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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishop_of_Milan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archbishop of Milan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archbishop_of_Milan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archbishop of Milan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archbishop_of_Milan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Montini's_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montini's_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Montini's philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montini's_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastoral_progressivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoral_progressivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pastoral progressivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastoral_progressivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cardinal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Papacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Papacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papal_conclave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_conclave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Papal conclave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_conclave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_of_papal_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_of_papal_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reforms of papal ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_of_papal_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Completion_of_the_Vatican_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completion_of_the_Vatican_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Completion of the Vatican Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completion_of_the_Vatican_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Ecumenical orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialogue_with_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogue_with_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Dialogue with the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogue_with_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_priorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_priorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Council priorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_priorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_and_fourth_sessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_fourth_sessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Third and fourth sessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_fourth_sessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_call_to_holiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_call_to_holiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Universal call to holiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_call_to_holiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Church reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synod_of_Bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synod_of_Bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Synod of Bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synod_of_Bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curia_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curia_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Curia reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curia_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_limits_and_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_limits_and_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Age limits and restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_limits_and_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_and_dialogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_and_dialogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Relations and dialogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_and_dialogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Dialogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Foreign travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Attempted assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>New diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Mariology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Encyclicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecclesiam_suam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiam_suam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2.1</span> <span><i>Ecclesiam suam</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiam_suam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mense_maio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mense_maio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2.2</span> <span><i>Mense maio</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mense_maio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysterium_fidei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysterium_fidei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2.3</span> <span><i>Mysterium fidei</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysterium_fidei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christi_Matri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christi_Matri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2.4</span> <span><i>Christi Matri</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christi_Matri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populorum_progressio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populorum_progressio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2.5</span> <span><i>Populorum progressio</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populorum_progressio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacerdotalis_caelibatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacerdotalis_caelibatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2.6</span> <span><i>Sacerdotalis caelibatus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacerdotalis_caelibatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanae_vitae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanae_vitae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2.7</span> <span><i>Humanae vitae</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanae_vitae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Evangelism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism_and_ecumenical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism_and_ecumenical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Ecumenism and ecumenical relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism_and_ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox_and_Eastern_Orthodox_Apostolic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodox_and_Eastern_Orthodox_Apostolic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.1</span> <span>Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Apostolic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox_and_Eastern_Orthodox_Apostolic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.2</span> <span>Anglicans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10.3</span> <span>Protestants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatifications_and_canonisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Beatifications and canonisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Consistories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Final years and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Allegations of homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidnapping_and_death_of_Aldo_Moro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidnapping_and_death_of_Aldo_Moro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kidnapping and death of Aldo Moro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidnapping_and_death_of_Aldo_Moro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Final days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Canonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Directly_related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directly_related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Directly related</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directly_related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Associated topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentaries_with_English_subtitles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries_with_English_subtitles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Documentaries with English subtitles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries_with_English_subtitles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Paul VI</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Paulus_VI" title="Paus Paulus VI – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Paulus_VI" title="Pous Paulus VI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI." title="Paul VI. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paul VI." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="بولس السادس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولس السادس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo_VI" title="Pavlo VI – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pavlo VI" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_VI" title="Pablo VI – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pablo VI" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawlu_VI" title="Pawlu VI – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pawlu VI" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Pavel" title="VI Pavel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VI Pavel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Paulus_6-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Paulus 6-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Paulus 6-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_VI" title="Павел VI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Павел VI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_VI_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Павал VI (папа рымскі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Павал VI (папа рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_VI" title="Павел VI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Павел VI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI." title="Paul VI. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paul VI." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pavao_VI" title="Papa Pavao VI – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papa Pavao VI" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paol_VI" title="Paol VI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paol VI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_VI" title="Pau VI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pau VI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pablo_VI" title="Papa Pablo VI – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Papa Pablo VI" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_VI." title="Pavel VI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pavel VI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Pawl_VI" title="Pab Pawl VI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Pawl VI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Paul_6." title="Pave Paul 6. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Paul 6." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI." title="Paul VI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul VI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawo%C5%82_VI." title="Pawoł VI. – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pawoł VI." data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_VI" title="Paulus VI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%84" title="Πάπας Παύλος ΣΤ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Παύλος ΣΤ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_VI" title="Pablo VI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pablo VI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADlo_la_6-a" title="Paŭlo la 6-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭlo la 6-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_VI.a" title="Paulo VI.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paulo VI.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85" title="پاپ پل ششم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ پل ششم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI" title="Paul VI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul VI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_VI_(paus)" title="Paulus VI (paus) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paulus VI (paus)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Pauli_VI" title="Pape Pauli VI – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Pauli VI" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_P%C3%B3l_VI" title="Pápa Pól VI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Pól VI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_P%C3%B2l_VI" title="Pàpa Pòl VI – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Pòl VI" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_VI,_papa" title="Paulo VI, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paulo VI, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Paulus_6-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Paulus 6-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Paulus 6-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%B0%94%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C_6%EC%84%B8" title="교황 바오로 6세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 바오로 6세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD_VI" title="Պողոս VI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պողոս VI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawo%C5%82_VI." title="Pawoł VI. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pawoł VI." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavao_VI." title="Pavao VI. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pavao VI." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Paulus_la_6ma" title="Papo Paulus la 6ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Paulus la 6ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pablo_VI" title="Papa Pablo VI – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Pablo VI" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Paulus_VI" title="Paus Paulus VI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_6." title="Páll 6. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páll 6." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Paolo_VI" title="Papa Paolo VI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Paolo VI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="פאולוס השישי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאולוס השישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Paulus_VI" title="Paus Paulus VI – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pablo_VI" title="Papa Pablo VI – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Pablo VI" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_VI" title="პავლე VI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პავლე VI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Paulo_VI" title="Papa Paulo VI – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Paulo VI" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_VI" title="Paulus VI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81vils_VI" title="Pāvils VI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pāvils VI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI._(Poopst)" title="Paul VI. (Poopst) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul VI. (Poopst)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulius_VI" title="Paulius VI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paulius VI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Polo_VI" title="Pápa Polo VI – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Polo VI" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_P%C3%A0ol_VI" title="Papa Pàol VI – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papa Pàol VI" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI._P%C3%A1l_p%C3%A1pa" title="VI. Pál pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VI. Pál pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_VI" title="Папа Павле VI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Павле VI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoly_VI_(papa)" title="Paoly VI (papa) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paoly VI (papa)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_VI" title="പോപ്പ് പോൾ VI – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോപ്പ് പോൾ VI" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pawlu_VI" title="Papa Pawlu VI – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Papa Pawlu VI" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप पॉल सहावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप पॉल सहावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="بولس السادس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولس السادس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Paulus_VI" title="Paus Paulus VI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Paulus_6-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Paulus 6-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Paulus 6-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="VI Паул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="VI Паул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Paulus_VI" title="Paus Paulus VI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD6%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="パウロ6世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウロ6世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI._(Paap)" title="Paul VI. (Paap) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Paul VI. (Paap)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI" title="Paul VI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul VI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Paul_VI" title="Pave Paul VI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Paul VI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_VI" title="Pau VI – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pau VI" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%B4%D9%BE%DA%96%D9%85_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="پاپ شپږم پل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاپ شپږم پل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94_%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B_%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A6" title="សម្តេចប៉ាប ប៉ូល ទី៦ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្តេចប៉ាប ប៉ូល ទី៦" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ul_VI" title="Pàul VI – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pàul VI" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI." title="Paul VI. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul VI." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_VI" title="Paweł VI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paweł VI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Paulo_VI" title="Papa Paulo VI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Paulo VI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Paul_al_VI-lea" title="Papa Paul al VI-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Paul al VI-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawlu_VI" title="Pawlu VI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pawlu VI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_VI" title="Павел VI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Павел VI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Paul_VI" title="Pape Paul VI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Paul VI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_VI" title="Pali VI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pali VI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulu_VI" title="Paulu VI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paulu VI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="හයවන පාවුළු පාප්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හයවන පාවුළු පාප්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Paul VI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavol_VI." title="Pavol VI. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pavol VI." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Pavel_VI." title="Papež Pavel VI. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Pavel VI." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_VI" title="Папа Павле VI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Павле VI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavao_VI" title="Pavao VI – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pavao VI" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavali_VI" title="Paavali VI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paavali VI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_VI" title="Paulus VI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paulus VI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pablo_VI" title="Papa Pablo VI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Pablo VI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88)" title="ஆறாம் பவுல் (திருத்தந்தை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆறாம் பவுல் (திருத்தந்தை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_VI" title="Павел VI – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Павел VI" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_6" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาปอลที่ 6 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาปอลที่ 6" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI._Paulus" title="VI. Paulus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VI. Paulus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_VI" title="Павло VI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павло VI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B4%D9%85" title="پال ششم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پال ششم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pago%C5%82o_VI" title="Papa Pagoło VI – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Pagoło VI" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Phaol%C3%B4_VI" title="Giáo hoàng Phaolô VI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Phaolô VI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pablo_VI" title="Papa Pablo VI – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Pablo VI" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%A6%84%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="保禄六世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保禄六世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_P%C3%A1%C3%BAl%C3%B9_6k" title="Pópù Páúlù 6k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Páúlù 6k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E4%BF%9D%E7%A5%BF%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="真福保祿六世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真福保祿六世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_VI" title="Paulus VI – Dimli" lang="diq" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Paul VI</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulus_VI,_by_Fotografia_Felici,_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Paulus_VI%2C_by_Fotografia_Felici%2C_1969.jpg/220px-Paulus_VI%2C_by_Fotografia_Felici%2C_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Paulus_VI%2C_by_Fotografia_Felici%2C_1969.jpg/330px-Paulus_VI%2C_by_Fotografia_Felici%2C_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Paulus_VI%2C_by_Fotografia_Felici%2C_1969.jpg/440px-Paulus_VI%2C_by_Fotografia_Felici%2C_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="3609" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official portrait, 1969</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1963</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Referendary Prelate of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a> (1926‍–‍1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Substitute for General Affairs</a> (1937‍–‍1953)</li> <li>Pro-Secretary for Ordinary Affairs of Secretariat of State (1953‍–‍1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> (1954‍–‍1963)</li> <li>Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti</a> (1958‍–‍1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1920<br />by <a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Gaggia" title="Giacinto Gaggia">Giacinto Gaggia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1954<br />by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1958<br />by John XXIII</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-09-26</span>)</span>26 September 1897<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Concesio" title="Concesio">Concesio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1978<span style="display:none">(1978-08-06)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo" title="Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law_(Catholic_Church)" title="Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)">JCD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cum ipso in monte sancto</i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'With Him on the holy mountain')</li><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">In nomine Domini</i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'In the name of the Lord')</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_paolo_vi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul VI's signature"><img alt="Paul VI's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Signature_paolo_vi.svg/130px-Signature_paolo_vi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Signature_paolo_vi.svg/195px-Signature_paolo_vi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Signature_paolo_vi.svg/260px-Signature_paolo_vi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul VI's coat of arms"><img alt="Paul VI's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg/50px-C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg/75px-C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg/100px-C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>29 May<sup id="cite_ref-feastday_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feastday-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>30 May (<a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title as Saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Confessor" title="Confessor">Confessor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beatified</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 2014<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>, Vatican City<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canonized</th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 2018<br />Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City<br />by Pope Francis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal vestments">Papal vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Papal tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Archdiocese of Milan</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paul VI Pontifical Institute<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Brescia">Diocese of Brescia</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Concesio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magenta,_Lombardy" title="Magenta, Lombardy">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderno_Dugnano" title="Paderno Dugnano">Paderno Dugnano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> <span style="font-size:100%">Ordination history</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">History</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Diaconal ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Concesio, Brescia</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ordained by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Gaggia" title="Giacinto Gaggia">Giacinto Gaggia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brescia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brescia">Brescia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Concesio, Brescia</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-consecrators</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacinto_Tredici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacinto Tredici (page does not exist)">Giacinto Tredici</a> (Brescia)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Bernareggi" title="Domenico Bernareggi">Domenico Bernareggi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> aux.)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1954</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Elevated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1958</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">Episcopal succession</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope Paul VI as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Schiavini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Schiavini (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Schiavini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ces%C3%A1rio_Alexandre_Minali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesário Alexandre Minali (page does not exist)">Cesário Alexandre Minali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ubaldo_Teofano_Stella" title="Ubaldo Teofano Stella">Ubaldo Teofano Stella</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Enrici" title="Domenico Enrici">Domenico Enrici</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristide_Pirovano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristide Pirovano (page does not exist)">Aristide Pirovano</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 November 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Lu%C3%ADs_Bossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolfo Luís Bossi (page does not exist)">Adolfo Luís Bossi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fustella" title="Antonio Fustella">Antonio Fustella</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Umberto_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Umberto Colombo">Giovanni Umberto Colombo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 1960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Oldani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Oldani (page does not exist)">Luigi Oldani</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 1961</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Rossi_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Rossi (bishop) (page does not exist)">Francesco Rossi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 May 1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Igino_Eugenio_Cardinale" title="Igino Eugenio Cardinale">Igino Eugenio Cardinale</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Reuben_Edward_Thomas" title="Albert Reuben Edward Thomas">Albert Reuben Edward Thomas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Fallani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Fallani (page does not exist)">Giovanni Fallani</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Willebrands" title="Johannes Willebrands">Johannes Gerardus Maria Willebrands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leobard_D%27Souza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leobard D'Souza (page does not exist)">Leobard D'Souza</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Giuseppe_Antonelli" title="Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli">Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Violardo" title="Giacomo Violardo">Giacomo Violardo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Loris_Francesco_Capovilla" title="Loris Francesco Capovilla">Loris Francesco Capovilla</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Casaroli" title="Agostino Casaroli">Agostino Casaroli</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Civardi" title="Ernesto Civardi">Ernesto Civardi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marcinkus" title="Paul Marcinkus">Paul Casimir Marcinkus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vangeke" title="Louis Vangeke">Louis Vangeke</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Bugnini" title="Annibale Bugnini">Annibale Bugnini</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Casoria" title="Giuseppe Casoria">Giuseppe Casoria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Bartolucci_Panaroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Bartolucci Panaroni (page does not exist)">Enrico Bartolucci Panaroni</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jerome_Hamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jerome Hamer">Jean Jerome Hamer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Maria_Deskur" title="Andrzej Maria Deskur">Andrzej Maria Deskur</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Rotunno" title="Nicola Rotunno">Nicola Rotunno</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1974</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Paul (disambiguation)">Other popes named Paul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Paul VI</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Paulus VI</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Paolo VI</i>; born <b>Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini</b>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒoˈvanni<span class="wrap"> </span>batˈtista<span class="wrap"> </span>enˈriːko<span class="wrap"> </span>anˈtɔːnjo<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈriːa<span class="wrap"> </span>monˈtiːni]</a></span>; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978) was head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> State from 21 June 1963 to his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a>, he continued the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant churches">Protestant churches</a>, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. In January 1964, <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI">he flew to Jordan</a>, the first time a reigning pontiff had left Italy in more than a century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montini served in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%27s_Secretariat_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See's Secretariat of State">Holy See's Secretariat of State</a> from 1922 to 1954, and along with <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Domenico Tardini</a> was considered the closest and most influential advisor of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. In 1954, Pius named Montini <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a>, the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Italy" title="Episcopal Conference of Italy">Italian Bishops' Conference</a>. John XXIII elevated Montini to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> in 1958, and after his death, Montini was, with little to no opposition, elected his successor, taking the name Paul VI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993322–23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993322–23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He reconvened the Second Vatican Council, which had been suspended during the interregnum. After its conclusion, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, finely balancing the conflicting expectations of various Catholic groups. The resulting reforms were among the widest and deepest in the Church's history. </p><p>Paul VI spoke repeatedly to Marian conventions and <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariological</a> meetings, visited Marian shrines and issued three <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_Pope_Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of Pope Paul VI">Marian encyclicals</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a>, he named Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> during the Second Vatican Council.<sup id="cite_ref-InterCom_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterCom-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described himself as a humble servant of a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes from the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His opposition to <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> was published in the 1968 encyclical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a></i></span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, citing his <a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">heroic virtue</a>, proclaimed him <a href="/wiki/Venerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable">venerable</a> on 20 December 2012. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> Paul VI on 19 October 2014, after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his priestly ordination, 29 May.<sup id="cite_ref-feastday_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feastday-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Francis canonised him on 14 October 2018. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MontiniMay291920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MontiniMay291920.jpg/175px-MontiniMay291920.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MontiniMay291920.jpg/263px-MontiniMay291920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MontiniMay291920.jpg/350px-MontiniMay291920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>Montini on the day of his ordination in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/Concesio" title="Concesio">Concesio</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">Province of Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in 1897. His father, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Montini" class="extiw" title="it:Giorgio Montini">Giorgio Montini</a> (1860–1943), was a lawyer, journalist, director of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a>, and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother, Giudetta Alghisi (1874–1943), was from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini (1900–1971), who became a physician, and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_Montini" class="extiw" title="it:Lodovico Montini">Lodovico Montini</a> (1896–1990), who became a lawyer and politician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196420–21_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196420–21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September 1897, he was baptised with the name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196419_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196419-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the Cesare Arici school, run by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, and in 1916 received a diploma from the <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_da_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnaldo da Brescia">Arnaldo da Brescia</a> public school in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness. </p><p>In 1916, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> to become a Catholic priest. He was <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie,_Brescia" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196426_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196426-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montini concluded his studies in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> with a doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988419_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988419-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later studied at the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian University">Gregorian University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">University of Rome La Sapienza</a> and, at the request of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Ecclesiastical_Academy" title="Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy">Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles</a>. In 1922, at the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a>, where he worked under Pizzardo together with <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borgongini-Duca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Borgongini-Duca">Francesco Borgongini-Duca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Grano" title="Carlo Grano">Carlo Grano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Domenico Tardini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196431_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196431-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, he never had an appointment as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian-inspired culture'.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vatican_career">Vatican career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vatican career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_service">Diplomatic service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diplomatic service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Montini had just one foreign posting in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as Secretary in the office of the papal <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> in 1923. Of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> he experienced there he wrote: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFappaniMolinariMontini1979404_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFappaniMolinariMontini1979404-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described his experience in Warsaw as "useful, though not always joyful".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFappaniMolinariMontini1979265_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFappaniMolinariMontini1979265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he became pope, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Communist government of Poland</a> refused him permission to visit Poland on a Marian pilgrimage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Curia">Roman Curia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman Curia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XII_with_Monsignor_Montini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pius_XII_with_Monsignor_Montini.jpg/220px-Pius_XII_with_Monsignor_Montini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pius_XII_with_Monsignor_Montini.jpg/330px-Pius_XII_with_Monsignor_Montini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pius_XII_with_Monsignor_Montini.jpg/440px-Pius_XII_with_Monsignor_Montini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Montini photographed alongside <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> during his service at the Secretariat of State</figcaption></figure> <p>His organisational skills led him to a career in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, the papal civil service. On 19 October 1925, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Papal_chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal chamberlain">papal chamberlain</a> in the rank of Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Eugenio Pacelli</a> appointed him to teach history at the Pontifical Academy for Diplomats;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988419_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988419-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was promoted to Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 8 July of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 September 1936, he was appointed a Referendary Prelate of the Supreme Tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 December 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Domenico Tardini</a>, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State. His immediate supervisor was <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Domenico Tardini</a>, with whom he got along well. He was further appointed Consultor of the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" title="Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith">Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Bishops" title="Dicastery for Bishops">Sacred Consistorial Congregation</a> on 24 December,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a> (<i>ad instar participantium</i>), the most senior class of papal prelate, on 10 May 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pacelli became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1939 and confirmed Montini's appointment as Substitute under the new <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Maglione" title="Luigi Maglione">Luigi Maglione</a>. In that role, roughly that of a chief of staff, he met the Pope every morning until 1954 and developed a rather close relationship with him. Of his service to two popes he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is true, my service to the Pope was not limited to the political or extraordinary affairs according to Vatican language. The goodness of Pope Pius XII opened to me the opportunity to look into the thoughts, even into the soul of this great pontiff. I could quote many details how Pius XII, always using measured and moderate speech, was hiding, nay revealing a noble position of great strength and fearless courage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196458_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196458-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When war broke out, Maglione, Tardini, and Montini were the principal figures in the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a> of the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Montini dispatched "ordinary affairs" in the morning, while in the afternoon he moved informally to the third floor Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff, serving in place of a personal secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196457_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196457-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war years, he replied to thousands of letters from all parts of the world with understanding and prayer, and arranging for help when possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196457_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196457-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the request of the Pope, Montini created an information office regarding prisoners of war and refugees, which from 1939 to 1947 received almost ten million requests for information about missing persons and produced over eleven million replies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196071_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196071-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montini was several times attacked by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s government for meddling in politics, but the Holy See consistently defended him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993155_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993155-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Maglione died in 1944, Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini as joint heads of the Secretariat, each a Pro-Secretary of State. Montini described Pius XII with a filial admiration: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His richly cultivated mind, his unusual capacity for thought and study led him to avoid all distractions and every unnecessary relaxation. He wished to enter fully into the history of his own afflicted time: with a deep understanding, that he was himself a part of that history. He wished to participate fully in it, to share his sufferings in his own heart and soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993195_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993195-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As Pro-Secretary of State, Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to persecuted fugitives hidden in Catholic convents, parishes, seminaries, and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Pope's instruction, Montini, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Baldelli" title="Ferdinando Baldelli">Ferdinando Baldelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Faller" title="Otto Faller">Otto Faller</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Commissione_di_Assistenza" title="Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza">Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza</a> (<i>Pontifical Commission for Assistance</i>), which supplied a large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other necessities. In Rome alone it distributed almost two million portions of free food in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196072_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196072-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Papal Residence of <a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a> was opened to refugees, as was Vatican City in so far as space allowed. Some 15,000 lived in Castel Gandolfo, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196072_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196072-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, extending protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers escaped from prison camps, to Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, to German soldiers, partisans, displaced persons and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196072–73_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallenberg196072–73-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As pope in 1971, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza into <i><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritas Italiana">Caritas Italiana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archbishop_of_Milan">Archbishop of Milan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archbishop of Milan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardenal_Montini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cardenal_Montini.jpg/195px-Cardenal_Montini.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cardenal_Montini.jpg/293px-Cardenal_Montini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cardenal_Montini.jpg/390px-Cardenal_Montini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Montini as the Archbishop of Milan c. 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a> in 1954, Montini was appointed to succeed him as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a>, which made him the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Episcopal_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Episcopal Conference">Italian Bishops Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_420_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_420-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius XII presented the new archbishop "as his personal gift to Milan". He was consecrated bishop in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a>, the Dean of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, since Pius XII was severely ill. </p><p>On 12 December 1954, Pius XII delivered a radio address from his sick bed about Montini's appointment to the crowd in St. Peter's Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini1964169_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini1964169-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Montini and the Pope had tears in their eyes when Montini departed for his diocese with its 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993260–62_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993260–62-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Cathedral of Milan</a>. Montini settled well into his new tasks among all groups of the faithful in the city, meeting cordially with intellectuals, artists, and writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988420_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988420-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montini's_philosophy"><span id="Montini.27s_philosophy"></span>Montini's philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Montini's philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Montini_portrait_%E2%80%93_1959.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cardinal_Montini_portrait_%E2%80%93_1959.png/220px-Cardinal_Montini_portrait_%E2%80%93_1959.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cardinal_Montini_portrait_%E2%80%93_1959.png/330px-Cardinal_Montini_portrait_%E2%80%93_1959.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cardinal_Montini_portrait_%E2%80%93_1959.png/440px-Cardinal_Montini_portrait_%E2%80%93_1959.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini in 1959; photo by <a href="/wiki/Tullio_Farabola" title="Tullio Farabola">Tullio Farabola</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In his first months, Montini showed his interest in working conditions and labour issues by speaking to many unions and associations. He initiated the building of over 100 new churches, believing them the only non-utilitarian buildings in modern society, places for spiritual rest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993266_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993266-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His public speeches were noticed in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Rome, and elsewhere. Some considered him a liberal when he asked lay people to love not only Catholics but also schismatics, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (October 2024)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Protestants, Anglicans, the indifferent, Muslims, pagans, and atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993273_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993273-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave a friendly welcome to a group of Anglican clergy visiting Milan in 1957 and subsequently exchanged letters with the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993714–15_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993714–15-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Pius XII revealed at the 1952 secret consistory that both Montini and Tardini had declined appointments to the cardinalate,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in fact, Montini was never to be made a cardinal by Pius XII, who held no consistory and created no cardinals between the time he appointed Montini to Milan and his own death four years later. After Montini's friend Angelo Roncalli became <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, he made Montini a cardinal in December 1958. </p><p>When the new pope announced an <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Ecumenical Councils">Ecumenical Council</a>, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Bevilacqua" title="Giulio Bevilacqua">Giulio Bevilacqua</a>: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993284_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993284-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montini was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the council, Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican, where he was a Commission for Extraordinary Affairs member, though he did not engage much in the floor debates. His main advisor was <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo" title="Giovanni Colombo">Giovanni Colombo</a>, whom he later appointed as his successor in Milan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993296_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993296-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission was significantly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII that the Council complete all its work before Christmas 1962, to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's having recently been told that he had cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993301_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993301-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997272_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997272-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastoral_progressivism">Pastoral progressivism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pastoral progressivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his period in Milan, Montini was widely seen as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. He adopted new approaches to reach the faithful with pastoral care and carried through the liturgical reforms of Pius XII at the local level. For example, huge posters announced throughout the city that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957: more than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals, and lay people delivered 7,000 sermons, not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and wherever people congregated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993275_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993275-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His goal was re-introducing faith to a city without much religion. "If only we can say <a href="/wiki/Lord%E2%80%99s_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord’s Prayer">Our Father</a> and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993276_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993276-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> asked Archbishop Montini to Rome in October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of <a href="/wiki/Lay_apostolate" title="Lay apostolate">Lay Apostolate</a>. As Pro-Secretary of State, he had worked hard to form this worldwide organisation of lay people in 58 nations, representing 42 national organisations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196463_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196463-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinal">Cardinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cardinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Milano,_1962)_-_BEIC_6356260_(retouched).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Milano%2C_1962%29_-_BEIC_6356260_%28retouched%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Milano%2C_1962%29_-_BEIC_6356260_%28retouched%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Milano%2C_1962%29_-_BEIC_6356260_%28retouched%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Milano%2C_1962%29_-_BEIC_6356260_%28retouched%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Milano%2C_1962%29_-_BEIC_6356260_%28retouched%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Milano%2C_1962%29_-_BEIC_6356260_%28retouched%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Montini at the opening of the new building of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riunione_Adriatica_di_Sicurt%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riunione Adriatica di Sicurtà (page does not exist)">RAS</a>, Milan, 1962; photo by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 June 1958, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a> recalled meeting with Montini: "I had three wonderful meetings with Montini and I am sure that you have heard from him since.” Alinsky also wrote to <a href="/wiki/George_Nauman_Shuster" title="George Nauman Shuster">George Nauman Shuster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two days before the papal conclave that elected John XXIII: "No, I don't know who the next Pope will be, but if it's to be Montini, the drinks will be on me for years to come."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some cardinals seem to have viewed Montini as a likely <a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a> candidate, possibly receiving some votes in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1958">1958 conclave</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he had the handicap of not yet being a cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and took the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals, with Montini at the top of the list.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Priest">Cardinal-Priest</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti</a>. The Pope appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations, drawing him frequently to Rome in the coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196492_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196492-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardinal Montini journeyed to Africa in 1962, visiting <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, South Africa, and Nigeria. After this journey, John XXIII called Montini to a private audience to report on his trip, speaking for several hours. In fifteen other trips, he visited <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington DC, Chicago, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> in Indiana, Boston, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. He usually vacationed in <a href="/wiki/Engelberg_Abbey" title="Engelberg Abbey">Engelberg Abbey</a>, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazzarini196490–92_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazzarini196490–92-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papacy">Papacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope Paul VI</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg/60px-C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg/90px-C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg/120px-C_o_a_Paulus_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_conclave">Papal conclave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Papal conclave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1963_papal_conclave" title="1963 papal conclave">1963 papal conclave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_of_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Election_of_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg/220px-Election_of_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Election_of_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg/330px-Election_of_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Election_of_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg/440px-Election_of_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Pope Paul VI appears on the central loggia after his election on 21 June 1963.</figcaption></figure> <p>Montini was generally seen as the <a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">most likely papal successor</a>, being close to both Popes Pius XII and John XXIII, as well as his pastoral and administrative background, his insight, and his determination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997275_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997275-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John XXIII had previously known the Vatican as an official until his appointment to Venice was a papal diplomat, but returning to Rome at age 66, he may at times have felt uncertain in dealing with the professional <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, but Montini had learned its innermost workings while working in it for a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997275_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997275-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">papabile</a> cardinals <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Lercaro" title="Giacomo Lercaro">Giacomo Lercaro</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Siri" title="Giuseppe Siri">Giuseppe Siri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Montini was identified neither left nor right nor as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997275_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1997275-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had adjourned without tangible results. </p><p>In the conclave after John XXIII's death, Montini was elected pope on the sixth ballot on 21 June. When the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a> asked if he accepted the election, Montini said <i>"Accepto, in nomine Domini"</i> ("I accept, in the name of the Lord"). He took the name "Paul VI" in honor of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point during the conclave on 20 June, it was said that Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Testa" title="Gustavo Testa">Gustavo Testa</a> lost his temper and demanded that opponents of Montini halt their efforts to thwart his election.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montini, fearful of causing strife, started to rise to dissuade the cardinals from voting for him, but Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Urbani" title="Giovanni Urbani">Giovanni Urbani</a> dragged him back, muttering, "Eminence, shut up!"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The white smoke first rose from the chimney of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> at 11:22 am, when <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a> announced to the public the successful election of Montini. When the new pope appeared on the central loggia, he gave the shorter <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">episcopal blessing</a> as his first <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">apostolic blessing</a> rather than the longer, traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i>. </p><p>Of the papacy, Paul VI wrote in his journal: "The position is unique. It brings great solitude. 'I was solitary before, but now my solitude becomes complete and awesome.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993339_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993339-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less than two years later, on 2 May 1965, Paul informed the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">dean of the College of Cardinals</a> that his health might make it impossible to function as pope. He wrote, "In case of infirmity, which is believed to be incurable or is of long duration and which impedes <a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">us</a> from sufficiently exercising the functions of our apostolic ministry; or in the case of another serious and prolonged impediment", he would renounce his office "both as bishop of Rome as well as head of the same holy Catholic Church".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_of_papal_ceremony">Reforms of papal ceremony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reforms of papal ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Paul_VI_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pope_Paul_VI_portrait.jpg/220px-Pope_Paul_VI_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pope_Paul_VI_portrait.jpg/330px-Pope_Paul_VI_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pope_Paul_VI_portrait.jpg/440px-Pope_Paul_VI_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>One of the first official photographs of Paul VI taken in 1963<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Paul VI did away with much of the papacy's regal splendor. <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">His coronation</a> on 30 June 1963 was the last <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">such ceremony</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a> substituted an <a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">inauguration</a> (which Paul had substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_Eligendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano Pontifici Eligendo">Romano Pontifici Eligendo</a></i>). At his coronation, Paul wore a <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">tiara</a> presented by the Archdiocese of Milan. Near the end of the third session of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in 1964, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> and ascended the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the innovative spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold for charity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purchasers arranged for it to be displayed as a gift to American Catholics in the crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a> in Washington, D.C. </p><p>In 1968, with the <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pontificalis_Domus" title="Pontificalis Domus">Pontificalis Domus</a></i>, he discontinued most of the ceremonial functions of the old <a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Papal nobility</a> at the court (reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">household</a>), save for the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Assistants_to_the_Papal_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne">Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne</a>. He also abolished the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Guard" title="Palatine Guard">Palatine Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Guard_(Vatican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble Guard (Vatican)">Noble Guard</a>, leaving the Pontifical <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a> as the sole military order of the Vatican. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Completion_of_the_Vatican_Council">Completion of the Vatican Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Completion of the Vatican Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CardinalBea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CardinalBea.jpg/150px-CardinalBea.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CardinalBea.jpg/225px-CardinalBea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CardinalBea.jpg/300px-CardinalBea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Pope Paul VI fully supported Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a>, credited with ecumenical breakthroughs during the Second Vatican Council.</figcaption></figure> <p>Paul VI decided to reconvene <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> and completed it in 1965. Faced with conflicting interpretations and controversies, he directed the implementation of its reform goals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecumenical_orientation">Ecumenical orientation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecumenical orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI_and_Ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Paul VI and Ecumenism">Pope Paul VI and Ecumenism</a></div> <p>During Vatican II, the council fathers avoided statements that might anger non-Catholic Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a>, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" title="Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity">Christian Unity Secretariat</a>, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of <i><a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">Nostra aetate</a></i>, which regulates the Church's relations with <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and members of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialogue_with_the_world">Dialogue with the world</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dialogue with the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being elected Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new diocese. He told them that he started a dialogue with the modern world in Milan and asked them to seek contact with people from all walks of life. Six days after his election, he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening on 29 September 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_420_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_420-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a radio address to the world, Paul VI praised his predecessors, the strength of <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a>, the wisdom and intelligence of <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, and the love of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a>. As his pontifical goals, he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a> reform, and improved social peace and justice worldwide. The unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_420_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_420-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_priorities">Council priorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Council priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pope re-opened the Ecumenical Council on 29 September 1963, giving it four key priorities: </p> <ul><li>A better understanding of the Catholic Church</li> <li>Church reforms</li> <li>Advancing the unity of Christianity</li> <li>Dialogue with the world<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_420_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_420-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MontiniKennedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MontiniKennedy.jpg/255px-MontiniKennedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MontiniKennedy.jpg/383px-MontiniKennedy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MontiniKennedy.jpg/510px-MontiniKennedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Pope Paul VI meets with the first Catholic U.S. president, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, 2 July 1963.</figcaption></figure> <p>He reminded the Council Fathers that only a few years earlier, Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis">Mystici corporis</a></i> about the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">mystical body of Christ</a>. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to simply explain how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church was at fault for their separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the East had been forbidden to attend by their national governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988421–22_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988421–22-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konzilseroeffnung_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Konzilseroeffnung_1.jpg/255px-Konzilseroeffnung_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Konzilseroeffnung_1.jpg/383px-Konzilseroeffnung_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Konzilseroeffnung_1.jpg/510px-Konzilseroeffnung_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>The opening of the second session of Vatican II</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_and_fourth_sessions">Third and fourth sessions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Third and fourth sessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an <a href="/wiki/Nota_Praevia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nota Praevia">explanatory note</a> confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step that was viewed by some as meddling in the council's affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988423_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988423-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this be approved together with related texts on topics such as <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_424_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_424-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964 with the formal pronouncement of Mary as <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_424_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_424-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the third and fourth sessions, the Pope announced reforms in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, revision of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a>, regulations for <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">interfaith marriages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> issues. He opened the council's final session, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed, but all were finally agreed upon. The council was concluded on 8 December 1965: the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Feast of the Immaculate Conception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_424_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_424-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the council's final session, Paul VI announced that he would open the canonisation processes of his immediate predecessors: Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universal_call_to_holiness">Universal call to holiness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Universal call to holiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Paul VI, "the most characteristic and ultimate purpose of the teachings of the Council" is the <a href="/wiki/Universal_call_to_holiness" title="Universal call to holiness">universal call to holiness</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity; by this holiness as such a more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society." This teaching is found in <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Gentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumen Gentium">Lumen Gentium</a></i>, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, promulgated by Paul VI on 21 November 1964. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_reforms">Church reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Church reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmbroseOfMilan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AmbroseOfMilan.jpg/140px-AmbroseOfMilan.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AmbroseOfMilan.jpg/210px-AmbroseOfMilan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AmbroseOfMilan.jpg/280px-AmbroseOfMilan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Following his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a>, Pope Paul VI named <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Mary</a> the "<a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a>" during <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synod_of_Bishops">Synod of Bishops</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Synod of Bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 September 1965, he established the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Bishops (Catholic)">Synod of Bishops</a> as a permanent institution of the Catholic Church and an advisory body to the papacy. Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelization in the modern world, which started on 9 September 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_425-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curia_reform">Curia reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Curia reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI%27s_reform_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia">Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia</a></div> <p>Pope Paul VI knew the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with <i>Pontificalis Domus</i>, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations, and a broader representation of non-Italians in the Curial positions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_limits_and_restrictions">Age limits and restrictions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Age limits and restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 August 1966, Paul VI asked all bishops to submit their resignations to the pontiff by their 75th birthday. They were not required to do so but "earnestly requested of their own free will to tender their resignation from office".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He extended this request to all cardinals in <i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i> on 21 November 1970, with the further provision that cardinals would relinquish their offices in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> upon reaching their 80th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-IA_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These retirement rules enabled the Pope to fill several positions with younger prelates and reduce the Italian domination of the Roman Curia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988425_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988425-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1970 measures also revolutionised papal elections by restricting the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclaves</a> to cardinals who had not yet reached their 80th birthday,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a class known since then as "cardinal electors". This reduced the power of the Italians and the Curia in the next conclave. Some senior cardinals objected to losing their voting privilege without effect.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul VI's measures also limited the number of cardinal electors to a maximum of 120, a rule disregarded on several occasions by each of his successors. Previously, Paul VI himself had been the first pope to increase the number above 120 (from <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_1963_papal_conclave" title="Cardinal electors in the 1963 papal conclave">82</a> in 1963 to 134 <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Paul_VI#28_April_1969" title="Cardinals created by Paul VI">in April 1969</a>; but he reduced the number of cardinal electors below 120 in 1971 by simultaneously introducing the voting age limit). </p><p>Some prelates questioned whether he should not apply these retirement rules to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></div> <p>Reform of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgy</a>, an aim of the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical movement">liturgical movement</a>, mainly in France and Germany, was officially recognised as legitimate by Pius XII in his encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i>. During his pontificate, he eased regulations on the obligatory use of Latin in Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals, and other events. In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Triduum" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Triduum">Easter Triduum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198547–48_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198547–48-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965) gave some directives in its document <i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a></i> for a general revision of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>. Within four years of the close of the council, Paul VI promulgated in 1969 the first postconciliar edition, which included three new <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic Prayer">Eucharistic Prayers</a> in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a>, until then the only <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">anaphora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>. Use of <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> languages was expanded by decision of <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conferences</a>, not by papal command. In addition to his revision of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198549_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198549-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These reforms were not universally welcomed. Questions were raised about the need to replace the <a href="/wiki/1962_Roman_Missal" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Roman Missal">1962 Roman Missal</a>, which, though decreed on 23 June 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council's <i>Sacrosanctum Concilium</i> decree ordered that it be altered.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> granted bishops the right to authorise the use of the 1962 Missal (<i><a href="/wiki/Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Dei" title="Ecclesia Dei">Ecclesia Dei</a></i>) and in 2007 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, while stating that the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the <i>Forma ordinaria</i> – of the Eucharistic Liturgy",<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave general permission to priests of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> to use either the 1962 Missal or the post-<a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> Missal both privately and, under certain conditions, publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Pope Francis removed many of faculties granted by Pope Benedict XVI with the publishing of his <i>motu proprio</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis Custodes</a></i>, thus limiting the use of 1962 Roman Missal.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_and_dialogues">Relations and dialogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relations and dialogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_audience_of_Pope_Paul_VI_(1973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/General_audience_of_Pope_Paul_VI_%281973%29.jpg/200px-General_audience_of_Pope_Paul_VI_%281973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/General_audience_of_Pope_Paul_VI_%281973%29.jpg/300px-General_audience_of_Pope_Paul_VI_%281973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/General_audience_of_Pope_Paul_VI_%281973%29.jpg/400px-General_audience_of_Pope_Paul_VI_%281973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Pope Paul VI during an October 1973 audience</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulus_VI_visit_to_Israel,_Mount_Tabor_1964_(997009326801305171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pope Paul VI at Mount Tabor, during his 1964 visit to Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paulus_VI_visit_to_Israel%2C_Mount_Tabor_1964_%28997009326801305171%29.jpg/220px-Paulus_VI_visit_to_Israel%2C_Mount_Tabor_1964_%28997009326801305171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paulus_VI_visit_to_Israel%2C_Mount_Tabor_1964_%28997009326801305171%29.jpg/330px-Paulus_VI_visit_to_Israel%2C_Mount_Tabor_1964_%28997009326801305171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paulus_VI_visit_to_Israel%2C_Mount_Tabor_1964_%28997009326801305171%29.jpg/440px-Paulus_VI_visit_to_Israel%2C_Mount_Tabor_1964_%28997009326801305171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>Pope Paul VI at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>, during his 1964 visit to Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>To Paul VI, a dialogue with all of humanity was essential not as an aim but as a means to find the truth. According to Paul, dialogue is based on the full equality of all participants. This equality is rooted in the common search for the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967172_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967172-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said: "Those who have the truth, are in a position as not having it, because they are forced to search for it every day in a deeper and more perfect way. Those who do not have it, but search for it with their whole heart, have already found it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967172_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967172-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialogues">Dialogues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dialogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jafar_Shahidi_and_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jafar_Shahidi_and_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg/220px-Jafar_Shahidi_and_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jafar_Shahidi_and_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg/330px-Jafar_Shahidi_and_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jafar_Shahidi_and_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg/440px-Jafar_Shahidi_and_Pope_Paul_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Pope Paul VI meets <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a>, Iranian Shia scholars.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue">Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue</a>, and a year later, a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter one was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Culture" title="Pontifical Council for Culture">Pontifical Council for Culture</a>, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of goodwill, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on 1 January every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> improved during his pontificate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988427_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988427-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_travels">Foreign travels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Foreign travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_trips_of_Paul_VI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Foreign_trips_of_Paul_VI.svg/195px-Foreign_trips_of_Paul_VI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Foreign_trips_of_Paul_VI.svg/293px-Foreign_trips_of_Paul_VI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Foreign_trips_of_Paul_VI.svg/390px-Foreign_trips_of_Paul_VI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The countries visited by Pope Paul VI</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Paulus_VI_in_Nazareth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Relief_of_Paulus_VI_in_Nazareth.JPG/195px-Relief_of_Paulus_VI_in_Nazareth.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Relief_of_Paulus_VI_in_Nazareth.JPG/293px-Relief_of_Paulus_VI_in_Nazareth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Relief_of_Paulus_VI_in_Nazareth.JPG/390px-Relief_of_Paulus_VI_in_Nazareth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Relief commemorating Pope Paul VI's visit to Nazareth, 5 January 1964</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Paul_VI%27s_Diamond_Ring_and_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pope_Paul_VI%27s_Diamond_Ring_and_Cross.jpg/220px-Pope_Paul_VI%27s_Diamond_Ring_and_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pope_Paul_VI%27s_Diamond_Ring_and_Cross.jpg/330px-Pope_Paul_VI%27s_Diamond_Ring_and_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pope_Paul_VI%27s_Diamond_Ring_and_Cross.jpg/440px-Pope_Paul_VI%27s_Diamond_Ring_and_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Pope Paul VI's diamond ring and cross donated to the United Nations</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI">List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI</a></div> <p>Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents. He was also the first pontiff to travel on an airplane, visit the Holy Land on pilgrimage, and travel outside Italy in a century. He travelled more widely than any of his predecessors, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". He visited the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> in 1964 and participated in <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_congress" title="Eucharistic congress">Eucharistic congresses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia. In 1966, he was twice denied permission to visit <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> for the thousandth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">introduction of Christianity in Poland</a>. In 1967, he visited the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> on the fiftieth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Sun" title="Miracle of the Sun">apparitions</a> there. He undertook a pastoral visit to Uganda in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first by a reigning pope to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff to visit the Western hemisphere when he addressed the United Nations in New York City in October 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was escalating, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the U.N.: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our very brief visit has given us a great honour; that of proclaiming to the whole world, from the Headquarters of the United Nations, Peace! We shall never forget this extraordinary hour. Nor can We bring it to a more fitting conclusion than by expressing the wish that this central seat of human relationships for the civil peace of the world may ever be conscious and worthy of this high privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No more war, never again war. Peace, it is peace that must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_assassination">Attempted assassination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Attempted assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after arriving at <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport">Manila International Airport</a>, the Philippines on 27 November 1970, the Pope, closely followed by President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> and personal aide <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Macchi" title="Pasquale Macchi">Pasquale Macchi</a>, who was private secretary to Pope Paul VI, were encountered suddenly by a crew-cut, cassock-clad man who tried to attack the Pope with a knife. Macchi pushed the man away; police identified the would-be assassin as <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Mendoza_y_Amor_Flores" title="Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores">Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores</a> of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz, Bolivia</a>. Mendoza was an artist living in the Philippines. The Pope continued his trip and thanked Marcos and Macchi, who had moved to protect him during the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_diplomacy">New diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: New diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_430_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_430-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a reflection of a new understanding between church and state, which had been formulated first by <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes">Gaudium et spes</a></i> stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and is willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991391_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991391-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Paul VI sent one of 73 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_Goodwill_Messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages">Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages</a> to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface today. It has the words of the <a href="/wiki/Psalm_8" title="Psalm 8">8th Psalm</a>, and the Pope wrote, "To the Glory of the name of God who gives such power to men, we ardently pray for this wonderful beginning."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mariology">Mariology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mariology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_Pope_Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of Pope Paul VI">Mariology of Pope Paul VI</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg/220px-Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg/330px-Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg/440px-Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI during his visit to the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sanctuary of Fátima">Sanctuary of Fátima</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>Pope Paul VI made extensive contributions to <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> (theological teaching and devotions) during his pontificate. Given its new ecumenical orientation, he attempted to present the Marian teachings of the church. In his inaugural encyclical <i>Ecclesiam suam</i> (section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. He regards "devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclicals">Encyclicals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Encyclicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul VI authored seven <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ecclesiam_suam"><i>Ecclesiam suam</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ecclesiam suam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiam_suam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiam suam">Ecclesiam suam</a></div> <p><i>Ecclesiam suam</i> was given at St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Feast of the Transfiguration</a>, 6 August 1964, the second year of his pontificate. It is considered an important document, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ. A later Council document, <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i>, stated that the Church subsists in the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a>, raising questions as to the difference between "is" and "subsists in". Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church, between the churches, and with atheism.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_425-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mense_maio"><i>Mense maio</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mense maio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mense_maio" title="Mense maio">Mense maio</a></div> <p>The encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mense_maio" title="Mense maio">Mense maio</a></i> (from 29 April 1965) focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly regarded as how people are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mysterium_fidei"><i>Mysterium fidei</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mysterium fidei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mysterium_fidei_(encyclical)" title="Mysterium fidei (encyclical)">Mysterium fidei (encyclical)</a></div> <p>On 3 September 1965, Paul VI issued <i>Mysterium fidei</i>, on the <a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_faith" title="Mystery of faith">mystery of the faith</a>. He opposed relativistic notions that would have only given the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> a symbolic character. The Church, according to Paul VI, has no reason to give up the deposit of faith in such a vital matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_425-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Christi_Matri"><i>Christi Matri</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Christi Matri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christi_Matri" title="Christi Matri">Christi Matri</a></div> <p>On 15 September 1966, Paul VI issued <i>Christi Matri</i>, a request for the faithful to pray for peace during October 1966. As reasons for this call to prayer, Paul VI alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and lists concern about "the growing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear armaments race</a>, the senseless nationalism, the racism, the obsession for revolution, the separations imposed upon citizens, the nefarious plots, the slaughter of innocent people."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Populorum_progressio"><i>Populorum progressio</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Populorum progressio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulaudenece1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paulaudenece1977.jpg/180px-Paulaudenece1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paulaudenece1977.jpg/270px-Paulaudenece1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paulaudenece1977.jpg/360px-Paulaudenece1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI at an audience in October 1977</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Populorum progressio</i>, released on 26 March 1967, dealt with "the development of peoples" and that the world's economy should serve humanity and not just a few. It touches on a variety of traditional principles of Catholic social teaching: the right to a just wage, the right to security of employment, the right to fair and reasonable working conditions, the right to join a union and strike as a last resort, and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_resources_and_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal destination of resources and goods">universal destination of resources and goods</a>. </p><p>In addition, <i>Populorum progressio</i> opines that real peace in the world is conditional on justice. He repeated his demands expressed in Bombay in 1964 for a large-scale World Development Organization as a matter of international justice and peace. He rejected notions of instigating revolution and force in changing economic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sacerdotalis_caelibatus"><i>Sacerdotalis caelibatus</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sacerdotalis caelibatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalis_caelibatus" title="Sacerdotalis caelibatus">Sacerdotalis caelibatus</a></div> <p><i>Sacerdotalis caelibatus</i> (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">priestly celibacy</a> in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirmed the discipline as a long-held practice important to the Catholic Church. The encyclical <i>Sacerdotalis caelibatus</i> from 24 June 1967 confirms the traditional Church teaching that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Catholic priests. To Catholic conceptions of the priesthood, celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_425-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during his pontificate, Paul VI was permissive in allowing bishops to grant <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state" title="Loss of clerical state">laicisation of priests</a> who wanted to leave the <a href="/wiki/Sacerdotal_state" title="Sacerdotal state">sacerdotal state</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> changed this policy in 1980, and the 1983 Code of <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a> made it explicit that only the Pope can, in exceptional circumstances, grant laicization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Humanae_vitae"><i>Humanae vitae</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Humanae vitae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pape_Paul_VI_%E2%80%93_Vatican,_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pape_Paul_VI_%E2%80%93_Vatican%2C_1968.jpg/179px-Pape_Paul_VI_%E2%80%93_Vatican%2C_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pape_Paul_VI_%E2%80%93_Vatican%2C_1968.jpg/269px-Pape_Paul_VI_%E2%80%93_Vatican%2C_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pape_Paul_VI_%E2%80%93_Vatican%2C_1968.jpg/359px-Pape_Paul_VI_%E2%80%93_Vatican%2C_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI in his office on 29 June 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical <i>Humanae vitae</i> (<i>Of Human Life</i>, subtitled <i>On the Regulation of Birth</i>), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical, he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and its condemnation of artificial <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">birth control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the Pope noted in his encyclical<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the Pope, as to all his predecessors, marital relations are much more than a union of two people. They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons create a new person materially, while God completes the creation by adding the soul. For this reason, Paul VI taught in the first sentence of <i><a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a></i> that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God.<sup id="cite_ref-Humanae_vitae,_1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanae_vitae,_1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships.<sup id="cite_ref-Humanae_vitae,_1_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanae_vitae,_1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Love is total—that very special form of personal friendship in which husband and wife generously share everything, allowing no unreasonable exceptions and not thinking solely of their own convenience. Whoever really loves his partner loves not only for what he receives, but loves that partner for the partner's own sake, content to be able to enrich the other with the gift of himself.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The reaction to the encyclical's continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was very mixed. The encyclical was welcomed in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> president <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> declared at the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Meetings_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_and_the_World_Bank_Group" title="Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group">Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group</a> that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, Bolivia, called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal Archbishop <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Mu%C3%B1oz_Duque" title="Aníbal Muñoz Duque">Aníbal Muñoz Duque</a> declared, "If American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent."<sup id="cite_ref-Herder_549_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herder_549-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Senate of Bolivia</a> passed a resolution stating that <i>Humanae vitae</i> could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Herder_549_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herder_549-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> journal <i>Sic</i> dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the adverse reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid," he reportedly told <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Gagnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Gagnon">Edouard Gagnon</a> on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years' time, they'll call me a prophet."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His biography on the Vatican's website notes his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> later reaffirmed and expanded upon <i>Humanae vitae</i> with the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelium_vitae" title="Evangelium vitae">Evangelium vitae</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelism">Evangelism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Evangelism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By taking the name of Paul, the newly elected pope showed his intention to take <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> as a model for his papal ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-DullesChurchSociety_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DullesChurchSociety-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, when he reorganised the Roman Curia, Pope Paul renamed the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith as the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a>. Pope Paul was the first pope in history to make apostolic journeys to other continents.<sup id="cite_ref-DullesChurchSociety_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DullesChurchSociety-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope chose the theme of <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> for the synod of bishops in 1974. From materials generated by that synod, he composed the 1975 apostolic exhortation on evangelisation, <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelii_nuntiandi" title="Evangelii nuntiandi">Evangelii nuntiandi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DullesChurchSociety_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DullesChurchSociety-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenism_and_ecumenical_relations">Ecumenism and ecumenical relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ecumenism and ecumenical relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue: The <a href="/wiki/Separated_brethren" title="Separated brethren">separated brothers and sisters</a>, as he called them, could not contribute to the council as invited observers. After the council, many took the initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. However, the Catholic Church recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters that much needed to be done within to be an open partner for <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt811–12_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt811–12-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To those entrusted with the highest and deepest truth, therefore, Paul VI believed that he had the most challenging part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967177_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967177-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967181_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967181-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967185_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967185-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they underscore the church's fundamental approach to ecumenism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriental_Orthodox_and_Eastern_Orthodox_Apostolic">Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Apostolic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Apostolic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul VI visited the Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Patriarchs of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1964 and 1967. He was the first pope since the ninth century to visit the East, labelling the Eastern Churches as sister churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_429_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_429-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the first pope in centuries to meet the heads of various <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> communities. Notably, his meeting with <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_Athenagoras_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I">Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I</a> in 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> led to rescinding the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunications</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">Great Schism</a>, which took place in 1054.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic-Eastern_Orthodox_Apostolic_Joint_Declaration_of_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Joint Declaration of 1965 (page does not exist)">Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Joint Declaration of 1965</a>, read on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_429_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_429-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Shenouda_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenouda III">Shenouda III</a> of Alexandria from the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> issued after the visit proclaimed unity in a number of theological issues,<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_430_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_430-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also that other theological differences "<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">since the year 451</a>" "cannot be ignored" while both traditions work to a greater unity.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicans">Anglicans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Anglicans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul VI was the first pope to receive an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a>, in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> on 2 December 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967198_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967198-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Centre_in_Rome" title="Anglican Centre in Rome">Anglican Centre in Rome</a> to increase their mutual knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_813_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_813-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He praised Paul VI<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his contributions in the service of unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_813_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_813-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul replied, "By entering into our house, you are entering your own house; we are happy to open our door and heart to you."<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_813_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_813-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two church leaders signed a joint declaration, ending past disputes and outlining a common future agenda. </p><p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity</a>, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church." This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestants">Protestants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Protestants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, Paul VI decided to create a joint working group with the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. Eight sessions were held in the following three years, resulting in many joint proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was proposed to work closely together in social justice and development and “Third World” issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to be shared in the <a href="/wiki/Week_of_Prayer_for_Christian_Unity" title="Week of Prayer for Christian Unity">Week of Prayer for Christian Unity</a>, which would be held annually. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing ecumenically: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a> were the first Protestant church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a> began in October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded the past five years' remarkable changes, friendship, and cooperation. The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a> entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_A._Schiotz" title="Fredrik A. Schiotz">Fredrik A. Schiotz</a> stated during the 450th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Peter">Apostle Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, and promised participation and co-operation in the festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on many levels. When Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a> went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the Pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "As far as the cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Bible_society" title="Bible society">Bible societies</a> is concerned, I am totally in favour."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He issued a formal approval on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> 1967, the feast on which the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beatifications_and_canonisations">Beatifications and canonisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Beatifications and canonisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_declared_venerable_by_Pope_Paul_VI" title="List of people declared venerable by Pope Paul VI">List of people declared venerable by Pope Paul VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Paul_VI" title="List of people beatified by Pope Paul VI">List of people beatified by Pope Paul VI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Paul_VI" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Paul VI">List of saints canonized by Pope Paul VI</a></div> <p>Paul VI beatified 38 individuals in his pontificate and <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> 84 saints in 21 causes. Among the <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatifications</a> included <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a> (1971) and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a> (1968). He canonised saints such as <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Taveli%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikola Tavelić">Nikola Tavelić</a> (1970) and the <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan Martyrs">Ugandan Martyrs</a> (1964). </p><p>Paul VI also named two <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a> and, in so doing, named the first two female Doctors of the Church. He named <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a> (he titled her "<i>Doctor orationis</i>" or "Doctor of Prayer") on 27 September 1970 and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a> on 4 October 1970. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistories">Consistories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Consistories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Paul_VI" title="Cardinals created by Paul VI">Cardinals created by Paul VI</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg/200px-Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg/300px-Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg/400px-Karol_Wojtyla%27s_cardinal_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI makes Karol Wojtyła (the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>) a cardinal in 1967.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulo_VI_e_Ratzinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Paulo_VI_e_Ratzinger.jpg/200px-Paulo_VI_e_Ratzinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Paulo_VI_e_Ratzinger.jpg/300px-Paulo_VI_e_Ratzinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Paulo_VI_e_Ratzinger.jpg/400px-Paulo_VI_e_Ratzinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI with Joseph Ratzinger (the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>) who was created cardinal in the 1977 consistory</figcaption></figure> <p>Pope Paul VI held six <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistories</a> between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinalate</a> in his fifteen years as pope: </p> <ul><li>22 February 1965, 27 cardinals</li> <li>26 June 1967, 27 cardinals</li> <li>28 April 1969, 34 cardinals</li> <li>5 March 1973, 30 cardinals</li> <li>24 May 1976, 20 cardinals</li> <li>27 June 1977, 4 cardinals</li></ul> <p>The successive three popes were created <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a> by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a>, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Józef Wojtyła (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>) was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>) was made a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 that was the Pope's last.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul VI named <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1n_Trochta" title="Štěpán Trochta">Štěpán Trochta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Hossu" title="Iuliu Hossu">Iuliu Hossu</a> as cardinals "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">in pectore</a></i></span>" in 1969 and only revealed Hossu's name in 1973 after Hossu died while formally naming Trochta. Similarly, Paul VI named both <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1ek" title="František Tomášek">František Tomášek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Nh%C6%B0_Khu%C3%AA" title="Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê">Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê</a> "<i>in pectore</i>" in 1976, only announcing the former in 1977 and the latter at the 1976 consistory itself, a month after having announced it and his hidden selection. </p><p>With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalisation policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several prominent Latin Americans like <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Francisco_Pironio" title="Eduardo Francisco Pironio">Eduardo Francisco Pironio</a> of Argentina; <a href="/wiki/Luis_Aponte_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Aponte Martinez">Luis Aponte Martinez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%AAnio_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugênio de Araújo Sales">Eugênio de Araújo Sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aloisio_Lorscheider" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloisio Lorscheider">Aloisio Lorscheider</a> from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the church at the time saying that the European period of the church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hume" title="Basil Hume">Basil Hume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that membership by bishops in committees and other bodies of the Roman Curia would not be limited to cardinals. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the formal dress of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues were nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consistory of 1969 was the largest consistory since 1946 and would be surpassed later in 2001. </p><p>In 1965, the theologian <a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a> declined an invitation by Paul VI to be inducted into the College of Cardinals. In 1967, he also intended to nominate <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Sigismondi" title="Pietro Sigismondi">Pietro Sigismondi</a>, but he died a month before the consistory was held. Also in 1967, according to the memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bouyer" title="Louis Bouyer">Louis Bouyer</a>, Paul VI intended to name Bouyer to the cardinalate after the Second Vatican Council; however, Paul VI was forced to abandon the idea after realizing that the French episcopacy would not warmly receive the appointment since Bouyer had been very critical of many of the positions taken by the French bishops. Other sources indicate that the Pope intended to name his friend <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> to the cardinalate in 1969. Not only did Maritain decline, but if he had been elevated, it would have made him the first <a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">lay cardinal</a> since 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 February 1969, Paul VI and Monsignor Hieronymus Menges discussed nominating Iuliu Hossu and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ron_M%C3%A1rton" title="Áron Márton">Áron Márton</a> to the cardinalate (Pius XII dropped an idea to name Márton to the cardinalate in 1946), however, Márton's potential elevation was not considered acceptable, hence, Hossu was named <i>in pectore</i> since the Romanians would not have accepted Hossu either.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_homosexuality">Allegations of homosexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Allegations of homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976 Paul VI became the first pontiff in the modern era to deny the accusation of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Catholicism">homosexuality</a>. On 29 December 1975, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a document entitled <i>Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics</i>, that reaffirmed church teaching that pre- or extramarital sex, homosexual activity, and masturbation are sinful acts.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Peyrefitte" title="Roger Peyrefitte">Roger Peyrefitte</a>, who had already written in two of his books that Paul VI had a longtime homosexual relationship, repeated his charges in a magazine interview with a French gay magazine that, when reprinted in Italian, brought the rumours to a wider public and caused an uproar. He said that the Pope was a hypocrite who had a longtime sexual relationship with an actor.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Observer_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widespread rumours identified the actor as <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Carlini" title="Paolo Carlini">Paolo Carlini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Posner_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posner-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had a small part in the <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Holiday" title="Roman Holiday">Roman Holiday</a></i> (1953). In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St Peter's Square on 18 April 1976, Paul VI called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for the Pope were said in all Italian Catholic churches in "a day of consolation".<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Posner_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posner-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charges have resurfaced periodically. In 1994, Franco Bellegrandi, a former Vatican honour chamberlain and correspondent for the Vatican newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i>, alleged that Paul VI had been blackmailed and had promoted other gay men to positions of power within the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Espresso" title="L'Espresso">L'Espresso</a></i> reported that the private papers of police commander General Giorgio Manes confirmed the blackmail story as true, and that Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> had been asked to help.<sup id="cite_ref-Posner_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posner-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_VI_e_Luciani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Paolo_VI_e_Luciani.jpg/185px-Paolo_VI_e_Luciani.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Paolo_VI_e_Luciani.jpg/278px-Paolo_VI_e_Luciani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Paolo_VI_e_Luciani.jpg/370px-Paolo_VI_e_Luciani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2423" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI with <a href="/wiki/Albino_Luciani" class="mw-redirect" title="Albino Luciani">Albino Luciani</a> (the future John Paul I) in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Paul VI had been in good health prior to his pontifical election. His health following his papal election took a turn when he needed to undergo a serious operation to treat an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>. The Pope procrastinated in this but relented in November 1967; the operation took place on a simple table in an improvised operating theatre in the papal apartments by a team led by Professor <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Valdoni" title="Pietro Valdoni">Pietro Valdoni</a>. The Vatican was delicate in their description of what the Pope underwent and referred to it as "the malaise from which the Holy Father had been suffering for weeks". As a result of the delay in having the operation, the Pope had to wear a <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> for a period following the operation and still was by December.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pope discussed business from his bed about 48 hours after the operation with Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Amleto_Giovanni_Cicognani" title="Amleto Giovanni Cicognani">Amleto Giovanni Cicognani</a> and at that point was off <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous feeding">intravenous feeding</a> in favour of orange juice and hot broth. Cardinal Cicognani said the Pope was "in good general condition" and that he spoke in a "clear and firm voice". The Pope's two brothers also visited him at his bedside following a "tranquil night" for the Pope. The doctors also reported the Pope's condition to have been "excellent".<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidnapping_and_death_of_Aldo_Moro">Kidnapping and death of Aldo Moro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Kidnapping and death of Aldo Moro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldo_Moro_br.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aldo_Moro_br.jpg/220px-Aldo_Moro_br.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aldo_Moro_br.jpg/330px-Aldo_Moro_br.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aldo_Moro_br.jpg/440px-Aldo_Moro_br.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a>, photographed during his kidnapping by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a> in 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 March 1978, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italian prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a>—a friend of Paul VI's from his FUCI student days—was kidnapped by a far-left Italian terrorist group known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>. The kidnapping kept the world and the Pope in suspense for 55 days.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 April, Moro directly appealed to the Pope to intervene as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> had intervened in the case of Professor <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Vassalli" title="Giuliano Vassalli">Giuliano Vassalli</a> in the same situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_700-701_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_700-701-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eighty-year-old Paul VI wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have no mandate to speak to you, and I am not bound by any private interests in his regard. But I love him as a member of the great human family as a friend of student days and by a very special title as a brother in faith and as a son of the Church of Christ. I make an appeal that you will certainly not ignore. On my knees I beg you, free Aldo Moro, simply without conditions, not so much because of my humble and well-meaning intercession, but because he shares with you the common dignity of a brother in humanity. Men of the Red Brigades, leave me, the interpreter of the voices of so many of our fellow citizens, the hope that in your heart feelings of humanity will triumph. In prayer and always loving you I await proof of that.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_700-701_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_700-701-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some in the Italian government accused the Pope of treating the Red Brigades too kindly. Paul VI continued looking for ways to pay ransom for Moro, but his efforts were fruitless. On 9 May, the bullet-riddled body of Aldo Moro was found in a car in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Paul VI later celebrated his State Funeral Mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_days">Final days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Final days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_National_Shrine_Immaculate_Conception_DC_25.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_National_Shrine_Immaculate_Conception_DC_25.JPG/220px-Basilica_National_Shrine_Immaculate_Conception_DC_25.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_National_Shrine_Immaculate_Conception_DC_25.JPG/330px-Basilica_National_Shrine_Immaculate_Conception_DC_25.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Basilica_National_Shrine_Immaculate_Conception_DC_25.JPG/440px-Basilica_National_Shrine_Immaculate_Conception_DC_25.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI's <a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">papal tiara</a>, now in the Crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a></figcaption></figure><p>Pope Paul VI left the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Vatican</a> to go to the papal summer residence, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" title="Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a>, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_707_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_707-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a> for over two hours. In the evening he watched a <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> on television, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created."<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_707_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_707-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Feast of the Transfiguration</a>, he was tired, but wanted to say the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a>. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negativos_2934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Negativos_2934.jpg/220px-Negativos_2934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Negativos_2934.jpg/330px-Negativos_2934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Negativos_2934.jpg/440px-Negativos_2934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6188" data-file-height="4082" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI's body in the Vatican after his death</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanctusPaulusVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SanctusPaulusVI.jpg/220px-SanctusPaulusVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SanctusPaulusVI.jpg/330px-SanctusPaulusVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SanctusPaulusVI.jpg/440px-SanctusPaulusVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Paul VI following his canonisation in October 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After receiving communion, the Pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he lived on for three more hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41, Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_707_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_707-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he died, the pontiff had been lucid after the first heart attack. An hour before his death, he said he felt dizzy and asked those present to continue the prayers in his stead. Present at his bedside at the time of his death were Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Villot" title="Jean-Marie Villot">Jean-Marie Villot</a>, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Caprio" title="Giuseppe Caprio">Giuseppe Caprio</a>, and his personal secretary <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Macchi" title="Pasquale Macchi">Pasquale Macchi</a>, as well as two nuns and his personal physician. By the time the Pope died, he was already confined to bed due to a flare up in his chronic joint arthritis and could not get up to personally celebrate the Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the initial heart attack, the Pope was immediately given oxygen; however, the Holy See indicated that his heart condition was aggravated by a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, or the seeping of fluid into the lungs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><sup id="cite_ref-larouchepub.com_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larouchepub.com-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> declared nine days of mourning; <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> declared seven days of mourning;<sup id="cite_ref-Past_Daily:_A_Sound_Archive_of_News,_History,_Music_2018_z055_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Past_Daily:_A_Sound_Archive_of_News,_History,_Music_2018_z055-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declared four days of mourning; <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-larouchepub.com_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larouchepub.com-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_1978_g245_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_1978_g245-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declared three days of mourning; The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> declared one day of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI left a will and a spiritual testament.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those were released by the Vatican shortly after his death. In it, he asked for his burial to be simple, and that his correspondence, personal memos and other writings be destroyed. He also legated all his belongings to the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI does not have an ornate <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, but is buried in a grave beneath the floor of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a> near the tombs of other popes.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> His position mirrors the statements attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a>: "a Pope may suffer but he must be able to function" and by Pius XII.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Paul, reflecting on <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>, wrote the following in a private note in 1978:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is my state of mind? Am I Hamlet? Or <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>? On the left? On the right? I do not think I have been properly understood. I am filled with 'great joy (Superabundo gaudio)' With all our affliction, I am overjoyed (2 Cor 2:4).<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His confessor, the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Dezza" title="Paolo Dezza">Paolo Dezza</a>, said that "this pope is a man of great joy",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993339_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993339-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that: </p> <blockquote><p>If Paul VI was not a saint, when he was elected Pope, he became one during his pontificate. I was able to witness not only with what energy and dedication he toiled for Christ and the Church but also and above all, how much he suffered for Christ and the Church. I always admired not only his deep inner resignation but also his constant abandonment to divine providence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993600_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993600-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonisation">Canonisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Canonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatification_of_Paul_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beatification_of_Paul_VI.jpg/220px-Beatification_of_Paul_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beatification_of_Paul_VI.jpg/330px-Beatification_of_Paul_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Beatification_of_Paul_VI.jpg/440px-Beatification_of_Paul_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Tapestry of Paul VI on the occasion of his beatification on 19 October 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremonia_de_Canonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Monse%C3%B1or_Romero._(44398703435).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ceremonia_de_Canonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Monse%C3%B1or_Romero._%2844398703435%29.jpg/220px-Ceremonia_de_Canonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Monse%C3%B1or_Romero._%2844398703435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ceremonia_de_Canonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Monse%C3%B1or_Romero._%2844398703435%29.jpg/330px-Ceremonia_de_Canonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Monse%C3%B1or_Romero._%2844398703435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ceremonia_de_Canonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Monse%C3%B1or_Romero._%2844398703435%29.jpg/440px-Ceremonia_de_Canonizaci%C3%B3n_de_Monse%C3%B1or_Romero._%2844398703435%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Canonization Mass held on 14 October 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The diocesan process for beatification for Paul VI—titled then as a <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>—opened in Rome on 11 May 1993 under <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> after the "<a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">nihil obstat</a>" ("nothing against") was declared the previous 18 March. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Camillo Ruini</a> opened the diocesan process in Rome. The title of Servant of God is the first of four steps toward possible <a href="/wiki/Canonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonisation">canonisation</a>. The diocesan process concluded its business on 18 March 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 December 2012, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, in an audience with the Cardinal Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Amato" title="Angelo Amato">Angelo Amato</a>, declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of <a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">heroic virtue</a>, which means that he could be called "<a href="/wiki/Venerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable">Venerable</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 December 2013, Vatican officials comprising a medical panel approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff, which was the curing of an unborn child in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.A in the 1990s. This miracle was investigated in California from 7 July 2003 until 12 July 2004. It was expected that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff.<sup id="cite_ref-uscatholic_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscatholic-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognised the miracle attributed to the late pontiff on 18 February.<sup id="cite_ref-catholicnewsagency_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholicnewsagency-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine <i>Credere</i> that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congregation for the Causes of Saints' cardinal and bishop members held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter would then be presented by the Cardinal Prefect to the Pope for approval.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second miracle required for his canonisation was reported to have occurred in 2014 not long after his beatification. The vice-postulator, Antonio Lanzoni, suggested that the canonisation could be approved in the near future which would allow for the canonisation sometime in spring 2016; this did not materialise because the investigations were still ongoing at that stage.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further reported in January 2017 that Pope Francis was considering canonising Paul VI either in that year, or in 2018 (marking 40 years since the late pope's death), without the second miracle required for sainthood.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This too was proven false since the miracle from 2014 was being presented to the competent Vatican officials for assessment. </p><p>The late pope's <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> was then established to be celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death, as is usual since the latter falls on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Feast of the Transfiguration</a>, a major feast in the liturgical year.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final miracle needed for the late pope's canonisation was investigated in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, the investigation beining closed on 11 March 2017. The miracle in question involves the healing of an unborn girl, Amanda Maria Paola (born 25 December 2014), after her parents (Vanna and Alberto) went to the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie,_Brescia" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia</a>, to pray for the late pope's intercession the previous 29 October, just ten days after Paul VI was beatified.<sup id="cite_ref-VPP_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPP-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miracle regarding Amanda was the fact that she had survived for months despite the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> was broken. On 23 September, a month before the beatification, Amanda's mother Vanna Pironato (aged 35) was hospitalised due to the premature rupture of the placenta, with doctors declaring her pregnancy to be at great risk.<sup id="cite_ref-VPP_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPP-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documents regarding the alleged miracle were by now in Rome awaiting approval, so he should be canonised should this healing be approved.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologians advising the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voiced their approval to this miracle on 13 December 2017 (following the confirmation of doctors on 26 October) and had this sent to the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. who had to vote on the cause also before taking it to Pope Francis for his approval. Brescian media reported the canonisation could take place in October 2018 to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" title="Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">the synod on the youth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VPP_192-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPP-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. issued their unanimous approval to this miracle in their meeting held on 6 February 2018. Pope Francis confirmed that the canonisation would be approved and celebrated in 2018 in remarks made during a meeting with Roman priests on 14 February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 March 2018, the Cardinal Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a>, speaking at a plenary meeting of the International Catholic Migration Commission in Rome, confirmed that Paul VI would be canonised in at the close of the synod on 28 October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 March, the Pope confirmed the healing as a miracle, thereby approving Paul VI's canonisation; a consistory of cardinals on 19 May 2018 determined that the official date for Paul VI's canonisation, along with that of the assassinated Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_San_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Oscar Romero</a>, would be 14 October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI's liturgical feast day, which had previously been celebrated on 26 September, the date of his birth, was moved to 29 May, the day of his priestly <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">ordination</a>, in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-feastday_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feastday-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_controversies">Legacy and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Legacy and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Category:Catholic social teaching">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of the Holy See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_the_papacy" title="Social teachings of the papacy">Social teachings of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas_ordinis" title="Tranquillitas ordinis">Tranquillitas ordinis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divini_redemptoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Divini redemptoris">Divini redemptoris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Social teachings of Pope Pius XII">Social teachings</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_et_magistra" title="Mater et magistra">Mater et magistra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes">Gaudium et spes</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Paul VI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Octogesima_adveniens" title="Octogesima adveniens">Octogesima adveniens</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Template:Catholic social teaching"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Template talk:Catholic social teaching"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic social teaching"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2011, newly uncovered documents went up for auction and contained, among other items, proof that beginning in September 1950, while then serving as deputy of foreign affairs for the Vatican, Montini worked with former Nazis and members of the Spanish military in planning for a mercenary style army to operate within the African continent. Another revelation was a letter from the priest of former Nazi Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Otto Skorzeny</a> to Montini in which the priest praised Montini's efforts to fund, harbour, and give safe passage to <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II_aftermath)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratlines (World War II aftermath)">former Nazis evading Allied</a> capture and punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Paul VI continued the opening and internationalisation of the church that began under <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> and implemented the reforms of <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. Yet, unlike these popes, Paul VI faced criticism throughout his papacy from both traditionalists and liberals for steering a middle course during Vatican II and during the implementation of its reforms thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham198375_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198375-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expressed a desire for peace during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On basic Church teachings, the Pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of <i><a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a></i>, he reconfirmed this teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_201-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Paul VI was said to have been less intellectually gifted than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopaedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallenberg1960107_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallenberg1960107-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham198376_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198376-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, who, being torn to several directions, said, "I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967159_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967159-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul6statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Paul6statue.jpg/160px-Paul6statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Paul6statue.jpg/240px-Paul6statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Paul6statue.jpg/320px-Paul6statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Paul VI in Milan, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg/160px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg/240px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg/320px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI received the Grand Cross First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Paul VI refused to excommunicate opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991389_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991389-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the council: the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the church and its ministries. Conservatives complained "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and the divorced called for full acceptance."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1981277_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1981277-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes such as the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI#Liturgical_orientation" title="Mass of Paul VI">reorientation of the liturgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI#Changes_in_the_Order_of_Mass" title="Mass of Paul VI">alterations to the ordinary of the Mass</a>, alterations to the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">liturgical calendar</a> in the motu proprio <i><a href="/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">Mysterii Paschalis</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI#Repositioning_of_the_tabernacle" title="Mass of Paul VI">relocation of the tabernacle</a> were controversial among some Catholics. </p><p>While the total number of Catholics increased during the pontificate of Paul VI, the number of priests did not keep up. In the United States, at beginning of Paul's reign there were almost 1,600 priestly ordinations a year, while the number dropped to nearly 900 a year at his death. The number of seminarians at the same time dropped by three quarters. More pronounced declines were evident in religious life where the number of sisters and brothers declined sharply. Infant baptisms began to decline almost at once after Paul's election and did not begin to recover until 1980. In the same period adult conversions to the church declined by a third. While marriages increased <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">annulments</a> also increased but at a much greater rate. There was a 1,322% increase in declarations of nullity between 1968 and 1970 alone. While 65% of US Catholics went to Sunday Mass in 1965, that percentage had slipped to 40% by the time of Paul's death. Similar collapses occurred in other developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI renounced many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were temporarily reversed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from past centuries, he got rid of them, leaving only the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a> in function. He became the first pope to visit five continents.<sup id="cite_ref-Josef_Schmitz_van_Vorst,_68_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josef_Schmitz_van_Vorst,_68-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric church into a church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <i>Pro Comperto Sane</i> opened the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.<sup id="cite_ref-Josef_Schmitz_van_Vorst,_68_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josef_Schmitz_van_Vorst,_68-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI suffered from the responses within the church to <i>Humanae vitae</i>. Most regions and bishops supported the pontiff, including notable support from <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Boyle_(American_bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick O'Boyle (American bishop)">Patrick O'Boyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a small part of the church, especially in the Netherlands, Canada, and Germany openly disagreed with the Pope, which deeply wounded him for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directly_related">Directly related</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Directly related"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI:_The_Pope_in_the_Tempest" title="Paul VI: The Pope in the Tempest">Paul VI: The Pope in the Tempest</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_topics">Associated topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Associated topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credo_of_the_People_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Credo of the People of God">Credo of the People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meetings_between_the_pope_and_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States">List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In theory any male Catholic is eligible for election to the papacy. In fact, his photograph was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine with the other potential candidates for the papacy in 1958. However, the cardinals in modern times almost always elect a fellow cardinal to the office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">28 October 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a gesture of goodwill, the Pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewellery, a diamond cross<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ring,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> And John XXIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hofmann" title="Paul Hofmann">Paul Hofmann</a>, a former correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, repeated the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-feastday-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feastday_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feastday_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feastday_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/02/06/0103/00210.html">"Decreto della Congregazione del Culto Divino e la Disciplina dei Sacramenti sull'iscrizione della celebrazione di San Paolo VI, Papa, nel calendario Romano Generale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. 6 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015902/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/02/06/0103/00210.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decreto+della+Congregazione+del+Culto+Divino+e+la+Disciplina+dei+Sacramenti+sull%27iscrizione+della+celebrazione+di+San+Paolo+VI%2C+Papa%2C+nel+calendario+Romano+Generale&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fit%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2019%2F02%2F06%2F0103%2F00210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524153815/https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incrocinews.it%2Fchiesa-diocesi%2Fmemoria-del-beato-paolo-vi-1.109145&edit-text=&act=url">"Memory of Blessd Paul VI"</a>. Archdiocese of Milan. 15 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incrocinews.it%2Fchiesa-diocesi%2Fmemoria-del-beato-paolo-vi-1.109145&edit-text=&act=url">the original</a> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memory+of+Blessd+Paul+VI&rft.pub=Archdiocese+of+Milan&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com.au%2Ftranslate%3Fsl%3Dauto%26tl%3Den%26js%3Dy%26prev%3D_t%26hl%3Den%26ie%3DUTF-8%26u%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.incrocinews.it%252Fchiesa-diocesi%252Fmemoria-del-beato-paolo-vi-1.109145%26edit-text%3D%26act%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides2012" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&pg=PA268"><i>Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements</i></a> (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810861947" title="Special:BookSources/9780810861947"><bdi>9780810861947</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429214022/https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&pg=PA268#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>The church has also canonized Francisco Franco, Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer y Albas, Christopher Columbus, and Paul VI.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=268&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810861947&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWA12nHRtmAwC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?ref=SERP&br=ro&mkt=en-AU&dl=en&lp=IT_EN&a=http%3a%2f%2fwww.papaboys.org%2fdiocesi-milano-comunita-pastorale-intitolata-paolo-vi%2f">"In the Diocese of Milan. 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Diarium Romanae Curiae. <i>Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale</i> (in Italian). <b>XXIX</b> (14): 491. 23 December 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100742/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-29-1937-ocr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis+-+Commentarium+Officiale&rft.atitle=SEGRETARIA+DI+STATO&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=491&rft.date=1937-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Faas%2Fdocuments%2FAAS-29-1937-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-30-1938-ocr.pdf">"SEGRETARIA DI STATO"</a> [SECRETARIAT OF STATE] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Diarium Romanae Curiae. <i>Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale</i> (in Italian). <b>XXX</b> (1): 32. 31 January 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225190013/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-30-1938-ocr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diarium Romanae Curiae. <i>Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale</i> (in Italian). <b>XXX</b> (8): 238. 15 July 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225190013/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-30-1938-ocr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ferrara (traduzione di Marco Manfredini) – Ricognizioni"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728082113/https://www.ricognizioni.it/saul-alinsky-e-san-paolo-vi-genesi-della-resa-conciliare-al-mondo-seconda-parte-di-christopher-a-ferrara-traduzione-di-marco-manfredini/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Our Sunday Visitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/16219/POPE-AND-PROPHET-The-beatification-of-Paul-VI.aspx">the original</a> on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POPE+AND+PROPHET%3A+The+beatification+of+Paul+VI+Ceremony+brings+new+appreciation+of+a+pontiff+who+was+much+maligned+after+Vatican+II%2C+Humanae+Vitae&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osv.com%2FOSVNewsweekly%2FStory%2FTabId%2F2672%2FArtMID%2F13567%2FArticleID%2F16219%2FPOPE-AND-PROPHET-The-beatification-of-Paul-VI.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2005" class="citation news cs1">Weigel, George (21 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html">"Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel"</a>. <i>Madison Catholic Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215010639/http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madison+Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Conclaves%3A+Surprises+abound+in+the+Sistine+Chapel&rft.date=2005-04-21&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madisoncatholicherald.org%2F2005-04-21%2Fcolumns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Collins2018" class="citation news cs1">Paul Collins (13 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/pope-hamlet-paul-vis-indecisive-wavering-papacy">"Pope Hamlet: Paul VI's indecisive, wavering papacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232523/https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/pope-hamlet-paul-vis-indecisive-wavering-papacy">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Pope+Hamlet%3A+Paul+VI%27s+indecisive%2C+wavering+papacy&rft.date=2018-10-13&rft.au=Paul+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fpope-hamlet-paul-vis-indecisive-wavering-papacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993339-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993339_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993339_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHebblethwaite1993">Hebblethwaite 1993</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooden2018" class="citation news cs1">Wooden, Cindy (16 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/9082/pope-paul-vi-prepared-resignation-letter-">"Pope Paul VI prepared 'resignation letter'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Tablet</i>. Catholic News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092844/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/9082/pope-paul-vi-prepared-resignation-letter-">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI+prepared+%27resignation+letter%27&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Wooden&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetablet.co.uk%2Fnews%2F9082%2Fpope-paul-vi-prepared-resignation-letter-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/objects/17108/photograph-of-pope-paul-vi">"Photograph of Pope Paul VI"</a>. <i>jfk.artifacts.archives.gov</i>. The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Artifact Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404114442/https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/objects/17108/photograph-of-pope-paul-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jfk.artifacts.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Photograph+of+Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfk.artifacts.archives.gov%2Fobjects%2F17108%2Fphotograph-of-pope-paul-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/paul-vi-during-the-coronation-to-pontiff-vaticanos-city-30-news-photo/152217764">"Paul VI during the coronation to Pontiff. Vaticano's City, 30 june..."</a> <i>Getty Images</i>. 15 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214348/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/paul-vi-during-the-coronation-to-pontiff-vaticanos-city-30-news-photo/152217764">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getty+Images&rft.atitle=Paul+VI+during+the+coronation+to+Pontiff.+Vaticano%27s+City%2C+30+june...&rft.date=2012-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.com%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fpaul-vi-during-the-coronation-to-pontiff-vaticanos-city-30-news-photo%2F152217764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoty1964" class="citation news cs1">Doty, Robert C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+Donates+His+Jeweled+Tiara+To+Poor+of+World&rft.date=1964-11-14&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F11%2F14%2Fpope-paul-donates-his-jeweled-tiara-to-poor-of-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHebblethwaite1993">Hebblethwaite 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988421–22-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988421–22_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, pp. 421–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988423-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988423_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_424-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_424_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_424_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_424_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690319_sanctitas-clarior_it.html">Motu Proprio Sanctitas Clarior</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231450/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690319_sanctitas-clarior_it.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_425-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_425_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Note Storiche". <i>Annuario Pontificio</i> [<i>Pontifical annuary</i>] (in Italian). 2005. pp. 1820 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Note+Storiche&rft.btitle=Annuario+Pontificio&rft.pages=1820+ff&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontini1966" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Montini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Montini">Montini, Giovanni Battista</a> (15 June 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html">"Apostolic Letter: Ecclesiae Sanctae"</a>. Holy See. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210195005/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Letter%3A+Ecclesiae+Sanctae&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft.date=1966-06-15&rft.aulast=Montini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IA-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IA_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontini1970" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Montini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Montini">Montini, Giovanni Battista</a> (21 November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html">"Apostolic Letter: Ingravescentem aetatem"</a> (in Italian). Holy See. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205233030/http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Letter%3A+Ingravescentem+aetatem&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft.date=1970-11-21&rft.aulast=Montini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fit%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988425-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988425_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann1970" class="citation news cs1">Hofmann, Paul (24 November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html">"Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826090048/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Voting+for+Popes+Is+Barred+to+Cardinals+Over+80&rft.date=1970-11-24&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F11%2F24%2Farchives%2Fvoting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriendly1970" class="citation news cs1">Friendly, Alfred Jr. (27 November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html">"Ottaviani Deplores Papal Action Barring Vote of Aged Cardinals"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826101008/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ottaviani+Deplores+Papal+Action+Barring+Vote+of+Aged+Cardinals&rft.date=1970-11-27&rft.aulast=Friendly&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F11%2F27%2Farchives%2Fottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090747/http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html">"Crítica de dos Cardenales contra el Papa Paulo VI"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UP</a>. 26 November 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cr%C3%ADtica+de+dos+Cardenales+contra+el+Papa+Paulo+VI&rft.date=1970-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.ws%2Fverdadunica%2Fpablo_6%2Fochenta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Lisa (28 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516">"John Paul's Frailty Sparks Debate on Papal Retirement"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162330/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=John+Paul%27s+Frailty+Sparks+Debate+on+Papal+Retirement&rft.date=2000-03-28&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB954200969808811516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html">"Pope Paul VI dies"</a>. <i>Lewiston Tribune</i>. 7 August 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214347/https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lewiston+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI+dies&rft.date=1978-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flmtribune.com%2Fflashback%2Fpope-paul-vi-dies%2Farticle_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198547–48-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198547–48_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam1985">Adam 1985</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198549-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198549_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam1985">Adam 1985</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The decree is printed as the first document in the 1962 Roman Missal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal">"Louis J. Tofari, "A 'Particular' Curiosity of the 1962 Missale Romanum"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813133501/https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+J.+Tofari%2C+%22A+%27Particular%27+Curiosity+of+the+1962+Missale+Romanum%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanitaspress.com%2Fparticular-curiosity-of-1962-missal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Ratzinger2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Joseph Ratzinger</a> (7 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html">"To the Bishops on the occasion of the publication of the motu proprio 'Summorum Pontificum'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (letter). Vatican. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215083214/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+the+Bishops+on+the+occasion+of+the+publication+of+the+motu+proprio+%27Summorum+Pontificum%27&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=2007-07-07&rft.au=Joseph+Ratzinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Fletters%2F2007%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html">"<i>Summorum Pontificum</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201151716/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summorum+Pontificum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html">"Apostolic Letter issued "Motu proprio" by the Supreme Pontiff Francis "Traditionis custodes" on the use of the Roman Liturgy prior to the Reform of 1970, 16 July 2021 | Francis"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424084440/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Apostolic+Letter+issued+%22Motu+proprio%22+by+the+Supreme+Pontiff+Francis+%22Traditionis+custodes%22+on+the+use+of+the+Roman+Liturgy+prior+to+the+Reform+of+1970%2C+16+July+2021+%7C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2F20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967172-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967172_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967172_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuitton1967">Guitton 1967</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988427-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1988427_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002840/http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/">"Pope Paul VI's Apostolic Pilgrimage to Uganda, 31st July – 2nd August 1969"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/">the original</a> on 30 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Paul+VI%27s+Apostolic+Pilgrimage+to+Uganda%2C+31st+July+%E2%80%93+2nd+August+1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totus2us.co.uk%2Funiversal%2Fuganda%2Fpvi-pilgrim-visit-1969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213431/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/11/26/uganda_1969_paul_vi_the_first_pope_to_visit_africa__/1189796">"Uganda 1969: Paul VI the first Pope to visit Africa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/11/26/uganda_1969_paul_vi_the_first_pope_to_visit_africa__/1189796/">the original</a> on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uganda+1969%3A+Paul+VI+the+first+Pope+to+visit+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.radiovaticana.va%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F26%2Fuganda_1969_paul_vi_the_first_pope_to_visit_africa__%2F1189796%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005731/https://www.iconjewelsusa.com/popepaulviartifact">"ICONJewels – Artifacts"</a>. <i>Icon Jewels</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iconjewelsusa.com/popepaulviartifact">the original</a> on 13 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Icon+Jewels&rft.atitle=ICONJewels+%E2%80%93+Artifacts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iconjewelsusa.com%2Fpopepaulviartifact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113413/http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php">"Pope Paul VI's Diamond Cross"</a>. <i>Rau Antiques</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php">the original</a> on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rau+Antiques&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI%27s+Diamond+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farc.stparchive.com%2FArchive%2FARC%2FARC10151965p21.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113413/http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php">"Pope Paul VI's Diamond Ring"</a>. <i>Rau Antiques</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php">the original</a> on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rau+Antiques&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI%27s+Diamond+Ring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farc.stparchive.com%2FArchive%2FARC%2FARC10151965p21.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/03/19/diamond-jewelry-owned-by-pope-paul-vi-on-sale-for-1-9-million/">"Diamond Jewelry Owned By Pope Paul VI On Sale For $1.9 Million"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124145648/http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/03/19/diamond-jewelry-owned-by-pope-paul-vi-on-sale-for-1-9-million/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Diamond+Jewelry+Owned+By+Pope+Paul+VI+On+Sale+For+%241.9+Million&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fanthonydemarco%2F2014%2F03%2F19%2Fdiamond-jewelry-owned-by-pope-paul-vi-on-sale-for-1-9-million%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontini" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montini, Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/">"Speeches"</a>. The Vatican: The Holy See. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019034203/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speeches&rft.place=The+Vatican&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.aulast=Montini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista+Enrico+Antonio+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fspeeches%2F1965%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726231644/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1965/The-Conflict-in-Vietnam-Widens/12301381029534-2/">"The conflict in Vietnam widens"</a>. UPI. 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1965/The-Conflict-in-Vietnam-Widens/12301381029534-2/#title">the original</a> on 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+conflict+in+Vietnam+widens&rft.pub=UPI&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1965%2FThe-Conflict-in-Vietnam-Widens%2F12301381029534-2%2F%23title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/c3c63bdf79379c9f4ea490fd44bef1a5/Msgr-Pasquale-Macci-foils-assassination-attempt-on-Pope-Paul-VI-in-Manila/">"Msgr. Pasquale Macci foils assassination attempt on Pope Paul VI in Manila"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052840/http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/c3c63bdf79379c9f4ea490fd44bef1a5/Msgr-Pasquale-Macci-foils-assassination-attempt-on-Pope-Paul-VI-in-Manila/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Msgr.+Pasquale+Macci+foils+assassination+attempt+on+Pope+Paul+VI+in+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FNews_Photos%2Fview%2Fupi%2Fc3c63bdf79379c9f4ea490fd44bef1a5%2FMsgr-Pasquale-Macci-foils-assassination-attempt-on-Pope-Paul-VI-in-Manila%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_430-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_430_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_430_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991391-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991391_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1991">Franzen 1991</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgrove2010" class="citation book cs1">Colgrove, Rosemary (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7F6LpwYq04C&pg=PA113"><i>Eye on the Sparrow: The Remarkable Journey of Father Joseph Nisari, Pakistani Priest</i></a>. Hillcrest Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936400874" title="Special:BookSources/9781936400874"><bdi>9781936400874</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429213840/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7F6LpwYq04C&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eye+on+the+Sparrow%3A+The+Remarkable+Journey+of+Father+Joseph+Nisari%2C+Pakistani+Priest&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Hillcrest+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781936400874&rft.aulast=Colgrove&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7F6LpwYq04C%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ecclesiam suam</i>, 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mense maio</i>, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI" class="citation web cs1">Pope Paul VI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_15091966_christi-matri.html">"CHRISTI MATRI"</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905090539/https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_15091966_christi-matri.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHRISTI+MATRI&rft.pages=1&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_15091966_christi-matri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Pope-Paul-VI/Garbage-Strike/12303153093431-7/">"1968 Year in Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914063442/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Pope-Paul-VI/Garbage-Strike/12303153093431-7/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1968+Year+in+Review&rft.pub=United+Press+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1968%2FPope-Paul-VI%2FGarbage-Strike%2F12303153093431-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=38825"><i>Germain Grisez on "Humanae Vitae," Then and Now</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041111093922/http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=38825">Archived</a> 11 November 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Humanae vitae</i>, 2–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XI, encyc.letter Divini illius Magistri: AAS 22 (1930), 58–61; encyc. letter Casti connubii: AAS 22 (1930), 545–546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discorsi e radiomessaggi di Pio XII, VI, 191–192; to Italian Association of Catholic Midwives: AAS 43 (1951), 835–854</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John XXIII, encyc. letter <i>Mater et magistra</i>: AAS 53 (1961), 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herder Korrespondenz, Orbis Catholicus Freiburg, Herder Verlag, 1964–1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humanae_vitae,_1-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humanae_vitae,_1_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humanae_vitae,_1_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Humanae vitae</i>, 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanae+vitae&rft.pages=1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Humanae vitae</i>, 7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanae+vitae&rft.pages=7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Humanae vitae</i>, 8–9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanae+vitae&rft.pages=8-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Herder Korrespondenz Orbis Catholicus</i>, 1968</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herder+Korrespondenz+Orbis+Catholicus&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herder_549-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herder_549_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herder_549_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Herder Korrespondenz</i>, Freiburg: Orbis Catholicus, 1968, HK 1968 549</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herder+Korrespondenz&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pages=HK+1968+549&rft.pub=Orbis+Catholicus&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Sic</i>, vol. 31, October 1968, pp. <span class="nowrap">359–</span>79</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1968-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>National Catholic Reporter</i>, 26 August 1988, p. 10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1988-08-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html">"Biography"</a>, <i>Pope Paul VI: 1963–1978</i>, Rome, IT: Vatican, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209065234/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html">archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.btitle=Pope+Paul+VI%3A+1963%E2%80%931978&rft.place=Rome%2C+IT&rft.pub=Vatican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fbiography%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DullesChurchSociety-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DullesChurchSociety_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DullesChurchSociety_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DullesChurchSociety_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulles,_SJ2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Dulles, SJ, Avery</a> (2008). <i>Church and Society, The McGinley Lectures, 1988–2007</i> (Kindle ed.). Fordham University Press. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2862-1"><bdi>978-0-8232-2862-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+Society%2C+The+McGinley+Lectures%2C+1988%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=546&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-2862-1&rft.aulast=Dulles%2C+SJ&rft.aufirst=Avery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt811–12-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt811–12_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt">Schmidt</a>, pp. 811–12.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmidt (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967177-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967177_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuitton1967">Guitton 1967</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967181-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967181_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuitton1967">Guitton 1967</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967185-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967185_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuitton1967">Guitton 1967</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_429-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_429_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_429_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Michael (2014). <i>The Vatican</i>. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780756689001" title="Special:BookSources/9780756689001"><bdi>9780756689001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vatican&rft.place=London&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780756689001&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_VIShenouda_III1973" class="citation web cs1">Paul VI; Shenouda III (10 May 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050418033834/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html">"Common Declaration of Pope Paul VI and of the Pope of Alexandria Shenouda III leader of the Oriental Orthodox Church"</a>. <i>Vatican.va</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican.va&rft.atitle=Common+Declaration+of+Pope+Paul+VI+and+of+the+Pope+of+Alexandria+Shenouda+III+leader+of+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=1973-05-10&rft.au=Paul+VI&rft.au=Shenouda+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fanc-orient-ch-docs%2Frc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967198-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967198_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuitton1967">Guitton 1967</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt_813-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_813_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_813_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_813_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 813</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 814</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 815</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 822–824</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 826</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 827.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 830,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 831</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 833</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt 837</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebblethwaite1993669_148-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHebblethwaite1993">Hebblethwaite 1993</a>, p. 669.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_DeMarco" class="citation web cs1">Donald DeMarco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001205160000/https://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/FR91201.HTM">"The Christian Personalism of Jacques Maritain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/FR91201.HTM">the original</a> on 5 December 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Personalism+of+Jacques+Maritain&rft.pub=EWTN&rft.au=Donald+DeMarco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FTHEOLOGY%2FFR91201.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_Miranda" class="citation web cs1">Salvador Miranda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PaulVI">"Paul VI (1963-1978)"</a>. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114162625/https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PaulVI">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+VI+%281963-1978%29&rft.pub=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.au=Salvador+Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fconsistories-xx.htm%23PaulVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19751229_persona-humana_en.html">"Persona Humana – Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220159/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19751229_persona-humana_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Persona+Humana+%E2%80%93+Declaration+on+Certain+Questions+Concerning+Sexual+Ethics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_19751229_persona-humana_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2013" class="citation news cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2013/02/christopher-hitchens-death-pope-paul-vi">"Christopher Hitchens on the death of Pope Paul VI"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007031137/http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2013/02/christopher-hitchens-death-pope-paul-vi">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Christopher+Hitchens+on+the+death+of+Pope+Paul+VI&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Freligion%2F2013%2F02%2Fchristopher-hitchens-death-pope-paul-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peyrefitte, Roger <i>Mea culpa? Ma fatemi il santo piacere</i>, <i>Tempo</i>, 4 April 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observer-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorress1976" class="citation news cs1">Torress, Jose (5 April 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19760405&id=6G5eAAAAIBAJ&pg=1676,395778&hl=en">"Paul VI Denies He Is Homosexual"</a>. <i>Observer Reporter</i>. Associated Press. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308202249/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19760405&id=6G5eAAAAIBAJ&pg=1676,395778&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer+Reporter&rft.atitle=Paul+VI+Denies+He+Is+Homosexual&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1976-04-05&rft.aulast=Torress&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2519%26dat%3D19760405%26id%3D6G5eAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1676%2C395778%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellegrandi, Franco <i>Nichitaroncalli: Controvita Di Un Papa</i>, Edizioni Internazionale Di Letterature E Scienze (EILES), Rome 2009. English edition: <i>Nikitaroncalli: Counterlife of a Pope</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posner-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Posner_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Posner_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Posner_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner2015" class="citation book cs1">Posner, Gerald (2015). <i>God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Bankers%3A+A+History+of+Money+and+Power+at+the+Vatican&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1984" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Paul (1984). <i>Oh Vatican! A Slightly Wicked View Of The Holy See</i>. New York: Congdon & Weed. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oh+Vatican%21+A+Slightly+Wicked+View+Of+The+Holy+See&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Congdon+%26+Weed&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellegrandi1994" class="citation book cs1">Bellegrandi, Franco (1994). <i>Nichita Roncalli – Controvita di un Papa</i>. Rome: Editizioni Internazionale di Letterature e Scienze. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>86, <span class="nowrap">91–</span>92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nichita+Roncalli+%E2%80%93+Controvita+di+un+Papa&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Editizioni+Internazionale+di+Letterature+e+Scienze&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bellegrandi&rft.aufirst=Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDino2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dino, Martirano (27 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017184849/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/gennaio/27/Dossier_tentato_ricatto_Paolo_VI_co_9_060127066.shtml">"Dossier su un tentato ricatto a Paolo VI"</a>. <i>Corriere Della Sera</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/gennaio/27/Dossier_tentato_ricatto_Paolo_VI_co_9_060127066.shtml">the original</a> on 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+Della+Sera&rft.atitle=Dossier+su+un+tentato+ricatto+a+Paolo+VI&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.aulast=Dino&rft.aufirst=Martirano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiviostorico.corriere.it%2F2006%2Fgennaio%2F27%2FDossier_tentato_ricatto_Paolo_VI_co_9_060127066.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_McAuley2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Joseph McAuley (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-paul-vi-and-lyndon-b-johnson">"Pope and President, Paul VI and Lyndon B. Johnson: Christmas on the Tiber, Texas Style"</a>. <i>America Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522181141/https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-paul-vi-and-lyndon-b-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=Pope+and+President%2C+Paul+VI+and+Lyndon+B.+Johnson%3A+Christmas+on+the+Tiber%2C+Texas+Style&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft.au=Joseph+McAuley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fcontent%2Fall-things%2Fpope-and-president-paul-vi-and-lyndon-b-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19671106.2.4">"Desert Sun 6 November 1967 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"</a>. <i>cdnc.ucr.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522181538/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19671106.2.4">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdnc.ucr.edu&rft.atitle=Desert+Sun+6+November+1967+%E2%80%94+California+Digital+Newspaper+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDS19671106.2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebblethwaite 699</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebblethwaite_700-701-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_700-701_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_700-701_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebblethwaite 700–701</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebblethwaite 706</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebblethwaite_707-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_707_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_707_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_707_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebblethwaite 707</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html">"Pope Paul VI dies"</a>. Lewiston Tribune. 7 August 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124082904/https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Paul+VI+dies&rft.pub=Lewiston+Tribune&rft.date=1978-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flmtribune.com%2Fflashback%2Fpope-paul-vi-dies%2Farticle_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larouchepub.com-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larouchepub.com_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larouchepub.com_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1978/eirv05n32-19780822/eirv05n32-19780822_033-world_leaders_mourn_pope_paul_vi.pdf">"World Leaders Mourn Pope Paul VI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>larouchepub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506165530/https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1978/eirv05n32-19780822/eirv05n32-19780822_033-world_leaders_mourn_pope_paul_vi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=larouchepub.com&rft.atitle=World+Leaders+Mourn+Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarouchepub.com%2Feiw%2Fpublic%2F1978%2Feirv05n32-19780822%2Feirv05n32-19780822_033-world_leaders_mourn_pope_paul_vi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Past_Daily:_A_Sound_Archive_of_News,_History,_Music_2018_z055-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Past_Daily:_A_Sound_Archive_of_News,_History,_Music_2018_z055_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pastdaily.com/2018/08/07/august-7-1978-death-of-a-pope-nine-days-of-mourning-choosing-a-successor-the-view-from-castel-gandolfo/">"August 7, 1978 – CBS Radio – The World Tonight – Gordon Skene Sound Collection"</a>. <i>Past Daily: A Sound Archive of News, History, Music</i>. 7 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124002538/https://pastdaily.com/2018/08/07/august-7-1978-death-of-a-pope-nine-days-of-mourning-choosing-a-successor-the-view-from-castel-gandolfo/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Past+Daily%3A+A+Sound+Archive+of+News%2C+History%2C+Music&rft.atitle=August+7%2C+1978+%E2%80%93+CBS+Radio+%E2%80%93+The+World+Tonight+%E2%80%93+Gordon+Skene+Sound+Collection&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpastdaily.com%2F2018%2F08%2F07%2Faugust-7-1978-death-of-a-pope-nine-days-of-mourning-choosing-a-successor-the-view-from-castel-gandolfo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1978-20497">"BOE.es - BOE-A-1978-20497 Real Decreto 1854/1978, de 7 de agosto, por el que se declara luto nacional por el fallecimiento de Su Santidad el Papa Pablo VI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522100425/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1978-20497">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOE.es+-+BOE-A-1978-20497+Real+Decreto+1854%2F1978%2C+de+7+de+agosto%2C+por+el+que+se+declara+luto+nacional+por+el+fallecimiento+de+Su+Santidad+el+Papa+Pablo+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1978-20497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831153159/http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1978-08-07.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.manchesterhistory.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1978-08-07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.manchesterhistory.org&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterhistory.org%2FNews%2FManchester%2520Evening%2520Hearld_1978-08-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_1978_g245-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_1978_g245_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/09/30/world-reacts-with-disbelief-and-concern/b028ccdb-8f52-4bde-9e63-31f56aebc665/">"World Reacts With Disbelief And Concern"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 30 September 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025753/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/09/30/world-reacts-with-disbelief-and-concern/b028ccdb-8f52-4bde-9e63-31f56aebc665/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=World+Reacts+With+Disbelief+And+Concern&rft.date=1978-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1978%2F09%2F30%2Fworld-reacts-with-disbelief-and-concern%2Fb028ccdb-8f52-4bde-9e63-31f56aebc665%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/08/east-west-laud-paul-vi-as-man-of-peace/17d6dab5-4eb2-4a00-9bb0-a1ce09ae379f/">"East, West Laud Paul VI as Man of Peace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Washington, D.C. 8 August 1978. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409">1330888409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032012/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/08/east-west-laud-paul-vi-as-man-of-peace/17d6dab5-4eb2-4a00-9bb0-a1ce09ae379f/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=East%2C+West+Laud+Paul+VI+as+Man+of+Peace&rft.date=1978-08-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330888409&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1978%2F08%2F08%2Feast-west-laud-paul-vi-as-man-of-peace%2F17d6dab5-4eb2-4a00-9bb0-a1ce09ae379f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/08/10/proclamation-no-1765-a-s-1978-2/">"Proclamation No. 1765-a, s. 1978"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913055144/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/08/10/proclamation-no-1765-a-s-1978-2/">Archived</a> 13 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (10 August 1978). <i>Official Gazette</i> (officialgazette.gov.ph). Retrieved 19 June 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1978" class="citation news cs1">Tanner, Henry (9 August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/09/archives/vatican-workmen-prepare-a-tomb-for-pope-paul-in-crypt-beneath-st.html">"Vatican. Workmen Prepare a Tomb for Pope Paul in Crypt Beneath St. Peter's Basilica"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122165454/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/09/archives/vatican-workmen-prepare-a-tomb-for-pope-paul-in-crypt-beneath-st.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vatican.+Workmen+Prepare+a+Tomb+for+Pope+Paul+in+Crypt+Beneath+St.+Peter%27s+Basilica&rft.date=1978-08-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F08%2F09%2Farchives%2Fvatican-workmen-prepare-a-tomb-for-pope-paul-in-crypt-beneath-st.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaiborne1978" class="citation news cs1">Claiborne, William (12 August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/12/pope-pauls-funeral-to-be-held-today/b7ac40d1-294e-42e0-b6ce-ace7f4475aae/">"Pope Paul's Funeral to Be Held Today"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122170139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/12/pope-pauls-funeral-to-be-held-today/b7ac40d1-294e-42e0-b6ce-ace7f4475aae/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul%27s+Funeral+to+Be+Held+Today&rft.date=1978-08-12&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Claiborne&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1978%2F08%2F12%2Fpope-pauls-funeral-to-be-held-today%2Fb7ac40d1-294e-42e0-b6ce-ace7f4475aae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_A._Briggs1978" class="citation news cs1">Kenneth A. Briggs (7 August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010614192146/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0926.html">"Pope Paul VI Is Dead of a Heart Attack at 80; Guided the Church Through Era of Change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0926.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI+Is+Dead+of+a+Heart+Attack+at+80%3B+Guided+the+Church+Through+Era+of+Change&rft.date=1978-08-07&rft.au=Kenneth+A.+Briggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiber1958" class="citation journal cs1">Leiber, Robert (December 1958). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30226.php%3Findex%3D30226%26lang%3Den">the original</a> on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Press&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsofttranslator.com%2Fbv.aspx%3Ffrom%3D%26to%3Den%26a%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpress.catholica.va%252Fnews_services%252Fbulletin%252Fnews%252F30226.php%253Findex%253D30226%2526lang%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523020217/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30226.php%3Findex%3D30226%26lang%3Den">"translator"</a>. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30226.php%3Findex%3D30226%26lang%3Den">the original</a> on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=translator&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsofttranslator.com%2Fbv.aspx%3Ffrom%3D%26to%3Den%26a%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpress.catholica.va%252Fnews_services%252Fbulletin%252Fnews%252F30226.php%253Findex%253D30226%2526lang%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscatholic-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uscatholic_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscatholic.org/news/201312/alleged-miracle-puts-pope-paul-vi-one-step-closer-sainthood-28254">"Alleged miracle puts Pope Paul VI one step closer to sainthood"</a>. <i>US Catholic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191352/http://www.uscatholic.org/news/201312/alleged-miracle-puts-pope-paul-vi-one-step-closer-sainthood-28254">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Catholic&rft.atitle=Alleged+miracle+puts+Pope+Paul+VI+one+step+closer+to+sainthood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscatholic.org%2Fnews%2F201312%2Falleged-miracle-puts-pope-paul-vi-one-step-closer-sainthood-28254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholicnewsagency-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catholicnewsagency_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/3878/pope-benedict-forgoes-waiting-period-begins-john-paul-ii-beatification-process">"Pope Benedict Forgoes Waiting Period, begins John Paul II Beatification Process"</a> Catholic News Agency 13 May 2005 Retrieved 1 May 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232643/http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/english/89311/Pope-Paul-VI--to-be-beatified-this-year-.html">"Pope Paul VI 'to be beatified this year'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 24 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/english/89311/Pope-Paul-VI--to-be-beatified-this-year-.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Paul+VI+%27to+be+beatified+this+year%27&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazzettadelsud.it%2Fnews%2Fenglish%2F89311%2FPope-Paul-VI--to-be-beatified-this-year-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/english/news/vatican/2014/05/06/paul-vi-set-for-beatification_3a5e964a-f37c-4b28-bf2d-c74498d981ab.html">"Paul VI set for beatification"</a>. ANSA. 6 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506172047/http://www.ansa.it/english/news/vatican/2014/05/06/paul-vi-set-for-beatification_3a5e964a-f37c-4b28-bf2d-c74498d981ab.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+VI+set+for+beatification&rft.pub=ANSA&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fvatican%2F2014%2F05%2F06%2Fpaul-vi-set-for-beatification_3a5e964a-f37c-4b28-bf2d-c74498d981ab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.italiaoggi.it/giornali/preview_giornali.asp%3Fid%3D1953197%26codiciTestate%3D1&prev=search">"Paul VI made a miracle"</a>. Italia Oggi. 14 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313031518/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.italiaoggi.it/giornali/preview_giornali.asp%3Fid%3D1953197%26codiciTestate%3D1&prev=search">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+VI+made+a+miracle&rft.pub=Italia+Oggi&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dit%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.italiaoggi.it%2Fgiornali%2Fpreview_giornali.asp%253Fid%253D1953197%2526codiciTestate%253D1%26prev%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.rmfonline.it/%3Fp%3D22227&prev=search">"Saint Paul VI soon"</a>. RMF Online. 16 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313091245/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.rmfonline.it/%3Fp%3D22227&prev=search">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Paul+VI+soon&rft.pub=RMF+Online&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dit%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmfonline.it%2F%253Fp%253D22227%26prev%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326193040/https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciaoggi.it%2Fstories%2FHome%2F1267970_violista_guarito_da_paolo_vi_la_chiesa_ascolta_e_valuta%2F&edit-text=&act=url">"Violist healed by Paul VI? The Church is listening and evaluating"</a>. Brescia Oggi. 13 August 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciaoggi.it%2Fstories%2FHome%2F1267970_violista_guarito_da_paolo_vi_la_chiesa_ascolta_e_valuta%2F&edit-text=&act=url">the original</a> on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violist+healed+by+Paul+VI%3F+The+Church+is+listening+and+evaluating&rft.pub=Brescia+Oggi&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com.au%2Ftranslate%3Fsl%3Dauto%26tl%3Den%26js%3Dy%26prev%3D_t%26hl%3Den%26ie%3DUTF-8%26u%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.bresciaoggi.it%252Fstories%252FHome%252F1267970_violista_guarito_da_paolo_vi_la_chiesa_ascolta_e_valuta%252F%26edit-text%3D%26act%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418164031/http://www.vidanueva.es/2017/01/13/pablo-vi-en-los-altares-de-bergoglio-canonizacion-papa-montini/">"Pablo VI en los altares de Bergoglio"</a>. Vida Nueva. 13 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vidanueva.es/2017/01/13/pablo-vi-en-los-altares-de-bergoglio-canonizacion-papa-montini/">the original</a> on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pablo+VI+en+los+altares+de+Bergoglio&rft.pub=Vida+Nueva&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vidanueva.es%2F2017%2F01%2F13%2Fpablo-vi-en-los-altares-de-bergoglio-canonizacion-papa-montini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022045507/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/libretti/2014/20141019-libretto-beatificazione-paolo-vi.pdf">"Booklet of the Beatification of Paul VI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Holy See. 18 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/libretti/2014/20141019-libretto-beatificazione-paolo-vi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Booklet+of+the+Beatification+of+Paul+VI&rft.pub=Holy+See&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fliturgy%2Flibretti%2F2014%2F20141019-libretto-beatificazione-paolo-vi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VPP-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VPP_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VPP_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VPP_192-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavocedelpopolo.it/diocesi/paolo-vi-santo-una-bella-notizia">"Paolo VI Santo: una bella notizia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paolo+VI+Santo%3A+una+bella+notizia&rft.pub=La+Voce+del+Popolo&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavocedelpopolo.it%2Fdiocesi%2Fpaolo-vi-santo-una-bella-notizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diocesidiverona.it/pls/s2ewdiocesiverona/V3_S2E2_CONSULTAZIONE.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=2527&rifi=guest&rifp=guest">"Alcuni incontri del Vescovo"</a>. Diocesi di Verona. March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcuni+incontri+del+Vescovo&rft.pub=Diocesi+di+Verona&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diocesidiverona.it%2Fpls%2Fs2ewdiocesiverona%2FV3_S2E2_CONSULTAZIONE.mostra_pagina%3Fid_pagina%3D2527%26rifi%3Dguest%26rifp%3Dguest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIacopo_Scaramuzzi2017" class="citation news cs1">Iacopo Scaramuzzi (21 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/2017/12/21/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/paolo-vi-individuato-miracolo-sar-presto-santo-qzvmvmeob1RAeFXSHtBuDP/pagina.html">"Primi ok al miracolo, passo Avanti per Paolo VI santo"</a>. <i>La Stampa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222001329/http://www.lastampa.it/2017/12/21/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/paolo-vi-individuato-miracolo-sar-presto-santo-qzvmvmeob1RAeFXSHtBuDP/pagina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis%3A+Blessed+Paul+VI+to+Be+Canonized+This+Year&rft.date=2018-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fedward-pentin%2Fpope-francis-paul-vi-to-be-canonized-this-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Allen_Jr.2018" class="citation web cs1">John L. Allen Jr. (6 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306165100/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/03/06/434735/">"Vatican confirms that canonization of Paul VI set for October"</a>. CRUX. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/03/06/434735/">the original</a> on 6 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+confirms+that+canonization+of+Paul+VI+set+for+October&rft.pub=CRUX&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.au=John+L.+Allen+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fvatican%2F2018%2F03%2F06%2F434735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchen, P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2018-05/archbishop-romero-canonisation-paul-vi-filochowski.html">Oscar Romero to be recognised as saint of Universal Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514035625/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2018-05/archbishop-romero-canonisation-paul-vi-filochowski.html">Archived</a> 14 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Vatican News</i>, published 18 May 2018, accessed 15 May 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedard2011" class="citation web cs1">Bedard, Paul (2 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/12/02/revealed-post-world-war-ii-secret-nazi-vatican-army">"Revealed: Post-World War II Secret Nazi, Vatican Army"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129111053/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/12/02/revealed-post-world-war-ii-secret-nazi-vatican-army">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Post-World+War+II+Secret+Nazi%2C+Vatican+Army&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft.aulast=Bedard&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fwashington-whispers%2F2011%2F12%2F02%2Frevealed-post-world-war-ii-secret-nazi-vatican-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198375-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham198375_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1983">Graham 1983</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301204453/http://www.shc.edu/theolibrary/resources/handbook_warpeace.htm">"Pope Paul VI, Address to the United Nations General Assembly"</a>. <i>Handbook of Catholic Social Teaching: War and Peace</i>. SHC. 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shc.edu/theolibrary/resources/handbook_warpeace.htm">the original</a> on 1 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>No more war, war never again! Peace, it is peace which must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Catholic+Social+Teaching%3A+War+and+Peace&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI%2C+Address+to+the+United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shc.edu%2Ftheolibrary%2Fresources%2Fhandbook_warpeace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_201-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1983">Graham 1983</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallenberg1960107-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallenberg1960107_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPallenberg1960">Pallenberg 1960</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198376-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham198376_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1983">Graham 1983</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967159-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuitton1967159_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuitton1967">Guitton 1967</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991389-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1991389_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1991">Franzen 1991</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1981277-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1981277_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1981">Martin 1981</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Kenneth C. (2003). <i>Index of Leading catholic Indicators</i>. St Louis, MO: Oriens Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0972868808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0972868808"><bdi>978-0972868808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index+of+Leading+catholic+Indicators&rft.place=St+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Oriens+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0972868808&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josef_Schmitz_van_Vorst,_68-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_Schmitz_van_Vorst,_68_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_Schmitz_van_Vorst,_68_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Schmitz van Vorst, 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmel, 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmel, 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecatholicnewsarchive.org/?a=d&d=ncr19681009-01.2.7">"National Catholic Reporter 9 October 1968 — Catholic Research Resources Alliance"</a>. <i>thecatholicnewsarchive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecatholicnewsarchive.org&rft.atitle=National+Catholic+Reporter+9+October+1968+%E2%80%94+Catholic+Research+Resources+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecatholicnewsarchive.org%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dncr19681009-01.2.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmel, 81</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam1985" class="citation cs2">Adam, A (1985), <i>Liturgie</i>, Freiburg: Herder</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liturgie&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlnor" class="citation book cs1">Alnor, William M. <i>Soothsayers of the Second Advent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soothsayers+of+the+Second+Advent&rft.aulast=Alnor&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dagnino, Jorge. <i>Giovanni Battista Montini (Paul VI): From the legacy of Christian Democracy to the encounter with fascism, 1925–33</i> <i>History Compass</i> (2022) e12729</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (1997). <i>Saints and Sinners, A History of the Popes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%2C+A+History+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFappaniMolinariMontini1979" class="citation cs2">Fappani, Antonio; Molinari, Franco; Montini, Giovanni Battista (1979), <i>Giovane, documenti inediti e testimonianze</i> [<i>Youth, unedited documents and testimonies</i>], <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turino</a>: Maretti</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giovane%2C+documenti+inediti+e+testimonianze&rft.place=Turino&rft.pub=Maretti&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Fappani&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Molinari%2C+Franco&rft.au=Montini%2C+Giovanni+Battista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzen1988" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franzen, August (1988), <i>Papstgeschichte</i> (in German), Freiburg: Herder</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papstgeschichte&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>, quoted as Franzen.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzen1991" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——— (1991), <i>Kleine Kichengeschichte</i> (in German), Herder: Freiburg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Kichengeschichte&rft.place=Herder&rft.pub=Freiburg&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>, quoted as Franzen, Kirchengeschichte</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalezPerez1964" class="citation cs2">Gonzalez, JL; Perez, T (1964), <i>Paul VI</i>, Paulist Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+VI&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Perez%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1983" class="citation cs2">Graham (7 November 1983), <i>Paul VI, A Great Pontificate</i>, Brescia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+VI%2C+A+Great+Pontificate&rft.place=Brescia&rft.date=1983-11-07&rft.au=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuitton1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Guitton, Jean</a> (1967). <i>Dialog mit Paul VI</i> [<i>Dialogues with Paul VI</i>] (in German). Wien: Molden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialog+mit+Paul+VI&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Molden&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Guitton&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hebblethwaite" title="Peter Hebblethwaite">Hebblethwaite, Peter</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulvifirstmoder0000hebb"><i>Paul VI: The First Modern Pope</i></a></span>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0461-1"><bdi>978-0-8091-0461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+VI%3A+The+First+Modern+Pope&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0461-1&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulvifirstmoder0000hebb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazzarini1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Lazzarini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Lazzarini (page does not exist)">Lazzarini, Andrea</a> (1964). <i>Paolo VI, Profilo di Montini</i> [<i>Paul IV: profile of Montini</i>] (in Italian). Roma, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">IT</a>: Casa Editrice Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paolo+VI%2C+Profilo+di+Montini&rft.place=Roma%2C+IT&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Herder&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Lazzarini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span> quoted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Papst Paul VI</i> (in German), <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>: Herder, 1964</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papst+Paul+VI&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalachi_Martin1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malachi_Martin" title="Malachi Martin">Malachi Martin</a> (1972). <i>Three Popes and the Cardinal</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27675-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27675-1"><bdi>978-0-374-27675-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Popes+and+the+Cardinal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-374-27675-1&rft.au=Malachi+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1981" class="citation cs2">——— (1981), <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Church" title="The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church"><i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church</i></a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">Putnam</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Malachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallenberg1960" class="citation cs2">Pallenberg, Corrado (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60fZAAAAMAAJ">"Inside the Vatican"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan University</a></i>, Hawthorn Books, p. 273, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429213952/https://books.google.com/books?id=60fZAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+University&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Vatican&rft.pages=273&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Pallenberg&rft.aufirst=Corrado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60fZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2007" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Tahir (2007). <i>We Came in Peace for all Mankind – the Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc</i>. Leathers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58597-441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58597-441-2"><bdi>978-1-58597-441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Came+in+Peace+for+all+Mankind+%E2%80%93+the+Untold+Story+of+the+Apollo+11+Silicon+Disc&rft.pub=Leathers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58597-441-2&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontini" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montini, Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050502080829/http://www.catholic-pages.com/dir/paul6_docs.asp"><i>Apostolic Constitutions, Encyclicals and documents issued, as well as his Last Will and Testament</i></a>, Catholic pages, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-pages.com/dir/paul6_docs.asp">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(list)</span> on 2 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2005</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Constitutions%2C+Encyclicals+and+documents+issued%2C+as+well+as+his+Last+Will+and+Testament&rft.pub=Catholic+pages&rft.aulast=Montini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista+Enrico+Antonio+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-pages.com%2Fdir%2Fpaul6_docs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontini" class="citation cs2">———, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703235400/http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/paulvi/paul_vi.html"><i>The writings</i></a>, Saint Mike, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-mike.org/Library/Papal_Library/PaulVI/Paul_VI.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+writings&rft.pub=Saint+Mike&rft.aulast=Montini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista+Enrico+Antonio+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-mike.org%2FLibrary%2FPapal_Library%2FPaulVI%2FPaul_VI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>..</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontini" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montini, Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520120351/http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1963-1978-_Paulus_VI,_Servus_Dei.html"><i>Opera Omnia</i></a> [<i>Complete works</i>] (in Latin), <a href="/wiki/European_union" class="mw-redirect" title="European union">EU</a>: Documenta catholica omnia, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1963-1978-_Paulus_VI,_Servus_Dei.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+Omnia&rft.place=EU&rft.pub=Documenta+catholica+omnia&rft.aulast=Montini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista+Enrico+Antonio+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentacatholicaomnia.eu%2F01_01_1963-1978-_Paulus_VI%2C_Servus_Dei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_E._Smith" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Smith" title="Janet E. Smith">Janet E. Smith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023347/http://www.goodmorals.org/smith6.htm"><i>Pro-</i>Humanæ Vitæ<i> analysis</i></a>, Good morals, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodmorals.org/smith6.htm">the original</a> on 8 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2003</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pro-Human%C3%A6+Vit%C3%A6+analysis&rft.pub=Good+morals&rft.au=Janet+E.+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodmorals.org%2Fsmith6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>, former associate professor of philosophy at the University of Dallas.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojtyla" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyla, Cardinal Karol</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607114515/http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/WOJTLAHV.HTM"><i>The truth of the encyclical "Humanæ vitæ"</i></a>, EWTN, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/WOJTLAHV.HTM">the original</a> on 7 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2003</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+truth+of+the+encyclical+%22Human%C3%A6+vit%C3%A6%22&rft.pub=EWTN&rft.aulast=Wojtyla&rft.aufirst=Cardinal+Karol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FTheology%2FWOJTLAHV.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/e_humvit.html"><i>American attitudes towards </i>Humanæ Vitæ<i><span></span></i></a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+attitudes+towards+Human%C3%A6+Vit%C3%A6&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpill%2Fpeopleevents%2Fe_humvit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Grottoes/Paul%20VI/Tomb%20of%20Paul%20VI.htm">"Tomb of Paul VI"</a>, <i>Vatican Grottoes</i>, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tomb+of+Paul+VI&rft.btitle=Vatican+Grottoes&rft.pub=St.+Peter%27s+Basilica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintpetersbasilica.org%2FGrottoes%2FPaul%2520VI%2FTomb%2520of%2520Paul%2520VI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001802/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/rEDmB6uB">"Pope Paul VI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a></i> (video archive). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/rEDmB6uB">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Path%C3%A9+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fworkspaces%2FBritishPathe%2FrEDmB6uB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Paul+VI" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Pope Paul VI</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paulus_VI" class="extiw" title="c:Paulus VI">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" class="extiw" title="q:Pope Paul VI">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Paul_VI" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Paul VI">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/speeches/1978/august/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19780810_testamento-paolo-vi.html">Testament of Paul VI</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentaries_with_English_subtitles">Documentaries with English subtitles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Documentaries with English subtitles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=li6OPaZLeMo"><span class="plainlinks">Paul VI, a Forgotten Pope</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0L8z8yKn930"><span class="plainlinks">The Assassination Attempt on Paul VI</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIztLx4ZG8A"><span class="plainlinks">The Last Years of Paul VI (G.B. Montini 1974–78)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Tedeschini" title="Federico Tedeschini">Federico Tedeschini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Substitute for General Affairs</a> </b><br />13 December 1937 – 17 February 1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Dell%27Acqua" title="Angelo Dell'Acqua">Angelo Dell'Acqua</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> </b><br />1 November 1954 – 21 June 1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo" title="Giovanni Colombo">Giovanni Colombo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Santi_Silvestro_e_Martino_ai_Monti" class="mw-redirect" title="Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti">Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti</a> </b><br />18 December 1958 – 21 June 1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Giovanni Colombo</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> </b><br />21 June 1963 – 6 August 1978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church735" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church735" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Vatican_Council897" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Vatican_Council" title="Template:Second Vatican Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Vatican_Council" title="Template talk:Second Vatican Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Vatican_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Vatican Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Vatican_Council897" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Constitutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium"><i>Sacrosanctum concilium</i> (Sacred Liturgy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium"><i>Lumen gentium</i> (The Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dei_verbum" title="Dei verbum"><i>Dei verbum</i> (Divine Revelation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes"><i>Gaudium et spes</i> (The Church and the World)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Decrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_mirifica" title="Inter mirifica"><i>Inter mirifica</i> (Media)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum"><i>Orientalium Ecclesiarum</i> (Eastern Catholics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitatis_redintegratio" title="Unitatis redintegratio"><i>Unitatis redintegratio</i> (Ecumenism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christus_Dominus" title="Christus Dominus"><i>Christus Dominus</i> (Role of Bishops)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfectae_Caritatis" title="Perfectae Caritatis"><i>Perfectae cartatis</i> (Renewal of Religious Life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optatam_Totius" title="Optatam Totius"><i>Optatam totius</i> (Formation of Priests)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolicam_Actuositatem" title="Apostolicam Actuositatem"><i>Apostolicam actuositatem</i> (Role of the Laity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_gentes" title="Ad gentes"><i>Ad gentes</i> (Missions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis"><i>Presbyterorum ordinis</i> (Role of Priests)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravissimum_educationis" title="Gravissimum educationis"><i>Gravissimum educationis</i> (Christian Education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate"><i>Nostra aetate</i> (Relations with non-Christians)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae"><i>Dignitatis humanae</i> (Religious Liberty)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Popes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Moderators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Joseph Suenens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pietro_Agagianian" title="Gregorio Pietro Agagianian">Gregorio Pietro Agagianian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_D%C3%B6pfner" title="Julius Döpfner">Julius Döpfner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Lercaro" title="Giacomo Lercaro">Giacomo Lercaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Council of Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Li%C3%A9nart" title="Achille Liénart">Achille Liénart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Gabriel_I_Tappouni" title="Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni">Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Gilroy" title="Norman Gilroy">Norman Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pla_y_Deniel" title="Enrique Pla y Deniel">Enrique Pla y Deniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Frings" title="Josef Frings">Josef Frings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ruffini" title="Ernesto Ruffini">Ernesto Ruffini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caggiano" title="Antonio Caggiano">Antonio Caggiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Johannes_Alfrink" title="Bernardus Johannes Alfrink">Bernardus Johannes Alfrink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Cardinal Presidents<br /> of commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Marella" title="Paolo Marella">Paolo Marella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amleto_Giovanni_Cicognani" title="Amleto Giovanni Cicognani">Amleto Giovanni Cicognani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Aloisi_Masella" title="Benedetto Aloisi Masella">Benedetto Aloisi Masella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ciriaci" title="Pietro Ciriaci">Pietro Ciriaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Valeri" title="Valerio Valeri">Valerio Valeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pietro_Agagianian" title="Gregorio Pietro Agagianian">Gregorio Pietro Agagianian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadio_Larraona_Saralegui" title="Arcadio Larraona Saralegui">Arcadio Larraona Saralegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Cento" title="Fernando Cento">Fernando Cento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other council leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Augustin Bea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Testa" title="Gustavo Testa">Gustavo Testa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_di_Jorio" title="Alberto di Jorio">Alberto di Jorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericle_Felici" title="Pericle Felici">Pericle Felici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Preparatory_Commission" title="Central Preparatory Commission">Central Preparatory Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aggiornamento" title="Aggiornamento">Aggiornamento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_times_(Catholic_Church)" title="Sign of the times (Catholic Church)">Sign of the times</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudet_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Gaudet Mater Ecclesia">Gaudet Mater Ecclesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coetus_Internationalis_Patrum" title="Coetus Internationalis Patrum">Coetus Internationalis Patrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council">Hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_the_catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pact of the catacombs">Pact of the catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI#Continuity_of_Vatican_II" title="Theology of Pope Benedict XVI">Theology of Pope Benedict XVI § Continuity of Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_Joint_Declaration_of_1965" title="Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965">Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreckovation" title="Wreckovation">Wreckovation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_templates" title="Category:Catholic templates">Templates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church1045" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominguito_del_Val" title="Dominguito del Val">Dominguito del Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_couples" title="List of venerated couples">Venerated couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_Milan312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Template:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Template talk:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_Milan312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Bishops and Archbishops of Milan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Ancient age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> (50–55)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Anathalon" title="Anathalon">Anathalon</a> (53–63)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Caius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Caius (bishop of Milan)">Caius</a> (63–85)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Castritian" title="Castritian">Castricianus</a> (97–138)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Calimerius" title="Calimerius">Calimerius</a> (138–191)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Monas_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Monas (bishop of Milan)">Monas</a> (283–313?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Mirocles_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Mirocles (bishop of Milan)">Mirocles</a> (313–316?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Maternus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Maternus (bishop of Milan)">Maternus</a> (316–328?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Protasius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Protasius (bishop of Milan)">Protasius</a> (328–343?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eustorgius_I" title="Eustorgius I">Eustorgius I</a> (343–349?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Dionysius (bishop of Milan)">Dionysius</a> (349–355)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius</a>$ (355–374)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (374–397)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplician</a> (397–400)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Venerius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Venerius (bishop of Milan)">Venerius</a> (400–408)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Marolus" title="Marolus">Marolus</a> (408–423)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Martinianus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Martinianus (bishop of Milan)">Martinianus</a> (423–435)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Glycerius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Glycerius (bishop of Milan)">Glycerius</a> (436–438)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Lazarus (bishop of Milan)">Lazarus</a> (438–449)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Eusebius (bishop of Milan)">Eusebius</a> (449–462)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Gerontius (bishop of Milan)">Gerontius</a> (462–465)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Benignus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Benignus (bishop of Milan)">Benignus</a> (465–472)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Senator_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Senator (bishop of Milan)">Senator</a> (472–475)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_I_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Theodorus I (bishop of Milan)">Theodorus I</a> (475–490)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_I_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Lawrence I (bishop of Milan)">Lawrence I</a> (490–512)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eustorgius_II" title="Eustorgius II">Eustorgius II</a> (512–518)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Magnus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Magnus (bishop of Milan)">Magnus</a> (518–530?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Dacius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Dacius (bishop of Milan)">Dacius</a> (530–552)</li> <li>Vitale (552–556)</li> <li>St Ausanus (556–559?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Genoa period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St Honoratus (560–571?)</li> <li>Frontone (571–573?)</li> <li>Lawrence II (573–592)</li> <li>Constantius (593–600)</li> <li>Deodatus (601–628)</li> <li>Asterius (629–639)</li> <li>Forte (639–641)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St <a href="/wiki/John_the_Good_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="John the Good (bishop of Milan)">John the Good</a> (641–669)</li> <li>St Antonino (669–671)</li> <li>St Maurilio (671)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Ampelius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Ampelius (bishop of Milan)">Ampelius</a> (671–676)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Mansuetus (bishop of Milan)">Mansuetus</a> (676–685)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Benedict_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Benedict (bishop of Milan)">Benedict</a> (685–732)</li> <li>Theodorus II (732–746)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Natalis_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Natalis (bishop of Milan)">Natalis</a> (746–747)</li> <li>Arifred (747–748)</li> <li>Stabile (748–750)</li> <li>Leto (751–755)</li> <li>Thomas (755–783)</li> <li>Peter (784–803)</li> <li>Odelpert (803–813)</li> <li>St Anselm I (813–818)</li> <li>St Buono (818–822)</li> <li>Angilbert I (822–823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angilbert_II" title="Angilbert II">Angilbert II Pusterla</a> (824–859)</li> <li>Tadone (860–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anspert" title="Anspert">Anspert</a> (868–881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm II (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo II Capra</a> (882–896)</li> <li>Landulf I (896–899)</li> <li>Andrea of Canciano (899–906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aicone" title="Aicone">Aicone</a> (906–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariberto_of_Besana" title="Gariberto of Besana">Gariberto of Besana</a> (918–921)</li> <li>Lambert (921–931)</li> <li>Elduin (931–936)</li> <li>Arderico (936–948)</li> <li>Adelman (948–953)</li> <li>Walpert (953–970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf I (archbishop of Milan)">Arnulf I</a> (970–974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Gotofredo I (archbishop of Milan)">Gotofredo I</a> (974–979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landulf_of_Carcano" title="Landulf of Carcano">Landulf II of Carcano</a> (980–998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf II (archbishop of Milan)">Arnolfo II da Arsago</a> (998–1018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Aribert (archbishop of Milan)">Ariberto da Intimiano</a> (1018–1045)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Velate" title="Guido da Velate">Guido da Velate</a> (1045–1069)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atto_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Atto (archbishop of Milan)">Attone</a> (1070–1075)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione" title="Gotofredo da Castiglione">Gotofredo II da Castiglione</a> (1070–1075, antibishop)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedald_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Tedald (archbishop of Milan)">Tebald da Castiglione</a> (1075–1080)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm III (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo III da Rho</a> (1086–1093)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf III (archbishop of Milan)">Arnolfo III</a> (1093–1097)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_IV_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm IV (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo IV da Bovisio</a> (1097–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosolanus" title="Grosolanus">Grosolanus</a> (1102–1112)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Jordan (archbishop of Milan)">Giordano da Clivio</a> (1112–1120)</li> <li>Ulrich da Corte (1120–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselmo_della_Pusterla" title="Anselmo della Pusterla">Anselmo della Pusterla</a> (1126–1135)</li> <li>Robaldo (1135–1145)</li> <li>Umberto I da Pirovano (1146–1166)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Galdino_della_Sala" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdino della Sala">Galdino della Sala</a> (1166–1176)</li> <li>Algisio da Pirovano (1176–1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Umberto II Crivelli</a> (1185–1187, elected Pope Urban III)</li> <li>Milone da Cardano (1187–1195)</li> <li>Umberto III da Terzago (1195–1196)</li> <li>Filippo I da Lampugnano (1196–1206)</li> <li>Umberto IV da Pirovano (1206–1211)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_da_Sesso" title="Gerardo da Sesso">Gerardo da Sesso</a> (1211, elect)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_da_Settala" title="Enrico da Settala">Enrico I da Settala</a> (1213–1230)</li> <li>Guglielmo I da Rizolio (1230–1241)</li> <li>Leon da Perego (1241–1257)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottone_Visconti" title="Ottone Visconti">Ottone Visconti</a> (1262–1295)</li> <li>Ruffino da Frisseto (1295–1296)</li> <li>Francesco I da Parma (1296–1308)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassone_della_Torre" title="Cassone della Torre">Cassone della Torre</a> (1308–1317)</li> <li>Aicardo da Intimiano (1317–1339)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Giovanni Visconti (archbishop of Milan)">Giovanni II Visconti</a> (1342–1354)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Visconti" title="Roberto Visconti">Roberto Visconti</a> (1354–1361)</li> <li>Guglielmo II della Pusterla (1361–1370)</li> <li>Simon da Borsano (1370–1380)</li> <li>Antonio de' Saluzzi (1380–1401)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Alexander_V" title="Antipope Alexander V">Pietro II di Candia</a> (1402–1410)</li> <li>Francesco II Crippa (1409–1414)</li> <li>Bartolommeo Capra (1414–1433)</li> <li>Francesco III Piccolpasso (1433–1443)</li> <li>Enrico II Rampini (1443–1450)</li> <li>Giovanni III Visconti (1450–1453)</li> <li>Nicolò Amidano (1453–1454)</li> <li>Timoteo Maffei (1454)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza" title="Gabriele Sforza">Gabriele Sforza</a> (1454–1457)</li> <li>Carlo I da Forlì (1457–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Nardini" title="Stefano Nardini">Stefano Nardini</a> (1461–1484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arcimboldi" title="Giovanni Arcimboldi">Giovanni Arcimboldi</a> (1484–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Antonio_Arcimboldi" title="Guido Antonio Arcimboldi">Guido Antonio Arcimboldi</a> (1488–1497)</li> <li>Ottaviano Arcimboldi (1497)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_d%27Este" title="Ippolito d'Este">Ippolito d'Este</a> (1497–1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_II_d%27Este" title="Ippolito II d'Este">Ippolito II d'Este</a> (1520–1550)</li> <li>Giovan Angelo Arcimboldi (1550–1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Archinto" title="Filippo Archinto">Filippo II Archinto</a> (1556–1558)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Modern age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Carlo Borromeo</a> (1564–1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Visconti" title="Gaspare Visconti">Gaspare Visconti</a> (1584–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Borromeo" title="Federico Borromeo">Federico I Borromeo</a> (1595–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Monti" title="Cesare Monti">Cesare Monti</a> (1632–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Litta" title="Alfonso Litta">Alfonso Litta</a> (1652–1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Visconti" title="Federico Visconti">Federico II Visconti</a> (1681–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Caccia" title="Federico Caccia">Federico III Caccia</a> (1693–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Archinto" title="Giuseppe Archinto">Giuseppe Archinto</a> (1699–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Erba_Odescalchi" title="Benedetto Erba Odescalchi">Benedetto II Erba Odescalchi</a> (1712–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Stampa" title="Carlo Gaetano Stampa">Carlo Gaetano Stampa</a> (1737–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pozzobonelli" title="Giuseppe Pozzobonelli">Giuseppe II Pozzobonelli</a> (1743–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti_(bishop)" title="Filippo Maria Visconti (bishop)">Filippo Maria Visconti</a> (1784–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caprara" title="Giovanni Battista Caprara">Giovanni Battista Caprara</a> (1802–1810)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Gaisruck" title="Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck">Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck</a> (1818–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Carlo_Romilli" title="Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli">Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli</a> (1847–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini" title="Paolo Angelo Ballerini">Paolo Angelo Ballerini</a> (1859–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nazari_di_Calabiana" title="Luigi Nazari di Calabiana">Luigi Nazari di Calabiana</a> (1867–1893)</li> <li>Bl. <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari" title="Andrea Carlo Ferrari">Andrea Ferrari</a> (1894–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti</a> (1921–1922, elected Pope Pius XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi" title="Eugenio Tosi">Eugenio Tosi</a> (1922–1929)</li> <li>Bl. <a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ildefonso Schuster">Ildefonso Schuster</a> (1929–1954)</li> <li>St. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giovanni Battista Montini</a> (1954–1963, elected Pope Paul VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo" title="Giovanni Colombo">Giovanni Colombo</a> (1963–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a>, SJ (1979–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionigi_Tettamanzi" title="Dionigi Tettamanzi">Dionigi Tettamanzi</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Angelo Scola</a> (2011–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Delpini" title="Mario Delpini">Mario Delpini</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>$=considered an intruder by the <a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16975#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000044716028X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262369759">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35256/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118592076">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054084">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918828k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918828k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452317">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paulus VI <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV003027">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36176057">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701384&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1645263">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069623104">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90717845">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000227535&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100916&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000043635">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=164012">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201500323">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz1x7753qgrslf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810616536105606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Montini, Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697903205606">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17615">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266335905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000054476">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520026106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14137136">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03792153?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500323773">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1eb72151-ce21-4950-ba6e-c39c2c1cb235">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1224383">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="PAOLO VI, papa, santo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo-vi-papa-santo_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118592076.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118592076">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027060969">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580592">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tt5f35">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/40200344">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&oldid=1275417078">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Paul_VI&oldid=1275417078</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_Paul_VI" title="Category:Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1897_births" title="Category:1897 births">1897 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1978_deaths" title="Category:1978 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