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral" title="Guildford Cathedral">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Cathedral" title="Portsmouth Cathedral">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edmundsbury_Cathedral" title="St Edmundsbury Cathedral">St Edmundsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro_Cathedral" title="Truro Cathedral">Truro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">Province of York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Cathedral" title="Blackburn Cathedral">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Cathedral" title="Bradford Cathedral">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral" title="Carlisle Cathedral">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Cathedral" title="Peel Cathedral">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Cathedral" title="Sheffield Cathedral">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwell_Minster" title="Southwell Minster">Southwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Cathedral" title="Wakefield Cathedral">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #FFCC33 5px solid; border-top: #FFCC33 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Template:Diocese of Bath and Wells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Template talk:Diocese of Bath and Wells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diocese of Bath and Wells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Diocese of Bath and Wells">Diocese of Bath and Wells</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wells Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Wells" title="Bishop's Palace, Wells">Bishop's Palace, Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a> (ruins)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Office holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beasley_(bishop)" title="Michael Beasley (bishop)">Michael Beasley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Bishop of Bath and Wells">Bishop of Bath and Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Worsley" title="Ruth Worsley">Ruth Worsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Taunton" title="Bishop of Taunton">Bishop suffragan of Taunton</a> and Acting <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Coventry" title="Bishop of Coventry">Bishop of Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Episcopal_oversight" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Episcopal oversight">AEO</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_(bishop)" title="Paul Thomas (bishop)">Paul Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oswestry" title="Bishop of Oswestry">Bishop suffragan of Oswestry</a> & <a href="/wiki/Rob_Munro_(bishop)" title="Rob Munro (bishop)">Rob Munro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ebbsfleet" title="Bishop of Ebbsfleet">Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toby_Wright_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toby Wright (priest) (page does not exist)">Toby Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Wells" title="Dean of Wells">Dean of Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hill_(priest)" title="Simon Hill (priest)">Simon Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Taunton" title="Archdeacon of Taunton">Archdeacon of Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Gell" title="Anne Gell">Anne Gell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Wells" title="Archdeacon of Wells">Archdeacon of Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Peer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlie Peer (page does not exist)">Charlie Peer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Bath" title="Archdeacon of Bath">Archdeacon of Bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">For the Bishops of Wells (10th century–1090), Bishops of Bath (1090–1197 & 1219–1245) and Bishops of Bath and Glastonbury (1197–1219), see <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Bishop of Bath and Wells">Bishop of Bath and Wells</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Benefices and parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecclesiastical_parishes_in_the_Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells">List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519614#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000092689482">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136008586">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4378070-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50004995">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35599781">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269745205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20002193">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/83f1edb2-e488-4555-8e5d-7ecb315f127d">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&oldid=1255167309">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wells_Cathedral&oldid=1255167309</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wells_Cathedral" title="Category:Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_completed_in_1490" title="Category:Churches completed in 1490">Churches completed in 1490</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthony_Salvin_buildings" title="Category:Anthony Salvin buildings">Anthony Salvin buildings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_cathedrals_in_England" title="Category:Anglican cathedrals in England">Anglican cathedrals in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_cathedrals" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon cathedrals">Anglo-Saxon cathedrals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Reformation_Roman_Catholic_cathedrals" title="Category:Pre-Reformation Roman Catholic cathedrals">Pre-Reformation Roman Catholic cathedrals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Church_of_England_church_buildings_in_Mendip_District" title="Category:Church of England church buildings in Mendip District">Church of England church buildings in Mendip District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells" title="Category:Diocese of Bath and Wells">Diocese of Bath and Wells</a></li><li><a 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