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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Leg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Arm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-amputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-amputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Self-amputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-amputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urgent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urgent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Urgent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urgent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circulatory_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Circulatory disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoplasm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplasm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neoplasm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplasm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congenital_anomalies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congenital_anomalies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Congenital anomalies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congenital_anomalies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frostbite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frostbite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Frostbite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frostbite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletic_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletic_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Athletic performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletic_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_penalties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_penalties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Criminal penalties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_penalties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surgery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-operative_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-operative_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-operative management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-operative_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trauma_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trauma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trauma_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trauma subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trauma_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amputation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="بتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputaci%C3%B3n" title="Amputación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amputación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputasiya" title="Amputasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amputasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ампутацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ампутацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ампутация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ампутация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputacija" title="Amputacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amputacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ампутаци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ампутаци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputaci%C3%B3" title="Amputació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amputació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputace" title="Amputace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amputace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputatsioon" title="Amputatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amputatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ακρωτηριασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακρωτηριασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputaci%C3%B3n" title="Amputación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amputación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputo" title="Amputo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amputo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anputazio" title="Anputazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anputazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88" title="قطع عضو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطع عضو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teascadh" title="Teascadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teascadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputaci%C3%B3n" title="Amputación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amputación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8B%A8_(%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99)" title="절단 (의학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절단 (의학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ծայրատում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծայրատում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputacija" title="Amputacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amputacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputasi" title="Amputasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amputasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputazione" title="Amputazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amputazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94" title="קטיעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטיעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ампутация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ампутация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpite" title="Anpite – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ампутация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ампутация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputatio" title="Amputatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amputatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amput%C4%81cija" title="Amputācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amputācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amput%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Amputáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amputáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ампутација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ампутација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputasi" title="Amputasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amputasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputatie" title="Amputatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amputatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%96%AD_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6)" title="切断 (医学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="切断 (医学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputasjon" title="Amputasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amputasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputatsiya" title="Amputatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amputatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputacja" title="Amputacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amputacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Amputação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amputação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputare" title="Amputare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amputare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ампутация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ампутация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputimi" title="Amputimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amputimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amput%C3%A1cia" title="Amputácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amputácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputacija" title="Amputacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amputacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ампутација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ампутација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputacija" title="Amputacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amputacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputaatio" title="Amputaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amputaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amputation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapong" title="Gapong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gapong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உறுப்பு நீக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உறுப்பு நீக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="การตัดอวัยวะออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การตัดอวัยวะออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ампутатсия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ампутатсия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%BCtasyon" title="Ampütasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ampütasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ампутація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ампутація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_(%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C)" title="اعضاء کا تقطع (جراحی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اعضاء کا تقطع (جراحی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%AFt_c%E1%BB%A5t_chi" title="Cắt cụt chi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cắt cụt chi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%AA%E8%82%A2" title="截肢 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="截肢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_Paralympic.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_Paralympic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_Paralympic.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_U.S._Army_World_Class_Athlete_Program_Paralympic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">An amputee running with a blade prosthetic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom limb syndrome">Phantom limb syndrome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Trauma</a> or intentional as part of <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Corporal_punishments" title="Category:Corporal punishments">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/170px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/255px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/340px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4191" data-file-height="2762" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> By place</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> By implementation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(beating)" title="Belting (beating)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">Birching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Branding" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Branding"> Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_o%27_nine_tails" title="Cat o' nine tails">Cat o' nine tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">Foot whipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knout" title="Knout">Knout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjambok" title="Sjambok">Sjambok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slippering" title="Slippering">Slippering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">Spanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping_(punishment)" title="Strapping (punishment)">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_(corporal_punishment)" title="Switch (corporal punishment)">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawse" title="Tawse">Tawse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(implement)" title="Crop (implement)">Riding crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">Whip</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Judicial corporal punishment in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Brunei" title="Caning in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia" title="Caning in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_Taiwan" title="Corporal punishment in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial corporal punishment in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Corporal punishment in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> Court cases</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Foundation_for_Children,_Youth_and_the_Law_v_Canada_(AG)" title="Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (AG)">CFCYL v. Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingraham_v._Wright" title="Ingraham v. Wright">Ingraham v. Wright</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S_v_Williams_(1995)" title="S v Williams (1995)">S v Williams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrer_v._the_United_Kingdom" title="Tyrer v. the United Kingdom">Tyrer v. the United Kingdom</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_against_corporal_punishment" title="Campaigns against corporal punishment">Campaigns against corporal punishment</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="sidebar-above"> Criminal trials and convictions</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of the accused</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-trial">Pre-trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Jury trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">Exclusionary rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">Self-incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">Double jeopardy</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">Acquittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_proven" title="Not proven">Not proven</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_verdict" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed verdict">Directed verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">Sentencing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_sentencing" title="Mandatory sentencing">Mandatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence">Suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodial_sentence" title="Custodial sentence">Custodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_detention" title="Periodic detention">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(sentence)" title="Discharge (sentence)">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_guidelines" title="Sentencing guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">Guilt</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totality_principle" title="Totality principle">Totality</a><sup><small>5, 6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_offender" title="Dangerous offender">Dangerous offender</a><sup><small>4, 5</small></sup></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_warrant" title="Execution warrant">Execution warrant</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">Cruel and unusual punishment</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_imprisonment" title="Indefinite imprisonment">Indefinite imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-strikes_law" title="Three-strikes law">Three-strikes law</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Post-sentencing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Tariff</a> <sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Life licence</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">Exoneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_offender" title="Habitual offender">Habitual offender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">Recidivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses" title="Category:Criminal defenses">Criminal defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">US courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>2</small></sup> Not in <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">English/Welsh courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>3</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Scottish courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>4</small></sup> English/Welsh courts</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>5</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Canada">Canadian courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>6</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United Kingdom">UK courts</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_procedure_(trial)" title="Template:Criminal procedure (trial)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_procedure_(trial)" title="Template talk:Criminal procedure (trial)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_procedure_(trial)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal procedure (trial)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Amputation</b> is the removal of a <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limb</a> by <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical illness">medical illness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">malignancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive surgery</a> for such problems. A special case is that of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_amputation" title="Congenital amputation">congenital amputation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disorder</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetal</a> limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, judicial amputation is currently used <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">to punish</a> people who commit crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-iran_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chuback_2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuback_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilations</a> are considered a ritual accomplishment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo cave, <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a>, Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> dating back to at least 31,000 years ago, where it was done when the amputee was a young child.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Amputation" title="Special:EditPage/Amputation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leg">Leg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of <a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">digits</a>. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations. Common partial foot amputations include the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chopart" title="François Chopart">Chopart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_articulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsometatarsal articulations">Lisfranc</a>, and ray amputations. </p><p>Common forms of ankle <a href="/wiki/Disarticulation" title="Disarticulation">disarticulations</a> include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A less common major amputation is the <a href="/wiki/Van_Nes_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Nes rotation">Van Nes rotation</a>, or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and <a href="/wiki/Replantation" title="Replantation">reattachment</a> of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee. </p><p>Types of amputations include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg/360px-Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg/480px-Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>An above-knee amputation</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>partial foot amputation</dt> <dd>amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint</dd> <dt>ankle disarticulation</dt> <dd>amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint</dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="BTK"></span>trans-tibial amputation</dt> <dd>amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation</dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="BKA"></span>knee disarticulation</dt> <dd>amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint</dd> <dt>trans-femoral amputation</dt> <dd>amputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation</dd> <dt>hip disarticulation</dt> <dd>amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint</dd> <dt>trans-pelvic disarticulation</dt> <dd>amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Hemipelvectomy" title="Hemipelvectomy">hemipelvectomy</a> or hindquarter amputation</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arm">Arm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amputations_18c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amputations_18c.jpg/250px-Amputations_18c.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amputations_18c.jpg/375px-Amputations_18c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amputations_18c.jpg/500px-Amputations_18c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>The 18th century guide to amputations</figcaption></figure><p>Types of upper extremity amputations include: </p><ul><li>partial hand amputation</li> <li>wrist disarticulation</li> <li>trans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation</li> <li>elbow disarticulation</li> <li>trans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation</li> <li>shoulder disarticulation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forequarter_amputation" title="Forequarter amputation">forequarter amputation</a></li></ul> <p>A variant of the trans-radial amputation is the <a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_procedure" title="Krukenberg procedure">Krukenberg procedure</a> in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Index_finger_amputation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Index_finger_amputation.jpg/220px-Index_finger_amputation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Index_finger_amputation.jpg/330px-Index_finger_amputation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Index_finger_amputation.jpg/440px-Index_finger_amputation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2855" /></a><figcaption>Partial amputation of <a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">index finger</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Facial amputations include but are not limited to: <ul><li>amputation of the ears</li> <li>amputation of the nose (<a href="/wiki/Rhinotomy" title="Rhinotomy">rhinotomy</a>)</li> <li>amputation of the tongue (<a href="/wiki/Glossectomy" title="Glossectomy">glossectomy</a>).</li> <li>amputation of the eyes (<a href="/wiki/Enucleation_of_the_eye" title="Enucleation of the eye">enucleation</a>).</li> <li>amputation of the teeth (<a href="/wiki/Dental_evulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental evulsion">Dental evulsion</a>). Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> culture of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Central North Africa">Neolithic North Africa</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>Breasts: <ul><li>amputation of the breasts (<a href="/wiki/Mastectomy" title="Mastectomy">mastectomy</a>).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitals">Genitals</a>: <ul><li>amputation of the testicles (<a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>).</li> <li>amputation of the penis (<a href="/wiki/Penectomy" title="Penectomy">penectomy</a>).</li> <li>amputation of the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>).</li> <li>amputation of the clitoris (<a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">clitoridectomy</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemicorporectomy" title="Hemicorporectomy">Hemicorporectomy</a>, or amputation at the waist, and <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitation</a>, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-amputation">Self-amputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-amputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">Autotomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_integrity_identity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Body integrity identity disorder">Body integrity identity disorder</a></div> <p>In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is <a href="/wiki/Aron_Ralston" title="Aron Ralston">Aron Ralston</a>, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Body_integrity_identity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Body integrity identity disorder">Body integrity identity disorder</a> is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urgent">Urgent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Urgent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, a <b>guillotine amputation</b> is an amputation performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting.<sup id="cite_ref-GuilAnk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical indications include catastrophic trauma or infection control in the setting of <a href="/wiki/Infected_gangrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Infected gangrene">infected gangrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GuilAnk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A guillotine amputation is typically followed with a more time-consuming, definitive amputation such as an <a href="/wiki/Above_knee_amputation" class="mw-redirect" title="Above knee amputation">above or below knee amputation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GuilAnk_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulatory_disorders">Circulatory disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Circulatory disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetic</a> vasculopathy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Sepsis</a> with peripheral necrosis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a> which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a></li> <li>A severe <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phlegmasia_cerulea_dolens" title="Phlegmasia cerulea dolens">phlegmasia cerulea dolens</a>) can cause <a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">compartment syndrome</a> and gangrene<sup id="cite_ref-Compartment_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compartment-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplasm">Neoplasm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neoplasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg/220px-2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg/330px-2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg/440px-2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Transfemoral amputation due to <a href="/wiki/Liposarcoma" title="Liposarcoma">liposarcoma</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chondrosarcoma" title="Chondrosarcoma">chondrosarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibrosarcoma" title="Fibrosarcoma">fibrosarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_sarcoma" title="Epithelioid sarcoma">epithelioid sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewing%27s_sarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewing's sarcoma">Ewing's sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synovial_sarcoma" title="Synovial sarcoma">synovial sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrococcygeal_teratoma" title="Sacrococcygeal teratoma">sacrococcygeal teratoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liposarcoma" title="Liposarcoma">liposarcoma</a>), <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trauma">Trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg/220px-World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg/330px-World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg/440px-World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Severe limb <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injuries</a> in which the efforts to save the limb fail or the limb cannot be saved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">Traumatic</a> amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example, a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw)</li> <li>Amputation in utero (<a href="/wiki/Amniotic_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic band">Amniotic band</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congenital_anomalies">Congenital anomalies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Congenital anomalies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deformities of digits and/or limbs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Proximal_femoral_focal_deficiency" title="Proximal femoral focal deficiency">proximal femoral focal deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibular_hemimelia" title="Fibular hemimelia">Fibular hemimelia</a>)</li> <li>Extra digits and/or limbs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">polydactyly</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection">Infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bone infection (<a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a>) and/or <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_infection" title="Diabetic foot infection">diabetic foot infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcal meningitis">Meningococcal meningitis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">Necrotizing fasciitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_Virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza A Virus">Influenza A Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite" title="Animal bite">Animal bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Sepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frostbite">Frostbite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Frostbite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a> is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-handford2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handford2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a> involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and <a href="/wiki/Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clots</a> upon thawing, leading to <a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">cell damage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">cell death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-handford2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handford2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if there is deep injury <a href="/wiki/Autoamputation" title="Autoamputation">autoamputation</a> may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletic_performance">Athletic performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Athletic performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes professional <a href="/wiki/Sportsperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportsperson">athletes</a> may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance. </p> <ul><li>Australian Rules footballer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chick" title="Daniel Chick">Daniel Chick</a> elected to have his left <a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">ring finger</a> amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> player <a href="/wiki/Jone_Tawake" title="Jone Tawake">Jone Tawake</a> also had a finger removed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> <a href="/wiki/Safety_(American_and_Canadian_football_position)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety (American and Canadian football position)">safety</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lott" title="Ronnie Lott">Ronnie Lott</a> had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the <a href="/wiki/1985_NFL_season" title="1985 NFL season">1985 NFL season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_penalties">Criminal penalties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criminal penalties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Criminal_penalty"></span> </p> <ul><li>According to <a href="/wiki/Quran_5:38" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 5:38">Quran 5:38</a>, the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand. Under <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>, after repeated offense, the foot may also be cut off. This is still in practice today in countries like <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MC_2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC_2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 11 of the 36 states within <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cross-amputation" title="Cross-amputation">Cross-amputation</a></b> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a> punishments prescribed under <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> (Sharia law) and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<i>surah</i> 5.33-34) which stipulates:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion, or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> The severe <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>, for "highway robbery (<i><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">hirabah</a></i>, <i>qat' al-tariq</i>) and civil disturbance against Islam", is usually carried out in a single session in public, without anaesthetic and using a sword. The ancient punishment is practised in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somalia;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauritania, the Maldives;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taliban-era Afghanistan and Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1779, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> proposed a bill to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Assembly">Virginia Assembly</a> that ostensibly would have replaced <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> with other penalties, including amputation, for certain crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_TJP_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_TJP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_Bill_64_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Bill_64-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not all were really punishable by death at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the crimes of rape, sodomy, and polygamy (the latter removed from a later version), the punishment was to be <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> for men or <a href="/wiki/Rhinotomy" title="Rhinotomy">rhinotomy</a> for women.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">intentional maiming</a>, the bill specified literal <a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">eye for an eye</a> retribution.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill never passed, due to the combination of its perceived barbarity in some parts and perceived leniency in others.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_Bill_64_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Bill_64-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From the 16th century, English law provided for cutting off a hand as punishment for striking someone inside a courtroom. Thomas Jefferson's punishments revision bill also intended to repeal this.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of 2021, this form of punishment is controversial, as most modern cultures consider it to be morally abhorrent, as it has the effect of permanently disabling a person and constitutes torture. It is thus seen as grossly disproportionate for crimes less than those such as murder.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surgery">Surgery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method">Method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg/200px-Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg/300px-Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg/400px-Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Surgeons performing an amputation have to first <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)" title="Ligature (medicine)">ligate</a> the supplying <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a>, so as to prevent <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a> (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally, the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> is sawed through with an <a href="/wiki/Oscillating_saw" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillating saw">oscillating saw</a>. Sharp and rough edges of bones are filed, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthesis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg/220px-%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg/330px-%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg/440px-%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Amputation of the leg of First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_de_Mariz_e_Barros" title="Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros">Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros</a>, commander of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_ironclad_Tamandar%C3%A9" title="Brazilian ironclad Tamandaré">Battleship <i>Tamandaré</i></a> (Henrique Fleiuss, <i>Semana Illustrada</i>, <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Distal stabilisation of muscles is often performed. This allows effective muscle contraction which reduces atrophy, allows functional use of the stump and maintains soft tissue coverage of the remnant bone. The preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum. In joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone. Muscles are attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An experimental technique known as the "Ewing amputation" aims to improve post-amputation <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another technique with similar goals, which has been tested in a clinical trial,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is Agonist-antagonist Myoneural Interface (AMI).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920,  Dr. Janos Ertl Sr. of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, developed the Ertl procedure in order to return a high number of amputees to the work force.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ertl technique, an osteomyoplastic procedure for transtibial amputation, can be used to create a highly functional residual limb. Creation of a tibiofibular bone bridge provides a stable, broad tibiofibular articulation that may be capable of some distal weight bearing. Several different modified techniques and fibular bridge fixation methods have been used; however, no current evidence exists regarding comparison of the different techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-operative_management">Post-operative management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-operative management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> aimed to determine whether rigid dressings were more effective than soft dressings in helping wounds heal following transtibial (below the knee) amputations. Due to the limited and very low certainty evidence available, the authors concluded that it was uncertain what the benefits and harms were for each dressing type. They recommended that clinicians consider the pros and cons of each dressing type on a case-by-case basis: rigid dressings may potentially benefit patients who have a high risk of falls; soft dressings may potentially benefit patients who have poor skin integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 review found that the use of rigid removable dressings (RRD's) in trans-tibial amputations, rather than soft bandaging, improved healing time, reduced edema, prevented knee flexion contractures and reduced complications, including further amputation, from external trauma such as falls onto the stump.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-operative management, in addition to wound healing, considers maintenance of limb strength, joint range, edema management, preservation of the intact limb (if applicable) and stump desensitization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trauma_2">Trauma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traumatic amputation is the partial or total avulsion of a part of a body during a serious accident, like traffic, labor, or combat.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson1986_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1986-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amputation. This is especially useful for emergency physicians to quickly evaluate patients and decide on consultations.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_2">Causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg/170px-3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg/255px-3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg/340px-3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> by a bayonet to the knee.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traumatic amputation is uncommon in humans (1 per 20,804 population per year). Loss of limb usually happens immediately during the accident, but sometimes a few days later after medical complications. Statistically, the most common causes of traumatic amputations are:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Vehicle accidents (cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trains, etc.)</li> <li>Labor accidents (equipment, instruments, cylinders, chainsaws, press machines, meat machines, wood machines, etc.)</li> <li>Agricultural accidents, with machines and mower equipment</li> <li>Electric shock hazards</li> <li>Firearms, bladed weapons, explosives</li> <li>Violent rupture of ship rope or industry wire rope</li> <li>Ring traction (ring amputation, de-gloving injuries)</li> <li>Building doors and car doors</li> <li>Animal attacks</li> <li>Gas cylinder explosions<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other rare accidents<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of the science of <a href="/wiki/Microsurgery" title="Microsurgery">microsurgery</a> over the last 40 years has provided several treatment options for a traumatic amputation, depending on the patient's specific trauma and clinical situation:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>1st choice: Surgical amputation - break - prosthesis</li> <li>2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction.</li> <li>3rd choice: <a href="/wiki/Replantation" title="Replantation">Replantation</a> - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969)</li> <li>4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Watson1986_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1986-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Khmelnytskyi,_the_President_Paid_a_Visit_to_the_Warriors_Recovering_from_Wounds_and_Presented_Them_with_Awards._(53698029200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/In_Khmelnytskyi%2C_the_President_Paid_a_Visit_to_the_Warriors_Recovering_from_Wounds_and_Presented_Them_with_Awards._%2853698029200%29.jpg/220px-In_Khmelnytskyi%2C_the_President_Paid_a_Visit_to_the_Warriors_Recovering_from_Wounds_and_Presented_Them_with_Awards._%2853698029200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/In_Khmelnytskyi%2C_the_President_Paid_a_Visit_to_the_Warriors_Recovering_from_Wounds_and_Presented_Them_with_Awards._%2853698029200%29.jpg/330px-In_Khmelnytskyi%2C_the_President_Paid_a_Visit_to_the_Warriors_Recovering_from_Wounds_and_Presented_Them_with_Awards._%2853698029200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/In_Khmelnytskyi%2C_the_President_Paid_a_Visit_to_the_Warriors_Recovering_from_Wounds_and_Presented_Them_with_Awards._%2853698029200%29.jpg/440px-In_Khmelnytskyi%2C_the_President_Paid_a_Visit_to_the_Warriors_Recovering_from_Wounds_and_Presented_Them_with_Awards._%2853698029200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Up to 50,000 Ukrainians lost their limbs during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a>. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for traffic accidents and 69.24% for labor accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-amstat.org_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amstat.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (June 2021)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The population of the United States in 1999 was about 300,000,000, so the conclusion is that there is one amputation per 20,804 persons per year. In the group of labor amputations, 53% occurred in laborers and technicians, 30% in production and service workers, 16% in silviculture and fishery workers.<sup id="cite_ref-amstat.org_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amstat.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (June 2021)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A study found that in 2010, 22.8% of patients undergoing amputation of a lower extremity in the United States were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, an estimated 57.7 million people globally were living with existing traumatic limb injuries. Of these 57.7 million, the leading causes of amputation "were falls (36.2%), road injuries (15.7%), other transportation injuries (11.2%), and mechanical forces (10.4%)."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 2 August 2023, an investigation by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> found that Ukrainian medical amputations in the war came to between 20,000 and 50,000 including both military and civilians. In comparison, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_One" class="mw-redirect" title="World War One">World War One</a> 41,000 British and 67,000 Germans needed amputations.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methods in preventing amputation, <a href="/wiki/Limb-sparing_techniques" title="Limb-sparing techniques">limb-sparing techniques</a>, depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary. Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or <a href="/wiki/Decubitus_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Decubitus ulcers">decubitus ulcers</a> in bedridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene, which, when widespread, necessitates amputation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor blood circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">hyperbaric oxygen therapy</a> (HBOT). The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speed up recovery times and prevent infections.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arteriosclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-dillon1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dillon1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dillon2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dillon2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-vella_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vella-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For victims of trauma, advances in <a href="/wiki/Microsurgery" title="Microsurgery">microsurgery</a> in the 1970s have made replantations of severed body parts possible. </p><p>The establishment of laws, rules, and guidelines, and employment of modern equipment help protect people from traumatic amputations.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The individual may experience psychological trauma and emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-Amputation_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amputation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large proportion of amputees (50–80%) experience the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">phantom limbs</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (<a href="/wiki/Phantom_eye_syndrome" title="Phantom eye syndrome">phantom eye syndrome</a>). </p><p>A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, (<i><a href="/wiki/Phantoms_in_the_Brain" title="Phantoms in the Brain">Phantoms in the Brain</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/V.S._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="V.S. Ramachandran">V.S. Ramachandran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Blakeslee" title="Sandra Blakeslee">Sandra Blakeslee</a>) such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of <a href="/wiki/Stump_sock" title="Stump sock">stump socks</a> may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Amputation_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amputation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another side effect can be <a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_ossification" title="Heterotopic ossification">heterotopic ossification</a>, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to technological advances in prosthetics, many amputees live active lives with little restriction. Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Challenged_Athletes_Foundation" title="Challenged Athletes Foundation">Challenged Athletes Foundation</a> have been developed to give amputees the opportunity to be involved in athletics and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive sports">adaptive sports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">amputee soccer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly half of the individuals who have an amputation due to vascular disease will die within 5 years, usually secondary to the extensive co-morbidities rather than due to direct consequences of amputation. This is higher than the five year mortality rates for breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of persons with diabetes who have a lower extremity amputation, up to 55% will require amputation of the second leg within two to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word amputation is borrowed from Latin <i>amputātus,</i> past participle of <i>amputāre</i> "to prune back (a plant), prune away, remove by cutting (unwanted parts or features), cut off (a branch, limb, body part)," from <i>am-,</i> assimilated variant of <i>amb-</i> "about, around" + <i>putāre</i> "to prune, make clean or tidy, scour (wool)". The English word "Poes" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's <i>A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie</i> (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th-century French texts and early English writers also used the words "extirpation" (16th-century French texts tended to use <i>extirper</i>), "<a href="/wiki/Disarticulation" title="Disarticulation">disarticulation</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">dismemberment</a>" (from the Old French <i>desmembrer</i> and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply "cutting", but by the end of the 17th century "amputation" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patch_Adams" title="Patch Adams">Patch Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Allen_(drummer)" title="Rick Allen (drummer)">Rick Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bader" title="Douglas Bader">Douglas Bader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen" title="Götz von Berlichingen">Götz of the Iron Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brashear" title="Carl Brashear">Carl Brashear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Bufano" title="Lisa Bufano">Lisa Bufano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)" title="Roberto Carlos (singer)">Roberto Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Tammy Duckworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamandalam_Sankaran_Embranthiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri">Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zach_Gowen" title="Zach Gowen">Zach Gowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Gray" title="Pete Gray">Pete Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaquem_Griffin" title="Shaquem Griffin">Shaquem Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_David_Hall" title="Robert David Hall">Robert David Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Hamilton" title="Bethany Hamilton">Bethany Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lott" title="Ronnie Lott">Ronnie Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Budha_Magar" title="Hari Budha Magar">Hari Budha Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius" title="Oscar Pistorius">Oscar Pistorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Purdy" title="Amy Purdy">Amy Purdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aron_Ralston" title="Aron Ralston">Aron Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Zanardi" title="Alex Zanardi">Alex Zanardi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotomophilia" title="Acrotomophilia">Acrotomophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapted_automobile" title="Adapted automobile">Adapted automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flail_limb" title="Flail limb">Flail limb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_prosthesis_control" title="Robotic prosthesis control">Robotic prosthesis control</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iran-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iran_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFathi2008" class="citation news cs1">Fathi, Nazila (2008-01-11). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html">"Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79226-4"><bdi>978-0-521-79226-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+Islamic+Law%3A+Theory+and+Practice+from+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79226-4&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIm95I7FjrvwC%26dq%3D%2522Cross-amputation%2522%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D33">"The Quran, sura 5, verse 33"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=The+Quran%2C+sura+5%2C+verse+33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2002.02.0006%253Asura%253D5%253Averse%253D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2011/12/saudi-arabia-king-urged-commute-cross-amputation-sentences/">"Saudi Arabia: King urged to commute "cross amputation" sentences"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. 2011-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+King+urged+to+commute+%22cross+amputation%22+sentences&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fpress-release%2F2011%2F12%2Fsaudi-arabia-king-urged-commute-cross-amputation-sentences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acjps.org/sudanese-man-sentenced-to-cross-amputation-for-committing-armed-robbery/">"Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudanese+man+sentenced+to+cross+amputation+for+committing+armed+robbery+%E2%80%93+African+Centre+for+Justice+and+Peace+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acjps.org%2Fsudanese-man-sentenced-to-cross-amputation-for-committing-armed-robbery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2010" class="citation web cs1">Rice, Xan (20 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/20/somali-islamists-schoolboy-amputation-ordeal">"Somali schoolboy tells of how Islamists cut off his leg and hand"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Somali+schoolboy+tells+of+how+Islamists+cut+off+his+leg+and+hand&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Foct%2F20%2Fsomali-islamists-schoolboy-amputation-ordeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/34967/chapter-abstract/298608517?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen"</a>. <i>academic.oup.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft.atitle=Shariah+Punishments+in+the+Islamic+Republics+of+Mauritania+and+Maldives%2C+and+Islamic+State+of+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F34967%2Fchapter-abstract%2F298608517%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannier" class="citation news cs1">Pannier, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1079325.html">"Criminals Lose Hands And Feet As Shari'a Law Imposed"</a>. <i>RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Criminals+Lose+Hands+And+Feet+As+Shari%27a+Law+Imposed&rft.aulast=Pannier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1079325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2010" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Newsweek (8 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/worlds-most-barbaric-punishments-74537">"The World's Most Barbaric Punishments"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Barbaric+Punishments&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Newsweek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fworlds-most-barbaric-punishments-74537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd_TJP-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_TJP_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Boyd, Julian P.</a>, ed. (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thepapersofthoma0002unse/page/492/mode/2up">"Bill No. 64. A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 492–507.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bill+No.+64.+A+Bill+for+Proportioning+Crimes+and+Punishments+in+Cases+Heretofore+Capital&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pages=492-507&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthepapersofthoma0002unse%2Fpage%2F492%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_Bill_64-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_Bill_64_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_Bill_64_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, Gaye (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/bill-64/">"Bill 64"</a>. <i>Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia</i>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bill+64&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Gaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fresearch-education%2Fthomas-jefferson-encyclopedia%2Fbill-64%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1950">Boyd 1950</a>, p. 505</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1950">Boyd 1950</a>, pp. 497, 506n12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1950">Boyd 1950</a>, p. 498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1950">Boyd 1950</a>, pp. 505–506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1950">Boyd 1950</a>, p. 493. Jefferson cited a work of <a href="/wiki/William_Stanford_(judge)" title="William Stanford (judge)">Stamford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Offences_within_the_Court_Act_1541" title="Offences within the Court Act 1541">Offences within the Court Act 1541</a> (33.H.8 <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 12</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003223301/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282">"AIUK : Somalia: Amputation punishments are 'torture' says Amnesty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282">the original</a> on 2013-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIUK+%3A+Somalia%3A+Amputation+punishments+are+%27torture%27+says+Amnesty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org.uk%2Fnews_details.asp%3FNewsID%3D18282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith DG (2004). "Chapter 2. General principles of amputation surgery.". <i>Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic and Rehabilitation Principles</i>. 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London : Thomas Purfoot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+discourse+of+the+whole+art+of+chyrurgerie.+Wherein+is+exactly+set+downe+the+definition%2C+causes%2C+accidents%2C+prognostications%2C+and+cures+of+all+sorts+of+diseases+...+Wherunto+is+added+the+rule+of+making+remedies+which+chirurgions+doe+commonly+use%3A+with+the+Presages+of+divine+Hyppocrates&rft.pub=London+%3A+Thomas+Purfoot&rft.date=1612&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30327994_0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmputation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amputation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bilguer, Johann Ulrich, (1764), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44089">A dissertation on the inutility of the amputation of limbs</a></i>.</li> <li>Miller, Brian Craig. <i>Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South</i> (University of Georgia Press, 2015). xviii, 257 pp.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415" class="extiw" title="d:Q477415">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <i>Medical</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1240534166">PK80.80</a>; <i>Traumatic</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#145676455">NA09</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1600884926">NA63</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1490794347">NB33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932853630">NC18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619727205">NC38</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#591425200">NC59</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1954883241">NC78</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619212116">NC98</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932338507">ND19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1599611342">ND35</a><br /></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <i>Medical</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Y83.5">Y83.5</a>; <i>Traumatic</i>: S*8 (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/S68">S68</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T05">T05</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T09.6">T09.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T11.6">T11.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T13.6">T13.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T14.7">T14.7</a><br /></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000673">D000673</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_on_muscle_and_soft_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures" title="Template:Muscle and soft tissue procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures" title="Template talk:Muscle and soft tissue procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle and soft tissue procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_on_muscle_and_soft_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures on <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myotomy" title="Myotomy">Myotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_biopsy" title="Muscle biopsy">Muscle biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">Electromyography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenotomy" title="Tenotomy">Tenotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_transfer" title="Tendon transfer">Tendon transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciotomy" title="Fasciotomy">Fasciotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synovial_bursa" title="Synovial bursa">Bursa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bursectomy" title="Bursectomy">Bursectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amputation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemipelvectomy" title="Hemipelvectomy">Hemipelvectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicorporectomy" title="Hemicorporectomy">Hemicorporectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replantation" title="Replantation">Replantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social<br />and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001773-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amputation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004661">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amputation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amputation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="amputace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118406&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000312745&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294867205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675426">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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