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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Papal election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccination_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccination_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vaccination controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccination_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatifications_and_canonizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Beatifications and canonizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Vincenzo_Strambi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Vincenzo_Strambi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Saint Vincenzo Strambi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Vincenzo_Strambi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_congregations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_congregations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Religious congregations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_congregations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jubilee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jubilee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Jubilee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jubilee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Consistories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rumors_of_a_liaison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rumors_of_a_liaison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rumors of a liaison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rumors_of_a_liaison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Leo XII</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Leo_XII" title="Pous Leo XII – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ليون الثاني عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليون الثاني عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_Lev" title="XII Lev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XII Lev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Leo_12-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Leo 12-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Leo 12-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_XII" title="Леў XII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў XII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_XII_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Леў XII (папа рымскі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леў XII (папа рымскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B2_XII" title="Лъв XII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лъв XII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII." title="Leo XII. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Leo XII." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_XII" title="Leon XII – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leon XII" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lle%C3%B3_XII" title="Lleó XII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleó XII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_XII." title="Lev XII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lev XII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Leo_XII" title="Pab Leo XII – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Leo_12." title="Pave Leo 12. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Leo 12." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII." title="Leo XII. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leo XII." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII" title="Leo XII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%92%CE%84" title="Πάπας Λέων ΙΒ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Λέων ΙΒ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_XII" title="León XII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="León XII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leono_la_12-a" title="Leono la 12-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leono la 12-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_XII.a" title="Leon XII.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leon XII.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="لئون دوازدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئون دوازدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_XII" title="Léon XII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léon XII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Leon_XII" title="Pape Leon XII – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Leon XII" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Leo_XII" title="Pápa Leo XII – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Leo_XII" title="Pàpa Leo XII – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_XII,_papa" title="León XII, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="León XII, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Leo_12-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Leo 12-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Leo 12-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_12%EC%84%B8" title="교황 레오 12세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 레오 12세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII." title="Leo XII. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Leo XII." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_XII." title="Lav XII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lav XII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Leo_la_12ma" title="Papo Leo la 12ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Leo la 12ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leon_XII" title="Papa Leon XII – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Leon XII" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_XII" title="Paus Leo XII – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leone_XII" title="Papa Leone XII – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Leone XII" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="לאו השנים עשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאו השנים עשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_XII" title="Paus Leo XII – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leo_XII" title="Papa Leo XII – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_XII" title="ლეო XII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეო XII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leo_XII" title="Papa Leo XII – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII" title="Leo XII – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leons_XII" title="Leons XII – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leons XII" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonas_XII" title="Leonas XII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonas XII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa" title="XII. Leó pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XII. Leó pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_XII" title="Папа Лав XII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Лав XII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप लिओ बारावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप लिओ बारावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ليون التناشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليون التناشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_XII" title="Paus Leo XII – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Leo_12-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Leo 12-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Leo 12-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_XII" title="Paus Leo XII – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA12%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="レオ12世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオ12世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII" title="Leo XII – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII." title="Leo XII. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leo XII." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_XII" title="Leon XII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leon XII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Le%C3%A3o_XII" title="Papa Leão XII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Leão XII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leon_al_XII-lea" title="Papa Leon al XII-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Leon al XII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyun_XII" title="Liyun XII – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liyun XII" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_XII" title="Лев XII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лев XII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoni_XII" title="Leoni XII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leoni XII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuni_XII" title="Liuni XII – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liuni XII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_XII." title="Lev XII. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lev XII." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Leon_XII." title="Papež Leon XII. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Leon XII." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85" title="لیۆن دوازدەھەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیۆن دوازدەھەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_XII" title="Папа Лав XII – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Лав XII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_XII." title="Lav XII. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lav XII." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII" title="Leo XII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII" title="Leo XII – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_XII" title="León XII – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="León XII" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_XII" title="Лев XII – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лев XII" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._Leo" title="XII. Leo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XII. Leo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_XII" title="Лев XII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лев XII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leon_XII" title="Papa Leon XII – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Leon XII" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_L%C3%AA%C3%B4_XII" title="Giáo hoàng Lêô XII – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Lêô XII" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Le%C3%B3n_XII" title="Papa León XII – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa León XII" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="良十二世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="良十二世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Leo_12k" title="Pópù Leo 12k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Leo 12k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="良十二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="良十二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII" title="Leo XII – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Leo XII" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="良十二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="良十二世" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Catholic Church from 1823 to 1829</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Leo XII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_Portrait_de_L%C3%A9on_XII_(1828).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_Portrait_de_L%C3%A9on_XII_%281828%29.jpg/220px-Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_Portrait_de_L%C3%A9on_XII_%281828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_Portrait_de_L%C3%A9on_XII_%281828%29.jpg/330px-Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_Portrait_de_L%C3%A9on_XII_%281828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_Portrait_de_L%C3%A9on_XII_%281828%29.jpg/440px-Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_%E2%80%93_Portrait_de_L%C3%A9on_XII_%281828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3426" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Picqu%C3%A9_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Picqué (artist)">Charles Picqué</a>, 1828</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1823</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1829</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VII">Pius VII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Titular Archbishop of Tyrus (1794–1816)</li> <li>Apostolic Nuncio to Germany (1794–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Senigallia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Senigallia">Archbishop of Senigallia</a> (1816)</li> <li>Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a> (1816–1823)</li> <li>Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> (1820–1823)</li> <li>Prefect of the Congregation of Ecclesiastical Immunity (1820–1823)</li> <li>Archpriest of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li>Vicar-General of Rome (1821–1823)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1783<br />by <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna_(18th-century_cardinal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcantonio Colonna (18th-century cardinal)">Marcantonio Colonna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1794<br />by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart, Duke of York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">8 March 1816<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1760-08-02</span>)</span>2 August 1760<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Genga,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Genga, Italy">Genga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1829<span style="display:none">(1829-02-10)</span> (aged 68)<br />Rome, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Leo_XII_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo XII's signature"><img alt="Leo XII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pope_Leo_XII_signature.png/130px-Pope_Leo_XII_signature.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pope_Leo_XII_signature.png/195px-Pope_Leo_XII_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pope_Leo_XII_signature.png/260px-Pope_Leo_XII_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo XII's coat of arms"><img alt="Leo XII's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg/50px-C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg/75px-C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg/100px-C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Leo (disambiguation)">Other popes named Leo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Leo XII</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Leone XII</i>; born <b>Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga</b>; 2 August 1760 – 10 February 1829) was head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> from 28 September 1823 to his death in February 1829.<b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>Leo XII was in ill health from the time of his <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> to his death less than 6 years later, though he was noted for enduring pain well. He was a deeply conservative ruler, who enforced many controversial laws, including one forbidding Jews to own property. Though he raised taxes, the Papal States remained financially poor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Della Genga was born in 1760 at the Castello della Genga in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Fabriano" title="Fabriano">Fabriano</a><sup id="cite_ref-Toke_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to an old noble family from <a href="/wiki/Genga,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Genga, Italy">Genga</a>, a small town in the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">March of Ancona</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. He was the sixth of ten children born to Count Ilario della Genga and Maria Luisa Periberti di Fabriano,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutry2002929_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutry2002929-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_della_Genga_Sermattei" title="Gabriele della Genga Sermattei">Gabriele della Genga Sermattei</a>, who in the 19th century was the only <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-nephew" title="Cardinal-nephew">nephew</a> of a pope to be elevated to cardinal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_ordination">Education and ordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Della Genga studied theology at the Collegio Campana in <a href="/wiki/Osimo" title="Osimo">Osimo</a> from 1773 to 1778 and later at the Collegio Piceno in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> until 1783 when he commenced studies at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Ecclesiastical_Nobles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles">Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles</a>. He later received the <a href="/wiki/Subdiaconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdiaconate">subdiaconate</a> in 1782 and then the <a href="/wiki/Diaconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaconate">diaconate</a> and was ordained to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a> on 14 June 1783;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he received the latter two from Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna_(18th-century_cardinal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcantonio Colonna (18th-century cardinal)">Marcantonio Colonna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_nuncio_and_episcopate">Papal nuncio and episcopate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Papal nuncio and episcopate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1790 the attractive and articulate della Genga attracted favourable attention by a tactful oration commemorative of the late <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1794 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> made him a canon of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Toke_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1793 created him Titular <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Tyre">Archbishop of Tyre</a>. He was consecrated in Rome in 1794 after the appointment and was despatched to <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Switzerland" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Switzerland">Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland</a>. In 1794 he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Cologne" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Cologne">Apostolic Nunciature to Cologne</a>, but owing to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">war</a> had to make his residence in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, he believed it would be his last post and organized the construction of tombs for his mother and for himself. </p><p>During the dozen or more years he spent in Germany he was entrusted with several honourable and difficult missions, which brought him into contact with the courts of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Stuttgart</a>, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. It is charged, however, that during this period his finances were disordered, and his private life was not above suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Napoleonic abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">States of the Church</a> (1798), he lived for some years at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Monticelli,_Rome" title="Santa Maria in Monticelli, Rome">Monticelli Abbey</a>, solacing himself with music and with bird-shooting, pastimes which he continued even after his election as Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinal">Cardinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cardinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/380px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/570px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/760px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>"The Grand Gala Berlin", a luxury carriage constructed in Rome during the first half of the nineteenth century, is an order of the States of the Church during the reign of two pontiffs: Leo XII, in the years 1824–1826, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a>, who requested some important modifications. The carriage was used for five solemn festive occasions in the year.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1814 della Genga was chosen to carry <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a>'s congratulations to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a> upon his restoration. </p><p>On 8 March 1816 he was created Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a> and he received his red <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a> on 11 March and his titular church on 29 April 1816. Later he was appointed as the Archpriest of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, and appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see_of_Sinigaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal see of Sinigaglia">episcopal see of Sinigaglia</a>, which he resigned in 1818<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for health reasons. He resigned without ever having entered his diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-Toke_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 May 1820, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> gave him the distinguished post of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Vicar-General of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pontificate">Pontificate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pontificate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope Leo XII</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg/60px-C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg/90px-C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg/120px-C_o_a_Leon_XII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_election">Papal election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Papal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1823" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1823">Papal conclave, 1823</a></div> <p>Pope Pius VII died in 1823 after yet another long pontificate that spanned over two decades. In the conclave of 1823, della Genga was the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Zelanti" title="Zelanti">zelanti</a> faction and in spite of the active opposition of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, he was elected as the new pope by the cardinals on 28 September 1823, taking the name of Leo XII.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His election had been facilitated because he was thought to be close to death, but he unexpectedly rallied.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had even remarked about his own health to the cardinals, saying that they would be electing "a dead man".<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said in the conclave that he lifted his robes to show the cardinals a pair of swollen and ulcerated legs to deter them, but that made them even more eager to elect him.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickle_Publishing_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickle_Publishing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the conclave opened, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> indicated that it objected to five candidates in the election which included della Genga. While della Genga did not receive a single vote in the first and second ballots, he received seven in the third and then four in the fifth. While it seemed that Cardinal Antonio Gabriele Severoli would prevail on 21 September since he had just below the needed amount, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Albani" title="Giuseppe Albani">Giuseppe Albani</a> interposed the <a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">veto</a> on the behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> against Severoli. While it was later indicated that the French court would not be amenable to the election of della Genga, Severoli's voting bloc decided to cast their votes for della Genga, seeing him receive 34 votes to become pope.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo XII was 63 at the time of his election and frequently fell victim to infirmities. He was tall and thin with an ascetic look and a melancholic countenance. At this time <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Strambi" title="Vincent Strambi">Vincent Strambi</a> served as bishop for the remainder of the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> before his successor Pope Leo XII accepted Strambi's resignation and summoned him to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as his advisor. But the sudden illness of the pope – which seemed to prove fatal – prompted Strambi to offer his own life to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> so that the pope could live. Leo XII rallied to great surprise but Strambi died of a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> within the week.<sup id="cite_ref-SEB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So Leo XII fell ill after his coronation but after his recovery, he showed surprising endurance in carrying out his work. Leo XII devoted himself to his work and was simple in his mode of life. He had a passion for shooting birds and was rumored to have killed a peasant with whom he argued about sporting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickle_Publishing_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickle_Publishing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cardinal <a href="/wiki/Protodeacon" title="Protodeacon">protodeacon</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Fabrizio Ruffo</a> <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">crowned</a> him as pontiff on 5 October 1823. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius VII's <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Ercole Consalvi</a>, who had been della Genga's rival in the conclave, was immediately dismissed, and Pius' policies rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo XII's foreign policy, entrusted at first to the octogenarian <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Maria_della_Somaglia" title="Giulio Maria della Somaglia">Giulio Maria della Somaglia</a> and then to the more able <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Bernetti" title="Tommaso Bernetti">Tommaso Bernetti</a>, negotiated certain <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a> very advantageous to the papacy. Personally most frugal, Leo XII reduced taxes, made justice less costly, and was able to find money for certain public improvements, yet he left the Church's finances more confused than he had found them, and even the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Christian)">jubilee</a> of 1825 did not really mend financial matters.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schedrin_NewRome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Schedrin_NewRome.jpg/220px-Schedrin_NewRome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Schedrin_NewRome.jpg/330px-Schedrin_NewRome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Schedrin_NewRome.jpg/440px-Schedrin_NewRome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>The Tiber with <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a> and St. Peter in the time of Leo XII, by <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Shchedrin" title="Sylvester Shchedrin">Silvestr Feodosievich Shchedrin</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo XII's domestic policy was one of extreme conservatism: "He was determined to change the condition of society, bringing it back to the utmost of his power to the old usages and ordinances, which he deemed to be admirable; and he pursued that object with never flagging zeal."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He condemned the <a href="/wiki/Bible_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible societies">Bible societies</a>, and under <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> influence reorganised the educational system,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing it entirely under priestly control through his bull <i><a href="/wiki/Quod_divina_sapientia" title="Quod divina sapientia">Quod divina sapientia</a></i> and requiring that all secondary instruction be carried out in Latin, as he required of all court proceedings, also now entirely in ecclesiastical hands. All charitable institutions in the Papal States were put under direct supervision. </p><p>Laws such as that forbidding Jews to own property and allowing them only the shortest possible time in which to sell what they owned, and that requiring all Roman residents to listen to Catholic catechism commentary, led many of Rome's Jews to emigrate, to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busto_di_Leone_XII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Busto_di_Leone_XII.jpg/220px-Busto_di_Leone_XII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Busto_di_Leone_XII.jpg/330px-Busto_di_Leone_XII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Busto_di_Leone_XII.jpg/440px-Busto_di_Leone_XII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Pope Leo XII, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>"The results of his method of governing his states soon showed themselves in insurrections, conspiracies, assassinations and rebellion, especially in Umbria, the Marches and Romagna; the violent repression of which, by a system of espionage, secret denunciation, and wholesale application of the gibbet and the galleys, left behind it to those who were to come afterwards a very terrible, rankling and long-enduring debt of party hatreds, of political and social demoralisation, and – worst of all – a contempt for and enmity to the law, as such."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a regime that saw the division of the population into <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanfedisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanfedisti">Sanfedisti</a>, he hunted down the Carbonari and the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with their liberal sympathisers. </p><p>Leo XII made himself unpopular with the people due to the fact that he constrained them to endless rules that concerned private life and public affairs. He decreed that a dressmaker who sold low or transparent dresses would incur ipso facto <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>. The pope also denied the Jews the right to possess material possessions and allowed them the shortest time to sell their belongings. He revived the regulations of the Middle Ages in regard to segregation and marks for identification.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickle_Publishing_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickle_Publishing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While often considered an archconservative Leo XII held a high opinion of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">liberal Catholic</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Lamennais" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamennais">Lamennais</a> having a portrait of him hung in his private chambers. When the later visited Rome in 1824 Leo offered him a Vatican apartment and in 1828 a cardinalate. According to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Nicholas Wiseman</a> before the full <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> he said that Lamennais was " a distinguished writer, whose works had not only rendered eminent services to religion, but rejoiced and astonished Europe." However some believe that the quote was actually about the historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lingard" title="John Lingard">John Lingard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo XII had a fascination with archeology. When <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> <a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">deciphered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, Leo XII invited him to Rome to study its obelisks. Leo XII later printed and engraved Champollion's work at his personal expense. Champollion later wrote to Cardinal Wiseman that "It is a real service which his Holiness renders to science, and I shall be happy if you will be good enough to place at his feet the homage of my profound acknowledgment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccination_controversy">Vaccination controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vaccination controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Leo_XII.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pope_Leo_XII.PNG/220px-Pope_Leo_XII.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Pope_Leo_XII.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Pope Leo XII.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some contemporary authors such as G. S. Godkin, Leo XII was also said to have prohibited <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent scholarship has been unable to find any ban or any suggestion of a ban by Leo XII and his administration. Donald J. Keefe<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traced a quote by Leo XII which strongly condemned vaccination to "an unverified citation" by Dr. Pierre Simon in <i>Histoire et philosophie du contrôle des naissances</i>. The response of the Papacy to the arrival of vaccination in Italy has been documented in <i>Pratique de la vaccination antivariolique dans les provinces de l’État pontifical au 19ème siècle</i>, an article written by <a href="/wiki/Yves-Marie_Berc%C3%A9" title="Yves-Marie Bercé">Yves-Marie Bercé</a> and Jean-Claude Otteni for Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bercé and Otteni, the biographers and contemporaries of Leo XII do not mention any interdict. The authors credit the origin of the mythical vaccination ban of Leo XII to the personality of Cardinal della Genga when he became pope in 1823. His intransigence and piety alienated liberal opinion very quickly. His austere spirituality made him the target of criticisms and mocking remarks. English travelers visiting the peninsula and many of the diplomats established in Rome remarked on the severity of the pontiff. </p><p>The absence of a prohibition is evidenced by the fact that in 1828 the Medical-Surgical Society of Bologna was able to implement a vaccination campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beatifications_and_canonizations">Beatifications and canonizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beatifications and canonizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo XII <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> a number of individuals in his pontificate which totaled at 15. He beatified: <a href="/wiki/Angelina_di_Marsciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelina di Marsciano">Angelina di Marsciano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Scammacca" title="Bernardo Scammacca">Bernardo Scammacca</a> (8 March 1825), <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_Galantini" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolytus Galantini">Hippolytus Galantini</a> (29 June 1825), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelus_of_Gualdo_Tadino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelus of Gualdo Tadino (page does not exist)">Angelus of Gualdo Tadino</a> (3 August 1825) and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Antonio_Falcone" title="Luca Antonio Falcone">Angelus of Acri</a> (18 December 1825). He also beatified in 1825: Julian of Saint Augustine,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Rodriguez" title="Alphonsus Rodriguez">Alphonsus Rodriguez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Griesinger" title="Jakob Griesinger">Jakob Griesinger</a>. He beatified <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Lambertini" title="Imelda Lambertini">Imelda Lambertini</a> (20 December 1826) and also confirmed the cultus of <a href="/wiki/Jordan_of_Saxony" title="Jordan of Saxony">Jordan of Saxony</a> in 1826. He also beatified <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_of_Poland" title="Yolanda of Poland">Yolanda of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_Panattieri" title="Maddalena Panattieri">Maddalena Panattieri</a> on 26 September 1827 as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanna_Soderini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanna Soderini (page does not exist)">Giovanna Soderini</a> (1827) and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Duglioli" title="Elena Duglioli">Elena Duglioli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juana_de_Aza" class="mw-redirect" title="Juana de Aza">Juana de Aza</a> (the mother of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a>) in 1828. </p><p>Leo XII also created <a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a> a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> on 27 September 1828 in addition to the formal canonization he presided over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saint_Vincenzo_Strambi">Saint Vincenzo Strambi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Saint Vincenzo Strambi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Strambi" title="Vincent Strambi">Vincent Strambi</a> (future saint) – who served as his advisor. When he was on the brink of death in 1825, Strambi offered himself to God for the survival of the pope. The pope rallied from his ailment, but Strambi died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_congregations">Religious congregations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious congregations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pope also approved the <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> on 17 February 1826 when he gave the congregation official recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jubilee">Jubilee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jubilee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leone_XII_apre_la_porta_santa_della_basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Leone_XII_apre_la_porta_santa_della_basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano.jpg/220px-Leone_XII_apre_la_porta_santa_della_basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Leone_XII_apre_la_porta_santa_della_basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano.jpg/330px-Leone_XII_apre_la_porta_santa_della_basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Leone_XII_apre_la_porta_santa_della_basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano.jpg/440px-Leone_XII_apre_la_porta_santa_della_basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Leo XII opens the holy door to mark the beginning of the Jubilee in 1825.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leo XII celebrated the jubilee in 1825 in an event that saw more than half a million pilgrims travel to Rome to participate in the solemnities. To mark the event, Leo XII issued the encyclical <i>Quod hoc ineunte</i> on 24 May 1825 that proclaimed the jubilee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consistories">Consistories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consistories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Leo_XII" title="Cardinals created by Leo XII">Cardinals created by Leo XII</a></div> <p>He held 8 <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistories</a> in which he elevated 25 new cardinals into the cardinalate. This included Cardinal Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari – the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> – on 13 March 1826. In addition, Leo XII nominated three cardinals whom he reserved "<i><a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">in pectore</a></i>" but later revealed. </p><p>For the December 1824 allocations, Leo XII considered elevating <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a> despite knowing about his crude character and extreme social and moral positions. Nevertheless, the nomination never occurred, however, other sources allege that he declined the pope's invitation. For the October 1826 allocation, Leo XII had nominated one cardinal <i>in pectore</i> whom he later revealed in 1828, however, several subsequent sources indicate that the renowned English historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lingard" title="John Lingard">John Lingard</a> was also created a cardinal <i>in pectore</i> and simply never announced. In the 1828 consistory, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Osimo_and_Cingoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Osimo and Cingoli">Bishop of Osimo e Cingoli</a> Timoteo Maria Ascensi was to be made a cardinal but died nine days before the consistory occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Pope_Leo_XII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tomb_of_Pope_Leo_XII.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Pope_Leo_XII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tomb_of_Pope_Leo_XII.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Pope_Leo_XII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tomb_of_Pope_Leo_XII.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Pope_Leo_XII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Leo XII near the tomb of Saint Leo I per his requests.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_XII_statue_de_Fabris_1836_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_Vatican_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Leo_XII_statue_de_Fabris_1836_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_Vatican_City.jpg/220px-Leo_XII_statue_de_Fabris_1836_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_Vatican_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Leo_XII_statue_de_Fabris_1836_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_Vatican_City.jpg/330px-Leo_XII_statue_de_Fabris_1836_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_Vatican_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Leo_XII_statue_de_Fabris_1836_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_Vatican_City.jpg/440px-Leo_XII_statue_de_Fabris_1836_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_Vatican_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="4488" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Leo XII in St. Peter's Basilica</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 February 1829, after a private audience with the new Cardinal Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Bernetti" title="Tommaso Bernetti">Tommaso Bernetti</a>, he was suddenly taken ill and he seemed to know that his end was near. On 8 February, he asked for and received the <a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">Viaticum</a> and was anointed. On 9 February, he lapsed into unconsciousness and on the next morning, he died. The minister to Rome for <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">French King</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>, who was near to the events, wrote: "The pope died of that haemorrhoidal condition to which he was subject. The blood, being carried to the bladder, occasioned a retention which they tried to relieve by means of an incision. It is thought His Holiness was injured by the operation. However it may be, after four days of suffering, Leo XII died this morning at nine as I was arriving at the Vatican, where an agent of the Embassy had spent the night."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in a monument of him in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> on 15 February 1829. His remains were transferred and buried before the altar of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> on 5 December 1830. </p><p>Leo XII is considered to have been a man of noble character, with a passion for order and efficiency, but one who lacked insight into the temporal developments of his time. His rule was unpopular in Rome and in the Papal States, and by various measures of his reign he diminished greatly for his successors their chances of solving the new problems that confronted them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rumors_of_a_liaison">Rumors of a liaison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rumors of a liaison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was alleged that Leo XII had a liaison as a prelate with the wife of a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a> (known as Pfiffer). The allegation was brought to the attention of Pope Pius VI, who met with the prelate to discern the truth of the matter. He refuted all claims to the pope and the matter was dropped then and there save for the fact that Della Genga affirmed he was close to Pfiffer.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo XII issued at least 6 encyclicals during his reign. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Title (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</th> <th>Subject</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Texts </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.</td> <td><i>Ubi primum</i></td> <td>On Pope Leo's papacy; on the Bishops' duties</td> <td>5 May 1824</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo12/l12ubipr.htm">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td><i>Quod Hoc Ineunte</i></td> <td>Proclaiming a Universal Jubilee</td> <td>24 May 1824</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo12/l12quodh.htm">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td><i>Ad Plurimas</i></td> <td>Request for support in the restoration of the burnt-out Basilica of St. Paul outside the walls</td> <td>25 January 1825</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xii/it/documents/enciclica-ad-plurimas-25-gennaio-1825.html">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td><i>Charitate Christi</i></td> <td>On Extending the Jubilee to the Entire Church</td> <td>25 December 1825</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo12/l12chari.htm">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Quo_graviora_(1825)" title="Quo graviora (1825)">Quo Graviora</a></i></td> <td>On Secret Societies</td> <td>13 March 1826</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo12/l12quogr.htm">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td><i>Quanta laetitia</i></td> <td>Introduction of a regular hierarchy in Scotland</td> <td>13 February 1827</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://digilander.libero.it/magistero/l12quant.htm">[6]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Leo_XII" title="Cardinals created by Leo XII">Cardinals created by Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the correct biographical information, date and place of birth and surname, see Ph. Boutry, <i>Souverain et Pontife. Recherche prosographiques sur la Curie romaine à l'age de la Restauration (1814–1846)</i>, Roma, Ecole francaise, 2002. pp. 359–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toke-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toke_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toke_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toke_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09167a.htm">Toke, Leslie. "Pope Leo XII." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 Aug. 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoutry2002929-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoutry2002929_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoutry2002">Boutry 2002</a>, p. 929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omiworld.org/lemma/leo-xii-pope-1823-1829/">Yvon Beaudoin, o.m.i., Yvon. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+XII+%281823-1829%29&rft.pub=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.au=Salvador+Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fconsistories-xix.htm%23LeoXII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+XII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Chateaubriand/ChateaubriandMemoirsBookXXIX.php#anchor_Toc145913819">"François-René de Chateaubriand, <i>Mémoires d'Outre Tombe</i>, Book XXIX Chapter 17 Section 1, translated by A.S. Kline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9+de+Chateaubriand%2C+M%C3%A9moires+d%27Outre+Tombe%2C+Book+XXIX+Chapter+17+Section+1%2C+translated+by+A.S.+Kline.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryintranslation.com%2FPITBR%2FChateaubriand%2FChateaubriandMemoirsBookXXIX.php%23anchor_Toc145913819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+XII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09167a.htm">"Pope Leo XII"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Leo+XII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09167a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+XII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUU5AQAAMAAJ&q=Della+Genga+mistress&pg=PA468">"The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal"</a>. 1824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Monthly+Magazine+and+Literary+Journal&rft.date=1824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUU5AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DDella%2BGenga%2Bmistress%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+XII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutry2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boutry, Philippe (2002). "Leo XII". In Levillain, Philippe; O'Malley, John W. (eds.). <i>The Papacy, An Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 2: Gaius-Proxies. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">929–</span>933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leo+XII&rft.btitle=The+Papacy%2C+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E929-%3C%2Fspan%3E933&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Boutry&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+XII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leo_XII" class="extiw" title="commons:Leo XII"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Leo XII</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leo_XII" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leo XII">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525050304/http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/leoxii/biography.html">Leo XII</a> at The Papal Library</li> <li>Artaud de Montor: <i>Histoire du Pape Léon XII</i>. 2 vols., 1841</li> <li>Schmidlin I, pp. 367–474</li> <li>M. Rossi: <i>Il conclave di Leone XII</i>. Lo Stato Pontificio e l’Italia all'indomani del Congresso di Vienna. 1935</li> <li>EC VII, 1156–1158</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_f%C3%BCr_Theologie_und_Kirche" title="Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche">LThK<sup>2</sup></a>. Vol. VI, Sp. 952–953</li> <li>Georg Schwaiger: <i>Leo XII</i>. In: LThK<sup>3</sup> 6 (1997), 827–828.</li> <li>Kelly: <i>Reclams Lexikon der Päpste</i>. 1988, pp. 322f.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Denzler1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Georg Denzler (1992). "LEO XII. (Annibale del la Genga)". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/{{{1}}}"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 4. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1450–1451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-038-7"><bdi>3-88309-038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LEO+XII.+%28Annibale+del+la+Genga%29&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Herzberg&rft.pages=cols.+1450-1451&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-88309-038-7&rft.au=Georg+Denzler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2F%7B%7B%7B1%7D%7D%7D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+XII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Giuseppe Monsagrati: <i>Leone XII.</i> In: Massimo Bray (ed.): <i>Enciclopedia dei Papi.</i> Volume 3: <i>Innocenzo VIII, Giovanni Paolo II.</i> Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/leone-xii_(Enciclopedia-dei-Papi)/">treccani.it</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/119180413">Works by and about Pope Leo XII</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek" title="Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek">Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek</a> (German Digital Library)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdelgen.html">Catholic-Hierarchy entry</a></li> <li>Mecham, J. Lloyd. “The Papacy and Spanish-American Independence.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 9, no. 2 (1929): 154–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2506651">[7]</a>.</li> <li>Montgomery, Walter A. “The Pontificate of Leo XIII.” The Sewanee Review 11, no. 2 (1903): 234–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/27530560">[8]</a>.</li> <li>Reinerman, Alan. “Metternich and Reform: The Case of the Papal State, 1814-1848.” The Journal of Modern History 42, no. 4 (1970): 524–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1905827">[9]</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b><div style="font-size:90%">Last known title holder:</div><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Ranuzzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincenzo Ranuzzi (page does not exist)">Vincenzo Ranuzzi</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Titular <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Tyre">Archbishop of Tyre</a> </b><br />21 February 1794 – 8 March 1816 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Giustiniani" title="Giacomo Giustiniani">Giacomo Giustiniani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Gabrielli" title="Giulio Gabrielli">Giulio Gabrielli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Senigallia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Senigallia">Archbishop of Senigallia</a> </b><br />8 March 1816 – 18 September 1816 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Sceberras_Testaferrata" title="Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata">Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Gallarati_Scotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Gallarati Scotti (page does not exist)">Giovanni Gallarati Scotti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a> </b><br />10 February 1818 – 28 September 1823 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Naro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedetto Naro (page does not exist)">Benedetto Naro</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pius_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VII">Pius VII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> </b><br />28 September 1823 – 10 February 1829 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pius_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church735" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church891" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43727#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3396" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43727#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3396" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43727#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109229213">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88846822">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4494155648127918330005">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/322782/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrVy6fcjjt7bg3wdd79Mq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119180413">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93018628">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116833236">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116833236">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Leo XII <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/ANAV001363">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35969534">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2007409402&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1086397">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071023240">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574096405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/21242">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285034505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517197206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14617429">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354337">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/58772700">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1167670">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="LEONE XII, papa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-leone-xii_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119180413.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119180413">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069634858">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62r40h8">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/99218">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&oldid=1276533072">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_XII&oldid=1276533072</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_Leo_XII" title="Category:Pope Leo XII">Pope Leo XII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_popes" title="Category:Italian popes">Italian popes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_popes" title="Category:19th-century popes">19th-century popes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Province_of_Ancona" title="Category:People from the Province of Ancona">People from the Province of Ancona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1760_births" title="Category:1760 births">1760 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1829_deaths" title="Category:1829 deaths">1829 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Italian_clergy" title="Category:19th-century Italian clergy">19th-century Italian clergy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Italian_clergy" 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